mirror of
https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust.git
synced 2024-12-14 22:15:54 +02:00
23764 lines
755 KiB
Plaintext
23764 lines
755 KiB
Plaintext
msgid ""
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msgstr ""
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"Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: \n"
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"PO-Revision-Date: \n"
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"Last-Translator: \n"
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"Language-Team: \n"
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"Language: es\n"
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"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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"Plural-Forms: nplurals=1; plural=0;\n"
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"X-Generator: Poedit 3.3.2\n"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:4 src/index.md:1
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msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
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msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida a Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:5 src/running-the-course.md:1
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msgid "Running the Course"
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msgstr "Desarrollo del curso"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:6 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1
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msgid "Course Structure"
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msgstr "Estructura del curso"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:7 src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1
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msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts"
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msgstr "Combinaciones de teclas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:8 src/running-the-course/translations.md:1
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msgid "Translations"
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msgstr "Traducciones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:9 src/cargo.md:1
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msgid "Using Cargo"
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msgstr "Usando Cargo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:10
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msgid "Rust Ecosystem"
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msgstr "Ecosistema Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:11
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msgid "Code Samples"
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msgstr "Ejemplos de Código"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:12
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msgid "Running Cargo Locally"
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msgstr "Ejecutar Cargo a nivel local"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:15
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msgid "Day 1: Morning"
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msgstr "Día 1: mañana"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:19 src/SUMMARY.md:79 src/SUMMARY.md:137 src/SUMMARY.md:195
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:221 src/SUMMARY.md:271
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msgid "Welcome"
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msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:20 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1
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msgid "What is Rust?"
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msgstr "¿Qué es Rust?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:21 src/hello-world.md:1
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msgid "Hello World!"
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msgstr "¡Hola, mundo!"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:22 src/hello-world/small-example.md:1
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msgid "Small Example"
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msgstr "Pequeño ejemplo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:23 src/why-rust.md:1
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msgid "Why Rust?"
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msgstr "¿Por qué Rust?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:24 src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1
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msgid "Compile Time Guarantees"
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msgstr "Garantías en Tiempo de Compilación"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:25 src/why-rust/runtime.md:1
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msgid "Runtime Guarantees"
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msgstr "Garantías en _Runtime_"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:26 src/why-rust/modern.md:1
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msgid "Modern Features"
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msgstr "Funcionalidades Modernas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:27 src/basic-syntax.md:1
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msgid "Basic Syntax"
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msgstr "Sintaxis básica"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:28 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1
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msgid "Scalar Types"
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msgstr "Tipos escalares"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:29 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1
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msgid "Compound Types"
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msgstr "Tipos compuestos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:30 src/basic-syntax/references.md:1
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msgid "References"
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msgstr "Referencias"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:31 src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1
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msgid "Dangling References"
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msgstr "Referencias colgantes"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:32 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1
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msgid "Slices"
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msgstr "Slices"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:33
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msgid "String vs str"
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msgstr "String o str"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:34 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1
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msgid "Functions"
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msgstr "Funciones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:1
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msgid "Rustdoc"
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msgstr "Rustdoc"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:36 src/SUMMARY.md:107 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1
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#: src/methods.md:1
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msgid "Methods"
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msgstr "Métodos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:37
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msgid "Overloading"
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msgstr "Sobrecarga"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:38 src/SUMMARY.md:71 src/SUMMARY.md:100 src/SUMMARY.md:110
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:129 src/SUMMARY.md:157 src/SUMMARY.md:187 src/SUMMARY.md:214
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:235 src/SUMMARY.md:263 src/SUMMARY.md:285 src/SUMMARY.md:306
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#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1
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#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1
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#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1
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#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1
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msgid "Exercises"
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msgstr "Ejercicios"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:39 src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1
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msgid "Implicit Conversions"
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msgstr "Conversiones Implícitas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:40
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msgid "Arrays and for Loops"
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msgstr "Arrays y Loops for"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:42
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msgid "Day 1: Afternoon"
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msgstr "Día 1: Tarde"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:44 src/SUMMARY.md:298 src/control-flow.md:1
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msgid "Control Flow"
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msgstr "Control de Flujo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:45 src/control-flow/blocks.md:1
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msgid "Blocks"
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msgstr "Bloques"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:46
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msgid "if expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones if"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:47
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msgid "for expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones for"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:48
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msgid "while expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones while"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:49
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msgid "break & continue"
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msgstr "break y continue"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:50
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msgid "loop expressions"
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msgstr "Expresiones loop"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:52 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1
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msgid "Variables"
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msgstr "Variables"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:53 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1
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msgid "Type Inference"
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msgstr "Inferencia de tipos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:54
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msgid "static & const"
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msgstr "static y const"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:55 src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1
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msgid "Scopes and Shadowing"
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msgstr "Ámbitos y _Shadowing_"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:56 src/enums.md:1
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msgid "Enums"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:57 src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1
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msgid "Variant Payloads"
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msgstr "Payloads Variantes"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:58 src/enums/sizes.md:1
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msgid "Enum Sizes"
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msgstr "Tamaños de Enum"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:60 src/control-flow/novel.md:1
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#, fuzzy
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msgid "Novel Control Flow"
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msgstr "Control de Flujo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:61
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msgid "if let expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones if let"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:62
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msgid "while let expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones while let"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:63
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msgid "match expressions"
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msgstr "expresiones match"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:65 src/pattern-matching.md:1
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msgid "Pattern Matching"
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msgstr "Correspondencia de Patrones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1
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msgid "Destructuring Enums"
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msgstr "Desestructurando Enums"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:67 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1
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msgid "Destructuring Structs"
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msgstr "Desestructurando Structs"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:68 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1
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msgid "Destructuring Arrays"
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msgstr "Desestructurando Arrays"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:69 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1
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msgid "Match Guards"
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msgstr "Guardas de Match"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:72 src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:1
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#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3
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msgid "Luhn Algorithm"
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msgstr "Algoritmo de Luhn"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:73
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#, fuzzy
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msgid "Pattern Matching (TBD)"
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msgstr "Correspondencia de Patrones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:75
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msgid "Day 2: Morning"
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msgstr "Día 2: Mañana"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:81 src/memory-management.md:1
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msgid "Memory Management"
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msgstr "Manejo de Memoria"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:82
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msgid "Stack vs Heap"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:83
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msgid "Stack Memory"
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msgstr "Memoria de la Pila (_Stack_)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/memory-management/manual.md:1
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msgid "Manual Memory Management"
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msgstr "Manejo Manual de Memoria"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:85 src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1
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msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management"
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msgstr "Manejo de Memoria basado en Scope (ámbitos)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:86
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msgid "Garbage Collection"
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msgstr "Recolección de memoria residual"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:87
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msgid "Rust Memory Management"
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msgstr "Manejo de la Memoria en Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:88 src/memory-management/comparison.md:1
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msgid "Comparison"
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msgstr "Comparación"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:89 src/ownership.md:1
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msgid "Ownership"
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msgstr "Propiedad (_Ownership_)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1
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msgid "Move Semantics"
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msgstr "Semántica de movimiento"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:91 src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1
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msgid "Moved Strings in Rust"
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msgstr "Cadenas movidas en Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:92
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msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++"
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msgstr "Double free en código C++ moderno"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:93 src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1
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msgid "Moves in Function Calls"
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msgstr "Movimientos en llamadas de función"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:94 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1
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msgid "Copying and Cloning"
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msgstr "Copiar y clonar"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:95 src/ownership/borrowing.md:1
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msgid "Borrowing"
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msgstr "Préstamos (_Borrowing_)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1
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msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows"
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msgstr "Préstamos compartidos y únicos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:97 src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1
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msgid "Lifetimes"
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msgstr "Tiempos de vida"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:98 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1
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msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls"
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msgstr "Tiempos de Vida en Llamadas a Función"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:99 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1
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msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures"
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msgstr "Tiempos de vida en estructuras de datos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:101 src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:1
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msgid "Storing Books"
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msgstr "Almacenar libros"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:102 src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:1
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msgid "Iterators and Ownership"
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msgstr "Iteradores y propiedad"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:104 src/structs.md:1
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msgid "Structs"
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msgstr "Estructuras (_Structs_)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:105 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1
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msgid "Tuple Structs"
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msgstr "Estructuras de tuplas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:106 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1
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msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax"
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msgstr "Sintaxis abreviada de campos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:108 src/methods/receiver.md:1
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msgid "Method Receiver"
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msgstr "Receptor de método"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:109 src/SUMMARY.md:169 src/SUMMARY.md:284
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#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1
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msgid "Example"
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msgstr "Ejemplo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:111 src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1
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msgid "Health Statistics"
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msgstr "Estadísticas de salud"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:113
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msgid "Day 2: Afternoon"
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msgstr "Día 2: tarde"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:115 src/std.md:1
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msgid "Standard Library"
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msgstr "Biblioteca estándar"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:116
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msgid "Option and Result"
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msgstr "Option y Result"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:117 src/std/string.md:1
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msgid "String"
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msgstr "String"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:118
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msgid "Vec"
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msgstr "Vec"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:119
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msgid "HashMap"
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msgstr "HashMap"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:120
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msgid "Box"
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msgstr "Box"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:121
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msgid "Recursive Data Types"
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msgstr "Tipos de datos recursivos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:122 src/std/box-niche.md:1
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msgid "Niche Optimization"
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msgstr "Optimización de la Memoria"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:123
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msgid "Rc"
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msgstr "Rc"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:124
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msgid "Cell/RefCell"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:125 src/modules.md:1
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msgid "Modules"
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msgstr "Módulos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:126 src/modules/visibility.md:1
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msgid "Visibility"
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msgstr "Visibilidad"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:127 src/modules/paths.md:1
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msgid "Paths"
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msgstr "Rutas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:128 src/modules/filesystem.md:1
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msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy"
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msgstr "Jerarquía del sistema de archivos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:130 src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1
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#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3
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msgid "Strings and Iterators"
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msgstr "Cadenas e iteradores"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:133
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msgid "Day 3: Morning"
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msgstr "Día 3: mañana"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:138 src/generics.md:1
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msgid "Generics"
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msgstr "Genéricos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:139 src/generics/data-types.md:1
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msgid "Generic Data Types"
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msgstr "Tipos de datos genéricos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:140 src/generics/methods.md:1
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msgid "Generic Methods"
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msgstr "Métodos genéricos"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:141 src/generics/monomorphization.md:1
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msgid "Monomorphization"
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msgstr "Monomorfización"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:142 src/traits.md:1
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msgid "Traits"
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msgstr "Traits"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:143 src/traits/trait-objects.md:1
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msgid "Trait Objects"
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msgstr "Objetos Trait"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:144 src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1
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msgid "Deriving Traits"
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msgstr "Derivación de traits"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:145 src/traits/default-methods.md:1
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msgid "Default Methods"
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msgstr "Métodos por Default"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:146 src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1
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msgid "Trait Bounds"
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msgstr "Límites Trait (Bounds)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:147
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msgid "impl Trait"
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msgstr "impl Trait"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:148 src/traits/important-traits.md:1
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msgid "Important Traits"
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msgstr "Traits Importantes"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:149
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msgid "Iterator"
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msgstr "Iteradores"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:150 src/traits/from-iterator.md:1
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msgid "FromIterator"
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msgstr "FromIterator"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:151
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msgid "From and Into"
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msgstr "From e Into"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:152
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msgid "Read and Write"
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msgstr "Read y Write"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:153
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msgid "Drop"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:154
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msgid "Default"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:155
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#, fuzzy
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msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..."
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msgstr "Operadores: Add, Mul, …."
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:156
|
|
msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:158 src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "A Simple GUI Library"
|
|
msgstr "Una biblioteca GUI sencilla"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:159 src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:175
|
|
msgid "Points and Polygons"
|
|
msgstr "Puntos y Polígonos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:161
|
|
msgid "Day 3: Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Día 3: Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:163 src/error-handling.md:1
|
|
msgid "Error Handling"
|
|
msgstr "Manejo de Errores"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:164 src/error-handling/panics.md:1
|
|
msgid "Panics"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:165
|
|
msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding"
|
|
msgstr "Catching Stack Unwinding"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:166
|
|
msgid "Structured Error Handling"
|
|
msgstr "Manejo de Errores de Estructura"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:167
|
|
msgid "Propagating Errors with ?"
|
|
msgstr "Propagación de Errores con ?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:168 src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1
|
|
msgid "Converting Error Types"
|
|
msgstr "Conversión de tipos de errores"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:170 src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1
|
|
msgid "Deriving Error Enums"
|
|
msgstr "Derivación de enums de error"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:171 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1
|
|
msgid "Dynamic Error Types"
|
|
msgstr "Tipos de errores dinámicos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:172 src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1
|
|
msgid "Adding Context to Errors"
|
|
msgstr "Añadir contexto a los errores"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:173 src/testing.md:1
|
|
msgid "Testing"
|
|
msgstr "Probando"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:174 src/testing/unit-tests.md:1
|
|
msgid "Unit Tests"
|
|
msgstr "Pruebas unitarias"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:175 src/testing/test-modules.md:1
|
|
msgid "Test Modules"
|
|
msgstr "Módulos de pruebas"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:176 src/testing/doc-tests.md:1
|
|
msgid "Documentation Tests"
|
|
msgstr "Pruebas de documentación"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/testing/integration-tests.md:1
|
|
msgid "Integration Tests"
|
|
msgstr "Pruebas de integración"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:178 src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1
|
|
msgid "Useful crates"
|
|
msgstr "Crates útiles"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:179 src/unsafe.md:1
|
|
msgid "Unsafe Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Unsafe Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:180 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1
|
|
msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers"
|
|
msgstr "Dereferenciación de punteros sin formato"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:181 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1
|
|
msgid "Mutable Static Variables"
|
|
msgstr "Variables estáticas mutables"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:182 src/unsafe/unions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Unions"
|
|
msgstr "Uniones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:183 src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr "Llamar funciones no seguras"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:184 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr "Escribir funciones no seguras"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:185
|
|
msgid "Extern Functions"
|
|
msgstr "Funciones externas"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:186 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1
|
|
msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits"
|
|
msgstr "Implementación de traits inseguros"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:188 src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper"
|
|
msgstr "Envoltorio de FFI seguro"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:191 src/SUMMARY.md:261 src/bare-metal/android.md:1
|
|
msgid "Android"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:196 src/android/setup.md:1
|
|
msgid "Setup"
|
|
msgstr "Configurar"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/android/build-rules.md:1
|
|
msgid "Build Rules"
|
|
msgstr "Reglas de Compilación (Build)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:198
|
|
msgid "Binary"
|
|
msgstr "Binarios"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:199
|
|
msgid "Library"
|
|
msgstr "Biblioteca"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:200 src/android/aidl.md:1
|
|
msgid "AIDL"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:201
|
|
msgid "Interface"
|
|
msgstr "Interfaz"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:202
|
|
msgid "Implementation"
|
|
msgstr "Implementación"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:203
|
|
msgid "Server"
|
|
msgstr "Servidor"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1
|
|
msgid "Deploy"
|
|
msgstr "Despliegue"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:205
|
|
msgid "Client"
|
|
msgstr "Cliente"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:206 src/android/aidl/changing.md:1
|
|
msgid "Changing API"
|
|
msgstr "Cambio de API"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:207 src/SUMMARY.md:251 src/android/logging.md:1
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1
|
|
msgid "Logging"
|
|
msgstr "Almacenamiento de registros"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:208 src/android/interoperability.md:1
|
|
msgid "Interoperability"
|
|
msgstr "Interoperabilidad"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:209
|
|
msgid "With C"
|
|
msgstr "Con C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:210
|
|
msgid "Calling C with Bindgen"
|
|
msgstr "Llamar a C con Bindgen"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:211
|
|
msgid "Calling Rust from C"
|
|
msgstr "Llamar a Rust desde C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:212 src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1
|
|
msgid "With C++"
|
|
msgstr "Con C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:213
|
|
msgid "With Java"
|
|
msgstr "Con Java"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:217
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal: Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Bare Metal: mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:222
|
|
msgid "no_std"
|
|
msgstr "no_std"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:223
|
|
msgid "A Minimal Example"
|
|
msgstr "Un pequeño ejemplo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:224
|
|
msgid "alloc"
|
|
msgstr "alloc"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:225 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1
|
|
msgid "Microcontrollers"
|
|
msgstr "Microcontroladores"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:226 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1
|
|
msgid "Raw MMIO"
|
|
msgstr "MMIO sin procesar"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:227
|
|
msgid "PACs"
|
|
msgstr "PAC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:228
|
|
msgid "HAL Crates"
|
|
msgstr "Crates HAL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:229
|
|
msgid "Board Support Crates"
|
|
msgstr "Crates de compatibilidad de placa"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:230
|
|
msgid "The Type State Pattern"
|
|
msgstr "El patrón de tipo de estado"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:231
|
|
msgid "embedded-hal"
|
|
msgstr "embedded-hal"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:232
|
|
msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed"
|
|
msgstr "probe-rs, cargo-embed"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:233 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1
|
|
msgid "Debugging"
|
|
msgstr "Depuración"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:234 src/SUMMARY.md:254
|
|
msgid "Other Projects"
|
|
msgstr "Otros proyectos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:236 src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Compass"
|
|
msgstr "Brújula"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:238
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Bare Metal: tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:240
|
|
msgid "Application Processors"
|
|
msgstr "Procesadores de aplicaciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:241 src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1
|
|
msgid "Getting Ready to Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Iniciación a Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:242
|
|
msgid "Inline Assembly"
|
|
msgstr "Ensamblador en línea"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:243
|
|
msgid "MMIO"
|
|
msgstr "MMIO"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:244
|
|
msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver"
|
|
msgstr "Escribir un controlador UART"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:245
|
|
msgid "More Traits"
|
|
msgstr "Más traits"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:246
|
|
msgid "A Better UART Driver"
|
|
msgstr "Un controlador UART mejor"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:247 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1
|
|
msgid "Bitflags"
|
|
msgstr "Bitflags"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:248
|
|
msgid "Multiple Registers"
|
|
msgstr "Varios registros"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:249 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1
|
|
msgid "Driver"
|
|
msgstr "Conductor"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:250 src/SUMMARY.md:252
|
|
msgid "Using It"
|
|
msgstr "Cómo usarlo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:253 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Exceptions"
|
|
msgstr "Excepciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:255
|
|
msgid "Useful Crates"
|
|
msgstr "Crates útiles"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:256
|
|
msgid "zerocopy"
|
|
msgstr "zerocopy"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:257
|
|
msgid "aarch64-paging"
|
|
msgstr "aarch64-paging"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:258
|
|
msgid "buddy_system_allocator"
|
|
msgstr "buddy_system_allocator"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:259
|
|
msgid "tinyvec"
|
|
msgstr "tinyvec"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:260
|
|
msgid "spin"
|
|
msgstr "girar"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:262 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1
|
|
msgid "vmbase"
|
|
msgstr "vmbase"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:264
|
|
msgid "RTC Driver"
|
|
msgstr "Controlador RTC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:267
|
|
msgid "Concurrency: Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Concurrencia: mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:272 src/concurrency/threads.md:1
|
|
msgid "Threads"
|
|
msgstr "Hilos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:273 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1
|
|
msgid "Scoped Threads"
|
|
msgstr "Hilos con ámbito"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 src/concurrency/channels.md:1
|
|
msgid "Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canales"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:275 src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1
|
|
msgid "Unbounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canales sin límites"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:276 src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1
|
|
msgid "Bounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canales delimitados"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:277
|
|
msgid "Send and Sync"
|
|
msgstr "Send y Sync"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:277
|
|
msgid "Send"
|
|
msgstr "Enviar"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:277
|
|
msgid "Sync"
|
|
msgstr "Sincronizar"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:280 src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1
|
|
msgid "Examples"
|
|
msgstr "Ejemplos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:281 src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1
|
|
msgid "Shared State"
|
|
msgstr "Estado compartido"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:282
|
|
msgid "Arc"
|
|
msgstr "Arco"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:283
|
|
msgid "Mutex"
|
|
msgstr "Mutex"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:286 src/SUMMARY.md:307
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Dining Philosophers"
|
|
msgstr "La cena de los filósofos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:287 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1
|
|
msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker"
|
|
msgstr "Comprobador de enlaces multihilo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:289
|
|
msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Concurrencia: tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:291
|
|
msgid "Async Basics"
|
|
msgstr "Conceptos básicos de Async"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:292
|
|
msgid "async/await"
|
|
msgstr "async / await"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:293 src/async/futures.md:1
|
|
msgid "Futures"
|
|
msgstr "Future"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:294 src/async/runtimes.md:1
|
|
msgid "Runtimes"
|
|
msgstr "Tiempos de ejecución"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:295 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1
|
|
msgid "Tokio"
|
|
msgstr "Tokio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:296 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:126
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:140
|
|
msgid "Tasks"
|
|
msgstr "Tasks"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:297 src/async/channels.md:1
|
|
msgid "Async Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canales asíncronos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:299 src/async/control-flow/join.md:1
|
|
msgid "Join"
|
|
msgstr "Unirme"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:300 src/async/control-flow/select.md:1
|
|
msgid "Select"
|
|
msgstr "Seleccionar"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:301
|
|
msgid "Pitfalls"
|
|
msgstr "Inconvenientes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:302
|
|
msgid "Blocking the Executor"
|
|
msgstr "Bloqueo del ejecutor"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:303 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1
|
|
msgid "Pin"
|
|
msgstr "Fijar"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:304 src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1
|
|
msgid "Async Traits"
|
|
msgstr "Traits asíncronos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:305 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1
|
|
msgid "Cancellation"
|
|
msgstr "Cancelación"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:308 src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:119
|
|
msgid "Broadcast Chat Application"
|
|
msgstr "Aplicación de chat de difusión"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:311
|
|
msgid "Final Words"
|
|
msgstr "Conclusiones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:315 src/thanks.md:1
|
|
msgid "Thanks!"
|
|
msgstr "Gracias."
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:316
|
|
msgid "Other Resources"
|
|
msgstr "Otros recursos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:317 src/credits.md:1
|
|
msgid "Credits"
|
|
msgstr "Créditos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:320 src/exercises/solutions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Solutions"
|
|
msgstr "Soluciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:325
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Día 1: mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:326
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Día 1: tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:327
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Día 2: mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:328
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Día 2: tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:329
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Día 3: mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:330
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Día 3: tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:331
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Rust Bare Metal: mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:332 src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Rust Bare Metal: tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:333
|
|
msgid "Concurrency Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Concurrencia: mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:334
|
|
msgid "Concurrency Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Concurrencia: tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain) [!"
|
|
"[GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors) [![GitHub stars](https://img.shields."
|
|
"io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github."
|
|
"com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a free Rust course developed by the Android team at Google. The "
|
|
"course covers the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced "
|
|
"topics like generics and error handling."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este es un curso de Rust de tres días que ha desarrollado el equipo de "
|
|
"Android de Google. El curso abarca todo lo relacionado con Rust, desde la "
|
|
"sintaxis básica hasta temas avanzados como los genéricos y la gestión de "
|
|
"errores. También incluye contenidos específicos de Android el último día."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know "
|
|
"anything about Rust and hope to:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El objetivo del curso es enseñarte Rust. Suponemos que no sabes nada sobre "
|
|
"Rust y esperamos lograr lo siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:14
|
|
msgid "Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language."
|
|
msgstr "Darte un entendimiento comprensivo de la sintaxis y lenguaje Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:15
|
|
msgid "Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust."
|
|
msgstr "Permitirte modificar programas de Rust y escribir otros nuevos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:16
|
|
msgid "Show you common Rust idioms."
|
|
msgstr "Brindarte idiomática propia de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:18
|
|
msgid "We call the first three course days Rust Fundamentals."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Building on this, you're invited to dive into one or more specialized topics:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Android](android.md): a half-day course on using Rust for Android platform "
|
|
"development (AOSP). This includes interoperability with C, C++, and Java."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Android](android.md): un curso de medio día sobre el uso de Rust en el "
|
|
"desarrollo de la plataforma Android (AOSP). En él se incluye la "
|
|
"interoperabilidad con C, C++ y Java."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a whole-day class on using Rust for bare-metal "
|
|
"(embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are "
|
|
"covered."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Bare Metal](bare-metal.md): una clase de un día sobre el uso de Rust para "
|
|
"el desarrollo bare-metal (insertado). Se tratarán tanto los "
|
|
"microcontroladores como los procesadores de aplicaciones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. We "
|
|
"cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and "
|
|
"mutexes) and async/await concurrency (cooperative multitasking using "
|
|
"futures)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Concurrencia](concurrency.md): una clase de un día sobre concurrencia en "
|
|
"Rust. Abordaremos tanto la concurrencia clásica (programación interrumpible "
|
|
"mediante hilos y exclusiones mutuas), como la concurrencia async / await "
|
|
"(multitarea cooperativa mediante traits future)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:33
|
|
msgid "Non-Goals"
|
|
msgstr "Objetivos que no trataremos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few "
|
|
"days. Some non-goals of this course are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust es un lenguaje muy amplio y no podremos abarcarlo todo en unos pocos "
|
|
"días. Algunos de los objetivos que no se plantean en este curso son los "
|
|
"siguientes:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Learning how to develop macros: please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust Book]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by Example]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aprender a desarrollar macros: consulta el [capítulo 19.5 del Libro de Rust ]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) y [Rust by Example]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:42
|
|
msgid "Assumptions"
|
|
msgstr "Suposiciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:44
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a "
|
|
"statically-typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and "
|
|
"C++ to better explain or contrast the Rust approach."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El curso presupone que ya sabes programar. Rust es un lenguaje estáticamente "
|
|
"tipado y, a veces, haremos comparaciones con C y C++ para explicarlo mejor o "
|
|
"contrastar nuestro enfoque."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python or "
|
|
"JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si sabes programar en un lenguaje dinámicamente tipado, como Python o "
|
|
"JavaScript, podrás seguir el ritmo sin problema."
|
|
|
|
#: src/index.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional "
|
|
"information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor "
|
|
"should cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este es un ejemplo de una _nota del orador_. Las utilizaremos para añadir "
|
|
"información adicional a las diapositivas. Puede tratarse de puntos clave que "
|
|
"el instructor debería tratar, así como de respuestas a preguntas frecuentes "
|
|
"que surgen en clase."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:3 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:3
|
|
msgid "This page is for the course instructor."
|
|
msgstr "Esta página está dirigida al instructor del curso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here is a bit of background information about how we've been running the "
|
|
"course internally at Google."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A continuación, te ofrecemos información general sobre cómo se ha "
|
|
"desarrollado el curso en Google."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:8
|
|
msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:"
|
|
msgstr "Antes de impartir el curso, te recomdamos hacer lo siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker "
|
|
"notes to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more "
|
|
"speaker notes!). When presenting, you should make sure to open the speaker "
|
|
"notes in a popup (click the link with a little arrow next to \"Speaker "
|
|
"Notes\"). This way you have a clean screen to present to the class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Familiarízate con el material del curso. Hemos incluido notas del orador "
|
|
"para destacar los puntos clave (ayúdanos a añadir más notas de este tipo). "
|
|
"Cuando hagas una presentación, asegúrate de abrir las notas del orador en "
|
|
"una ventana emergente (haz clic en el enlace que tiene una pequeña flecha "
|
|
"junto a \"Notas del orador\"). De esta manera, tendrás una pantalla "
|
|
"despejada para mostrar a la clase."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Decide on the dates. Since the course takes at least three full days, we "
|
|
"recommend that you schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants "
|
|
"have said that they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it "
|
|
"helps them process all the information we give them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Decide bien las fechas. Dado que el curso dura al menos tres días completos, "
|
|
"te recomendamos que repartas los días a lo largo de dos semanas. Los "
|
|
"participantes del curso han dicho que les resulta útil hacer pausas durante "
|
|
"el curso, ya que les ayuda a procesar toda la información que les "
|
|
"proporcionamos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a "
|
|
"class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable "
|
|
"asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will have "
|
|
"time to answer the questions. Make sure the room has _desks_ for yourself "
|
|
"and for the students: you will all need to be able to sit and work with your "
|
|
"laptops. In particular, you will be doing a lot of live-coding as an "
|
|
"instructor, so a lectern won't be very helpful for you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Busca una sala con capacidad suficiente para los participantes presenciales. "
|
|
"Recomendamos una sala para entre 15 y 25 personas. Es el tamaño ideal para "
|
|
"que los alumnos se sientan cómodos haciendo preguntas y para que el profesor "
|
|
"tenga tiempo de responderlas. Asegúrate de que en la sala haya _mesas_ para "
|
|
"ti y para los alumnos: todos necesitaréis sentaros y trabajar con vuestros "
|
|
"portátiles. Además, como instructor, programarás mucho en directo, por lo "
|
|
"que un atril no te resultará muy útil."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things "
|
|
"up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your "
|
|
"laptop (see the [installation instructions](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust#building)). This ensures optimal performance with no lag "
|
|
"as you change pages. Using your laptop will also allow you to fix typos as "
|
|
"you or the course participants spot them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El mismo día del curso, llega con antelación a la clase para preparar todo "
|
|
"lo necesario. Te recomendamos que realices la presentación directamente "
|
|
"desde `mdbook serve` en tu portátil (consulta las \\[instrucciones de "
|
|
"instalación\\]\\[3\\]). Así conseguirás un rendimiento óptimo y que no haya "
|
|
"demoras al pasar de una página a otra. También podrás corregir las erratas a "
|
|
"medida que tú o los participantes del curso las detectéis."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups. We "
|
|
"typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the "
|
|
"afternoon (including time to review the solutions). Make sure to ask people "
|
|
"if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. When you see "
|
|
"that several people have the same problem, call it out to the class and "
|
|
"offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the relevant "
|
|
"information in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Deja que los alumnos resuelvan los ejercicios por sí mismos o en pequeños "
|
|
"grupos. Solemos dedicar entre 30 y 45 minutos a los ejercicios por la mañana "
|
|
"y por la tarde (incluido el tiempo para revisar las soluciones). Asegúrate "
|
|
"de preguntar a los asistentes si les está costando hacerlo o si hay algo en "
|
|
"lo que puedas ayudarles. Cuando veas que varias personas tienen el mismo "
|
|
"problema, coméntalo delante de la clase y ofrece una solución. Por ejemplo, "
|
|
"enséñales dónde encontrar la información importante en la biblioteca "
|
|
"estándar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun "
|
|
"for you as it has been for us!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Eso es todo. ¡Buena suerte con el curso! Esperamos que te diviertas tanto "
|
|
"como nosotros."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please [provide feedback](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/"
|
|
"discussions/86) afterwards so that we can keep improving the course. We "
|
|
"would love to hear what worked well for you and what can be made better. "
|
|
"Your students are also very welcome to [send us feedback](https://github.com/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Después, [envíanos un comentario](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-"
|
|
"rust/discussions/86) para que podamos seguir mejorando el curso. Estaremos "
|
|
"encantados de que nos cuentes qué aspectos destacarías y qué se puede "
|
|
"mejorar. Tus alumnos también pueden [enviarnos sus sugerencias](https://"
|
|
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions/100)!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5
|
|
msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:"
|
|
msgstr "El curso es rápido y abarca muchos temas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7
|
|
msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, syntax, control flow, creating and consuming values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Day 2: Memory management, ownership, compound data types, and the standard "
|
|
"library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Día 2: tipos de datos compuestos, coincidencia de patrones, biblioteca "
|
|
"estándar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Day 3: Generics, traits, error handling, testing, and unsafe Rust."
|
|
msgstr "Día 3: traits y genéricos, gestión de errores, pruebas, Rust inseguro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11
|
|
msgid "Deep Dives"
|
|
msgstr "Información más detallada"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition to the 3-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more "
|
|
"specialized topics:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Además de la clase de 3 días sobre los fundamentos de Rust, abordamos "
|
|
"algunos temas más especializados:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16
|
|
msgid "Rust in Android"
|
|
msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida a Rust en Android"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Rust in Android](../android.md) deep dive is a half-day course on using "
|
|
"Rust for Android platform development. This includes interoperability with "
|
|
"C, C++, and Java."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Rust en Android](../android.md) es un curso de medio día sobre el uso de "
|
|
"Rust para el desarrollo de la plataforma Android. En él se incluye la "
|
|
"interoperabilidad con C, C++ y Java."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need an [AOSP checkout](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/"
|
|
"download/downloading). Make a checkout of the [course repository](https://"
|
|
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust) on the same machine and move the `src/"
|
|
"android/` directory into the root of your AOSP checkout. This will ensure "
|
|
"that the Android build system sees the `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Necesitarás [conseguir el AOSP](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/"
|
|
"download/downloading). Descarga el [repositorio del curso](https://github."
|
|
"com/google/comprehensive-rust) en el mismo ordenador y mueve el directorio "
|
|
"`src/android/` a la raíz del AOSP. De esta forma, el sistema de compilación "
|
|
"de Android verá los archivos `Android.bp` en `src/android/`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build "
|
|
"all Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to "
|
|
"see the commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Asegúrate que `adb sync` funciona con tu emulador o en un dispositivo físico "
|
|
"y haz pre-build en todos los ejemplos de Android usando `src/android/"
|
|
"build_all.sh`. Lee el script para ver los comandos que corren y asegúrate "
|
|
"que funcionan cuando lo corres a mano."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:34
|
|
msgid "Bare-Metal Rust"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Bare-Metal Rust](../bare-metal.md) deep dive is a full day class on "
|
|
"using Rust for bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and "
|
|
"application processors are covered."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Bare Metal en profundidad](../bare-metal.md) es una clase de un día sobre "
|
|
"cómo usar Rust para el desarrollo bare metal (insertado). Se tratarán tanto "
|
|
"microcontroladores como procesadores de aplicaciones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC micro:bit]"
|
|
"(https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody will "
|
|
"need to install a number of packages as described on the [welcome page](../"
|
|
"bare-metal.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para la parte de los microcontroladores, necesitarás comprar con antelación "
|
|
"la segunda versión de la placa programable [BBC micro:bit](https://microbit."
|
|
"org/). Todo el mundo deberá instalar una serie de paquetes, tal como se "
|
|
"describe en la [página de bienvenida](../bare-metal.md)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:45
|
|
msgid "Concurrency in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Concurrencia en Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Concurrency in Rust](../concurrency.md) deep dive is a full day class "
|
|
"on classical as well as `async`/`await` concurrency."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Concurrencia en profundidad](../concurrency.md) es una clase de un día "
|
|
"sobre la concurrencia clásica y la concurrencia `async`/`await`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready "
|
|
"to go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment "
|
|
"with them:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Necesitarás configurar un nuevo crate, y descargar y preparar las "
|
|
"dependencias. A continuación, podrás copiar y pegar los ejemplos en `src/"
|
|
"main.rs` para experimentar con ellos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"cargo init concurrency\n"
|
|
"cd concurrency\n"
|
|
"cargo add tokio --features full\n"
|
|
"cargo run\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"cargo init concurrency\n"
|
|
"cd concurrency\n"
|
|
"cargo add tokio --features full\n"
|
|
"cargo run\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:61
|
|
msgid "Format"
|
|
msgstr "Formato"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the "
|
|
"questions drive the exploration of Rust!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El curso está pensado para ser muy interactivo, por lo que te recomendamos "
|
|
"que dejes que las preguntas guíen el aprendizaje de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:3
|
|
msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:"
|
|
msgstr "Existen varias combinaciones de teclas útiles en mdBook:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5
|
|
msgid "Arrow-Left"
|
|
msgstr "Flecha izquierda"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5
|
|
msgid ": Navigate to the previous page."
|
|
msgstr ": ir a la página anterior."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6
|
|
msgid "Arrow-Right"
|
|
msgstr "Flecha derecha"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:6
|
|
msgid ": Navigate to the next page."
|
|
msgstr ": ir a la página siguiente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7 src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
|
|
msgid "Ctrl + Enter"
|
|
msgstr "Ctrl + Intro"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:7
|
|
msgid ": Execute the code sample that has focus."
|
|
msgstr ": ejecutar el código de ejemplo seleccionado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8
|
|
msgid "s"
|
|
msgstr "s"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:8
|
|
msgid ": Activate the search bar."
|
|
msgstr ": activar la barra de búsqueda."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course has been translated into other languages by a set of wonderful "
|
|
"volunteers:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El curso se ha traducido a otros idiomas gracias a grupo de maravillosos "
|
|
"voluntarios:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Brazilian Portuguese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/pt-BR/) "
|
|
"by [@rastringer](https://github.com/rastringer), [@hugojacob](https://github."
|
|
"com/hugojacob), [@joaovicmendes](https://github.com/joaovicmendes) and "
|
|
"[@henrif75](https://github.com/henrif75)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Korean](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ko/) by [@keispace]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/keispace), [@jiyongp](https://github.com/jiyongp) and "
|
|
"[@jooyunghan](https://github.com/jooyunghan)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cambia el idioma con el selector situado en la esquina superior derecha."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:11
|
|
msgid "Incomplete Translations"
|
|
msgstr "Traducciones incompletas"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most "
|
|
"recently updated translations:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Hay muchas traducciones todavía en curso. A continuación, incluimos enlaces "
|
|
"a las traducciones más actualizadas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Bengali](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/bn/) by [@raselmandol]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/raselmandol)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[French](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/fr/) by [@KookaS]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/KookaS) and [@vcaen](https://github.com/vcaen)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[German](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/de/) by [@Throvn]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/Throvn) and [@ronaldfw](https://github.com/ronaldfw)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Japanese](https://google.github.io/comprehensive-rust/ja/) by [@CoinEZ-JPN]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/CoinEZ) and [@momotaro1105](https://github.com/"
|
|
"momotaro1105)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions](https://"
|
|
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) for how to "
|
|
"get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker](https://"
|
|
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si quieres ayudar en esta iniciativa, consulta [las instrucciones](https://"
|
|
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/TRANSLATIONS.md) para "
|
|
"empezar. Las traducciones se coordinan en la [herramienta de seguimiento de "
|
|
"incidencias](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/issues/282)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/cargo/), the standard tool used in the Rust ecosystem to build "
|
|
"and run Rust applications. Here we want to give a brief overview of what "
|
|
"Cargo is and how it fits into the wider ecosystem and how it fits into this "
|
|
"training."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando empieces a informarte sobre Rust, conocerás [Cargo](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/cargo/), la herramienta estándar que se utiliza en el ecosistema de "
|
|
"Rust para crear y ejecutar sus aplicaciones. En este artículo, te ofrecemos "
|
|
"una breve descripción de lo que es Cargo, cómo se integra en el ecosistema "
|
|
"más amplio y cómo encaja en esta formación."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:8
|
|
msgid "Installation"
|
|
msgstr "Instalación"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:10
|
|
msgid "**Please follow the instructions on <https://rustup.rs/>.**"
|
|
msgstr "**Sigue las instrucciones que se indican en <https://rustup.rs/>.**"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This will give you the Cargo build tool (`cargo`) and the Rust compiler "
|
|
"(`rustc`). You will also get `rustup`, a command line utility that you can "
|
|
"use to install/switch toolchains, setup cross compilation, etc."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De este modo, obtendrás la herramienta de compilación de Cargo (`cargo`) y "
|
|
"el compilador de Rust (`rustc`). También obtendrás `rustup`, una utilidad de "
|
|
"línea de comandos que puedes utilizar para instalar o cambiar cadenas de "
|
|
"herramientas, configurar la compilación cruzada, etc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"On Debian/Ubuntu, you can also install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust "
|
|
"formatter](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) via `apt`. However, this "
|
|
"gets you an outdated rust version and may lead to unexpected behavior. The "
|
|
"command would be:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En Debian o Ubuntu, también puedes instalar Cargo, el código fuente de Rust "
|
|
"y [el formateador de Rust](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt) a través de "
|
|
"`apt`. Sin embargo, solo podrás conseguir una versión de Rust obsoleta que "
|
|
"podría dar lugar a comportamientos inesperados. El comando es el siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We suggest using [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) to edit the code "
|
|
"(but any LSP compatible editor works with rust-analyzer[3](https://rust-"
|
|
"analyzer.github.io/))."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Recomendamos usar [VS Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) para editar el "
|
|
"código (aunque cualquier editor compatible con LSP funciona con [rust-"
|
|
"analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/))."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains](https://www.jetbrains.com/"
|
|
"clion/) family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but have their own "
|
|
"tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin](https://www."
|
|
"jetbrains.com/rust/). Please take note that as of January 2023 debugging "
|
|
"only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A algunos compañeros también les gusta usar la familia [JetBrains](https://"
|
|
"www.jetbrains.com/clion/) de IDEs, que hacen sus propios análisis, pero "
|
|
"también tienen inconvenientes. Si lo prefieres, puedes instalar el [Rust "
|
|
"Plugin](https://www.jetbrains.com/rust/). Ten en cuenta que, a partir de "
|
|
"enero del 2023, la depuración solo funciona en la versión CLion del paquete "
|
|
"de JetBrains IDEA."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1
|
|
msgid "The Rust Ecosystem"
|
|
msgstr "El ecosistema de Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El ecosistema de Rust se compone de varias herramientas, entre las que se "
|
|
"incluyen las siguientes:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and other "
|
|
"intermediate formats."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`rustc`: el compilador de Rust que convierte archivos `.rs` en binarios y "
|
|
"otros formatos intermedios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to "
|
|
"download dependencies, usually hosted on <https://crates.io>, and it will "
|
|
"pass them to `rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a "
|
|
"built-in test runner which is used to execute unit tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`cargo`: herramienta de compilación y gestión de dependencias de Rust. Cargo "
|
|
"sabe cómo descargar dependencias, que normalmente se alojan en <https://"
|
|
"crates.io>, y las transfiere a `rustc` al crear el proyecto. Cargo también "
|
|
"incorpora un ejecutor de pruebas que se utiliza para realizar pruebas "
|
|
"unitarias."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to "
|
|
"install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is "
|
|
"released. In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the "
|
|
"standard library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once "
|
|
"and `rustup` will let you switch between them as needed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`rustup`: el instalador y actualizador de cadenas de herramientas de Rust. "
|
|
"Esta herramienta se utiliza para instalar y actualizar `rustc` y `cargo` "
|
|
"cuando se lanzan nuevas versiones de Rust. Además, `rustup` también puede "
|
|
"descargar documentación de la biblioteca estándar. Puedes tener varias "
|
|
"versiones de Rust instaladas a la vez y `rustup` te permitirá cambiar de una "
|
|
"a otra según lo necesites."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:30
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:23
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25
|
|
msgid "Key points:"
|
|
msgstr "Puntos clave:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out every six "
|
|
"weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with old releases --- "
|
|
"plus they enable new functionality."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust cuenta con un programa de lanzamiento rápido en el que se publica una "
|
|
"nueva versión cada seis semanas. Las nuevas versiones mantienen la "
|
|
"retrocompatibilidad con las versiones anteriores, además de habilitar nuevas "
|
|
"funciones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\"."
|
|
msgstr "Hay tres canales de lanzamiento: \"stable\", \"beta\" y \"nightly\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes "
|
|
"\"stable\" every six weeks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las funciones nuevas se prueban en \"nightly\", y \"beta\" es lo que se "
|
|
"convierte en \"estable\" cada seis semanas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Dependencies can also be resolved from alternative [registries](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/registries.html), git, folders, and more."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las dependencias también pueden resolverse desde \\[registros\\] "
|
|
"alternativos, git, carpetas, etc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust also has [editions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/): the "
|
|
"current edition is Rust 2021. Previous editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust también tiene varias \\[ediciones\\]: la más actual es Rust 2021. Las "
|
|
"ediciones anteriores son Rust 2015 y Rust 2018."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to the "
|
|
"language."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las ediciones pueden introducir cambios de incompatibilidad con versiones "
|
|
"anteriores en el lenguaje."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the edition for "
|
|
"your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para evitar que se rompa el código, las ediciones son opcionales: selecciona "
|
|
"la edición para tu crate a través del archivo `Cargo.toml`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code written for "
|
|
"different editions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para evitar la división del ecosistema, los compiladores de Rust pueden "
|
|
"mezclar el código escrito para distintas ediciones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through "
|
|
"`cargo` (most users never do)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Hay que mencionar que es bastante raro utilizar el compilador directamente y "
|
|
"no a través de `cargo` (la mayoría de los usuarios nunca lo hacen)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and "
|
|
"comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including but "
|
|
"not limited to: "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vale la pena mencionar que Cargo en sí es una herramienta extremadamente "
|
|
"poderosa e integral. Es capaz de hacer muchas cosas avanzadas y no "
|
|
"limitadas a: "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:49
|
|
msgid "Project/package structure"
|
|
msgstr "Estructura del proyecto/package "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:50
|
|
msgid "[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[workspaces](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/workspaces.html) "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:51
|
|
msgid "Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching"
|
|
msgstr "Manejo/Caché de Dependencias de Desarrollo y de Runtime "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[build scripting](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/build-scripts."
|
|
"html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Consulta el libro [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-"
|
|
"layout.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[global installation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/commands/cargo-install."
|
|
"html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo "
|
|
"clippy](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy))."
|
|
msgstr "Consulta más información en el \\[libro oficial de Cargo\\]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Read more from the [official Cargo Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:1
|
|
msgid "Code Samples in This Training"
|
|
msgstr "Código de ejemplo en esta formación"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through examples "
|
|
"which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier "
|
|
"and ensures a consistent experience for everyone."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En esta formación, aprenderemos el lenguaje Rust principalmente con ejemplos "
|
|
"que podrás ejecutar con tu navegador. De este modo, la configuración es "
|
|
"mucho más sencilla y se asegura una experiencia homogénea para todos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do "
|
|
"the exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you "
|
|
"how to work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se recomienda instalar Cargo, ya que facilitará la realización de los "
|
|
"ejercicios. El último día realizaremos un ejercicio más largo en el que se "
|
|
"mostrará cómo trabajar con dependencias, y para eso se necesita Cargo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:11
|
|
msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:"
|
|
msgstr "Los bloques de código de este curso son totalmente interactivos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
|
|
msgid "You can use "
|
|
msgstr "Puedes usar "
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
|
|
msgid " to execute the code when focus is in the text box."
|
|
msgstr " para ejecutar el código cuando el cursor esté en el cuadro de texto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples are not "
|
|
"editable for various reasons:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La mayoría de los códigos de ejemplo se pueden editar, como se muestra "
|
|
"arriba, pero hay algunos que no se pueden editar por varios motivos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the code and "
|
|
"open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los playgrounds insertados no pueden ejecutar pruebas unitarias. Copia y "
|
|
"pega el código y ábrelo en la página del playground para mostrar pruebas "
|
|
"unitarias."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate away from "
|
|
"the page! This is the reason that the students should solve the exercises "
|
|
"using a local Rust installation or via the Playground."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los playgrounds insertados pierden su estado en cuanto sales e de la página. "
|
|
"Por este motivo, los alumnos deben resolver los ejercicios con una versión "
|
|
"local de Rust o a través del playground."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:1
|
|
msgid "Running Code Locally with Cargo"
|
|
msgstr "Ejecutar código de forma local con Cargo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will "
|
|
"need to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the "
|
|
"Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch01-01-installation.html). This "
|
|
"should give you a working `rustc` and `cargo`. At the time of writing, the "
|
|
"latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si quieres experimentar con el código en tu propio sistema, primero tendrás "
|
|
"que instalar Rust. Para ello, sigue las \\[instrucciones que aparecen en el "
|
|
"libro de Rust\\]\\[1\\]. De este modo, obtendrás un `rustc` y un `cargo` que "
|
|
"funcionen. En el momento en que se redactó este documento, los números de "
|
|
"las últimas versiones estables de Rust eran los siguientes:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"% rustc --version\n"
|
|
"rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n"
|
|
"% cargo --version\n"
|
|
"cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"% rustc --version\n"
|
|
"rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n"
|
|
"% cargo --version\n"
|
|
"cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can use any later version too since Rust maintains backwards "
|
|
"compatibility."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one of "
|
|
"the examples in this training:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Una vez hecho lo anterior, sigue estos pasos para compilar un binario de "
|
|
"Rust a partir de uno de los ejemplos de la formación:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:20
|
|
msgid "Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Haz clic en el botón \"Copiar en el portapapeles\" del ejemplo que quieras "
|
|
"copiar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usa `cargo new exercise` para crear un directorio `exercise/` para tu código:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo new exercise\n"
|
|
" Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo new exercise\n"
|
|
" Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ve a `exercise/` y usa `cargo run` para compilar y ejecutar tu binario:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cd exercise\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
|
|
"Hello, world!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cd exercise\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
|
|
"Hola Mundo!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For "
|
|
"example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sustituye el código de plantilla en `src/main.rs` con tu propio código. Por "
|
|
"ejemplo, si usamos el ejemplo de la página anterior, podemos hacer que `src/"
|
|
"main.rs` tenga el siguiente aspecto:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:49
|
|
msgid "Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:"
|
|
msgstr "Usa `cargo run` para hacer build y ejecutar tu binario actualizado:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
|
|
"Edit me!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/ejercicio`\n"
|
|
"Modifícame!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo "
|
|
"build` to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/"
|
|
"debug/` for a normal debug build. Use `cargo build --release` to produce an "
|
|
"optimized release build in `target/release/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Comprueba que no haya errores en el proyecto con `cargo check`. Compílalo "
|
|
"sin ejecutarlo con `cargo build`. Encontrarás la salida en `target/debug/` "
|
|
"para una versión de depuración normal. Usa `cargo build --release` para "
|
|
"generar una compilación de lanzamiento optimizada en `target/release/`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you "
|
|
"run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing "
|
|
"dependencies for you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Edita `Cargo.toml` para añadir dependencias a tu proyecto. Cuando ejecutes "
|
|
"comandos `cargo`, se descargarán y compilarán automáticamente las "
|
|
"dependencias que falten."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a local "
|
|
"editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a normal "
|
|
"development environment."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Anima a los participantes de la clase a instalar Cargo y utilizar un editor "
|
|
"local. Les facilitará mucho las cosas, ya que dispondrán de un entorno de "
|
|
"desarrollo normal."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Day 1"
|
|
msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida al Día 1"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is the first day of Rust Fundamentals. We will cover a lot of ground "
|
|
"today:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este es el primer día de Comprehensive Rust. Hoy trataremos muchos temas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs, "
|
|
"references, functions, and methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sintaxis básica Rust: variables, scalar y tipos compuestos, enums, structs, "
|
|
"references, funciones, y métodos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and "
|
|
"`continue`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Control de flujo: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, y "
|
|
"`continue`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:12
|
|
msgid "Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:16
|
|
msgid "Please remind the students that:"
|
|
msgstr "Recuerda a los alumnos lo siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Deben hacer las preguntas cuando surgen, no las guarden hasta el final."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much "
|
|
"encouraged!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El curso está pensado para ser muy interactivo, por lo que te recomendamos "
|
|
"que dejes que las preguntas guíen el aprendizaje de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e., "
|
|
"keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other "
|
|
"language. It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of "
|
|
"allowing discussions since they engage people much more than one-way "
|
|
"communication."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Como instructor, debes intentar llevar discusiones relevantes, por ejemplo, "
|
|
"mantener relación de cómo Rust hace las cosas vs otros lenguajes. Puede "
|
|
"costar encontrar un balance adecuado, pero permite llevar un debate que "
|
|
"atraiga la atención de la gente por sobre un discurso unidireccional."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las preguntas deberían ser sobre cosas acerca del contenido de los slides."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. "
|
|
"Remember that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as "
|
|
"you like."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esto está perfecto! Repetir es una parte importante del aprendizaje. "
|
|
"Recuerda que los slides son solo un soporte y tienes libertad de saltearlos "
|
|
"cuando quieras."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to "
|
|
"speak about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a "
|
|
"major feature and we should show students this right away."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La idea del primer día es mostrar _lo suficiente_ de Rustcomo para poder "
|
|
"hablar del famoso _borrow checker_. La forma en que Rust gestiona la memoria "
|
|
"es una característica importante y debemos mostrarla a los estudiantes desde "
|
|
"el principio."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the "
|
|
"schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si estás impartiendo el curso en un aula, este es un buen lugar para repasar "
|
|
"el calendario. Te recomendamos que dividas el día en dos partes (siguiendo "
|
|
"las diapositivas):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:36
|
|
msgid "Morning: 9:00 to 12:00,"
|
|
msgstr "Mañana: 9:00 to 12:00,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:37
|
|
msgid "Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00."
|
|
msgstr "Tarde: de 13:00 a 16:00."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include "
|
|
"breaks, we recommend a break every hour!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Por supuesto, puedes ajustar las horas según lo necesites. No olvides "
|
|
"incluir pausas, recomendamos hacer un descanso cada hora."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015]"
|
|
"(https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust es un nuevo lenguaje de programación que lanzó su versión [1.0 en el "
|
|
"2015](https://blog.rust-lang.org/2015/05/15/Rust-1.0.html):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5
|
|
msgid "Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++"
|
|
msgstr "Rust es un lenguaje compilado estático similar a C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:6
|
|
msgid "`rustc` uses LLVM as its backend."
|
|
msgstr "`rustc` usa LLVM como backend."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust supports many [platforms and architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust es compatible con muchas [plataformas y arquitecturas](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:9
|
|
msgid "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..."
|
|
msgstr "x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:10
|
|
msgid "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..."
|
|
msgstr "Linux, Mac, Windows, ..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:11
|
|
msgid "Rust is used for a wide range of devices:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust se utiliza en una gran variedad de dispositivos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:12
|
|
msgid "firmware and boot loaders,"
|
|
msgstr "firmware y cargadores de inicio,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:13
|
|
msgid "smart displays,"
|
|
msgstr "pantallas inteligentes,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:14
|
|
msgid "mobile phones,"
|
|
msgstr "teléfonos móviles,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:15
|
|
msgid "desktops,"
|
|
msgstr "ordenadores,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:16
|
|
msgid "servers."
|
|
msgstr "servidores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21
|
|
msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust satisface las mismas necesidades que C++:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23
|
|
msgid "High flexibility."
|
|
msgstr "Gran flexibilidad."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:24
|
|
msgid "High level of control."
|
|
msgstr "Nivel alto de control."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Can be scaled down to very constrained devices such as microcontrollers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se puede reducir verticalmente a dispositivos muy limitados, como los "
|
|
"microcontroladores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:26
|
|
msgid "Has no runtime or garbage collection."
|
|
msgstr "No tiene _runtime_ ni _garbage collection_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:27
|
|
msgid "Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se centra en la fiabilidad y la seguridad sin sacrificar el rendimiento."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World "
|
|
"program:"
|
|
msgstr "Vamos a hablar del programa Rust más simple, un clásico Hola Mundo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hola 🌍!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:12
|
|
msgid "What you see:"
|
|
msgstr "Lo que ves:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:14
|
|
msgid "Functions are introduced with `fn`."
|
|
msgstr "Las funciones se introducen con `fn`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:15
|
|
msgid "Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++."
|
|
msgstr "Los bloques se delimitan con llaves, como en C y C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:16
|
|
msgid "The `main` function is the entry point of the program."
|
|
msgstr "La función `main` es el punto de entrada del programa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:17
|
|
msgid "Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this."
|
|
msgstr "Rust tiene macros higiénicas, como por ejemplo `println!`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:18
|
|
msgid "Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las cadenas de Rust están codificadas en UTF-8 y pueden contener caracteres "
|
|
"Unicode."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will "
|
|
"see a ton of it over the next three days so we start small with something "
|
|
"familiar."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Con esta diapositiva se intenta que los alumnos se sientan cómodos con el "
|
|
"código de Rust. En los próximos tres días lo verán mucho, así que "
|
|
"empezaremos con algo que ya conocemos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is "
|
|
"imperative and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless absolutely necessary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust es muy similar a otros lenguajes, como C, C++ o Java. Es imperativo y "
|
|
"no intenta reinventar las cosas a menos que sea absolutamente necesario."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:31
|
|
msgid "Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode."
|
|
msgstr "Rust es moderno y totalmente compatible con sistemas como Unicode."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of "
|
|
"arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md))."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust utiliza macros en situaciones en las que se desea tener un número "
|
|
"variable de argumentos (sin [sobrecarga](basic-syntax/functions-interlude."
|
|
"md) de funciones)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers "
|
|
"from the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only [partially "
|
|
"hygienic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene."
|
|
"html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Que las macros sean 'higiénicas' significa que no capturan "
|
|
"accidentalmenteidentificadores del ámbito en el que se utilizan. En "
|
|
"realidad, las macros de Rust solo son [parcialmente higiénicas](https://"
|
|
"veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is multi-paradigm. For example, it has powerful [object-oriented "
|
|
"programming features](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-oop.html), and, "
|
|
"while it is not a functional language, it includes a range of [functional "
|
|
"concepts](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-features.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust es un lenguaje multiparadigma. Por ejemplo, cuenta con [funciones de "
|
|
"programación orientadas a objetos](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch17-00-"
|
|
"oop.html) y, aunque no es un lenguaje funcional, incluye una serie de "
|
|
"[conceptos funcionales](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-00-functional-"
|
|
"features.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3
|
|
msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "A continuación, se muestra un pequeño programa de ejemplo de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() { // Program entry point\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n"
|
|
" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() { // Punto de entrada del programa\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Variable mutable vinculante\n"
|
|
" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro para printing, como printf\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 { // Sin paréntesis alrededor de las expresiones\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 { // Operaciones matemáticas como en otros lenguajes\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop "
|
|
"will always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with "
|
|
"different inputs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El código implementa la conjetura de Collatz: se cree que el bucle terminará "
|
|
"siempre, pero aún no se ha demostrado. Edita el código y prueba con "
|
|
"diferentes entradas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to "
|
|
"trigger type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer "
|
|
"overflow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Explica que todas las variables están tipadas estáticamente. Prueba a quitar "
|
|
"`i32` para activar la inferencia de tipos. Prueba con `i8` y provoca un "
|
|
"desbordamiento de enteros en _runtime_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:32
|
|
msgid "Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error."
|
|
msgstr "Cambia `let mut x` por `let x` y discute el error del compilador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match the "
|
|
"format string."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Muestra cómo `print!` da un error de compilación si los argumentos no "
|
|
"coinciden con la cadena de formato."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an "
|
|
"expression which is more complex than just a single variable."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Muestra cómo se debe usar `{}` como marcador de posición para poder imprimir "
|
|
"una expresión más compleja que una sola variable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::"
|
|
"fmt` which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important "
|
|
"that the students become familiar with searching in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Muestra a los alumnos la biblioteca estándar y cómo buscar `std::fmt`, que "
|
|
"tiene las reglas del mini-lenguaje de formato. Es importante que los alumnos "
|
|
"se familiaricen con la búsqueda en la biblioteca estándar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::fmt "
|
|
"documentation"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En un shell, `rustup doc std::fmt` abrirá un navegador en la documentación "
|
|
"local de std::fmt."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Estas son algunas de las ventajas competitivas de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:5
|
|
msgid "Compile time memory safety."
|
|
msgstr "Seguridad de la memoria en tiempo de compilación."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:6
|
|
msgid "Lack of undefined runtime behavior."
|
|
msgstr "Ausencia de comportamientos indefinidos en _runtime_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:7
|
|
msgid "Modern language features."
|
|
msgstr "Características de lenguajes modernos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. "
|
|
"Depending on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Asegúrate de preguntar a la clase en qué lenguajes tienen experiencia. "
|
|
"Dependiendo de la respuesta puedes destacar diferentes características de "
|
|
"Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_ "
|
|
"via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't "
|
|
"have the memory unsafety issues. In addition, you get a modern language with "
|
|
"constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Experiencia con C o C++: Rust elimina una clase completa de _errores de "
|
|
"runtime_ mediante el _borrow checker_. Obtienes un rendimiento similar al de "
|
|
"C y C++, pero no tienes problemas de seguridad en la memoria. Además, "
|
|
"obtienes un lenguaje moderno con elementos como la coincidencia de patrones "
|
|
"y la gestión de dependencias integrado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory "
|
|
"safety as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In "
|
|
"addition you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage "
|
|
"collector) as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Experiencia con Java, Go, Python, JavaScript, etc.: Consigues la misma "
|
|
"seguridad en la memoria que en éstos lenguajes, además de una sensación "
|
|
"similar a la de un lenguaje de alto nivel. También consigues un rendimiento "
|
|
"rápido y predecible como en C y C++ (sin recolector de memoria residual), "
|
|
"así como acceso a hardware de bajo nivel (si lo necesitas)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3
|
|
msgid "Static memory management at compile time:"
|
|
msgstr "Gestión estática de la memoria en tiempo de compilación:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5
|
|
msgid "No uninitialized variables."
|
|
msgstr "No hay variables no inicializadas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:6
|
|
msgid "No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes)."
|
|
msgstr "No hay pérdidas de memoria (_casi siempre_, consulta las notas)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:7
|
|
msgid "No double-frees."
|
|
msgstr "No hay errores double free."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:8
|
|
msgid "No use-after-free."
|
|
msgstr "No hay errores use-after-free."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:9
|
|
msgid "No `NULL` pointers."
|
|
msgstr "No hay punteros `NULL`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:10
|
|
msgid "No forgotten locked mutexes."
|
|
msgstr "No se olvidan las exclusiones mutuas bloqueadas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:11
|
|
msgid "No data races between threads."
|
|
msgstr "No hay condiciones de carrera de datos entre hilos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:12
|
|
msgid "No iterator invalidation."
|
|
msgstr "No se invalidan los iteradores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Es posible producir pérdidas de memoria en (_safe_) Rust. Estos son algunos "
|
|
"ejemplos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can use [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box."
|
|
"html#method.leak) to leak a pointer. A use of this could be to get runtime-"
|
|
"initialized and runtime-sized static variables"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes usar [`Box::leak`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box."
|
|
"html#method.leak) para perder un puntero. Esto podría usarse para obtener "
|
|
"variables estáticas iniciadas y medidas en _runtime_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can use [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget."
|
|
"html) to make the compiler \"forget\" about a value (meaning the destructor "
|
|
"is never run)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes usar [`std::mem::forget`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/mem/fn.forget."
|
|
"html) para que el compilador \"olvide\" un valor (lo que significa que el "
|
|
"destructor nunca se ejecuta)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) with `Rc` or `Arc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"También puedes crear por accidente una [referencia circular](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.html) con `Rc` o `Arc`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory leak "
|
|
"and Rust does not protect from those."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De hecho, algunos consideran que poblar de forma infinita una colección es "
|
|
"una fuga de memoria y Rust no protege de ellas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood as "
|
|
"\"Pretty much no _accidental_ memory leaks\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En este curso, \"sin pérdidas de memoria\" debe entenderse como\n"
|
|
" \"casi ninguna pérdida de memoria _accidental_\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3
|
|
msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:"
|
|
msgstr "No hay comportamientos indefinidos en _runtime_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5
|
|
msgid "Array access is bounds checked."
|
|
msgstr "Se comprueban los límites de acceso a los arrays."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:6
|
|
msgid "Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)."
|
|
msgstr "Se define el desbordamiento de enteros (_panic_ o _wrap-around_)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks) compile-time "
|
|
"flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled crash of the "
|
|
"program), otherwise you get wrap-around semantics. By default, you get "
|
|
"panics in debug mode (`cargo build`) and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo "
|
|
"build --release`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El overflow en Integer es definido vía un _flag_ en tiempo de compilación. "
|
|
"Las opciones son alertas panic (un crash controlado del programa) o una "
|
|
"semántica de _wrap-around_. Por defecto, obtienes el alerta en modo "
|
|
"depuración (`cargo build`) y _wrap-around_ en el modo release (`cargo build —"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also not be "
|
|
"disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However, `unsafe` allows you to "
|
|
"call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked` which does not do bounds "
|
|
"checking."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La comprobación de límites no se puede deshabilitar con una bandera de "
|
|
"compilador. Tampoco se puede inhabilitar directamente con la palabra clave "
|
|
"`unsafe`. Sin embargo, `unsafe` te permite llamar a funciones como `slice::"
|
|
"get_unchecked`, que no realiza comprobaciones de límites."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last decades."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust se ha creado a partir de toda la experiencia obtenida en las últimas "
|
|
"décadas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:5
|
|
msgid "Language Features"
|
|
msgstr "Características del Lenguaje"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:7
|
|
msgid "Enums and pattern matching."
|
|
msgstr "Enumeraciones (_Enums_) y coincidencia de patrones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:8
|
|
msgid "Generics."
|
|
msgstr "Genéricos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:9
|
|
msgid "No overhead FFI."
|
|
msgstr "Sin _overhead_ de FFI."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:10
|
|
msgid "Zero-cost abstractions."
|
|
msgstr "Abstracciones sin coste."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:12
|
|
msgid "Tooling"
|
|
msgstr "Herramientas"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:14
|
|
msgid "Great compiler errors."
|
|
msgstr "Excelentes errores de compilación."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:15
|
|
msgid "Built-in dependency manager."
|
|
msgstr "Gestor de dependencias integrado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:16
|
|
msgid "Built-in support for testing."
|
|
msgstr "Asistencia integrada para pruebas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:17
|
|
msgid "Excellent Language Server Protocol support."
|
|
msgstr "Compatibilidad excelente con el protocolo del servidor de lenguaje."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to 'pay' "
|
|
"for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example, "
|
|
"writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level "
|
|
"instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las abstracciones sin coste, similares a las de C++, significan que no "
|
|
"tienes que 'pagar' por construcciones de programación de alto nivel con "
|
|
"memoria o CPU. Por ejemplo, escribir un bucle utilizando `for` debería dar "
|
|
"como resultado prácticamente las mismas instrucciones de bajo nivel que con "
|
|
"la construcción `.iter().fold()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', also "
|
|
"known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like "
|
|
"`Option<T>` and `Result<T, E>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Merece la pena mencionar que los enums de Rust son tipos de datos "
|
|
"algebraicos, también denominados 'tipos suma', que permiten al sistema de "
|
|
"tipos expresar cosas como `Option<T>` y `Result<T, E>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to "
|
|
"ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more "
|
|
"talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with _actionable_ "
|
|
"feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Recuerda a los alumnos que lean los errores, ya que muchos desarrolladores "
|
|
"se han acostumbrado a ignorar los largos resultados del compilador. El "
|
|
"compilador de Rust es mucho más comunicativo que otros. A menudo, te "
|
|
"proporcionará sugerencias _prácticas_, que puedes copiar y pegar en tu "
|
|
"código."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, Python, "
|
|
"and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard "
|
|
"and essential:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La biblioteca estándar de Rust es pequeña en comparación con la de lenguajes "
|
|
"como Java, Python o Go. Rust no incluye elementos que se podrían considerar "
|
|
"estándar o esenciales:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:41
|
|
msgid "a random number generator, but see [rand](https://docs.rs/rand/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"un generador de números aleatorios, pero consulta [rand](https://docs.rs/"
|
|
"rand/)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:42
|
|
msgid "support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls](https://docs.rs/rustls/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"compatibilidad con SSL o TLS, pero consulta [rusttls](https://docs.rs/"
|
|
"rustls/)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:43
|
|
msgid "support for JSON, but see [serde_json](https://docs.rs/serde_json/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Compatibilidad con JSON, pero consulta [serde_json](https://docs.rs/"
|
|
"serde_json/)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library "
|
|
"cannot go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the "
|
|
"Rust community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps "
|
|
"there isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La razón es que la funcionalidad de la biblioteca estándar no puede "
|
|
"desaparecer, por lo que tiene que ser muy estable. En los ejemplos "
|
|
"anteriores, la comunidad de Rust todavía está trabajando para encontrar la "
|
|
"mejor solución, y puede que no exista una única \"mejor solución\" para "
|
|
"algunas de estas cuestiones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this "
|
|
"makes it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence "
|
|
"of this is that the standard library can be smaller."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust incluye un gestor de paquetes integrado con la forma de Cargo, lo que "
|
|
"hace que resulte sencillo descargar y compilar crates de terceros. Como "
|
|
"consecuencia, la biblioteca estándar puede ser más pequeña."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like <https://"
|
|
"lib.rs/> help with this by letting you compare health metrics for crates to "
|
|
"find a good and trusted one."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Encontrar buenos crates de terceros puede ser un problema. Sitios como "
|
|
"<https://lib.rs/> te ayudan a comparar métricas de salud de crates para "
|
|
"encontrar uno bueno y fiable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) is a well supported LSP "
|
|
"implementation used in major IDEs and text editors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[rust-analyzer](https://rust-analyzer.github.io/) es una implementación de "
|
|
"LSP bien respaldada y utilizada en los principales IDE y editores de texto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:3
|
|
msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Gran parte de la sintaxis de Rust te resultará familiar de C, C++ o Java:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:5
|
|
msgid "Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces."
|
|
msgstr "Los bloques y ámbitos están delimitados por llaves."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ... "
|
|
"*/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los comentarios de línea empiezan por `//`, mientras que los comentarios de "
|
|
"bloque están delimitados por `/* ... */`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:8
|
|
msgid "Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same."
|
|
msgstr "Palabras clave como `if` y `while` funcionan igual."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:9
|
|
msgid "Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La asignación de variables se realiza con `=` y la comparación con `==`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16
|
|
msgid "Types"
|
|
msgstr "Tipos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3
|
|
msgid "Literals"
|
|
msgstr "Literales"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "Signed integers"
|
|
msgstr "Enteros con signo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "`i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123_i64`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "Unsigned integers"
|
|
msgstr "Enteros sin signo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "`u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "`0`, `123`, `10_u16`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7
|
|
msgid "Floating point numbers"
|
|
msgstr "Números de coma flotante"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7
|
|
msgid "`f32`, `f64`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:7
|
|
msgid "`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2_f32`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "Strings"
|
|
msgstr "Cadenas de texto (_Strings_)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "`&str`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9
|
|
msgid "Unicode scalar values"
|
|
msgstr "Valores escalares Unicode"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9
|
|
msgid "`char`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:9
|
|
msgid "`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10
|
|
msgid "Booleans"
|
|
msgstr "Booleanos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10
|
|
msgid "`bool`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:10
|
|
msgid "`true`, `false`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:12
|
|
msgid "The types have widths as follows:"
|
|
msgstr "Los tipos tienen la siguiente anchura:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:14
|
|
msgid "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide,"
|
|
msgstr "`iN`, `uN`, and `fN` son _N_ bits de capacidad,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:15
|
|
msgid "`isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer,"
|
|
msgstr "`isize` y `usize` tienen el ancho de un puntero,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:16
|
|
msgid "`char` is 32 bits wide,"
|
|
msgstr "`char` tiene un tamaño de 32 bits,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:17
|
|
msgid "`bool` is 8 bits wide."
|
|
msgstr "`bool` tiene 8 bits de ancho."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:21
|
|
msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:"
|
|
msgstr "Hay algunas sintaxis que no se han mostrado anteriormente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: "
|
|
"`r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal "
|
|
"amount of `#` on either side of the quotes:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las cadenas sin formato te permiten crear un valor `&str` con los escapes "
|
|
"inhabilitados: `r\"\\n\" == \"\\\\n\"`. Puedes insertar comillas dobles con "
|
|
"la misma cantidad de `#` a cada lado de ellas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(r#\"<a href=\"link.html\">link</a>\"#);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"<a href=\\\"link.html\\\">link</a>\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:34
|
|
msgid "Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:"
|
|
msgstr "Las cadenas de bytes te permiten crear un valor `&[u8]` directamente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", b\"abc\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", &[97, 98, 99]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All underscores in numbers can be left out, they are for legibility only. So "
|
|
"`1_000` can be written as `1000` (or `10_00`), and `123_i64` can be written "
|
|
"as `123i64`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Todos guiones bajos en los números pueden no utilizarse, ya que solo sirven "
|
|
"para facilitar la lectura. Por lo tanto, `1_000` se puede escribir como "
|
|
"`1000` (o `10_00`), y `123_i64` se puede escribir como `123i64`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "Arrays"
|
|
msgstr "Arrays"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "`[T; N]`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:5
|
|
msgid "`[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "Tuples"
|
|
msgstr "Tuplas"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "`()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:6
|
|
msgid "`()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "Array assignment and access:"
|
|
msgstr "Asignación y acceso a arrays:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n"
|
|
" a[5] = 0;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:18
|
|
msgid "Tuple assignment and access:"
|
|
msgstr "Asignación y acceso a tuplas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let t: (i8, bool) = (7, true);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"1st index: {}\", t.0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"2nd index: {}\", t.1);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32
|
|
msgid "Arrays:"
|
|
msgstr "Arrays:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A value of the array type `[T; N]` holds `N` (a compile-time constant) "
|
|
"elements of the same type `T`. Note that the length of the array is _part of "
|
|
"its type_, which means that `[u8; 3]` and `[u8; 4]` are considered two "
|
|
"different types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un valor del tipo array `[T; N]` contiene `N` (una constante en tiempo de "
|
|
"compilación) elementos del mismo tipo `T`. Ten en cuenta que la longitud del "
|
|
"array es *parte de su tipo*, lo que significa que `[u8; 3]` y `[u8; 4]` se "
|
|
"consideran dos tipos diferentes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:38
|
|
msgid "We can use literals to assign values to arrays."
|
|
msgstr "Podemos usar literales para asignar valores a arrays."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug implementation "
|
|
"with the `?` format parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives "
|
|
"the debug output. We could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without "
|
|
"specifying the value after the format string."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En la función _main_, la instrucción de impresión solicita la implementación "
|
|
"de depuración con el parámetro de formato `?`: `{}` ofrece la salida "
|
|
"predeterminada y `{:?}` ofrece la salida de depuración. También se podría "
|
|
"haber usado `{a}` y `{a:?}` sin especificar el valor después de la cadena de "
|
|
"formato."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be "
|
|
"easier to read."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si se añade `#`, por ejemplo `{a:#?}`, se da formato al texto para facilitar "
|
|
"la lectura."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47
|
|
msgid "Tuples:"
|
|
msgstr "Tuplas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49
|
|
msgid "Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length."
|
|
msgstr "Al igual que los arrays, las tuplas tienen una longitud fija."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:51
|
|
msgid "Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type."
|
|
msgstr "Las tuplas agrupan valores de diferentes tipos en un tipo compuesto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, "
|
|
"e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se puede acceder a los campos de una tupla por el punto y el índice del "
|
|
"valor, por ejemplo, `t.0`, `t.1`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, "
|
|
"and the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its "
|
|
"value are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a "
|
|
"function or expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La tupla vacía `()` también se conoce como \"tipo unitario\". Es a la vez un "
|
|
"tipo y el único valor válido de ese tipo, es decir, tanto el tipo como su "
|
|
"valor se expresan como `()`. Se usa para indicar, por ejemplo, que una "
|
|
"función o expresión no tiene valor de retorno, como veremos en una "
|
|
"diapositiva posterior."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other "
|
|
"programming languages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Podríamos pensar en ello como `void`, que quizá resulte familiar de otros "
|
|
"lenguajes de programación."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3
|
|
msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:"
|
|
msgstr "Al igual que C++, Rust tiene referencias:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" let ref_x: &mut i32 = &mut x;\n"
|
|
" *ref_x = 20;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:14
|
|
msgid "Some notes:"
|
|
msgstr "Algunas notas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ "
|
|
"pointers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Debemos desreferenciar `ref_x` al asignarle un valor, de forma similar a los "
|
|
"punteros de C y C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking "
|
|
"methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust realizará una desreferencia automática en algunos casos, en especial al "
|
|
"invocar métodos (prueba `ref_x.count_ones()`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values over "
|
|
"their lifetime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las referencias que se declaran como `mut` se pueden vincular a distintos "
|
|
"valores durante su tiempo de vida."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x: "
|
|
"&mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound "
|
|
"to different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable "
|
|
"value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ten en cuenta la diferencia entre `let mut ref_x: &i32` y `let ref_x: &mut "
|
|
"i32`. La primera representa una referencia mutable que se puede vincular a "
|
|
"distintos valores, mientras que la segunda representa una referencia a un "
|
|
"valor mutable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust prohibirá estáticamente las referencias colgantes:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let ref_x: &i32;\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" ref_x = &x;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ref_x: {ref_x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16
|
|
msgid "A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se dice que una referencia \"toma prestado\" el valor al que hace referencia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long "
|
|
"enough."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust hace un seguimiento del tiempo de vida de todas las referencias para "
|
|
"asegurarse de que duran lo suficiente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:19
|
|
msgid "We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Más adelante hablaremos de los préstamos cuando lleguemos a la parte de "
|
|
"propiedad."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3
|
|
msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:"
|
|
msgstr "Un _slice_ ofrece una visión de una colección más amplia:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {a:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:16
|
|
msgid "Slices borrow data from the sliced type."
|
|
msgstr "Los slices toman prestados datos del tipo slice."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:17
|
|
msgid "Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]` right before printing `s`?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pregunta: ¿Qué ocurre si se modifica `a[3]` justo antes de imprimir `s`?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending "
|
|
"indexes in brackets."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Creamos un slice tomando prestado `a` y especificando entre paréntesis los "
|
|
"índices de inicio y de fin."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the "
|
|
"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are "
|
|
"identical."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si el slice comienza en el índice 0, la sintaxis de intervalo de Rust nos "
|
|
"permite eliminar el índice inicial, lo que significa que `&a[0..a.len()]` y "
|
|
"`&a[..a.len()]` son idénticos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are "
|
|
"identical."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lo mismo ocurre con el último índice, por lo que `&a[2..a.len()]` y "
|
|
"`&a[2..]` son idénticos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para crear fácilmente un slice del array completo, podemos usar `&a[..]`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` "
|
|
"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform "
|
|
"computation on slices of different sizes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`s` es una referencia a un slice de `i32`s. Ten en cuenta que el tipo de `s` "
|
|
"(`&[i32]`) ya no menciona la longitud del array. Esto nos permite realizar "
|
|
"cálculos en slices de diferentes tamaños."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain "
|
|
"'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los slices siempre tienen préstamos de otros objetos. En este ejemplo, `a` "
|
|
"tiene que permanecer \"con vida\" (en el ámbito) al menos durante el tiempo "
|
|
"que dure el slice. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but "
|
|
"the answer is that for memory safety reasons you cannot do it through `a` at "
|
|
"this point in the execution, but you can read the data from both `a` and `s` "
|
|
"safely. It works before you created the slice, and again after the "
|
|
"`println`, when the slice is no longer used. More details will be explained "
|
|
"in the borrow checker section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La cuestión sobre la modificación de `a[3]` puede suscitar un debate "
|
|
"interesante, pero la respuesta es que, por razones de seguridad de memoria, "
|
|
"no se puede hacer mediante `a` en este punto de la ejecución, pero sí se "
|
|
"pueden leer los datos de `a` y `s` de forma segura. Funciona antes de crear "
|
|
"el slice y después de `println`, cuando el slice ya no se utiliza. En la "
|
|
"sección que trata sobre el _borrow checker_ se dará más información."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1
|
|
msgid "`String` vs `str`"
|
|
msgstr "`String` o `str`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3
|
|
msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Ahora podemos entender los dos tipos de cadenas de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: &str = \"World\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" s2.push_str(s1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20
|
|
msgid "Rust terminology:"
|
|
msgstr "Terminología de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22
|
|
msgid "`&str` an immutable reference to a string slice."
|
|
msgstr "`&str` es una referencia inmutable a un slice de una cadena."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:23
|
|
msgid "`String` a mutable string buffer."
|
|
msgstr "`String` es un búfer de cadena mutable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 "
|
|
"encoded string data stored in a block of memory. String literals "
|
|
"(`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`&str` introduce un slice de cadena, que es una referencia inmutable a los "
|
|
"datos de cadena codificados en UTF-8 y almacenados en un bloque de memoria. "
|
|
"Los literales de cadena (`\"Hello\"`) se almacenan en el binario del "
|
|
"programa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a "
|
|
"`Vec<T>`, it is owned."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El tipo `String` de Rust es un envoltorio que rodea a un vector de bytes. "
|
|
"Como sucede con `Vec<T>`, tiene propiedad."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string "
|
|
"literal; `String::new()` creates a new empty string, to which string data "
|
|
"can be added using the `push()` and `push_str()` methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Al igual que ocurre con muchos otros tipos, `String::from()` crea una cadena "
|
|
"a partir de un literal de cadena. `String::new()` crea una cadena vacía a la "
|
|
"que se pueden añadir los datos de la cadena mediante los métodos `push()` y "
|
|
"`push_str()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from "
|
|
"dynamic values. It accepts the same format specification as `println!()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La macro `format!()` es una forma práctica de generar una cadena propia a "
|
|
"partir de valores dinámicos. Acepta la misma especificación de formato que "
|
|
"`println!()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range "
|
|
"selection."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes tomar prestados slices `&str` desde `String` mediante `&` y, si "
|
|
"quieres, puedes seleccionar intervalos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one "
|
|
"that always points to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough "
|
|
"equivalent of `std::string` from C++ (main difference: it can only contain "
|
|
"UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string optimization)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para los programadores de C++: piensa en `&str` como el `const char*` de C+"
|
|
"+, pero el que siempre apunta a una cadena válida en la memoria. `String` de "
|
|
"Rust es parecido a `std::string` de C++ (la diferencia principal es que "
|
|
"solo puede contener bytes codificados en UTF-8 y nunca utilizará una "
|
|
"optimización de cadena pequeña)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
|
|
"Fizz_buzz) interview question:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Una versión de Rust de la famosa pregunta de la entrevista de [FizzBuzz]"
|
|
"(https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" print_fizzbuzz_to(20);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn is_divisible(n: u32, divisor: u32) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" if divisor == 0 {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" n % divisor == 0\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> String {\n"
|
|
" let fizz = if is_divisible(n, 3) { \"fizz\" } else { \"\" };\n"
|
|
" let buzz = if is_divisible(n, 5) { \"buzz\" } else { \"\" };\n"
|
|
" if fizz.is_empty() && buzz.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return format!(\"{n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" format!(\"{fizz}{buzz}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn print_fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) {\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..=n {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", fizzbuzz(i));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations "
|
|
"nor headers are necessary. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En `main` hacemos referencia a una función escrita más abajo. No se "
|
|
"necesitan declaraciones de redirección ni encabezados. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some "
|
|
"programming languages), then a return type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los parámetros de declaración van seguidos de un tipo (al contrario que en "
|
|
"algunos lenguajes de programación) y, a continuación, de un tipo de "
|
|
"resultado devuelto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return "
|
|
"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La última expresión del cuerpo de una función (o de cualquier bloque) se "
|
|
"convierte en el valor devuelto. Basta con omitir el carácter `;` al final de "
|
|
"la expresión."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The "
|
|
"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Algunas funciones no devuelven ningún valor, devuelven el \"tipo unitario\", "
|
|
"`()`. El compilador deducirá esto si se omite el tipo de retorno `-> ()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains "
|
|
"`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La expresión de intervalo del bucle `for` en `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contiene "
|
|
"`=n`, lo que hace que incluya el límite superior."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Todos los elementos del lenguaje de Rust se pueden documentar con la "
|
|
"sintaxis especial `///`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second "
|
|
"argument.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n"
|
|
"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" if rhs == 0 {\n"
|
|
" return false; // Corner case, early return\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression in a block is the return "
|
|
"value\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are "
|
|
"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the [rustdoc]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is "
|
|
"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El contenido se trata como Markdown. Todos los crates de la biblioteca de "
|
|
"Rust publicados se documentan automáticamente\n"
|
|
" en [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) mediante la herramienta \n"
|
|
"[rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html). Es "
|
|
"propio\n"
|
|
"documentar todos los elementos públicos de una API usando este patrón."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at [`docs.rs/rand`]"
|
|
"(https://docs.rs/rand)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Muestra a los alumnos los documentos generados para el crate `rand` en "
|
|
"[`docs.rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but in "
|
|
"real code they should be present."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este curso no incluye diapositivas sobre rustdoc para ahorrar espacio, pero "
|
|
"deben aparecer en el código real."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need not "
|
|
"be addressed here."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los comentarios internos de los documentos se tratarán más adelante (en la "
|
|
"página de módulos), no es necesario tratarlos aquí."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rustdoc comments can contain code snippets that we can run and test using "
|
|
"`cargo test`. We will discuss these tests in the [Testing section](../"
|
|
"testing/doc-tests.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los comentarios de rustdoc pueden contener fragmentos de código que podemos "
|
|
"ejecutar y probar utilizando `cargo test`. Hablaremos de esto en la [sección "
|
|
"de pruebas](../testing/doc-tests.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a "
|
|
"method is an instance of the type it is associated with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los métodos son funciones asociadas a un tipo. El argumento `self` de un "
|
|
"método es una instancia del tipo al que está asociada:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Rectangle {\n"
|
|
" width: u32,\n"
|
|
" height: u32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Rectangle {\n"
|
|
" fn area(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" self.width * self.height\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n"
|
|
" self.width += delta;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"old area: {}\", rect.area());\n"
|
|
" rect.inc_width(5);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"new area: {}\", rect.area());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's "
|
|
"class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Abordaremos en mayor profundidad los métodos en el ejercicio de hoy y en la "
|
|
"clase de mañana."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34
|
|
msgid "Add a static method called `Rectangle::new` and call this from `main`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Añade un método estático denominado `Rectangle::new` y llámalo desde `main`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n"
|
|
" Rectangle { width, height }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n"
|
|
" Rectangle { width, height }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"While _technically_, Rust does not have custom constructors, static methods "
|
|
"are commonly used to initialize structs (but don't have to). The actual "
|
|
"constructor, `Rectangle { width, height }`, could be called directly. See "
|
|
"the [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aunque _técnicamente_ Rust no tiene constructores personalizados, los "
|
|
"métodos estáticos se utilizan habitualmente para inicializar estructuras, "
|
|
"pero no es obligatorio. El constructor real, `Rectangle { width, height }`, "
|
|
"podría llamarse directamente. Consulta el [Rustnomicon](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/nomicon/constructors.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Add a `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that such "
|
|
"static methods can take arbitrary parameters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Añade un constructor `Rectangle::square(width: u32)` para mostrar que esos "
|
|
"métodos estáticos puede utilizar parámetros arbitrarios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1
|
|
msgid "Function Overloading"
|
|
msgstr "Sobrecarga de funciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3
|
|
msgid "Overloading is not supported:"
|
|
msgstr "No se admite la sobrecarga:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5
|
|
msgid "Each function has a single implementation:"
|
|
msgstr "Cada función tiene una única implementación:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:6
|
|
msgid "Always takes a fixed number of parameters."
|
|
msgstr "Siempre se utiliza un número fijo de parámetros."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:7
|
|
msgid "Always takes a single set of parameter types."
|
|
msgstr "Siempre se utiliza un único conjunto de tipos de parámetros."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:8
|
|
msgid "Default values are not supported:"
|
|
msgstr "No se admiten valores predeterminados:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:9
|
|
msgid "All call sites have the same number of arguments."
|
|
msgstr "Todos los sitios de llamada tienen el mismo número de argumentos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:10
|
|
msgid "Macros are sometimes used as an alternative."
|
|
msgstr "A veces, se utilizan macros como alternativa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12
|
|
msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:"
|
|
msgstr "Sin embargo, los parámetros de función pueden ser genéricos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn pick_one<T>(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n"
|
|
" if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\"));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When using generics, the standard library's `Into<T>` can provide a kind of "
|
|
"limited polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later "
|
|
"section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando se utilizan genéricos, el `Into<T>` de la biblioteca estándar puede "
|
|
"proporcionar una especie de polimorfismo limitado en los tipos de "
|
|
"argumentos. Veremos más información al respecto en una sección posterior."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 1: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Día 1: ejercicios de la mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "En estos ejercicios, estudiaremos dos partes de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "Implicit conversions between types."
|
|
msgstr "Conversiones implícitas entre tipos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:7
|
|
msgid "Arrays and `for` loops."
|
|
msgstr "Arrays y bucles `for`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11
|
|
msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:"
|
|
msgstr "Ten en cuenta lo siguiente a la hora de resolver los ejercicios:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get auto-"
|
|
"completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo](../../cargo.md) "
|
|
"for details on installing Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si es posible, utiliza una instalación local de Rust. De esta forma, podrás "
|
|
"autocompletar datos en tu editor. Consulta la página sobre \\[cómo usar "
|
|
"Cargo\\] para obtener más información sobre cómo instalar Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:17
|
|
msgid "Alternatively, use the Rust Playground."
|
|
msgstr "También puedes usar el playground de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose "
|
|
"their state if you navigate away from the page."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los fragmentos de código no son editables a propósito: los que están "
|
|
"insertados pierden su estado si se sale de la página."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:9 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-"
|
|
"morning.md) provided."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Después de realizar los ejercicios, puedes consultar las [soluciones]"
|
|
"(solutions-morning.md) correspondientes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types "
|
|
"([unlike C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/"
|
|
"implicit_conversion)). You can see this in a program like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust no aplicará automáticamente _conversiones implícitas_ entre tipos ([a "
|
|
"diferencia de C++](https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/"
|
|
"implicit_conversion)). Puedes ver un ejemplo de esto en el siguiente "
|
|
"programa:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn multiply(x: i16, y: i16) -> i16 {\n"
|
|
" x * y\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x: i8 = 15;\n"
|
|
" let y: i16 = 1000;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{x} * {y} = {}\", multiply(x, y));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust integer types all implement the [`From<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/convert/trait.Into.html) traits to let us convert between them. The "
|
|
"`From<T>` trait has a single `from()` method and similarly, the `Into<T>` "
|
|
"trait has a single `into()` method. Implementing these traits is how a type "
|
|
"expresses that it can be converted into another type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Todos los tipos de enteros de Rust implementan los traits [`From<T>`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) y [`Into<T>`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) para permitirnos "
|
|
"realizar conversiones entre ellos. El trait `From<T>` tiene un único método "
|
|
"`from()` y, del mismo modo, el trait `Into<T>` tiene un único método "
|
|
"`into()`. Un tipo expresa que se puede convertir en otro tipo implementando "
|
|
"estos traits."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The standard library has an implementation of `From<i8> for i16`, which "
|
|
"means that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by "
|
|
"calling `i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From<i8> for "
|
|
"i16` implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into<i16> for "
|
|
"i8`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La biblioteca estándar implementa `From<i8> for i16`, lo que significa que "
|
|
"podemos convertir una variable `x` del tipo `i8` a `i16` llamando a `i16::"
|
|
"from(x)`. O, más sencillo, con `x.into()`, ya que la implementación de "
|
|
"`From<i8> for i16` crea automáticamente una implementación de `Into<i16> for "
|
|
"i8`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so "
|
|
"it is sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` "
|
|
"implementation automatically."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lo mismo se aplica a tus implementaciones `From` para tus propios tipos, por "
|
|
"lo que basta con implementar `From` para obtener la respectiva "
|
|
"implementación `Into` de forma automática."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:33
|
|
msgid "Execute the above program and look at the compiler error."
|
|
msgstr "Ejecuta el programa anterior y observa el error del compilador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:35
|
|
msgid "Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Actualiza el código anterior para usar `into()` y realizar la conversión."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`, "
|
|
"`i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try "
|
|
"converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the "
|
|
"[standard library documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait."
|
|
"From.html) to see if `From<T>` is implemented for the pairs you check."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cambia los tipos de `x` e `y` a otros elementos (por ejemplo, `f32`, `bool`, "
|
|
"`i128`) para ver qué tipos puedes convertir. Prueba a convertir tipos "
|
|
"pequeños en tipos grandes y viceversa. Consulta la [documentación de la "
|
|
"biblioteca estándar](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) "
|
|
"para comprobar si se ha implementado `From<T>` en los pares que elijas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Arrays and `for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr "Arrays y bucles`for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3
|
|
msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Hemos visto que un array se puede declarar de la siguiente manera:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}"
|
|
"`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes imprimir dicho array solicitando su representación de depuración con "
|
|
"`{:?}`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"array: {array:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for` "
|
|
"keyword:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust te permite iterar sobre elementos como arrays e intervalos usando la "
|
|
"palabra clave `for`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n"
|
|
" for n in array {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix "
|
|
"and a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into "
|
|
"columns):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usa el método anterior para escribir una función `pretty_print` que sirva "
|
|
"para dar formato al texto de la matriz y una función `transpose` que "
|
|
"transponga una matriz (convertir filas en columnas):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎤\n"
|
|
"\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n"
|
|
" ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎦\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47
|
|
msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices."
|
|
msgstr "Codifica ambas funciones para que operen con matrices de 3 × 3."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the "
|
|
"functions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en <https://play.rust-lang.org/> e "
|
|
"implementa las funciones:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"matrix:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&matrix);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"transposed:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&transposed);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:80
|
|
msgid "Bonus Question"
|
|
msgstr "Pregunta Extra"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your "
|
|
"argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional "
|
|
"slice-of-slices. Why or why not?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"¿Se podrían usar slices `&[i32]` en lugar de matrices de 3 × 3 predefinidas "
|
|
"en el código para tus argumentos y tipos de resultados devueltos? Por "
|
|
"ejemplo, \\``&\\[&\\[i32\\]\\]\\` para un slice de slices de dos "
|
|
"dimensiones. ¿Por qué? ¿Por qué no?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:87
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production quality "
|
|
"implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Consulta el [crate `ndarray`](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) para obtener una "
|
|
"implementación con calidad de producción."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:92
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the "
|
|
"[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La solución y la respuesta a la pregunta extra están disponibles en la "
|
|
"sección [soluciones](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:95
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The use of the reference `&array` within `for n in &array` is a subtle "
|
|
"preview of issues of ownership that will come later in the afternoon."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El uso de la referencia `&array` dentro de `for n in &array` es una vista "
|
|
"previa sutil de los problemas de propiedad que se tratarán más tarde por la "
|
|
"tarde."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:98
|
|
msgid "Without the `&`..."
|
|
msgstr "Sin el `&`..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:99
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The loop would have been one that consumes the array. This is a change "
|
|
"[introduced in the 2021 Edition](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/"
|
|
"rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El bucle habría sido uno que consume el array. Este es un cambio "
|
|
"[introducido en la edición de 2021](https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/"
|
|
"rust-2021/IntoIterator-for-arrays.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:102
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An implicit array copy would have occured. Since `i32` is a copy type, then "
|
|
"`[i32; 3]` is also a copy type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se habría producido una copia implícita del array. Dado que `i32` es un tipo "
|
|
"de copia, `[i32; 3]` también es un tipo de copia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally "
|
|
"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then "
|
|
"becomes the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions "
|
|
"work similarly in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Como hemos visto, `if` es una expresión de Rust. Se utiliza para realizar "
|
|
"una evaluación condicional de uno de los dos bloques, aunque estos pueden "
|
|
"tener un valor que acaba convirtiéndose en el valor de la expresión `if`. "
|
|
"Otras expresiones del flujo de control funcionan de forma similar en Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions. Each block has a value "
|
|
"and a type, which are those of the last expression of the block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En Rust, un bloque contiene una secuencia de expresiones. Cada bloque tiene "
|
|
"un tipo y un valor, que son los de la última expresión del bloque:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = {\n"
|
|
" let y = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
|
|
" let z = {\n"
|
|
" let w = {\n"
|
|
" 3 + 4\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"w: {w}\");\n"
|
|
" y * w\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"z: {z}\");\n"
|
|
" z - y\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is "
|
|
"`()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si la última expresión termina con `;`, el tipo y el valor resultante será "
|
|
"`()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the "
|
|
"return value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se utiliza la misma regla para las funciones: el valor del cuerpo de la "
|
|
"función es el valor devuelto:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" x + x\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:43 src/enums.md:34 src/enums/sizes.md:28
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:25 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22
|
|
#: src/structs.md:31 src/methods.md:30 src/methods/example.md:46
|
|
msgid "Key Points:"
|
|
msgstr "Puntos Clave:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in "
|
|
"Rust. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El objetivo de esta diapositiva es mostrar que los bloques tienen un tipo y "
|
|
"un valor en Rust. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in "
|
|
"the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes mostrar cómo cambia el valor del bloque cambiando su última línea. "
|
|
"Por ejemplo, añade o quita un punto y coma, o utiliza la expresión `return`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`if` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "Expresiones `if`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You use [`if` expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/"
|
|
"if-expr.html#if-expressions) exactly like `if` statements in other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes usar [expresiones `if`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/"
|
|
"expressions/if-expr.html#if-expressions) de la misma forma que en otros "
|
|
"lenguajes:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each "
|
|
"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Además, puedes utilizar `if` como expresión. La última expresión de cada "
|
|
"bloque se convierte en el valor de la expresión `if`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its "
|
|
"branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you "
|
|
"add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dado que `if` es una expresión y debe tener un tipo concreto, ambos bloques "
|
|
"de ramas deben tener el mismo tipo. En el segundo ejemplo, puedes mostrar lo "
|
|
"que sucede al añadir `;` después de `x / 2`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`for` loops"
|
|
msgstr "Bucles `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely "
|
|
"related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It will "
|
|
"automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El [bucle `for`][`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) "
|
|
"está estrechamente relacionado con el [bucle `while let`](while-let-"
|
|
"expressions.md). Llamará automáticamente a `into_iter()` en la expresión y "
|
|
"después iterará sobre ella:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for x in v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"i: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:21
|
|
msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual."
|
|
msgstr "Aquí puedes usar `break` y `continue` como de costumbre."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25
|
|
msgid "Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La iteración de índices no es una sintaxis especial en Rust para ese caso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:26
|
|
msgid "`(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. "
|
|
msgstr "`(0..10)` es un rango que implementa un `Iterator` trait."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other "
|
|
"element. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`step_by` es un método que devuelve otro `Iterator` que salta cada otro "
|
|
"elemento."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change "
|
|
"vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Modifica los elementos del vector y explica los errores del compilador. "
|
|
"Cambia el vector `v` para que sea mutable y el bucle `for x in v.iter_mut()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`while` loops"
|
|
msgstr "Bucles `while`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-"
|
|
"expr.html#predicate-loops) works very similar to other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La [palabra clave `while`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/"
|
|
"loop-expr.html#predicate-loops) es muy similar a otros lenguajes:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 {\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1
|
|
msgid "`break` and `continue`"
|
|
msgstr "`break` y `continue`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions),"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si quieres salir de un bucle antes, usa [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:4
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to immediately start the next iteration use [`continue`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si quieres iniciar inmediatamente la siguiente iteración, usa [`continue`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-"
|
|
"expressions)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is "
|
|
"used to break out of nested loops:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De forma opcional, tanto `continue` como `break` pueden utilizar un "
|
|
"argumento de etiqueta para interrumpir los bucles anidados:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
|
|
" 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" let mut i = 0;\n"
|
|
" while i < x {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" i += 1;\n"
|
|
" if i == 3 {\n"
|
|
" break 'outer;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En este caso, detenemos el bucle exterior tras tres iteraciones del bucle "
|
|
"interno."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`loop` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "Expresiones `loop`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/"
|
|
"expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) which creates an endless loop."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Por último, la [palabra clave `loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/"
|
|
"expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops) crea un bucle infinito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:"
|
|
msgstr "Para detener el bucle, debes usar `break` o `return`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" if x == 1 {\n"
|
|
" break;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:27
|
|
msgid "Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out."
|
|
msgstr "Interrumpe `loop` con un valor (por ejemplo, `break 8`) e imprímelo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial "
|
|
"value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike "
|
|
"`while` and `for` loops)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ten en cuenta que `loop` es la única construcción de bucle que devuelve un "
|
|
"valor no trivial. Esto se debe a que es inevitable que se introduzca al "
|
|
"menos una vez (a diferencia de los bucles `while` y `for`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable "
|
|
"by default:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust ofrece seguridad de tipos mediante tipado estático. De forma "
|
|
"predeterminada, los enlaces a variables son inmutables:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" // x = 20;\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the "
|
|
"types less and less as the course progresses."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Debido a la inferencia de tipos, `i32` es opcional. A medida que avance el "
|
|
"curso, iremos mostrando cada vez menos los tipos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust consultará cómo se _usa_ la variable para determinar el tipo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn takes_i8(y: i8) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"i8: {y}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = 10;\n"
|
|
" let y = 20;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" takes_u32(x);\n"
|
|
" takes_i8(y);\n"
|
|
" // takes_u32(y);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on "
|
|
"constraints given by variable declarations and usages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esta diapositiva muestra cómo el compilador de Rust infiere tipos basándose "
|
|
"en restricciones proporcionadas por declaraciones y usos de variables."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not "
|
|
"of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can hold any data. The machine "
|
|
"code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit declaration "
|
|
"of a type. The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise "
|
|
"code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Es muy importante subrayar que las variables que se declaran así no son de "
|
|
"un \"tipo cualquiera\" dinámico que pueda contener cualquier dato. El código "
|
|
"máquina generado por tal declaración es idéntico a la declaración explícita "
|
|
"de un tipo. El compilador hace el trabajo por nosotros y nos ayuda a "
|
|
"escribir código más conciso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic "
|
|
"container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, "
|
|
"using `_` as a placeholder:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El siguiente fragmento de código le indica al compilador que copie en un "
|
|
"determinado contenedor genérico sin que el código especifique explícitamente "
|
|
"el tipo contenido utilizando `_` como marcador de posición:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v.push((10, false));\n"
|
|
" v.push((20, true));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let vv = v.iter().collect::<std::collections::HashSet<_>>();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator."
|
|
"html#method.collect) relies on [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-for-"
|
|
"HashSet%3CT,+S%3E) implements."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator."
|
|
"html#method.collect) se basa en [`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html), que implementa [`HashSet`](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/std/collections/struct.HashSet.html#impl-FromIterator%3CT%3E-"
|
|
"for-HashSet%3CT,+S%3E)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1
|
|
msgid "Static and Constant Variables"
|
|
msgstr "Variables Estáticas y Constantes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Static and constant variables are two different ways to create globally-"
|
|
"scoped values that cannot be moved or reallocated during the execution of "
|
|
"the program. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las variables estáticas y constantes son dos formas diferentes de crear "
|
|
"valores de ámbito global que no se pueden mover ni reasignar durante la "
|
|
"ejecución del programa. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:6
|
|
msgid "`const`"
|
|
msgstr "`const`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Constant variables are evaluated at compile time and their values are "
|
|
"inlined wherever they are used:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las variables constantes se evalúan en tiempo de compilación y sus valores "
|
|
"se insertan dondequiera que se utilicen:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n"
|
|
"const ZERO: Option<u8> = Some(42);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n"
|
|
" let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n"
|
|
" for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE]."
|
|
"wrapping_add(b);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" digest\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"According to the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-"
|
|
"vs-static.html) these are inlined upon use."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Según el libro [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-"
|
|
"vs-static.html), se insertan cuando se utilizan."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Only functions marked `const` can be called at compile time to generate "
|
|
"`const` values. `const` functions can however be called at runtime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sólo se pueden llamar a las funciones marcadas como `const` en tiempo de "
|
|
"compilación para generar valores `const`. Sin embargo, las funciones `const` "
|
|
"se pueden llamar en _runtime_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33
|
|
msgid "`static`"
|
|
msgstr "`static`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Static variables will live during the whole execution of the program, and "
|
|
"therefore will not move:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las variables estáticas vivirán durante toda la ejecución del programa y, "
|
|
"por lo tanto, no se moverán:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/rfcs/0246-const-"
|
|
"vs-static.html), these are not inlined upon use and have an actual "
|
|
"associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, "
|
|
"and the variable lives through the entirety of the program execution. When a "
|
|
"globally-scoped value does not have a reason to need object identity, "
|
|
"`const` is generally preferred."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Tal y como se indica en el libro [Rust RFC Book](https://rust-lang.github.io/"
|
|
"rfcs/0246-const-vs-static.html), no están insertadas y tienen una ubicación "
|
|
"de memoria real asociada. Esto resulta útil para código insertado y no "
|
|
"seguro. Además, la variable continúa durante toda la ejecución del programa. "
|
|
"Cuando un valor de ámbito global no tiene ningún motivo para necesitar "
|
|
"identidad de objeto, se suele preferir `const`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Because `static` variables are accessible from any thread, they must be "
|
|
"`Sync`. Interior mutability is possible through a [`Mutex`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), atomic or similar. It is also possible "
|
|
"to have mutable statics, but they require manual synchronisation so any "
|
|
"access to them requires `unsafe` code. We will look at [mutable statics](../"
|
|
"unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md) in the chapter on Unsafe Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dado que se puede acceder a las variables `static` desde cualquier hilo, es "
|
|
"necesario protegerlas, por ejemplo, mediante un comando [`Mutex`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html), o que sean accesibles usando "
|
|
"código `unsafe`. Veremos la [mutación de datos estáticos](../unsafe/mutable-"
|
|
"static-variables.md) en el capítulo sobre Rust inseguro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:57
|
|
msgid "Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Menciona que `const` se comporta semánticamente de forma similar a "
|
|
"`constexpr` de C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable "
|
|
"global variable in C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Por su parte, `static` se parece mucho más a `const` o a una variable global "
|
|
"mutable de C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`static` provides object identity: an address in memory and state as "
|
|
"required by types with interior mutability such as `Mutex<T>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`static` proporciona la identidad del objeto: una dirección en la memoria y "
|
|
"en el estado que requieren los tipos con mutabilidad interior, como "
|
|
"`Mutex<T>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but "
|
|
"it is helpful and safer than using a static."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"No es muy habitual que se necesite una constante evaluada en _runtime_, pero "
|
|
"es útil y más seguro que usar una estática."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:61
|
|
msgid "`thread_local` data can be created with the macro `std::thread_local`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Datos del `thread_local` se pueden crear con la macro `std::thread_local`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:63
|
|
msgid "Properties table:"
|
|
msgstr "Tabla de Propiedades:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65
|
|
msgid "Property"
|
|
msgstr "Propiedad"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65
|
|
msgid "Static"
|
|
msgstr "Estático"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:65
|
|
msgid "Constant"
|
|
msgstr "Constante"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67
|
|
msgid "Has an address in memory"
|
|
msgstr "Tiene una dirección en la memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71
|
|
msgid "Yes"
|
|
msgstr "Sí"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:67
|
|
msgid "No (inlined)"
|
|
msgstr "No (insertado)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68
|
|
msgid "Lives for the entire duration of the program"
|
|
msgstr "Vive durante toda la ejecución del programa"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:68
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71
|
|
msgid "No"
|
|
msgstr "No"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69
|
|
msgid "Can be mutable"
|
|
msgstr "Puede ser mutable"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:69
|
|
msgid "Yes (unsafe)"
|
|
msgstr "Sí (inseguro)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70
|
|
msgid "Evaluated at compile time"
|
|
msgstr "Evaluado en tiempo de compilación"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:70
|
|
msgid "Yes (initialised at compile time)"
|
|
msgstr "Sí (inicializado en tiempo de compilación)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:71
|
|
msgid "Inlined wherever it is used"
|
|
msgstr "Insertado dondequiera que se utilice"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from "
|
|
"the same scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes sombrear variables, tanto las de ámbitos externos como las del propio "
|
|
"ámbito:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"before: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let a = \"hello\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let a = true;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"after: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing "
|
|
"both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available "
|
|
"under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Definición: _Shadowing_ (sombreado) es distinto de la mutación, ya que, "
|
|
"después de sombrear la memoria de las dos variables, las ubicaciones existen "
|
|
"al mismo tiempo. Ambas están disponibles bajo el mismo nombre, en función de "
|
|
"dónde se utiliza en el código. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:26
|
|
msgid "A shadowing variable can have a different type. "
|
|
msgstr "Una variable sombreada puede tener un tipo diferente. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values "
|
|
"after `.unwrap()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Al principio, el sombreado no es fácil, pero resulta útil para conservar "
|
|
"valores después de `.unwrap()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory "
|
|
"locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type "
|
|
"does not change."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El siguiente fragmento de código demuestra por qué el compilador no puede "
|
|
"reutilizar ubicaciones de memoria cuando sombrea una variable inmutable en "
|
|
"un ámbito, incluso si el tipo no cambia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = 1;\n"
|
|
" let b = &a;\n"
|
|
" let a = a + 1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few different "
|
|
"variants:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La palabra clave `enum` permite crear un tipo que tiene diferentes variantes:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n"
|
|
" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum CoinFlip {\n"
|
|
" Heads,\n"
|
|
" Tails,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n"
|
|
" let random_number = generate_random_number();\n"
|
|
" if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" return CoinFlip::Heads;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" return CoinFlip::Tails;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n"
|
|
" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum CoinFlip {\n"
|
|
" Heads,\n"
|
|
" Tails,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n"
|
|
" let random_number = generate_random_number();\n"
|
|
" if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" return CoinFlip::Heads;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" return CoinFlip::Tails;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:36
|
|
msgid "Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las enumeraciones te permiten recoger un conjunto de valores en un solo tipo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and "
|
|
"`Tails`. You might note the namespace when using variants."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En esta página se ofrece el tipo de enumeración `CoinFlip` (tirar moneda) "
|
|
"con dos variantes: `Heads` (cara) y `Tails` (cruz). Puede que veas el "
|
|
"espacio de nombres cuando utilices variantes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:38
|
|
msgid "This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este es un buen momento para comparar las estructuras y las enumeraciones:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one "
|
|
"with different types of fields (variant payloads). "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En ambas puedes tener una versión sencilla sin campos (estructura unitaria) "
|
|
"o una versión con distintos tipos de campos (variantes con carga útil). "
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:40
|
|
msgid "In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En ambos casos, las funciones asociadas se definen en un bloque `impl`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate "
|
|
"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were "
|
|
"all defined in an enum. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Incluso podrías implementar las distintas variantes de una enumeración con "
|
|
"estructuras diferentes, pero entonces no serían del mismo tipo como lo "
|
|
"serían si estuvieran todas definidas en una enumeración. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use "
|
|
"the `match` statement to extract the data from each variant:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes definir enumeraciones más completas en las que las variantes "
|
|
"contienen datos. Después, puedes usar la instrucción `match` para extraer "
|
|
"los datos de cada variante:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum WebEvent {\n"
|
|
" PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n"
|
|
" KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n"
|
|
" Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n"
|
|
" match event {\n"
|
|
" WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n"
|
|
" WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n"
|
|
" WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n"
|
|
" let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n"
|
|
" let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" inspect(load);\n"
|
|
" inspect(press);\n"
|
|
" inspect(click);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern "
|
|
"matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" "
|
|
"after the `=>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Solo se puede acceder a los valores de las variantes de enumeración una vez "
|
|
"que coincidan con el patrón. El patrón vincula referencias a los campos del "
|
|
"\"brazo de coincidencias\" después de `=>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is "
|
|
"no fall-through like in C or C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La expresión se coteja con los patrones de arriba abajo. No hay ningún "
|
|
"sistema de respaldo, como en C o C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the "
|
|
"match arm which was executed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La expresión de coincidencia tiene un valor. El valor es la última expresión "
|
|
"en el brazo de coincidencia que se ha ejecutado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run "
|
|
"the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Empezando por la parte superior, buscaremos el patrón que coincide con el "
|
|
"valor y, a continuación, ejecutaremos el fragmento de código que sigue a la "
|
|
"flecha. Cuando encontremos una coincidencia, pararemos. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage "
|
|
"the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are handled. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Demuestra lo que pasa cuando la búsqueda no es exhaustiva. Ten en cuenta la "
|
|
"ventaja que ofrece el compilador de Rust al confirmar cuándo se gestionan "
|
|
"todos los casos. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:40
|
|
msgid "`match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`."
|
|
msgstr "`match` inspecciona un campo discriminante oculto en `enum`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::"
|
|
"discriminant()`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se puede obtener el discriminante llamando a `std::mem::discriminant()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where "
|
|
"comparing field values doesn't affect equality."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esto resulta útil si, por ejemplo, se implementa `PartialEq` en estructuras "
|
|
"en las que la comparación de valores de campos no afecta a la igualdad."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::"
|
|
"Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version "
|
|
"cannot implement traits, for example."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`WebEvent::Click { ... }` no es exactamente lo mismo que `WebEvent::"
|
|
"Click(Click)` con un nivel superior `struct Click { ... }`. La versión "
|
|
"insertada no puede implementar traits, por ejemplo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into "
|
|
"account:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las enumeraciones de Rust son densamente empaquetadas, ya que tienen en "
|
|
"cuenta las restricciones debidas a la alineación:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::any::type_name;\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn dbg_size<T>() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n"
|
|
" type_name::<T>(), size_of::<T>(), align_of::<T>());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"enum Foo {\n"
|
|
" A,\n"
|
|
" B,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" dbg_size::<Foo>();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout."
|
|
"html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Consulta el libro [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-"
|
|
"layout.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum "
|
|
"variant."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust utiliza un campo (discriminante) de forma interna para hacer un "
|
|
"seguimiento de la variante de enumeración."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes controlar el discriminante si es necesario (por ejemplo, para "
|
|
"asegurar la compatibilidad con C):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[repr(u32)]\n"
|
|
"enum Bar {\n"
|
|
" A, // 0\n"
|
|
" B = 10000,\n"
|
|
" C, // 10001\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2 "
|
|
"bytes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sin `repr`, el tipo discriminante ocupa 2 bytes, debido a que 10001 se cabe "
|
|
"en 2 bytes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:53
|
|
msgid "Try out other types such as"
|
|
msgstr "Prueba otros tipos, como"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:55
|
|
msgid "`dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes,"
|
|
msgstr "`dbg_size!(bool)`: tamaño de 1 byte, alineación de 1 byte,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`dbg_size!(Option<bool>)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, "
|
|
"see below),"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`dbg_size!(Option<bool>)`: tamaño de 1 byte, alineación de 1 byte "
|
|
"(optimización de nichos, consulta más abajo),"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:57
|
|
msgid "`dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine),"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`dbg_size!(&i32)`: tamaño de 8 bytes, alineación de 8 bytes (en una máquina "
|
|
"de 64 bits),"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer "
|
|
"optimization, see below)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: tamaño de 8 bytes, alineación de 8 bytes "
|
|
"(optimización del puntero nulo, consulta más abajo)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Niche optimization: Rust will merge unused bit patterns for the enum "
|
|
"discriminant."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Optimización de nichos: Rust combina los patrones de bits no utilizados para "
|
|
"el discriminante de enumeración."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Null pointer optimization: For [some types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"option/#representation), Rust guarantees that `size_of::<T>()` equals "
|
|
"`size_of::<Option<T>>()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Optimización de puntero nulo: para [algunos tipos](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/option/#representation), Rust asegura que `size_of::<T>()` es igual a "
|
|
"`size_of::<Option<T> >()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:67
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation _may_ look "
|
|
"like in practice. It's important to note that the compiler provides no "
|
|
"guarantees regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Fragmento de código de ejemplo si quieres mostrar cómo puede ser la "
|
|
"representación bit a bit en la práctica. Es importante tener en cuenta que "
|
|
"el compilador no ofrece garantías con respecto a esta representación, por lo "
|
|
"tanto es totalmente inseguro. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:70
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::transmute;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n"
|
|
" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, "
|
|
"$bit_type>($e));\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
|
|
" // representation of types.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<bool>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<bool>, u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<Option<bool>>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(None::<bool>), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<Option<bool>>, u8);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:105
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more "
|
|
"than 256 `Option`s together."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ejemplo más complejo si quieres hablar de lo que pasa cuando encadenamos más "
|
|
"de 256 `Option`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:107
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::transmute;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n"
|
|
" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, "
|
|
"$bit_type>($e));\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" "
|
|
"signs.\n"
|
|
"// Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n"
|
|
"macro_rules! many_options {\n"
|
|
" ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n"
|
|
" ($value:expr, @) => {\n"
|
|
" Some(Some($value))\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n"
|
|
" many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
|
|
" // representation of types.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), "
|
|
"Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::<bool>, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/novel.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has a few control flow constructs which differ from other languages. "
|
|
"They are used for pattern matching:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust tiene algunas construcciones de control de flujo que difieren de otros "
|
|
"lenguajes. Se utilizan para el patrón de coincidencia:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/novel.md:6 src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`if let` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "Expresiones `if let`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/novel.md:7
|
|
msgid "`while let` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "Expresiones `while let`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/novel.md:8 src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`match` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "Expresiones `match`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`if let` expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-"
|
|
"expr.html#if-let-expressions) lets you execute different code depending on "
|
|
"whether a value matches a pattern:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La [expresión `if let`][(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-"
|
|
"expr.html#if-let-expressions) te permite ejecutar código diferente en "
|
|
"función de si un valor coincide con un patrón:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let arg = std::env::args().next();\n"
|
|
" if let Some(value) = arg {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Missing name?\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns "
|
|
"in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Consulta de nuevo la sección de [coincidencia de patrones](../pattern-"
|
|
"matching.md) para obtener más información sobre los patrones de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can make "
|
|
"it more concise than `match`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A diferencia de `match`, `if let` no tiene que cubrir todas las ramas, "
|
|
"pudiendo así conseguir que sea más conciso que `match`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:24
|
|
msgid "A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un uso habitual consiste en gestionar valores `Some` al trabajar con "
|
|
"`Option`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A diferencia de `match`, `if let` no admite cláusulas guardia para la "
|
|
"coincidencia de patrones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/"
|
|
"flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a destructuring "
|
|
"assignment, or if it fails, execute a block which is required to abort "
|
|
"normal control flow (with `panic`/`return`/`break`/`continue`):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A partir de la versión 1.65, una construcción [let-else](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/let_else.html) similar permite "
|
|
"realizar una tarea de desestructuración o, si falla, ejecutar un bloque "
|
|
"necesario para anular el flujo de control normal (con `panic`/`return`/"
|
|
"`break`/`continue`)::"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option<String> {\n"
|
|
" let mut it = s.split(' ');\n"
|
|
" let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n"
|
|
" return None;\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" Some(item.to_uppercase())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1
|
|
msgid "`while let` loops"
|
|
msgstr "Bucles `while let`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) variant which "
|
|
"repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Al igual que con `if let`, hay una variante [`while let`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops) que "
|
|
"prueba repetidamente un valor con respecto a un patrón:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here the iterator returned by `v.into_iter()` will return a `Option<i32>` on "
|
|
"every call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which "
|
|
"it will return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all "
|
|
"items."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aquí, el iterador devuelto por `v.into_iter()` devolverá `Option<i32>` en "
|
|
"cada llamada a `next()`. Devuelve `Some(x)` hasta que finaliza y, a "
|
|
"continuación, devuelve `None`. `while let` nos permite seguir iterando a "
|
|
"través de todos los elementos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value "
|
|
"matches the pattern."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Señala que el bucle `while let` seguirá funcionando siempre que el valor "
|
|
"coincida con el patrón."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if "
|
|
"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. "
|
|
"The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes reescribir el bucle `while let` como un ciclo infinito con una "
|
|
"instrucción if que deje de funcionar si `iter.next()` no tienen ningún valor "
|
|
"que desenvolver. `while let` proporciona azúcar sintáctico en la situación "
|
|
"anterior."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-"
|
|
"expr.html) is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that "
|
|
"sense, it works like a series of `if let` expressions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La \\[palabra clave `match`\\][`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"reference/expressions/match-expr.html) se usa para comparar un valor con uno "
|
|
"o varios patrones. En ese sentido, funciona como una serie de expresiones "
|
|
"`if let`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n"
|
|
" Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n"
|
|
" None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last "
|
|
"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Al igual que con `if let`, cada brazo de coincidencia debe ser del mismo "
|
|
"tipo. El tipo es la última expresión del bloque, si la hay. En el ejemplo "
|
|
"anterior, el tipo es `()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28
|
|
msgid "Save the match expression to a variable and print it out."
|
|
msgstr "Guarda la expresión de coincidencia en una variable e imprímela."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:29
|
|
msgid "Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error."
|
|
msgstr "Elimina `.as_deref()` y explica el error."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option<String>`, but we cannot match "
|
|
"against `String`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`std::env::args().next()` devuelve `Option<String>`, pero no podemos "
|
|
"encontrar coincidencias con `String`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`as_deref()` transforms an `Option<T>` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, "
|
|
"this turns `Option<String>` into `Option<&str>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`as_deref()` transforma `Option<T>` en `Option<&T::Target>`. En nuestro "
|
|
"caso, esto convierte `Option<String>` en `Option<&str>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ahora podemos usar la coincidencia de patrones para encontrar coincidencias "
|
|
"con `&str` dentro de `Option`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. "
|
|
"The comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La palabra clave `match` te permite comparar un valor con uno o varios "
|
|
"_patrones_. Las comparaciones se hacen de arriba abajo y el primero que "
|
|
"coincida gana."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:6
|
|
msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los patrones pueden ser valores simples, del mismo modo que `switch` en C y "
|
|
"C++:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let input = 'x';\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" match input {\n"
|
|
" 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n"
|
|
" 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n"
|
|
" '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:21
|
|
msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value."
|
|
msgstr "`_` es un patrón comodín que coincide con cualquier valor."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a "
|
|
"pattern"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes señalar cómo se usan algunos caracteres concretos en un patrón"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:27
|
|
msgid "`|` as an `or`"
|
|
msgstr "`|` como `or`,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:28
|
|
msgid "`..` can expand as much as it needs to be"
|
|
msgstr "`..` se puede ampliar tanto como sea necesario."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:29
|
|
msgid "`1..=5` represents an inclusive range"
|
|
msgstr "`1..=5` representa un intervalo inclusivo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:30
|
|
msgid "`_` is a wild card"
|
|
msgstr "`_` es un comodín."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a "
|
|
"wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puede ser útil para mostrar cómo funciona un enlace, por ejemplo, cambiando "
|
|
"un carácter comodín por una variable o quitando las comillas alrededor de "
|
|
"`q`. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:32
|
|
msgid "You can demonstrate matching on a reference."
|
|
msgstr "Puedes mostrar la coincidencia con una referencia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, "
|
|
"as the term can show up in error messages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este puede ser un buen momento para mencionar el concepto de patrones "
|
|
"irrefutables, ya que el término puede aparecer en mensajes de error."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is "
|
|
"how you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple "
|
|
"`enum` type:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los patrones también se pueden usar para enlazar variables a partes de los "
|
|
"valores. Así es como se inspecciona la estructura de tus tipos. Empecemos "
|
|
"con un tipo `enum` sencillo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum Result {\n"
|
|
" Ok(i32),\n"
|
|
" Err(String),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n"
|
|
" if n % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" Result::Ok(n / 2)\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let n = 100;\n"
|
|
" match divide_in_two(n) {\n"
|
|
" Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n"
|
|
" Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first "
|
|
"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second "
|
|
"arm, `msg` is bound to the error message."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aquí hemos utilizado los brazos para _desestructurar_ el valor de `Result`. "
|
|
"En el primer brazo, `half` está vinculado al valor que hay dentro de la "
|
|
"variante `Ok`. En el segundo, `msg` está vinculado al mensaje de error."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with "
|
|
"a `match`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La expresión `if`/`else` devuelve una enumeración que más tarde se "
|
|
"descomprime con `match`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the "
|
|
"errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is now "
|
|
"inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes probar a añadir una tercera variante a la definición de la "
|
|
"enumeración y mostrar los errores al ejecutar el código. Señala los lugares "
|
|
"en los que tu código está ahora incompleto y explica cómo el compilador "
|
|
"intenta dar sugerencias."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:"
|
|
msgstr "También puedes desestructurar `structs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Foo {\n"
|
|
" x: (u32, u32),\n"
|
|
" y: u32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n"
|
|
" match foo {\n"
|
|
" Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n"
|
|
" Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n"
|
|
" Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were "
|
|
"ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23
|
|
msgid "Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cambia los valores literales de `foo` para que coincidan con los demás "
|
|
"patrones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:24
|
|
msgid "Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Añade un campo nuevo a `Foo` y realiza los cambios necesarios en el patrón."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to "
|
|
"spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it "
|
|
"subtly doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La diferencia entre una captura y una expresión constante puede ser difícil "
|
|
"de detectar. Prueba a cambiar el `2` del segundo brazo por una variable y "
|
|
"observa que no funciona. Cámbialo a `const` y verás que vuelve a funcionar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes desestructurar arrays, tuplas y slices haciendo coincidir sus "
|
|
"elementos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match triple {\n"
|
|
" [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
|
|
" [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed "
|
|
"length."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La desestructuración de slices de longitud desconocida también funciona con "
|
|
"patrones de longitud fija."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n"
|
|
" inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match slice {\n"
|
|
" &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
|
|
" &[1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:41
|
|
msgid "Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. "
|
|
msgstr "Crea un patrón con `_` para representar un elemento. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:42
|
|
msgid "Add more values to the array."
|
|
msgstr "Añade más valores al array."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of "
|
|
"elements."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Señala cómo `..` se expandirá para representar un número distinto de "
|
|
"elementos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:44
|
|
msgid "Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Muestra las coincidencias de tail con los patrones `[.., b]` y `[a@..,b]`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary "
|
|
"Boolean expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Al establecer coincidencias, puedes añadir un _guardia_ a un patrón. Se "
|
|
"trata de una expresión booleana arbitraria que se ejecutará si el patrón "
|
|
"coincide:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let pair = (2, -2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match pair {\n"
|
|
" (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n"
|
|
" (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n"
|
|
" (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when "
|
|
"we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would "
|
|
"allow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las guardas de coincidencia, como característica sintáctica independiente, "
|
|
"son importantes y necesarios cuando queremos expresar de forma concisa ideas "
|
|
"más complejas de lo que permitirían los patrones por sí solos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. "
|
|
"An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the "
|
|
"match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't "
|
|
"result in other arms of the original `match` expression being considered."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"No son lo mismo que una expresión `if` independiente dentro del brazo de "
|
|
"coincidencias. Una expresión `if` dentro del bloque de ramas (después de "
|
|
"`=>`) se produce tras seleccionar el brazo de coincidencias. Si no se cumple "
|
|
"la condición `if` dentro de ese bloque, no se tienen en cuenta otros brazos "
|
|
"de la expresión `match` original."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:26
|
|
msgid "You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression."
|
|
msgstr "Puedes usar las variables definidas en el patrón en tu expresión if."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern "
|
|
"with an `|`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La condición definida en el guarda se aplica a todas las expresiones de un "
|
|
"patrón con un `|`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 1: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Día 1: Ejercicios de la Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will look at two things:"
|
|
msgstr "Veremos todas estas cosas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "The Luhn algorithm,"
|
|
msgstr "Algoritmo de Luhn"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid "An exercise on pattern matching."
|
|
msgstr "Un ejercicio sobre coincidencia de patrones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions](solutions-"
|
|
"afternoon.md) provided."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Luego de ver los ejercicios, puedes ver las [soluciones](solutions-afternoon."
|
|
"md) que se brindan."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used "
|
|
"to validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and "
|
|
"does the following to validate the credit card number:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El [algoritmo de Luhn](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) se usa "
|
|
"para validar números de tarjetas de crédito. El algoritmo toma una cadena "
|
|
"como entrada y hace lo siguiente para validar el número de la tarjeta de "
|
|
"crédito:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:7
|
|
msgid "Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ignora todos los espacios. Rechaza los números con menos de dos dígitos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Moving from **right to left**, double every second digit: for the number "
|
|
"`1234`, we double `3` and `1`. For the number `98765`, we double `6` and `8`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De derecha a izquierda, duplica cada dos cifras: en el caso del número "
|
|
"`1234`, se duplica el `3` y el `1`. En el caso del número `98765`, se "
|
|
"duplica el `6` y el `8`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` which "
|
|
"becomes `5`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Después de duplicar un dígito, se suman los dígitos que contiene. Por tanto, "
|
|
"si duplicas `7`, pasará a ser `14`, lo cual pasará a ser `5`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:15
|
|
msgid "Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits."
|
|
msgstr "Suma todos los dígitos, no duplicados y duplicados."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:17
|
|
msgid "The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El número de la tarjeta de crédito es válido si la suma termina en `0`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the "
|
|
"function."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en <https://play.rust-lang.org/> e "
|
|
"implementa la función:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try to solve the problem the \"simple\" way first, using `for` loops and "
|
|
"integers. Then, revisit the solution and try to implement it with iterators."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Intenta resolver el problema de la forma \"sencilla\" primero, usando bucles "
|
|
"`for` e enteros. Luego, vuelve a la solución e intenta implementarla con "
|
|
"iteradores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/luhn.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[allow(dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Day 2"
|
|
msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida al día 2"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3
|
|
msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ahora que ya sabemos bastante sobre Rust, continuaremos con lo siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based "
|
|
"memory management, and garbage collection."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Gestión de la memoria: _stack_ (pila) vs _heap_ (montículo), gestión manual "
|
|
"de la memoria, gestión de la memoria basada en ámbitos y _garbage collector_ "
|
|
"(recolección de memoria residual)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"_Ownership_ (Propiedad): semántica de movimiento, copiar, clonar, "
|
|
"_borrowing_ (préstamos) y _lifetimes_ (tiempos de vida)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:10
|
|
msgid "Structs and methods."
|
|
msgstr "Estructuras (_Structs_) y métodos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, "
|
|
"`Rc` and `Arc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La Biblioteca Estándar (_Standard Library_): `String`, `Option` y `Result`, "
|
|
"`Vec`, `HashMap`, `Rc` y `Arc`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:15
|
|
msgid "Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy."
|
|
msgstr "Módulos: visibilidad, rutas y jerarquía del sistema de archivos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:3
|
|
msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:"
|
|
msgstr "Tradicionalmente, los lenguajes se dividen en dos grandes categorías:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:5
|
|
msgid "Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Control total a través de la gestión manual de la memoria: C, C++, Pascal, "
|
|
"etc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, "
|
|
"Haskell, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Seguridad total mediante la gestión automática de la memoria en _runtime_: "
|
|
"Java, Python, Go, Haskell, etc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:8
|
|
msgid "Rust offers a new mix:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust ofrece una mezcla de ambas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Full control _and_ safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory "
|
|
"management."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Control _y_ seguridad completa gracias a que el compilador se encarga del "
|
|
"correcto manejo de la memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:13
|
|
msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para ello, se utiliza un concepto de _ownership_ (propiedad) explícito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:15
|
|
msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works."
|
|
msgstr "En primer lugar, veamos cómo funciona la gestión de la memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1
|
|
msgid "The Stack vs The Heap"
|
|
msgstr "_Stack_ (Pila) vs _Heap_ (Montículo)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3
|
|
msgid "Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables."
|
|
msgstr "_Stack_: Zona de memoria continua para las variables locales."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:4
|
|
msgid "Values have fixed sizes known at compile time."
|
|
msgstr "Los valores tienen tamaños fijos conocidos en tiempo de compilación."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:5
|
|
msgid "Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer."
|
|
msgstr "Muy rápida: mueve el _stack pointer_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:6
|
|
msgid "Easy to manage: follows function calls."
|
|
msgstr "Fácil de gestionar: sigue las llamadas de funciones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:7
|
|
msgid "Great memory locality."
|
|
msgstr "Excelente localidad de memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:9
|
|
msgid "Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls."
|
|
msgstr "_Heap_: almacenamiento de valores fuera de las llamadas de funciones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:10
|
|
msgid "Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime."
|
|
msgstr "Los valores tienen tamaños dinámicos determinados en _runtime_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:11
|
|
msgid "Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed."
|
|
msgstr "Ligeramente más lento que el _stack_: requiere cierta trazabilidad."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:12
|
|
msgid "No guarantee of memory locality."
|
|
msgstr "No se puede asegurar la localidad de la memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:1
|
|
msgid "Stack and Heap Example"
|
|
msgstr "Ejemplo de _Stack_ y de _Heap_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized metadata on the stack and dynamically "
|
|
"sized data, the actual string, on the heap:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Al crear un `String`, los metadatos de tamaño fijo se colocan en la _stack_ "
|
|
"y los datos de tamaño dinámico (la cadena real) en el _heap_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and "
|
|
"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Menciona que un `String` está respaldado por un `Vec`, por lo que tiene "
|
|
"capacidad y longitud y, si es mutable, puede crecer mediante reasignación en "
|
|
"el _heap_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap "
|
|
"allocated using the [System Allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/"
|
|
"struct.System.html) and custom allocators can be implemented using the "
|
|
"[Allocator API](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si los alumnos lo preguntan, puedes mencionar que la memoria subyacente "
|
|
"recibe una asignación de _heap_ mediante el [Asignador del Sistema](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/alloc/struct.System.html) y que se pueden implementar "
|
|
"asignadores personalizados mediante el [_Allocator API_](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/std/alloc/index.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should "
|
|
"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Podemos inspeccionar la disposición de la memoria con código `unsafe`. Sin "
|
|
"embargo, debes señalar que esto no es seguro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" s1.push(' ');\n"
|
|
" s1.push_str(\"world\");\n"
|
|
" // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n"
|
|
" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
" // undefined behavior.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" let (ptr, capacity, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::"
|
|
"transmute(s1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3
|
|
msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself."
|
|
msgstr "Eres tú quien asigna y desasigna la memoria del _heap_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security "
|
|
"vulnerabilities, and memory leaks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si no lo haces con cuidado, podrían producirse fallos, errores, "
|
|
"vulnerabilidades de seguridad y pérdidas de memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7
|
|
msgid "C Example"
|
|
msgstr "Ejemplo en C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9
|
|
msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:"
|
|
msgstr "Debes llamar a `free` en cada puntero que asignes con `malloc`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"void foo(size_t n) {\n"
|
|
" int* int_array = malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" // ... lots of code\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" free(int_array);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: "
|
|
"the pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory. Worse, freeing the "
|
|
"pointer twice, or accessing a freed pointer can lead to exploitable security "
|
|
"vulnerabilities."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La memoria se pierde si la función devuelve un resultado antes de tiempo "
|
|
"entre `malloc` y `free`: el puntero se pierde y no podemos anular la "
|
|
"asignación de la memoria. Peor aún, si se libera el puntero dos veces o si "
|
|
"se accede a uno liberado, pueden producirse vulnerabilidades de seguridad de "
|
|
"las que otros podrían aprovecharse."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los constructores y destructores permiten acceder al tiempo de vida de un "
|
|
"objeto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is "
|
|
"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception "
|
|
"is raised."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Al envolver un puntero en un objeto, puedes liberar memoria cuando el objeto "
|
|
"se destruya. El compilador asegura que esto ocurra, aunque se genere una "
|
|
"excepción."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and "
|
|
"gives you smart pointers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A menudo, significa que la _adquisición de recursos es la inicialización_ "
|
|
"(RAII) y te proporciona punteros inteligentes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12
|
|
msgid "C++ Example"
|
|
msgstr "Ejemplo en C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr<Person> person) {\n"
|
|
" std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr<Person> person) {\n"
|
|
" std::cout << \"Hola \" << person->name << std::endl;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to memory "
|
|
"allocated on the heap."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El objeto `std::unique_ptr` se reserva en el _stack_ y apunta a la memoria "
|
|
"asignada en el _heap_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:22
|
|
msgid "At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run."
|
|
msgstr "Al final de `say_hello`, se ejecuta el destructor `std::unique_ptr`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:23
|
|
msgid "The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to."
|
|
msgstr "El destructor libera el objeto `Person` al que apunta."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los constructores de movimiento especiales se utilizan cuando se pasa el "
|
|
"_ownership_ a una función:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"std::unique_ptr<Person> person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n"
|
|
"say_hello(std::move(person));\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1
|
|
msgid "Automatic Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "Gestión Automática de la Memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic "
|
|
"memory management:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Una alternativa a la gestión manual de la memoria basada en el ámbito es la "
|
|
"gestión automática de la memoria:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6
|
|
msgid "The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El programador nunca asigna ni desasigna la memoria de forma explícita."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the "
|
|
"programmer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un _garbage collector_ (recolector de memoria residual) encuentra la que no "
|
|
"se utiliza y la desasigna para el programador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9
|
|
msgid "Java Example"
|
|
msgstr "Ejemplo en Java"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11
|
|
msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El objeto `person` no se libera después de que `sayHello` devuelva el "
|
|
"siguiente resultado:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"void sayHello(Person person) {\n"
|
|
" System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"void sayHello(Person person) {\n"
|
|
" System.out.println(\"Hola \" + person.getName());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "Memory Management in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Gestión de la Memoria en Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:"
|
|
msgstr "La gestión de la memoria en Rust es una mezcla:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5
|
|
msgid "Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector."
|
|
msgstr "Segura y correcta como Java, pero sin _garbage collector_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you choose, "
|
|
"can be a single unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically reference "
|
|
"counted."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dependiendo de la abstracción (o combinación de abstracciones) que elijas, "
|
|
"puede ser un solo puntero único, de referencia contada, o de referencia "
|
|
"atómica contada."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:7
|
|
msgid "Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Está basada en el ámbito, como C++, pero el compilador cumple con todas las "
|
|
"normas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even "
|
|
"have no cost at runtime like C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un usuario de Rust puede elegir la abstracción adecuada para cada situación, "
|
|
"algunas ni siquiera tienen coste en _runtime_, como C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:10
|
|
msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly."
|
|
msgstr "Rust lo consigue modelando explícitamente el _ownership_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually "
|
|
"handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
|
|
"html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html), or [Arc]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). These encapsulate "
|
|
"ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent the potential "
|
|
"errors in C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si en este momento te preguntan cómo, puedes mencionar que en Rust se suele "
|
|
"gestionar con tipos de envoltorios RAII, como [Box](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html), [Vec]https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/"
|
|
"struct.Vec.html), [Rc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) o "
|
|
"[Arc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html). Estos encapsulan "
|
|
"el _ownership_ y la asignación de memoria a través de diversos medios, "
|
|
"evitando así los posibles errores en C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) trait is the Rust equivalent."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puede que aquí te pregunten por los destructores, así que debes saber que el "
|
|
"trait [Drop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) es el "
|
|
"equivalente en Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:3
|
|
msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A continuación, se muestra una comparación aproximada de las técnicas de "
|
|
"gestión de la memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:5
|
|
msgid "Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques"
|
|
msgstr "Ventajas de las diferentes técnicas de gestión de la memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:7 src/memory-management/comparison.md:22
|
|
msgid "Manual like C:"
|
|
msgstr "Manual, como en C:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:8 src/memory-management/comparison.md:14
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:17
|
|
msgid "No runtime overhead."
|
|
msgstr "Sin sobrecarga en _runtime_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:9 src/memory-management/comparison.md:26
|
|
msgid "Automatic like Java:"
|
|
msgstr "Automática, como en Java:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:10
|
|
msgid "Fully automatic."
|
|
msgstr "Totalmente automática."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:11
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:18
|
|
msgid "Safe and correct."
|
|
msgstr "Segura y correcta."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:12
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:29
|
|
msgid "Scope-based like C++:"
|
|
msgstr "Basada en el ámbito, como en C++:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:13
|
|
msgid "Partially automatic."
|
|
msgstr "Parcialmente automática."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:15
|
|
msgid "Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Basada en el ámbito e implementada por el compilador, como en Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:16
|
|
msgid "Enforced by compiler."
|
|
msgstr "Implementada por el compilador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:20
|
|
msgid "Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques"
|
|
msgstr "Inconvenientes de las diferentes técnicas de gestión de la memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:23
|
|
msgid "Use-after-free."
|
|
msgstr "Errores use-after-free."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:24
|
|
msgid "Double-frees."
|
|
msgstr "Errores double free."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:25
|
|
msgid "Memory leaks."
|
|
msgstr "Pérdidas de memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:27
|
|
msgid "Garbage collection pauses."
|
|
msgstr "Pausas en la recolección de memoria residual."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:28
|
|
msgid "Destructor delays."
|
|
msgstr "Retrasos del destructor."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:30
|
|
msgid "Complex, opt-in by programmer (on C++)."
|
|
msgstr "Compleja, habilitada por el programador (en C++)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:31
|
|
msgid "Circular references can lead to memory leaks"
|
|
msgstr "Las referencias circulares pueden provocar pérdidas de memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:32
|
|
msgid "Potential runtime overhead"
|
|
msgstr "Posible sobrecarga en _runtime_ "
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:33
|
|
msgid "Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Implementada por el compilador y basada en el ámbito, como en Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:34
|
|
msgid "Some upfront complexity."
|
|
msgstr "Cierta complejidad inicial."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:35
|
|
msgid "Can reject valid programs."
|
|
msgstr "Puede rechazar programas válidos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error "
|
|
"to use a variable outside its scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Todos los enlaces a variables tienen un _ámbito_ donde son válidos y se "
|
|
"produce un error cuando se usan fuera de él:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed."
|
|
msgstr "Al final del ámbito, la variable _se elimina_ y los datos se liberan."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:19
|
|
msgid "A destructor can run here to free up resources."
|
|
msgstr "Se puede ejecutar un destructor para liberar recursos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:20
|
|
msgid "We say that the variable _owns_ the value."
|
|
msgstr "Decimos que el valor _pertenece_ a la variable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3
|
|
msgid "An assignment will transfer _ownership_ between variables:"
|
|
msgstr "Una asignación transferirá su _ownership_ entre variables:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hola!\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14
|
|
msgid "The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership."
|
|
msgstr "La asignación de `s1` a `s2` transfiere el _ownership_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:15
|
|
msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it does not own anything."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando `s1` queda fuera del ámbito, no ocurre nada: no le pertenece nada."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:16
|
|
msgid "When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed."
|
|
msgstr "Cuando `s2` sale del ámbito, los datos de la cadena se liberan."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:17
|
|
msgid "There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value."
|
|
msgstr "Siempre hay _exactamente_ un enlace a variable que posee un valor."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by "
|
|
"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Menciona que es lo contrario de los valores predeterminados de C++, que se "
|
|
"copian por valor, a menos que utilices `std::move` (y que el constructor de "
|
|
"movimiento esté definido)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is only the ownership that moves. Whether any machine code is generated "
|
|
"to manipulate the data itself is a matter of optimization, and such copies "
|
|
"are aggressively optimized away."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Es únicamente el ownership el que se mueve. Si se genera algún código "
|
|
"máquina para manipular los datos en sí, se trata de una cuestión de "
|
|
"optimización, y esas copias se optimizan de forma agresiva."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Simple values (such as integers) can be marked `Copy` (see later slides)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los valores simples (como los enteros) se pueden marcar como `Copy` "
|
|
"(consulta las diapositivas posteriores)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:27
|
|
msgid "In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)."
|
|
msgstr "En Rust, la clonación es explícita (usando `clone`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10
|
|
msgid "The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`."
|
|
msgstr "Los datos del _heap_ de `s1` se reutilizan en `s2`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:11
|
|
msgid "When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)."
|
|
msgstr "Cuando `s1` sale del ámbito, no ocurre nada (ha sido movida)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13
|
|
msgid "Before move to `s2`:"
|
|
msgstr "Antes de mover a `s2`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
": :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30
|
|
msgid "After move to `s2`:"
|
|
msgstr "Después de mover a `s2`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n"
|
|
": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
": s2 : |\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : |\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ :\n"
|
|
": :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" _Stack_ _Heap_\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n"
|
|
": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
": s2 : |\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : |\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ :\n"
|
|
": :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1
|
|
msgid "Extra Work in Modern C++"
|
|
msgstr "Trabajo adicional en C++ moderno"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3
|
|
msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:"
|
|
msgstr "La versión moderna de C++ soluciona este problema de forma diferente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n"
|
|
"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n"
|
|
"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicar datos en s1.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los datos de la _stack_ de `s1` se duplican y `s2` obtiene su propia copia "
|
|
"independiente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:11
|
|
msgid "When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando `s1` y `s2` salen del ámbito, cada uno libera su propia memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13
|
|
msgid "Before copy-assignment:"
|
|
msgstr "Antes de la asignación de copias:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" _Stack_ _Heap_\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30
|
|
msgid "After copy-assignment:"
|
|
msgstr "Después de la asignación de copia:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s2 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" _Stack_ _Heap_\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s2 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function "
|
|
"parameter. This transfers ownership:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando pasas un valor a una función, el valor se asigna al parámetro de la "
|
|
"función. Esta acción transfiere el _ownership_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n"
|
|
" say_hello(name);\n"
|
|
" // say_hello(name);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. "
|
|
"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Con la primera llamada a `say_hello`, `main` deja de tener el _ownership_ de "
|
|
"`name`. Después, ya no se podrá usar `name` dentro de `main`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the "
|
|
"`say_hello` function."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La memoria de _heap_ asignada a `name` se liberará al final de la función "
|
|
"`say_hello`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and "
|
|
"if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"main` podrá conservar el _ownership_ si pasa`name` como referencia (`&name`) "
|
|
"y si `say_hello` acepta una referencia como parámetro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name."
|
|
"clone()`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Por otro lado, `main` puede pasar un clon de `name` en la primera llamada "
|
|
"(`name.clone()`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move "
|
|
"semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust hace que resulte más difícil que en C++ crear copias por error al "
|
|
"definir la semántica de movimiento como predeterminada y al obligar a los "
|
|
"programadores a clonar sólo de forma explícita."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aunque la semántica de movimiento es la opción predeterminada, algunos tipos "
|
|
"se copian de forma predeterminada:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = 42;\n"
|
|
" let y = x;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14
|
|
msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait."
|
|
msgstr "Estos tipos implementan el trait `Copy`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16
|
|
msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes habilitar tus propios tipos para que usen la semántica de copia:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30
|
|
msgid "After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Después de la asignación, tanto `p1` como `p2` tienen sus propios datos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:31
|
|
msgid "We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"También podemos utilizar `p1.clone()` para copiar los datos de forma "
|
|
"explícita."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35
|
|
msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:"
|
|
msgstr "Copiar y clonar no es lo mismo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on "
|
|
"arbitrary objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copiar hace referencia a las copias bit a bit de regiones de memoria y no "
|
|
"funciona en cualquier objeto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copiar no permite lógica personalizada (a diferencia de los constructores de "
|
|
"copias de C++)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by "
|
|
"implementing the `Clone` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Clonar es una operación más general y que permite un comportamiento "
|
|
"personalizado implementando el trait `Clone`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:40
|
|
msgid "Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait."
|
|
msgstr "Copiar no funciona en los tipos que implementan el trait `Drop`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29
|
|
msgid "In the above example, try the following:"
|
|
msgstr "En el ejemplo anterior, prueba lo siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` "
|
|
"is not a `Copy` type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Añade un campo `String` a `struct Point`. No se compilará porque `String` no "
|
|
"es de tipo `Copy`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the "
|
|
"`println!` for `p1`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Elimina `Copy` del atributo `derive`. El error del compilador se encuentra "
|
|
"ahora en `println!` para `p1`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:46
|
|
msgid "Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead."
|
|
msgstr "Demuestra que funciona si clonas `p1`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way "
|
|
"to generate code in Rust at compile time. In this case the default "
|
|
"implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are generated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si los alumnos preguntan por `derive`, basta con decir que se trata de una "
|
|
"forma de generar código en Rust durante el tiempo de compilación. En este "
|
|
"caso, se generan las implementaciones predeterminadas de los traits `Copy` y "
|
|
"`Clone`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a "
|
|
"function _borrow_ the value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En lugar de transferir el _ownership_ al llamar a una función, puedes "
|
|
"permitir que una función _tome prestado_ el valor:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
|
|
" Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
|
|
" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22
|
|
msgid "The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point."
|
|
msgstr "La función `add` _toma prestados_ dos puntos y devuelve uno nuevo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:23
|
|
msgid "The caller retains ownership of the inputs."
|
|
msgstr "El llamador conserva el _ownership_ de las entradas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27
|
|
msgid "Notes on stack returns:"
|
|
msgstr "Notas sobre la devolución de resultados de la _stack_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can "
|
|
"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses "
|
|
"and run it on the [Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/) or look at the "
|
|
"assembly in [Godbolt](https://rust.godbolt.org/). In the \"DEBUG\" "
|
|
"optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay the same "
|
|
"when changing to the \"RELEASE\" setting:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Demuestra que la instrucción de retorno de `add` es fácil porque el "
|
|
"compilador puede eliminar la operación de copia. Cambia el código anterior "
|
|
"para imprimir las direcciones de la _stack_ y ejecutarlas en el [Playground]"
|
|
"(https://play.rust-lang.org/) o consulta el ensamblador en [Godbolt](https://"
|
|
"rust.godbolt.org/). En el nivel de optimización \"DEBUG\", las direcciones "
|
|
"deberían cambiar. Sin embargo, deberían mantenerse igual modificar la "
|
|
"configuración \"RELEASE\":"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n"
|
|
" p\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
|
|
" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:48
|
|
msgid "The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El compilador de Rust puede hacer la optimización del valor devuelto (RVO)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because "
|
|
"constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If "
|
|
"RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient `memcpy` "
|
|
"copy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En C++, la elisión de copia tiene que definirse en la especificación del "
|
|
"lenguaje, ya que los constructores pueden tener efectos secundarios. En "
|
|
"Rust, esto no supone ningún problema. Si no hay RVO, Rust siempre realizará "
|
|
"una copia `memcpy` simple y eficiente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust limita las formas en que se pueden tomar prestados valores:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5
|
|
msgid "You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes tener uno o varios valores `&T` en un momento dado, _o_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:6
|
|
msgid "You can have exactly one `&mut T` value."
|
|
msgstr "puedes tener exactamente un valor `&mut T`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" let b: &i32 = &a;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n"
|
|
" *c = 20;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through "
|
|
"`c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El código anterior no se compila porque `a` se toma prestada como mutable (a "
|
|
"través de `c`) y como inmutable (a través de `b`) al mismo tiempo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` "
|
|
"to make the code compile."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Mueve la instrucción `println!` de `b` antes del ámbito que introduce `c` "
|
|
"para que el código compile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before "
|
|
"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow "
|
|
"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Después de ese cambio, el compilador se da cuenta de que `b` solo se usa "
|
|
"antes del nuevo préstamo mutable de `a` a través de `c`. Se trata de una "
|
|
"función del verificador de préstamos denominada \"tiempo de vida no léxico\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3
|
|
msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:"
|
|
msgstr "Un valor que se toma prestado tiene un _tiempo de vida_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5
|
|
msgid "The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El tiempo de vida puede ser implícito: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> "
|
|
"Point`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:6
|
|
msgid "Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Tiempo de vida también puede ser explícito: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:7 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the "
|
|
"lifetime `a`\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lee `&'a Point` como \"un `Point` prestado que es válido al menos durante el "
|
|
"tiempo de vida de `a`\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime "
|
|
"yourself."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El compilador siempre infiere el tiempo de vida: no puedes asignarlos tú."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is "
|
|
"a valid solution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las anotaciones durante el tiempo de vida crean restricciones. El compilador "
|
|
"verifica que hay una solución válida."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully specified, "
|
|
"but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple "
|
|
"rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El tiempo de vida de los argumentos de las funciones y los valores devueltos "
|
|
"deben especificarse por completo, pero Rust permite que se puedan eludir en "
|
|
"la mayoría de los casos con [unas sencillas reglas](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed "
|
|
"value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Además de tomar prestados sus argumentos, una función puede devolver un "
|
|
"valor que se ha tomado prestado:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
|
|
" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
|
|
" let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21
|
|
msgid "`'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler."
|
|
msgstr "`'a` es un parámetro genérico que infiere el compilador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:22
|
|
msgid "Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los tiempos de vida comienzan por `'` y `'a` suele ser un nombre "
|
|
"predeterminado habitual."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La parte _al menos_ es importante cuando los parámetros están en ámbitos "
|
|
"distintos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), "
|
|
"resulting in the following code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Mueve la declaración de `p2` y `p3` a un nuevo ámbito (`{ ... }`), lo que "
|
|
"dará como resultado el siguiente código:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
|
|
" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p3: &Point;\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
|
|
" p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:50
|
|
msgid "Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ten en cuenta que no se puede compilar, ya que `p3` dura más tiempo que `p2`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, "
|
|
"'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile "
|
|
"because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Restablece el espacio de trabajo y cambia la firma de la función a `fn "
|
|
"left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. No se "
|
|
"compilará porque la relación entre los tiempos de vida de `'a` y `'b` no "
|
|
"está clara."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:53
|
|
msgid "Another way to explain it:"
|
|
msgstr "Otra forma de explicarlo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function "
|
|
"returns another reference."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Una función toma prestadas dos referencias a dos valores y devuelve otra "
|
|
"referencia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esta debe proceder de una de esas dos entradas (o de una variable global)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the "
|
|
"returned reference is not used for longer than a variable from where the "
|
|
"reference came from."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"¿Cuál de ellas es? El compilador debe saberlo para que, en el sitio de la "
|
|
"llamada, la referencia devuelta no se use durante más tiempo que una "
|
|
"variable de la que procede la referencia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si un tipo de datos almacena datos prestados, se debe anotar con tiempo de "
|
|
"vida:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn erase(text: String) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
|
|
"\");\n"
|
|
" let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n"
|
|
" let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n"
|
|
" // erase(text);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data "
|
|
"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of "
|
|
"`Highlight` that uses that data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En el ejemplo anterior, la anotación en `Highlight` hace que los datos "
|
|
"subyacentes a la `&str` contenida tengan al menos la misma duración que "
|
|
"cualquier instancia de `Highlight` que utilice esos datos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), "
|
|
"the borrow checker throws an error."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si `text` se consume antes de que acabe el tiempo de vida de `fox` (o "
|
|
"`dog`), el _borrow checker_ (verificador de préstamos) muestra un error."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This "
|
|
"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them "
|
|
"somewhat harder to use."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los tipos con datos prestados (_borrowed_) obligan a los usuarios a "
|
|
"conservar los datos originales. Esto puede ser útil para crear vistas "
|
|
"ligeras aunque, por lo general, hace que sean un poco más difíciles de usar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:28
|
|
msgid "When possible, make data structures own their data directly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Siempre que sea posible, haz que las estructuras de datos sean propietarias "
|
|
"directas de sus datos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime "
|
|
"annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime "
|
|
"relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the lifetime "
|
|
"of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Algunas estructuras con varias referencias dentro pueden tener más de una "
|
|
"anotación de tiempo de vida. Esto puede ser necesario si hay que describir "
|
|
"las relaciones de tiempo de vida entre las propias referencias, además del "
|
|
"tiempo de vida de la propia estructura. Estos son casos prácticos muy "
|
|
"avanzados."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 2: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Día 2: Ejercicios de la Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:"
|
|
msgstr "Veremos la implementación de métodos en dos contextos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "Simple struct which tracks health statistics."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Estructura simple que hace un seguimiento de las estadísticas de salud."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:7
|
|
msgid "Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library."
|
|
msgstr "Varias estructuras y enumeraciones para una biblioteca de planos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec<T>` type tomorrow. For "
|
|
"now, you just need to know part of its API:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Mañana conoceremos mucho mejor las estructuras y el tipo `Vec<T>`. Por "
|
|
"ahora, solo debes conocer parte de su API:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n"
|
|
" vec.push(30);\n"
|
|
" let midpoint = vec.len() / 2;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[midpoint]);\n"
|
|
" for item in &vec {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"item: {item}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to "
|
|
"<https://play.rust-lang.org/> and update the types to make it compile:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Crea un modelo de la colección de libros de una biblioteca con esta opción. "
|
|
"Copia el código que aparece abajo en <https://play.rust-lang.org/> y "
|
|
"actualiza los tipos para que compile:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"struct Library {\n"
|
|
" books: Vec<Book>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" year: u16,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Book {\n"
|
|
" // This is a constructor, used below.\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n"
|
|
" Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String::from(title),\n"
|
|
" year,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n"
|
|
"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n"
|
|
"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n"
|
|
"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n"
|
|
"impl Library {\n"
|
|
" fn new() -> Library {\n"
|
|
" todo!(\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\")\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn print_books(self) {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and "
|
|
"year\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n"
|
|
"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n"
|
|
"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n"
|
|
"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library."
|
|
"is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
|
|
"1865));\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", "
|
|
"library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //match library.oldest_book() {\n"
|
|
" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n"
|
|
" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/book-library.md:102
|
|
msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)"
|
|
msgstr "[Soluciones](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the "
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and "
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) "
|
|
"traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El modelo de _ownership_ de Rust afecta a muchas APIs. Un ejemplo serían los "
|
|
"traits [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) "
|
|
"e [`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator."
|
|
"html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:8 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:28
|
|
msgid "`Iterator`"
|
|
msgstr "`Iterator`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The "
|
|
"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` "
|
|
"back:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los traits son como las interfaces: describen el comportamiento (métodos) de "
|
|
"un tipo. El trait `Iterator` indica que se puede llamar a `next` hasta que "
|
|
"se obtenga `None`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"pub trait Iterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item;\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:20
|
|
msgid "You use this trait like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Utiliza este trait de la siguiente forma:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<i8> = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.iter();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:34
|
|
msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:"
|
|
msgstr "¿Qué tipo devuelve el iterador? Prueba tu respuesta aquí:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<i8> = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.iter();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:46
|
|
msgid "Why is this type used?"
|
|
msgstr "¿Por qué se usa este tipo?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:48
|
|
msgid "`IntoIterator`"
|
|
msgstr "`IntoIterator`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an "
|
|
"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the "
|
|
"iterator:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El trait `Iterator` te indica cómo _iterar_ una vez que has creado un "
|
|
"iterador. El trait relacionado `IntoIterator` indica cómo crear el iterador:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"pub trait IntoIterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item;\n"
|
|
" type IntoIter: Iterator<Item = Self::Item>;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must "
|
|
"declare two types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La sintaxis aquí significa que cada implementación de `IntoIterator` debe "
|
|
"declarar dos tipos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:65
|
|
msgid "`Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`,"
|
|
msgstr "`Item`: el tipo sobre el que iteramos, como `i8`,"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:66
|
|
msgid "`IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method."
|
|
msgstr "`IntoIter`: el tipo `Iterator` devuelto por el método `into_iter`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same "
|
|
"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option<Item>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ten en cuenta que `IntoIter` y `Item` están vinculados: el iterador debe "
|
|
"tener el mismo tipo de `Item`, lo que significa que devuelve `Option<Item>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:71
|
|
msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?"
|
|
msgstr "Al igual que antes, ¿qué tipo devuelve el iterador?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:73
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<String> = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::"
|
|
"from(\"bar\")];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:83
|
|
msgid "`for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr "Bucles `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:85
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` "
|
|
"loops. They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the "
|
|
"resulting iterator:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ahora que conocemos `Iterator` e `IntoIterator`, podemos crear bucles `for`. "
|
|
"Llaman a `into_iter()` sobre una expresión e iteran sobre el iterador "
|
|
"resultante:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<String> = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::"
|
|
"from(\"bar\")];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for word in &v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for word in v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:103
|
|
msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?"
|
|
msgstr "¿Cuál es el tipo de `word` en cada bucle?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/iterators-and-ownership.md:105
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl "
|
|
"IntoIterator for &Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
|
|
"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) and [`impl IntoIterator for "
|
|
"Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-"
|
|
"for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) to check your answers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Experimenta con el código anterior y consulta la documentación sobre [`impl "
|
|
"IntoIterator for &Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec."
|
|
"html#impl-IntoIterator-for-%26'a+Vec%3CT,+A%3E) y sobre [`impl IntoIterator "
|
|
"for Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-"
|
|
"IntoIterator-for-Vec%3CT,+A%3E) para comprobar las respuestas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:3
|
|
msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:"
|
|
msgstr "Al igual que C y C++, Rust admite estructuras (struct) personalizadas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut peter = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n"
|
|
" age: 27,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" peter.age = 28;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" let jackie = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n"
|
|
" ..peter\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:33
|
|
msgid "Structs work like in C or C++."
|
|
msgstr "Las estructuras funcionan como en C o en C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:34
|
|
msgid "Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Al igual que en C++, y a diferencia de C, no se necesita typedef para "
|
|
"definir un tipo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:35
|
|
msgid "Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs."
|
|
msgstr "A diferencia de C++, no existe ninguna herencia entre las estructuras."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following "
|
|
"slides."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los métodos están definidos en un bloque `impl` que veremos en las "
|
|
"siguientes diapositivas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of "
|
|
"structs. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puede que sea un buen momento para indicar a los alumnos que existen "
|
|
"diferentes tipos de estructuras. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a "
|
|
"trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the "
|
|
"value itself. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las estructuras de tamaño cero, como `struct Foo;`, se pueden utilizar al "
|
|
"implementar un trait en algún tipo, pero no tienen ningún dato que te "
|
|
"interese almacenar en el propio valor. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are "
|
|
"not important."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La siguiente diapositiva presentará las estructuras de tuplas, que se "
|
|
"utilizan cuando los nombres de los campos no son importantes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the "
|
|
"old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be "
|
|
"the last element."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La sintaxis `..peter` nos permite copiar la mayoría de los campos de la "
|
|
"estructura anterior sin tener que escribirlos explícitamente. Siempre debe "
|
|
"ser el último elemento."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3
|
|
msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si los nombres de los campos no son importantes, puedes utilizar una "
|
|
"estructura de tuplas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(17, 23);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14
|
|
msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esto se suele utilizar para envoltorios de campo único (denominados "
|
|
"newtypes):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"struct PoundsOfForce(f64);\n"
|
|
"struct Newtons(f64);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundsOfForce {\n"
|
|
" todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let force = compute_thruster_force();\n"
|
|
" set_thruster_force(force);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in "
|
|
"a primitive type, for example:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los newtypes son una buena forma de codificar información adicional sobre el "
|
|
"valor de un tipo primitivo, por ejemplo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:38
|
|
msgid "The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El número se mide en algunas unidades: `Newtons` en el ejemplo anterior."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have "
|
|
"to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)`or`OddNumber(u32)\\`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El valor ha pasado alguna validación cuando se ha creado, por lo que ya no "
|
|
"tendrás que volver a validarlo cada vez que lo uses: `PhoneNumber(String)` u "
|
|
"`OddNumber(u32)`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the "
|
|
"single field in the newtype."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Demuestra cómo se añade un valor `f64` a un tipo `Newtons` accediendo al "
|
|
"campo único del newtype."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or "
|
|
"for instance using booleans as integers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Por lo general, a Rust no le gustan los elementos no explícitos, como el "
|
|
"desenvolvimiento automático o, por ejemplo, el uso de booleanos como enteros."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:42
|
|
msgid "Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics)."
|
|
msgstr "El día 3 (genéricos), se explicará la sobrecarga del operador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en."
|
|
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El ejemplo es una sutil referencia al fracaso de la sonda [Mars Climate "
|
|
"Orbiter](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the "
|
|
"struct using a shorthand:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si ya dispones de variables con los nombres adecuados, puedes crear la "
|
|
"estructura con un método abreviado:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n"
|
|
" Person { name, age }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is "
|
|
"interchangeable with the struct type name"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La función `new` se podría escribir utilizando `Self` como tipo, ya que es "
|
|
"intercambiable con el nombre de tipo de estructura."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self { name, age }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the "
|
|
"default values for the other fields."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Implementa el trait `Default` en la estructura. Define algunos campos y usa "
|
|
"los valores predeterminados para el resto de los campos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"impl Default for Person {\n"
|
|
" fn default() -> Person {\n"
|
|
" Person {\n"
|
|
" name: \"Bot\".to_string(),\n"
|
|
" age: 0,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"fn create_default() {\n"
|
|
" let tmp = Person {\n"
|
|
" ..Person::default()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" let tmp = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: \"Sam\".to_string(),\n"
|
|
" ..Person::default()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:68
|
|
msgid "Methods are defined in the `impl` block."
|
|
msgstr "Los métodos se definen en el bloque `impl`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:69
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that "
|
|
"the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Utiliza la sintaxis de actualización de estructuras para definir una "
|
|
"estructura nueva con `peter`. Ten en cuenta que, después, ya no podrás "
|
|
"acceder a la variable `peter`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:70
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Utiliza `{:#?}` al imprimir estructuras para solicitar la representación de "
|
|
"`Debug`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with "
|
|
"an `impl` block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust te permite asociar funciones a los nuevos tipos. Para ello, usa un "
|
|
"bloque `impl`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn say_hello(&self) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let peter = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n"
|
|
" age: 27,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" peter.say_hello();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:31
|
|
msgid "It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions."
|
|
msgstr "Puede resultar útil presentar los métodos comparándolos con funciones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the "
|
|
"first parameter represents the instance as `self`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se llama a los métodos en una instancia de un tipo (como un estructura o una "
|
|
"enumeración) y el primer parámetro representa la instancia como `self`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver "
|
|
"syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep "
|
|
"all the implementation code in one predictable place."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los desarrolladores pueden optar por utilizar métodos para aprovechar la "
|
|
"sintaxis de los receptores de métodos y para ayudar a mantenerlos más "
|
|
"organizados. Mediante el uso de métodos podemos mantener todo el código de "
|
|
"implementación en un lugar predecible."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:34
|
|
msgid "Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver."
|
|
msgstr "Señala el uso de la palabra clave `self`, receptor de un método. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self: Self` and perhaps show how "
|
|
"the struct name could also be used."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Indica que se trata de un término abreviado de `self:&Self` y muestra cómo "
|
|
"se podría utilizar también el nombre de la estructura. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and "
|
|
"can be used elsewhere in the block."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Explica que `Self` es un tipo de alias para el tipo en el que está el bloque "
|
|
"`impl` y que se puede usar en cualquier parte del bloque."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to "
|
|
"refer to individual fields."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ten en cuenta que se puede usar `self` como otras estructuras y que la "
|
|
"notación de puntos puede utilizarse para referirse a campos concretos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` "
|
|
"by modifying the code and trying to run say_hello twice."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puede ser un buen momento para mostrar la diferencia entre `&self` y `self` "
|
|
"modificando el código e intentando ejecutar say_hello dos veces."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:39
|
|
msgid "We describe the distinction between method receivers next."
|
|
msgstr "A continuación, se describe la diferencia entre receptores de métodos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. "
|
|
"There are other possible receivers for a method:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`&self` indica que el método toma prestado el objeto de forma inmutable. Hay "
|
|
"otros posibles receptores para un método:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable "
|
|
"reference. The object can be used again afterwards."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`&self`: toma prestado el objeto del llamador utilizando una referencia "
|
|
"compartida e inmutable. El objeto se puede volver a utilizar después."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable "
|
|
"reference. The object can be used again afterwards."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`&mut self`: toma prestado el objeto del llamador mediante una referencia "
|
|
"única y mutable. El objeto se puede volver a utilizar después."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The "
|
|
"method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped "
|
|
"(deallocated) when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly "
|
|
"transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`self`: asume el _ownership_ del objeto y lo aleja del llamador. El método "
|
|
"se convierte en el propietario del objeto. El objeto se eliminará (es decir, "
|
|
"se anulará la asignación) cuando el método devuelva un resultado, a menos "
|
|
"que se transmita su _ownership_ de forma explícita. El _ownership_ completa "
|
|
"no implica automáticamente una mutabilidad."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:14
|
|
msgid "`mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`mut self`: igual que lo anterior, pero el método puede mutar el objeto. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to "
|
|
"create constructors which are called `new` by convention."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sin receptor: se convierte en un método estático de la estructura. "
|
|
"Normalmente se utiliza para crear constructores que se suelen denominar "
|
|
"`new`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also [special wrapper types](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) allowed to be "
|
|
"receiver types, such as `Box<Self>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Además de las variantes `self`, también hay [tipos de envoltorios especiales]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html) que "
|
|
"pueden ser tipos de receptor, como `Box<Self>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". "
|
|
"These constraints always come together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, "
|
|
"and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to reference a struct from "
|
|
"multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Considera recalcar los conceptos \"compartido e inmutable\" y \"único y "
|
|
"mutable\". Estas restricciones siempre vienen juntas en Rust debido a las "
|
|
"reglas del _borrow checker_, y `self` no es una excepción. No es posible "
|
|
"referenciar una estructura desde varias ubicaciones y llamar a un método "
|
|
"mutable (`&mut self`) en ella."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Race {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" laps: Vec<i32>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Race {\n"
|
|
" fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n"
|
|
" Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write "
|
|
"access to self\n"
|
|
" self.laps.push(lap);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n"
|
|
" for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n"
|
|
" let total = self.laps.iter().sum::<i32>();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, "
|
|
"total);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n"
|
|
" race.add_lap(70);\n"
|
|
" race.add_lap(68);\n"
|
|
" race.print_laps();\n"
|
|
" race.add_lap(71);\n"
|
|
" race.print_laps();\n"
|
|
" race.finish();\n"
|
|
" // race.add_lap(42);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:47
|
|
msgid "All four methods here use a different method receiver."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cada uno de estos cuatro métodos utilizan un receptor de método distinto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the "
|
|
"variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes indicar cómo eso cambia lo que la función puede hacer con los valores "
|
|
"de las variables y si se puede utilizar de nuevo en `main` y, en caso "
|
|
"afirmativo, cómo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes mostrar el error que aparece al intentar llamar a `finish` dos veces."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static "
|
|
"functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic "
|
|
"referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds "
|
|
"in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ten en cuenta que, aunque los receptores de los métodos sean diferentes, las "
|
|
"funciones no estáticas se llaman del mismo modo en el cuerpo principal. Rust "
|
|
"habilita la referenciación y desreferenciación automáticas al llamar a los "
|
|
"métodos. Además, añade automáticamente los caracteres `&`, `*` y `muts` para "
|
|
"que el objeto coincida con la firma del método."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated "
|
|
"over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Podrías mencionar que `print_laps` está usando un vector sobre el que se "
|
|
"itera. Describiremos los vectores con más detalle por la tarde. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 2: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Día 2: ejercicios de la tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los ejercicios de esta tarde se centrarán en las cadenas y los iteradores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, "
|
|
"you need to keep track of users' health statistics."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Estás trabajando en la implementación de un sistema de monitorización de "
|
|
"salud. Por ello, debes realizar un seguimiento de las estadísticas de salud "
|
|
"de los usuarios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a "
|
|
"`User` struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods "
|
|
"on the `User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Comenzarás con algunas funciones stub en un bloque `impl`, así como con una "
|
|
"definición de estructura `User`. Tu objetivo es implementar métodos con "
|
|
"stubs en la `struct` `User` definida en el bloque `impl`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing "
|
|
"methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copia el fragmento de código que aparece más abajo en la página <https://"
|
|
"play.rust-lang.org/> y rellena los métodos que faltan:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct User {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u32,\n"
|
|
" height: f32,\n"
|
|
" visit_count: usize,\n"
|
|
" last_blood_pressure: Option<(u32, u32)>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Measurements {\n"
|
|
" height: f32,\n"
|
|
" blood_pressure: (u32, u32),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct HealthReport<'a> {\n"
|
|
" patient_name: &'a str,\n"
|
|
" visit_count: u32,\n"
|
|
" height_change: f32,\n"
|
|
" blood_pressure_change: Option<(i32, i32)>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl User {\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, height: f32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn height(&self) -> f32 {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn doctor_visits(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn set_height(&mut self, new_height: f32) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn visit_doctor(&mut self, measurements: Measurements) -> "
|
|
"HealthReport {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_height() {\n"
|
|
" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.height(), 155.2);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_set_age() {\n"
|
|
" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n"
|
|
" bob.set_age(33);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_visit() {\n"
|
|
" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.doctor_visits(), 0);\n"
|
|
" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n"
|
|
" height: 156.1,\n"
|
|
" blood_pressure: (120, 80),\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(report.patient_name, \"Bob\");\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 1);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, None);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let report = bob.visit_doctor(Measurements {\n"
|
|
" height: 156.1,\n"
|
|
" blood_pressure: (115, 76),\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(report.visit_count, 2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(report.blood_pressure_change, Some((-5, -4)));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common "
|
|
"types used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work "
|
|
"together smoothly because they both use the same `String` type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust viene con una biblioteca estándar que ayuda a establecer un conjunto de "
|
|
"tipos comunes que se usan en la biblioteca y los programas de Rust. De esta "
|
|
"forma, dos bibliotecas pueden funcionar juntas sin problemas, puesto que "
|
|
"ambas utilizan el mismo tipo `String`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:7
|
|
msgid "The common vocabulary types include:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Entre los tipos de vocabulario más habituales se incluyen los siguientes:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional "
|
|
"values and [error handling](error-handling.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Tipos [`Option` y `Result`](std/option-result.md): se utilizan para valores "
|
|
"opcionales y [gestión de errores](error-handling.md)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:12
|
|
msgid "[`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`String`](std/string.md): el tipo de cadena predeterminado que se usa para "
|
|
"los datos propios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:14
|
|
msgid "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector."
|
|
msgstr "[`Vec`](std/vec.md): un vector estándar extensible."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing "
|
|
"algorithm."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): un mapa hash con un algoritmo hash configurable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:19
|
|
msgid "[`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Box`](std/box.md): un puntero propio para datos ubicados en el _heap_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated "
|
|
"data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Rc`](std/rc.md): un puntero compartido de conteo de referencias para datos "
|
|
"asignados a _heap_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, "
|
|
"`alloc` and `std`. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De hecho, Rust contiene varias capas de la biblioteca estándar: `core`, "
|
|
"`alloc` y `std`. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on "
|
|
"`libc`, allocator or even the presence of an operating system. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`core` incluye los tipos y funciones más básicos que no dependen de `libc`, "
|
|
"de un _allocator_ (asignador de memoria) ni de la presencia de un sistema "
|
|
"operativo. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, "
|
|
"`Box` and `Arc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`alloc` incluye tipos que requieren un _allocator_ de _heap_ global, como "
|
|
"`Vec`, `Box` y `Arc`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las aplicaciones embebidas en Rust menudo solo usan `core` y a algunas veces "
|
|
"`alloc`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Option` and `Result`"
|
|
msgstr "`Option` y `Result`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:3
|
|
msgid "The types represent optional data:"
|
|
msgstr "Los tipos representan datos opcionales:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let idx: Result<usize, usize> = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:18
|
|
msgid "`Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr "`Option` y `Result` se usan mucho, no solo en la biblioteca estándar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:19
|
|
msgid "`Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`."
|
|
msgstr "`Option<&T>` no usa espacio adicional en comparación con `&T`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on "
|
|
"Day 3."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Result` es el tipo estándar para implementar la gestión de errores, tal y "
|
|
"como veremos el día 3."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:21
|
|
msgid "`binary_search` returns `Result<usize, usize>`."
|
|
msgstr "`binary_search` devuelve `Result<usize, usize>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:22
|
|
msgid "If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si se encuentra, `Result::Ok` contiene el índice donde se halla el elemento."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be "
|
|
"inserted."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De lo contrario, `Result::Err` contendrá el índice donde se debe insertar "
|
|
"dicho elemento."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) is the "
|
|
"standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`String`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html) es el "
|
|
"búfer de cadena UTF-8 estándar, ampliable y asignado a un _heap_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut s1 = String::new();\n"
|
|
" s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n"
|
|
" s2.push_str(&s1);\n"
|
|
" s2.push('!');\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n"
|
|
" s3.chars().count());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String` implements [`Deref<Target = str>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"string/struct.String.html#deref-methods-str), which means that you can call "
|
|
"all `str` methods on a `String`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`String` implementa \\[`Deref<Target = str>`\\]\\[2\\], lo que significa que "
|
|
"puedes llamar a todos los métodos `str` en una `String`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when "
|
|
"you know how much data you want to push to the string."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`String::new` devuelve una nueva cadena vacía. Usa `String::with_capacity` "
|
|
"cuando sepas cuántos datos quieres guardar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be "
|
|
"different from its length in characters)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`String::len` devuelve el tamaño de `String` en bytes (que puede ser "
|
|
"diferente de su longitud en caracteres)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a "
|
|
"`char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due "
|
|
"to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/"
|
|
"unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`String::chars` devuelve un iterador sobre los caracteres reales. Ten en "
|
|
"cuenta que un `char` puede ser diferente de lo que un humano consideraría un "
|
|
"\"caracter\", debido a los [grupos de grafemas](https://docs.rs/unicode-"
|
|
"segmentation/latest/unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or "
|
|
"`String`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando la gente se refiere a cadenas, pueden estar hablando de `&str` o de "
|
|
"`String`. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When a type implements `Deref<Target = T>`, the compiler will let you "
|
|
"transparently call methods from `T`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando un tipo implementa `Deref<Target = T>`, el compilador te permite "
|
|
"llamar a métodos de forma transparente desde `T`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String` implements `Deref<Target = str>` which transparently gives it "
|
|
"access to `str`'s methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`String` implementa `Deref<Target = str>`, que le proporciona acceso "
|
|
"transparente a los métodos de `str`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:36
|
|
msgid "Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1`;."
|
|
msgstr "Escribe y compara `let s3 = s1.deref();` y `let s3 = &*s1`;."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the "
|
|
"operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but "
|
|
"with some extra guarantees."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`String` se implementa como un envoltorio alrededor de un vector de bytes. "
|
|
"Muchas de las operaciones que ves como compatibles con vectores también lo "
|
|
"son con `String`, pero con algunas garantías adicionales."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:38
|
|
msgid "Compare the different ways to index a `String`:"
|
|
msgstr "Compara las diferentes formas de indexar `String`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, "
|
|
"out-of-bounds."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A un carácter mediante `s3. chars().nth(i).unwrap()`, donde `i` está dentro "
|
|
"o fuera de los límites"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character "
|
|
"boundaries or not."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A una cadena secundaria mediante `s3[0..4]`, donde el slice está en los "
|
|
"límites de caracteres o no."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Vec`"
|
|
msgstr "`Vec`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) is the standard "
|
|
"resizable heap-allocated buffer:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Vec`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html) es el búfer "
|
|
"estándar redimensionable asignado al _heap_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v1.push(42);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n"
|
|
" v2.extend(v1.iter());\n"
|
|
" v2.push(9999);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n"
|
|
" let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Retain only the even elements.\n"
|
|
" v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n"
|
|
" v3.dedup();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Vec` implements [`Deref<Target = [T]>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/"
|
|
"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), which means that you can call slice "
|
|
"methods on a `Vec`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Vec` implementa [`Deref<Target = [T]>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/"
|
|
"struct.Vec.html#deref-methods-%5BT%5D), lo que significa que puedes llamar a "
|
|
"métodos slice en un `Vec`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data "
|
|
"it contains is stored on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't "
|
|
"need to be known at compile time. It can grow or shrink at runtime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Vec` es un tipo de colección, junto con `String` y `HashMap`. Los datos que "
|
|
"contiene se almacenan en el _heap_. Esto significa que no es necesario "
|
|
"conocer la cantidad de datos durante la compilación. Puede aumentar o "
|
|
"disminuir durante la ejecución."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Notice how `Vec<T>` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` "
|
|
"explicitly. As always with Rust type inference, the `T` was established "
|
|
"during the first `push` call."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ten en cuenta que `Vec<T>` también es un tipo genérico, pero no tienes que "
|
|
"especificar `T` de forma explícita. Como siempre sucede con la inferencia de "
|
|
"tipos de Rust, `T` se estableció durante la primera llamada a `push`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it "
|
|
"supports adding initial elements to the vector."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`vec![...]` es una macro canónica para usarla en lugar de `Vec::new()` y "
|
|
"admite que se añadan elementos iniciales al vector."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. "
|
|
"Alternatively, using `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will "
|
|
"remove the last element."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para indexar el vector, se utiliza `[` `]`, pero entrará en pánico si se "
|
|
"sale de los límites. También se puede usar `get` para obtener una `Option`. "
|
|
"La función `pop` eliminará el último elemento."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value: `for e in &mut v { *e "
|
|
"+= 50; }`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Muestra la iteración sobre un vector y la mutación del valor: `for e in &mut "
|
|
"v { *e += 50; }`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:1 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:46
|
|
msgid "`HashMap`"
|
|
msgstr "`HashMap`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:3
|
|
msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:"
|
|
msgstr "Mapa hash estándar con protección frente a ataques HashDoS:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::collections::HashMap;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n"
|
|
" page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), "
|
|
"207);\n"
|
|
" page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n"
|
|
" page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n"
|
|
" page_counts.len());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in "
|
|
"Wonderland\"] {\n"
|
|
" match page_counts.get(book) {\n"
|
|
" Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n"
|
|
" None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n"
|
|
" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in "
|
|
"Wonderland\"] {\n"
|
|
" let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string())."
|
|
"or_insert(0);\n"
|
|
" *page_count += 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope."
|
|
msgstr "`HashMap` no se ha explicado en el preludio y debe conocerse."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the "
|
|
"hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will insert "
|
|
"the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Prueba las siguientes líneas de código. La primera línea comprobará si un "
|
|
"libro está incluido en el hashmap y, si no, devolverá un valor alternativo. "
|
|
"La segunda línea insertará el valor alternativo en el hashmap si el libro no "
|
|
"se encuentra."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" let pc1 = page_counts\n"
|
|
" .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or(&336);\n"
|
|
" let pc2 = page_counts\n"
|
|
" .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n"
|
|
" .or_insert(374);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:49
|
|
msgid "Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A diferencia de `vec!`, por desgracia no hay ninguna macro estándar de "
|
|
"`hashmap!`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap.html#impl-"
|
|
"From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%3E), which allows "
|
|
"us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sin embargo, desde la versión 1.56 de Rust, HashMap implementa [`From<[(K, "
|
|
"V); N]>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/collections/hash_map/struct.HashMap."
|
|
"html#impl-From%3C%5B(K,+V);+N%5D%3E-for-HashMap%3CK,+V,+RandomState%, que "
|
|
"nos permite inicializar fácilmente un mapa hash a partir de un _array_ "
|
|
"literal:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n"
|
|
" (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n"
|
|
" (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n"
|
|
" ]);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-"
|
|
"value tuples."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"HashMap también se puede crear a partir de cualquier `Iterator` que genere "
|
|
"tuplas de pares clave-valor."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We are showing `HashMap<String, i32>`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make "
|
|
"examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be done, "
|
|
"but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Mostraremos `HashMap<String, i32>` y evitaremos utilizar `&str` para que los "
|
|
"ejemplos sean más sencillos. Por supuesto, se pueden usar las referencias en "
|
|
"las colecciones, pero pueden dar problemas con el _borrow checker_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still "
|
|
"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Prueba a eliminar `to_string()` del ejemplo anterior para ver si aún sigue "
|
|
"compilando. ¿Dónde crees que podríamos encontrar problemas?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This type has several \"method-specific\" return types, such as `std::"
|
|
"collections::hash_map::Keys`. These types often appear in searches of the "
|
|
"Rust docs. Show students the docs for this type, and the helpful link back "
|
|
"to the `keys` method."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este tipo tiene varios tipos de devolución \"específicos del método\", como "
|
|
"`std::collections::hash_map::Keys`. Estos tipos a menudo aparecen en las "
|
|
"búsquedas de la documentación de Rust. Muestra a los estudiantes la "
|
|
"documentación de este tipo y el enlace útil de vuelta al método `keys`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Box`"
|
|
msgstr "`Box`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) is an owned "
|
|
"pointer to data on the heap:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Box`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/boxed/struct.Box.html) es un puntero "
|
|
"propio de datos en el _heap_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let five = Box::new(5);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": five : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
|
|
": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" _Stack_ _Heap_\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": five : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
|
|
": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Box<T>` implements `Deref<Target = T>`, which means that you can [call "
|
|
"methods from `T` directly on a `Box<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/"
|
|
"trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Box<T>` implementa `Deref<Target = T>`, lo que significa que puedes [llamar "
|
|
"a métodos desde `T` directamente en un `Box<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/ops/trait.Deref.html#more-on-deref-coercion)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be "
|
|
"not null. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Box` es igual que `std::unique_ptr` en C++, salvo que está asegurado que no "
|
|
"será nulo. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` "
|
|
"statement thanks to `Deref`. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En el ejemplo anterior, incluso puedes omitir `*` en la instrucción `println!"
|
|
"` gracias a `Deref`. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:36
|
|
msgid "A `Box` can be useful when you:"
|
|
msgstr "Un `Box` puede resultar útil en los siguientes casos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust "
|
|
"compiler wants to know an exact size."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si tienes un tipo cuyo tamaño no se conoce durante la compilación, pero el "
|
|
"compilador de Rust quiere saber el tamaño exacto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large "
|
|
"amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` "
|
|
"so only the pointer is moved."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si quieres transferir la propiedad de una gran cantidad de datos. Para "
|
|
"evitar que se copien grandes cantidades de datos en la _stack_, almacena los "
|
|
"datos del _heap_ en un `Box` para que solo se mueva el puntero."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1
|
|
msgid "Box with Recursive Data Structures"
|
|
msgstr "Box con Estructuras de Datos Recursivos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los tipos de datos recursivos o los tipos de datos con tamaños dinámicos "
|
|
"deben utilizar un `Box`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum List<T> {\n"
|
|
" Cons(T, Box<List<T>>),\n"
|
|
" Nil,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let list: List<i32> = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::"
|
|
"new(List::Nil))));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{list:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"list : : :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" _Stack_ _Heap_\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"list : : :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the "
|
|
"`List`, the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory "
|
|
"(`List` would be of infinite size)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si no se utiliza `Box` e intentamos insertar un `List` directamente dentro "
|
|
"de `List`, el compilador no calcularía un tamaño fijo de la estructura en la "
|
|
"memoria (`List` tendría un tamaño infinito)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and "
|
|
"just points at the next element of the `List` in the heap."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Box` resuelve este problema, ya que tiene el mismo tamaño que un puntero "
|
|
"normal y solo apunta al siguiente elemento de la `List` en el _heap_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. "
|
|
"\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or "
|
|
"reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Elimina `Box` de la definición de la lista y muestra el error del "
|
|
"compilador. \"Recursivo con indirección\" es una sugerencia de que puedes "
|
|
"usar un Box o referencia de algún tipo, en lugar de almacenar un valor "
|
|
"directamente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This "
|
|
"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Box` no puede estar vacío, por lo que el puntero siempre es válido y no "
|
|
"`null`. Esto permite que el compilador optimice el diseño de la memoria:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"-.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"list : : :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"-'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" _Stack_ _Heap_\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"-.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"list : : :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"-'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Rc`"
|
|
msgstr "`Rc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) is a reference-"
|
|
"counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer to the same data "
|
|
"from multiple places:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Rc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Rc.html) es un puntero "
|
|
"compartido de referencia contada. Utilízalo cuando necesites hacer "
|
|
"referencia a los mismos datos desde varios lugares:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::rc::Rc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n"
|
|
" let mut b = Rc::clone(&a);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) and [`Mutex`](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) if you are in a multi-threaded "
|
|
"context."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Consulta [`Arc`](../concurrency/shared_state/arc.md) y [`Mutex`](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) si te encuentras en un contexto "
|
|
"multihilo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can _downgrade_ a shared pointer into a [`Weak`](https://doc.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) pointer to create cycles that will get dropped."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes _degradar_ un puntero compartido en un puntero [`Weak`](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/std/rc/struct.Weak.html) para crear ciclos que se abandonarán."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there "
|
|
"are references."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El recuento de `Rc` asegura que el valor que contiene sea válido mientras "
|
|
"haya referencias."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:30
|
|
msgid "`Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++."
|
|
msgstr "`Rc` en Rust es como `std::shared_ptr` en C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and "
|
|
"increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally "
|
|
"be ignored when looking for performance issues in code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Rc::clone` es simple: crea un puntero en la misma asignación y aumenta el "
|
|
"recuento de referencias. No hace clones completos y, por lo general, se "
|
|
"puede ignorar cuando se buscan problemas de rendimiento en el código."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") "
|
|
"and returns a mutable reference."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`make_mut` clona el valor interno si es necesario (\"copiar al escribir\") y "
|
|
"devuelve una referencia mutable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:33
|
|
msgid "Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count."
|
|
msgstr "Comprueba el recuento de referencias con `Rc::strong_count`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Rc::downgrade` gives you a _weakly reference-counted_ object to create "
|
|
"cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with `RefCell`, "
|
|
"on the next slide)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Rc::downgrade` ofrece un objeto _de referencia contada baja_ para crear "
|
|
"`Rc::downgrade` ofrece un objeto de _referencia contada débil_ para crear "
|
|
"`RefCell`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Cell` and `RefCell`"
|
|
msgstr "`Cell` y `RefCell`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) and [`RefCell`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) implement what Rust "
|
|
"calls _interior mutability:_ mutation of values in an immutable context."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Cell`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.Cell.html) y [`RefCell`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/cell/struct.RefCell.html) implementan lo que "
|
|
"Rust llama _mutabilidad interna_: mutación de valores en un contexto "
|
|
"inmutable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Cell` is typically used for simple types, as it requires copying or moving "
|
|
"values. More complex interior types typically use `RefCell`, which tracks "
|
|
"shared and exclusive references at runtime and panics if they are misused."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Normalmente, `Cell` se utiliza para tipos simples, ya que requiere copiar o "
|
|
"mover valores. Los tipos internos más complejos normalmente utilizan "
|
|
"`RefCell`, que realiza un seguimiento de las referencias compartidas y "
|
|
"exclusivas en tiempo de ejecución y entra en pánico si se utilizan de forma "
|
|
"incorrecta."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::cell::RefCell;\n"
|
|
"use std::rc::Rc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct Node {\n"
|
|
" value: i64,\n"
|
|
" children: Vec<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Node {\n"
|
|
" fn new(value: i64) -> Rc<RefCell<Node>> {\n"
|
|
" Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node { value, ..Node::default() }))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn sum(&self) -> i64 {\n"
|
|
" self.value + self.children.iter().map(|c| c.borrow().sum()).sum::"
|
|
"<i64>()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let root = Node::new(1);\n"
|
|
" root.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(5));\n"
|
|
" let subtree = Node::new(10);\n"
|
|
" subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(11));\n"
|
|
" subtree.borrow_mut().children.push(Node::new(12));\n"
|
|
" root.borrow_mut().children.push(subtree);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"graph sum: {}\", root.borrow().sum());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If we were using `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in this example, we would have "
|
|
"to move the `Node` out of the `Rc` to push children, then move it back in. "
|
|
"This is safe because there's always one, un-referenced value in the cell, "
|
|
"but it's not ergonomic."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si estuviéramos utilizando `Cell` en lugar de `RefCell` en este ejemplo, "
|
|
"tendríamos que mover el `Node` fuera del `Rc` para insertar hijos y luego "
|
|
"volver a moverlo. Esto es seguro porque siempre hay un valor sin referenciar "
|
|
"en la celda, pero no es ergonómico."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To do anything with a Node, you must call a `RefCell` method, usually "
|
|
"`borrow` or `borrow_mut`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para hacer cualquier cosa con un Node, debes llamar a un método de "
|
|
"`RefCell`, normalmente `borrow` o `borrow_mut`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Demonstrate that reference loops can be created by adding `root` to `subtree."
|
|
"children` (don't try to print it!)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Demuestra que se pueden crear bucles de referencia añadiendo `root` a "
|
|
"`subtree.children` (¡no intentes imprimirlo!)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/cell.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To demonstrate a runtime panic, add a `fn inc(&mut self)` that increments "
|
|
"`self.value` and calls the same method on its children. This will panic in "
|
|
"the presence of the reference loop, with `thread 'main' panicked at 'already "
|
|
"borrowed: BorrowMutError'`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para demostrar un pánico en tiempo de ejecución, añade un `fn inc(&mut "
|
|
"self)` que incremente `self.value` y llame al mismo método en sus hijos. "
|
|
"Esto entrará en pánico en presencia del bucle de referencia, con `thread "
|
|
"'main' panicked at 'already borrowed: BorrowMutError'`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:3
|
|
msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Hemos visto cómo los bloques `impl` nos permiten asignar espacios de nombres "
|
|
"de funciones a un tipo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:5
|
|
msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Del mismo modo, `mod` nos permite asignar espacios de nombres a funciones y "
|
|
"tipos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"mod foo {\n"
|
|
" pub fn do_something() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"In the foo module\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod bar {\n"
|
|
" pub fn do_something() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"In the bar module\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" foo::do_something();\n"
|
|
" bar::do_something();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that "
|
|
"describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los paquetes ofrecen funciones e incluyen un archivo `Cargo.toml` que "
|
|
"describe cómo compilar un paquete de más de un crate."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and "
|
|
"a library crate compiles to a library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los crates son un árbol de módulos, donde un crate binario crea un "
|
|
"ejecutable y un crate de biblioteca compila una biblioteca."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:30
|
|
msgid "Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los módulos definen la organización y el ámbito, y son el centro de esta "
|
|
"sección."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:3
|
|
msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:"
|
|
msgstr "Los módulos marcan el límite de la privacidad:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:5
|
|
msgid "Module items are private by default (hides implementation details)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los elementos del módulo son privados de forma predeterminada (se ocultan "
|
|
"los detalles de implementación)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:6
|
|
msgid "Parent and sibling items are always visible."
|
|
msgstr "Los elementos superiores y los del mismo nivel siempre están visibles."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all "
|
|
"the descendants of `foo`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Es decir, si un elemento está visible en el módulo `foo`, se verá en todos "
|
|
"los elementos descendientes de `foo`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"mod outer {\n"
|
|
" fn private() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::private\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn public() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::public\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" mod inner {\n"
|
|
" fn private() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn public() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n"
|
|
" super::private();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" outer::public();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:39
|
|
msgid "Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public."
|
|
msgstr "Haz que los módulos sean públicos con la palabra clave `pub`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope "
|
|
"of public visibility."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Además, hay especificadores `pub(...)` avanzados para restringir el ámbito "
|
|
"de la visibilidad pública."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-"
|
|
"privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Consulta el libro [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/"
|
|
"visibility-and-privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:44
|
|
msgid "Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern."
|
|
msgstr "Configurar la visibilidad de `pub(crate)` es un patrón común."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:45
|
|
msgid "Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aunque es menos frecuente, se puede dar visibilidad a una ruta específica."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of "
|
|
"its descendants)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En cualquier caso, se debe dar visibilidad a un módulo antecedente (y a "
|
|
"todos sus descendientes)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:3
|
|
msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:"
|
|
msgstr "Las rutas se resuelven de la siguiente manera:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:5
|
|
msgid "As a relative path:"
|
|
msgstr "Como ruta relativa:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:6
|
|
msgid "`foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module,"
|
|
msgstr "`foo` o `self::foo` hacen referencia a `foo` en el módulo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:7
|
|
msgid "`super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module."
|
|
msgstr "`super::foo` hace referencia a `foo` en el módulo superior."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:9
|
|
msgid "As an absolute path:"
|
|
msgstr "Como ruta absoluta:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:10
|
|
msgid "`crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate,"
|
|
msgstr "`crate::foo` hace referencia a `foo` en la raíz del crate."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:11
|
|
msgid "`bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate."
|
|
msgstr "`bar::foo` hace referencia a `foo` en el crate `bar`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`. You "
|
|
"will typically see something like this at the top of each module:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un módulo puede incluir símbolos de otro módulo en el ámbito con `use`. "
|
|
"Normalmente, se ve algo como esto en la parte superior de cada módulo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::collections::HashSet;\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::transmute;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Omitting the module content will tell Rust to look for it in another file:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Omitir el contenido del módulo hará que Rust lo busque en otro archivo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"mod garden;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This tells rust that the `garden` module content is found at `src/garden."
|
|
"rs`. Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at `src/garden/"
|
|
"vegetables.rs`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esto indica que el contenido del módulo `garden` se encuentra en `src/garden."
|
|
"rs`. Del mismo modo, el módulo `garden::vegetables` se encuentra en `src/"
|
|
"garden/vegetables.rs`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:12
|
|
msgid "The `crate` root is in:"
|
|
msgstr "La raíz de `crate` está en:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14
|
|
msgid "`src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)"
|
|
msgstr "`src/lib.rs` (para un crate de biblioteca)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:15
|
|
msgid "`src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)"
|
|
msgstr "`src/main.rs` (para un crate binario)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc "
|
|
"comments\". These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a "
|
|
"module."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los módulos definidos en archivos también se pueden documentar mediante "
|
|
"\"comentarios internos del documento\". En ellos se indica el elemento que "
|
|
"los contiene, en este caso, un módulo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant "
|
|
"germination\n"
|
|
"//! implementation.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Re-export types from this module.\n"
|
|
"pub use seeds::SeedPacket;\n"
|
|
"pub use garden::Garden;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Sow the given seed packets.\n"
|
|
"pub fn sow(seeds: Vec<SeedPacket>) { todo!() }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n"
|
|
"pub fn harvest(garden: &mut Garden) { todo!() }\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Before Rust 2018, modules needed to be located at `module/mod.rs` instead of "
|
|
"`module.rs`, and this is still a working alternative for editions after 2018."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Antes de Rust 2018, los módulos debían ubicarse en `module/mod.rs` en lugar "
|
|
"de en `module.rs`. Esta alternativa sigue existiendo en las ediciones "
|
|
"posteriores a 2018."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The main reason to introduce `filename.rs` as alternative to `filename/mod."
|
|
"rs` was because many files named `mod.rs` can be hard to distinguish in IDEs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El principal motivo de introducir `filename.rs` en lugar de `filename/mod."
|
|
"rs` se debe a que si muchos archivos llamados `mod.rs` puede ser difícil "
|
|
"distinguirlos en IDEs."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42
|
|
msgid "Deeper nesting can use folders, even if the main module is a file:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un anidamiento más profundo puede usar carpetas, incluso si el módulo "
|
|
"principal es un archivo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```ignore\n"
|
|
"src/\n"
|
|
"├── main.rs\n"
|
|
"├── top_module.rs\n"
|
|
"└── top_module/\n"
|
|
" └── sub_module.rs\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The place rust will look for modules can be changed with a compiler "
|
|
"directive:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El lugar donde Rust buscará los módulos se puede cambiar con una directiva "
|
|
"del compilador:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"#[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n"
|
|
"mod some_module;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:59
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module "
|
|
"in a file named `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esto resulta útil, por ejemplo, si deseas colocar pruebas de un módulo en un "
|
|
"archivo denominado `some_module_test.rs`, similar a la convención en Go."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. "
|
|
"The server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched "
|
|
"against _request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character "
|
|
"which matches a full segment. See the unit tests below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En este ejercicio se va a implementar un componente de enrutamiento de un "
|
|
"servidor web. El servidor está configurado con un número de _prefijos de "
|
|
"ruta_ que se comparan con las _rutas de solicitud_. Los prefijos de ruta "
|
|
"pueden contener un carácter comodín que coincida con un segmento completo. "
|
|
"Consulta las pruebas unitarias más abajo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the following code to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and make the tests "
|
|
"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en la página <https://play.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/> para hacer la prueba. Prueba a no asignar un `Vec` a los resultados "
|
|
"intermedios:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/"
|
|
"abc-123\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/"
|
|
"books\"));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/"
|
|
"publishers\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/"
|
|
"publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Day 3"
|
|
msgstr "Te damos la Bienvenida al Día 3"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3
|
|
msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Hoy vamos a tratar algunos temas más avanzados de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library "
|
|
"traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"_Traits_: derivación de _traits_, métodos predeterminados y _traits_ "
|
|
"importantes de la _standard library_ (biblioteca estándar)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait "
|
|
"objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"_Generics_ (Genéricos): tipos de datos genéricos, métodos genéricos, "
|
|
"monomorfización y objetos de _traits_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:11
|
|
msgid "Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Gestión de errores: _panics_ (pánicos), `Result` y el operador _try_ `?`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:13
|
|
msgid "Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pruebas: pruebas unitarias, pruebas de documentación y pruebas de "
|
|
"integración."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern "
|
|
"functions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust inseguro: punteros sin formato, variables estáticas, funciones no "
|
|
"seguras y funciones externas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data structures "
|
|
"(such as sorting or a binary tree) over the types used or stored."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust admite el uso de genéricos, lo que permite abstraer los algoritmos o "
|
|
"las estructuras de datos (como el orden o un árbol binario) sobre los tipos "
|
|
"utilizados o almacenados."
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes usar genéricos para abstraer el tipo de campo concreto:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point<T> {\n"
|
|
" x: T,\n"
|
|
" y: T,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n"
|
|
" let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:21
|
|
msgid "Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Prueba a declarar una nueva variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:23
|
|
msgid "Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Corrige el código para permitir puntos que tengan elementos de distintos "
|
|
"tipos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:3
|
|
msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes declarar un tipo genérico en tu bloque `impl`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point<T>(T, T);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl<T> Point<T> {\n"
|
|
" fn x(&self) -> &T {\n"
|
|
" &self.0 // + 10\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(5, 10);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_Q:_ Why `T` is specified twice in `impl<T> Point<T> {}`? Isn't that "
|
|
"redundant?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"_P:_ ¿Por qué `T` se especifica dos veces en `impl<T> Point<T> {}`? ¿No es "
|
|
"redundante?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. "
|
|
"They are independently generic."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esto se debe a que es una sección de implementación genérica para un tipo "
|
|
"genérico. Son genéricos de forma independiente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:27
|
|
msgid "It means these methods are defined for any `T`."
|
|
msgstr "Significa que estos métodos están definidos para cualquier `T`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:28
|
|
msgid "It is possible to write `impl Point<u32> { .. }`. "
|
|
msgstr "Es posible escribir `impl Point<u32> { .. }`. "
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Point` is still generic and you can use `Point<f64>`, but methods in this "
|
|
"block will only be available for `Point<u32>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Point` sigue siendo genérico y puedes usar `Point<f64>`, pero los métodos "
|
|
"de este bloque solo estarán disponibles para `Point<u32>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3
|
|
msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El código genérico se convierte en código no genérico en función de los "
|
|
"sitios de llamada:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let integer = Some(5);\n"
|
|
" let float = Some(5.0);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12
|
|
msgid "behaves as if you wrote"
|
|
msgstr "se comporta como si se hubiera escrito"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum Option_i32 {\n"
|
|
" Some(i32),\n"
|
|
" None,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"enum Option_f64 {\n"
|
|
" Some(f64),\n"
|
|
" None,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);\n"
|
|
" let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you "
|
|
"had hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se trata de una abstracción sin coste: se obtiene exactamente el mismo "
|
|
"resultado que si se hubiesen programado de forma manual las estructuras de "
|
|
"datos sin la abstracción."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust te permite abstraer sobre tipos con _traits_. Son similares a las "
|
|
"interfaces:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"trait Pet {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Dog {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Cat;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Pet for Dog {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
|
|
" self.name.clone()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Pet for Cat {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
|
|
" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it "
|
|
"anyway.\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn greet<P: Pet>(pet: &P) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\", pet.name());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let fido = Dog { name: \"Fido\".into() };\n"
|
|
" greet(&fido);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let captain_floof = Cat;\n"
|
|
" greet(&captain_floof);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a "
|
|
"collection:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los objetos de _traits_ permiten valores de diferentes tipos, por ejemplo, "
|
|
"en una colección:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"trait Pet {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Dog {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Cat;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Pet for Dog {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
|
|
" self.name.clone()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Pet for Cat {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
|
|
" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it "
|
|
"anyway.\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let pets: Vec<Box<dyn Pet>> = vec![\n"
|
|
" Box::new(Cat),\n"
|
|
" Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" for pet in pets {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello {}!\", pet.name());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:40
|
|
msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:"
|
|
msgstr "Diseño de la memoria después de asignar `pets`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"pets : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": : : | | | +---------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | | | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : | | '---->| \"<Dog as Pet>::name\" "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : | "
|
|
"| : \n"
|
|
" : | | +-"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : | '-->|"
|
|
"\\| : \n"
|
|
" : | +-"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : "
|
|
"| : \n"
|
|
" : | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : '---->| \"<Cat as Pet>::name\" "
|
|
"| : \n"
|
|
" : +----------------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : :\n"
|
|
" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -'\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" _Stack_ _Heap_\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"pets : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": : : | | | +---------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | | | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : | | '---->| \"<Dog as Pet>::name\" "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : | "
|
|
"| : \n"
|
|
" : | | +-"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : | '-->|"
|
|
"\\| : \n"
|
|
" : | +-"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : "
|
|
"| : \n"
|
|
" : | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : '---->| \"<Cat as Pet>::name\" "
|
|
"| : \n"
|
|
" : +----------------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : :\n"
|
|
" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -'\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it "
|
|
"impossible to have things like `Vec<Pet>` in the example above."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los tipos que implementan un trait determinado pueden tener diferentes "
|
|
"tamaños. Esto hace imposible tener elementos como `Vec<Pet>` en el ejemplo "
|
|
"anterior."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:73
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that "
|
|
"implements `Pet`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`dyn Pet` es una forma de indicar al compilador un tipo de tamaño dinámico "
|
|
"que implementa `Pet`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:74
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the example, `pets` holds _fat pointers_ to objects that implement `Pet`. "
|
|
"The fat pointer consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object "
|
|
"and a pointer to the virtual method table for the `Pet` implementation of "
|
|
"that particular object."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En el ejemplo, `pets` contiene _punteros grandes_ en los objetos que "
|
|
"implementan `Pet`. El puntero grande consta de dos componentes: un puntero "
|
|
"al objeto real y un puntero a la tabla de métodos virtuales para la "
|
|
"implementación de `Pet` en ese objeto concreto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:75
|
|
msgid "Compare these outputs in the above example:"
|
|
msgstr "Compara estas salidas en el ejemplo anterior:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:76
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::"
|
|
"<Cat>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::"
|
|
"<&Cat>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Pet>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Pet>>());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust derive macros work by automatically generating code that implements the "
|
|
"specified traits for a data structure."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Las macros de derivación de Rust funcionan generando automáticamente código "
|
|
"que implementa los _traits_ especificados para una estructura de datos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5
|
|
msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits as follows:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes dejar que el compilador derive una serie de _traits_ de la siguiente "
|
|
"manera:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct Player {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" strength: u8,\n"
|
|
" hit_points: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Player::default();\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1.clone();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n"
|
|
" if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3
|
|
msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los _traits_ pueden implementar comportamientos en función de otros métodos "
|
|
"de _traits_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"trait Equals {\n"
|
|
" fn equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n"
|
|
" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" !self.equals(other)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Centimeter(i16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Equals for Centimeter {\n"
|
|
" fn equals(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" self.0 == other.0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = Centimeter(10);\n"
|
|
" let b = Centimeter(20);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equals(&b));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equals(&b));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users "
|
|
"are required to implement themselves. Methods with default implementations "
|
|
"can rely on required methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los _traits_ pueden especificar los métodos implementados previamente "
|
|
"(predeterminados) y los métodos que los usuarios deben implementar ellos "
|
|
"mismos. Los métodos con implementaciones predeterminadas pueden basarse en "
|
|
"métodos obligatorios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:35
|
|
msgid "Move method `not_equals` to a new trait `NotEquals`."
|
|
msgstr "Mueve el método `not_equals` a un nuevo trait `NotEquals`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:37
|
|
msgid "Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEquals`."
|
|
msgstr "Haz que `Equals` sea un supertrait para `NotEquals`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"trait NotEquals: Equals {\n"
|
|
" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" !self.equals(other)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"trait NotEquals: Equals {\n"
|
|
" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" !self.equals(other)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:46
|
|
msgid "Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEquals` for `Equals`."
|
|
msgstr "Proporciona una implementación general de `NotEquals` para `Equals`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"trait NotEquals {\n"
|
|
" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl<T> NotEquals for T where T: Equals {\n"
|
|
" fn not_equals(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" !self.equals(other)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super "
|
|
"trait for `NotEqual`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Con la implementación general, ya no necesitas `Equals` como supertrait para "
|
|
"`NotEqual`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement "
|
|
"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando se trabaja con genéricos, a menudo se prefiere que los tipos "
|
|
"implementen algún trait, de forma que se pueda llamar a los métodos de este "
|
|
"trait."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:6
|
|
msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes hacerlo con `T: Trait` o `impl Trait`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn duplicate<T: Clone>(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n"
|
|
" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Syntactic sugar for:\n"
|
|
"// fn add_42_millions<T: Into<i32>>(x: T) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
"fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into<i32>) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" x.into() + 42_000_000\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// struct NotClonable;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let foo = String::from(\"foo\");\n"
|
|
" let pair = duplicate(foo);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{pair:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{many}\");\n"
|
|
" let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{many_more}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35
|
|
msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Muestra una cláusula `where` para que los alumnos la encuentren al leer el "
|
|
"código."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"fn duplicate<T>(a: T) -> (T, T)\n"
|
|
"where\n"
|
|
" T: Clone,\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46
|
|
msgid "It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters."
|
|
msgstr "Despeja la firma de la función si tienes muchos parámetros."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:47
|
|
msgid "It has additional features making it more powerful."
|
|
msgstr "Tiene funciones adicionales para que sea más potente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can "
|
|
"be arbitrary, like `Option<T>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si alguien pregunta, la función adicional es que el tipo que está a la "
|
|
"izquierda de \":\" puede ser arbitrario, como `Option<T>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1
|
|
msgid "`impl Trait`"
|
|
msgstr "`impl Trait`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function "
|
|
"arguments and return values:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De forma similar a los límites de _traits_, se puede usar la sintaxis `impl "
|
|
"Trait` en argumentos de funciones y valores devueltos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::Display;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = get_x(\"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19
|
|
msgid "`impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`impl Trait` permite trabajar con tipos a los que no se les puede asignar un "
|
|
"nombre."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions."
|
|
msgstr "La naturaleza de `impl Trait` varía ligeramente según la posición."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a "
|
|
"trait bound."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En el caso de los parámetros, `impl Trait` es como un parámetro genérico "
|
|
"anónimo con un límite de trait."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that "
|
|
"implements the trait, without naming the type. This can be useful when you "
|
|
"don't want to expose the concrete type in a public API."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En el caso de un tipo de resultado devuelto, significa que este es un tipo "
|
|
"concreto que implementa el trait, sin nombrar el tipo. Esto puede ser útil "
|
|
"cuando no quieres exponer el tipo concreto en una API pública."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks "
|
|
"the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A "
|
|
"function returning a generic type like `collect<B>() -> B` can return any "
|
|
"type satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with "
|
|
"`let x: Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::"
|
|
"<Vec<_>>()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La inferencia es más complicada en la posición de retorno. Una función que "
|
|
"devuelve `impl Foo` elige el tipo concreto que devuelve, sin escribirlo en "
|
|
"el código fuente. Una función que devuelve un tipo genérico como "
|
|
"`collect<B>() -> B` puede devolver cualquier tipo que cumpla `B`, y es "
|
|
"posible que el llamador tenga que elegir uno, como con `let x: Vec<_> = foo."
|
|
"collect()` o con la sintaxis turbofish, `foo.collect::<Vec<_>>()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to "
|
|
"explain that nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` "
|
|
"type. If we used a single `T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint "
|
|
"that input `T` and return `T` type are the same type. It would not work for "
|
|
"this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not what "
|
|
"`format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd "
|
|
"need two independent generic parameters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este ejemplo es fantástico porque usa `impl Display` dos veces. Nos ayuda "
|
|
"explicar que no hay nada que obligue a que sea _el mismo_ tipo `impl "
|
|
"Display`. Si se utiliza un solo `T: Display`, se aplicaría la restricción de "
|
|
"que el tipo de entrada `T` y el tipo de retorno `T` son iguales. No "
|
|
"funcionaría para esta función en concreto, ya que el tipo que esperamos como "
|
|
"entrada probablemente no sea el que devuelve `format!`. Si quisiéramos hacer "
|
|
"lo mismo a través de la sintaxis `: Display`, necesitaríamos dos parámetros "
|
|
"genéricos independientes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard "
|
|
"library:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A continuación, veremos algunos de los _traits_ más comunes de la biblioteca "
|
|
"estándar de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and "
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) "
|
|
"used in `for` loops,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) y "
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html) "
|
|
"se usan en los bucles `for`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) and [`Into`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) used to convert "
|
|
"values,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html) y [`Into`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) se usan para "
|
|
"convertir valores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and [`Write`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) used for IO,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) y [`Write`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) se usan para E/S."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... used for operator "
|
|
"overloading, and"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Add`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Add.html), [`Mul`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Mul.html), ... se usan para sobrecargar "
|
|
"operadores, y"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) used for "
|
|
"defining destructors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop.html) se usa para "
|
|
"definir destructores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) used "
|
|
"to construct a default instance of a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) se usa "
|
|
"para construir una instancia predeterminada de un tipo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:1
|
|
msgid "Iterators"
|
|
msgstr "Iteradores"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can implement the [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait."
|
|
"Iterator.html) trait on your own types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se puede implementar el trait [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"iter/trait.Iterator.html) en tus propios tipos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Fibonacci {\n"
|
|
" curr: u32,\n"
|
|
" next: u32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n"
|
|
" type Item = u32;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {\n"
|
|
" let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n"
|
|
" self.curr = self.next;\n"
|
|
" self.next = new_next;\n"
|
|
" Some(self.curr)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n"
|
|
" for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming "
|
|
"operations over collections (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is "
|
|
"the trait where you can find all the documentation about them. In Rust these "
|
|
"functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent imperative "
|
|
"implementations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El trait `Iterator` implementa muchas operaciones comunes de programación "
|
|
"funcional en colecciones (por ejemplo, `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc.). "
|
|
"Este es el trait que te permite encontrar toda la documentación sobre ellas. "
|
|
"En Rust, estas funciones deberían generar un código tan eficiente como las "
|
|
"implementaciones imperativas equivalentes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by "
|
|
"collection types such as `Vec<T>` and references to them such as `&Vec<T>` "
|
|
"and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is why you can iterate over a "
|
|
"vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`IntoIterator` es el trait que hace que los bucles funcionen. Se implementa "
|
|
"a través de tipos de colecciones, como `Vec<T>`, y de referencias a ellas, "
|
|
"como `&Vec<T>` y `&[T]`. Los intervalos también lo implementan. Esta es la "
|
|
"razón por la que se puede iterar sobre un vector con `for i in some_vec "
|
|
"{ .. }`, pero `some_vec.next()` no existe."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) "
|
|
"lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`FromIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) "
|
|
"permite construir una colección a partir de un [`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n"
|
|
" let prime_squares = primes\n"
|
|
" .into_iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Iterator` implements `fn collect<B>(self) -> B where B: FromIterator<Self::"
|
|
"Item>, Self: Sized`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Iterator` implementa `fn collect<B>(self) -> B where B: FromIterator<Self::"
|
|
"Item>, Self: Sized`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an "
|
|
"`Iterator<Item = Result<V, E>>` into a `Result<Vec<V>, E>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"También hay implementaciones que permiten hacer cosas interesantes, como "
|
|
"convertir un `Iterator<Item = Result<V, E>>` en un `Result<Vec<V>, E>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:1
|
|
msgid "`From` and `Into`"
|
|
msgstr "`From` e `Into`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Types implement [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From."
|
|
"html) and [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) to "
|
|
"facilitate type conversions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los tipos implementan [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait."
|
|
"From.html) y [`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) "
|
|
"para facilitar las conversiones de tipos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n"
|
|
" let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n"
|
|
" let one = i16::from(true);\n"
|
|
" let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) is "
|
|
"automatically implemented when [`From`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"convert/trait.From.html) is implemented:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Into`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.Into.html) se "
|
|
"implementa automáticamente cuando se implementa [`From`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n"
|
|
" let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n"
|
|
" let one: i16 = true.into();\n"
|
|
" let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get "
|
|
"`Into` implementation too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Por eso se suele implementar solo `From`, ya que el tipo ya habrá "
|
|
"implementado también `Into`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be "
|
|
"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`. "
|
|
"Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ "
|
|
"implement `Into`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando se declara un tipo de entrada de argumento de función como "
|
|
"\"cualquier elemento que se pueda convertir en `String`\", la regla es la "
|
|
"contraria y se debe usar `Into`. La función aceptará tipos que implementen "
|
|
"`From` y aquellos que _solo_ implementen `Into`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Read` and `Write`"
|
|
msgstr "`Read` y `Write`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) and "
|
|
"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), you can "
|
|
"abstract over `u8` sources:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usando [`Read`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Read.html) y "
|
|
"[`BufRead`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.BufRead.html), se puede "
|
|
"abstraer sobre fuentes `u8`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn count_lines<R: Read>(reader: R) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n"
|
|
" buf_reader.lines().count()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similarly, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write.html) lets "
|
|
"you abstract over `u8` sinks:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De forma similar, [`Write`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/io/trait.Write."
|
|
"html) te permite abstraer sobre fuentes `u8`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{Result, Write};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn log<W: Write>(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n"
|
|
" writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n"
|
|
" log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:1
|
|
msgid "The `Drop` Trait"
|
|
msgstr "El Trait `Drop`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Values which implement [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Drop."
|
|
"html) can specify code to run when they go out of scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los valores que implementan [`Drop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait."
|
|
"Drop.html) pueden especificar el código que se ejecutará cuando salgan del "
|
|
"ámbito:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Droppable {\n"
|
|
" name: &'static str,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Drop for Droppable {\n"
|
|
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n"
|
|
" let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" drop(a);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Exiting main\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:34 src/traits/operators.md:26
|
|
msgid "Discussion points:"
|
|
msgstr "Cuestiones de debate:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:36
|
|
msgid "Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?"
|
|
msgstr "¿Por qué `Drop::drop` no acepta `self`?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of the "
|
|
"block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack overflow!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Respuesta corta: si lo hiciera, se llamaría a `std::mem::drop` al final del "
|
|
"bloque, lo que daría como resultado otra llamada a `Drop::drop` y un "
|
|
"desbordamiento de la _stack_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:40
|
|
msgid "Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`."
|
|
msgstr "Prueba a sustituir `drop(a)` por `a.drop()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:1
|
|
msgid "The `Default` Trait"
|
|
msgstr "El trait `Default`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default.html) trait "
|
|
"produces a default value for a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El trait [`Default`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/default/trait.Default."
|
|
"html) produce un valor predeterminado para un tipo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct Derived {\n"
|
|
" x: u32,\n"
|
|
" y: String,\n"
|
|
" z: Implemented,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Implemented(String);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Default for Implemented {\n"
|
|
" fn default() -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let default_struct: Derived = Default::default();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n"
|
|
" y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n"
|
|
" ..Default::default()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let nothing: Option<Derived> = None;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se puede implementar directamente o se puede derivar a través de "
|
|
"`#[derive(Default)]`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set to "
|
|
"their default values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Una implementación derivada producirá un valor en el que todos los campos "
|
|
"tendrán sus valores predeterminados."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:42
|
|
msgid "This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esto significa que todos los tipos de la estructura también deberán "
|
|
"implementar `Default`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. "
|
|
"`0`, `\"\"`, etc)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los tipos estándar de Rust suelen implementar `Default` con valores "
|
|
"razonables (por ejemplo, `0`, `\"\"`, etc.)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:44
|
|
msgid "The partial struct copy works nicely with default."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La copia parcial de la estructura funciona correctamente con los valores "
|
|
"predeterminados. ."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and "
|
|
"provides convenience methods that use it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La biblioteca estándar de Rust tiene en cuenta que los tipos pueden "
|
|
"implementar `Default` y, por ello, proporciona métodos prácticos que lo "
|
|
"utilizan."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"the `..` syntax is called [struct update syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-"
|
|
"with-struct-update-syntax)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"la sintaxis `..` se denomina [sintaxis de actualización de estructuras]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-"
|
|
"instances-from-other-instances-with-struct-update-syntax)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Add`, `Mul`, ..."
|
|
msgstr "`Add`, `Mul`, etc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Operator overloading is implemented via _traits_ in [`std::ops`](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La sobrecarga de operadores se implementa mediante _traits_ en [`std::ops`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/index.html):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n"
|
|
" type Output = Self;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? "
|
|
msgstr "¿En qué situaciones sería útil implementar `Add` para `&Point`? "
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are overloading "
|
|
"the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading the operator for "
|
|
"`&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the call site."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Respuesta: `Add:add` consume a `self`. Si el tipo `T` para el que se "
|
|
"sobrecarga el operador no es `Copy`, deberías plantearte también sobrecargar "
|
|
"el operador para `&T`. Así se evita la clonación innecesaria en el sitio de "
|
|
"la llamada."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of the "
|
|
"method?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"¿Por qué `Output` es un tipo asociado? ¿Se podría convertir en un parámetro "
|
|
"tipo del método?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, but "
|
|
"associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a "
|
|
"trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Respuesta corta: el llamador controla los parámetros tipo de la función, "
|
|
"pero los tipos asociados (como `Output`) los controla el implementador de un "
|
|
"trait ."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g. `impl Add<(i32, "
|
|
"i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se podría implementar `Add` para dos tipos distintos; por ejemplo, `impl "
|
|
"Add<(i32, i32)> for Point` añadiría una tupla a un `Point`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:1
|
|
msgid "Closures"
|
|
msgstr "Cierres"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, "
|
|
"they implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn."
|
|
"html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and "
|
|
"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los cierres o expresiones lambda tienen tipos que no pueden nombrarse. Sin "
|
|
"embargo, implementan _traits_ especiales [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"std/ops/trait.Fn.html), [`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait."
|
|
"FnMut.html) y [`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce."
|
|
"html):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n"
|
|
" func(input)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 20));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" let mut accumulate = |x: i32| {\n"
|
|
" v.push(x);\n"
|
|
" v.iter().sum::<i32>()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 4));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 5));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let multiply_sum = |x| x * v.into_iter().sum::<i32>();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"multiply_sum: {}\", apply_with_log(multiply_sum, 3));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or "
|
|
"perhaps captures nothing at all. It can be called multiple times "
|
|
"concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un `Fn` (por ejemplo, `add_3`) no consume ni modifica los valores "
|
|
"capturados, o quizá no captura nada en absoluto. Se puede llamar varias "
|
|
"veces al mismo tiempo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it "
|
|
"multiple times, but not concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un `FnMut` (por ejemplo, `accumulate`) puede modificar los valores "
|
|
"capturados. Se puede llamar varias veces, pero no de forma simultánea."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It "
|
|
"might consume captured values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si tienes un `FnOnce` (por ejemplo, `multiply_sum`), solo puedes llamarlo "
|
|
"una vez. Puede consumir valores capturados."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. "
|
|
"I.e. you can use an `FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can "
|
|
"use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or `FnOnce` is called for."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`FnMut` es un subtipo de `FnOnce`, mientras que `Fn` es un subtipo de "
|
|
"`FnMut` y `FnOnce`. Es decir, puedes utilizar un `FnMut` siempre que se "
|
|
"llame a un `FnOnce`, y puedes usar un `Fn` siempre que se llame a un `FnMut` "
|
|
"o a un `FnOnce`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. "
|
|
"`multiply_sum`), depending on what the closure captures."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El compilador también infiere `Copy` (por ejemplo, `add_3`) y `Clone` (por "
|
|
"ejemplo, `multiply_sum`), dependiendo de lo que capture el cierre."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` "
|
|
"keyword makes them capture by value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De forma predeterminada, los cierres capturan, si pueden, por referencia. La "
|
|
"palabra clave `move` hace que capturen por valor."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn make_greeter(prefix: String) -> impl Fn(&str) {\n"
|
|
" return move |name| println!(\"{} {}\", prefix, name)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let hi = make_greeter(\"Hi\".to_string());\n"
|
|
" hi(\"there\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 3: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Día 3: Ejercicios de la Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will design a classical GUI library traits and trait objects."
|
|
msgstr "Diseñaremos una biblioteca GUI clásica de _traits_ y objetos _trait_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will also look at enum dispatch with an exercise involving points and "
|
|
"polygons."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"También veremos la asignación de enumeraciones con un ejercicio que "
|
|
"involucra puntos y polígonos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and "
|
|
"trait objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vamos a diseñar una biblioteca GUI clásica con nuestro recién adquirido "
|
|
"conocimiento sobre _traits_ y objetos trait."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6
|
|
msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:"
|
|
msgstr "Tendremos varios widgets en nuestra biblioteca:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8
|
|
msgid "`Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets."
|
|
msgstr "`Window`: tiene un `title` y contiene otros widgets."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the "
|
|
"button is pressed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Button`: tiene una `label` y una función de retrollamada que se invoca "
|
|
"cuando se pulsa el botón."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:11
|
|
msgid "`Label`: has a `label`."
|
|
msgstr "`Label`: tiene una `label`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13
|
|
msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below."
|
|
msgstr "Los widgets implementarán un trait `Widget`, como se indica más abajo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/>, fill in the missing "
|
|
"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copia el siguiente fragmento de código en la página <https://play.rust-lang."
|
|
"org/> y rellena los métodos `draw_into` que faltan para implementar el trait "
|
|
"`Widget`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub trait Widget {\n"
|
|
" /// Natural width of `self`.\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n"
|
|
" fn draw(&self) {\n"
|
|
" let mut buffer = String::new();\n"
|
|
" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Label {\n"
|
|
" label: String,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Label {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n"
|
|
" Label {\n"
|
|
" label: label.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label,\n"
|
|
" callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Button {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>) -> Button {\n"
|
|
" Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label::new(label),\n"
|
|
" callback,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Window {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec<Box<dyn Widget>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Window {\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n"
|
|
" Window {\n"
|
|
" title: title.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec::new(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn Widget>) {\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.push(widget);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" std::cmp::max(\n"
|
|
" self.title.chars().count(),\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Label {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Button {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Window {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo."
|
|
"\")));\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n"
|
|
" \"Click me!\",\n"
|
|
" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n"
|
|
" )));\n"
|
|
" window.draw();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130
|
|
msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:"
|
|
msgstr "La salida del programa anterior puede ser algo sencillo como esto:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:132
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"========\n"
|
|
"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n"
|
|
"========\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"This is a small text GUI demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"| Click me! |\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:142
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the [fill/alignment](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment) formatting operators. In "
|
|
"particular, notice how you can pad with different characters (here a `'/'`) "
|
|
"and how you can control alignment:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si quieres trazar texto alineado, puedes usar los operadores de formato "
|
|
"[relleno/alineación](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index."
|
|
"html#fillalignment). En concreto, observa cómo puedes rellenar con distintos "
|
|
"caracteres (en este caso, `'/'`) y cómo puedes controlar la alineación:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:147
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let width = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left aligned: |{:/<width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"centered: |{:/^width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"right aligned: |{:/>width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:156
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Con estos trucos de alineación puedes, por ejemplo, obtener resultados como "
|
|
"el siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:158
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"+--------------------------------+\n"
|
|
"| Rust GUI Demo 1.23 |\n"
|
|
"+================================+\n"
|
|
"| This is a small text GUI demo. |\n"
|
|
"| +-----------+ |\n"
|
|
"| | Click me! | |\n"
|
|
"| +-----------+ |\n"
|
|
"+--------------------------------+\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:1
|
|
msgid "Polygon Struct"
|
|
msgstr "Estructura de polígono"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code "
|
|
"below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing methods to "
|
|
"make the tests pass:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Crearemos una estructura `Polygon` que contenga algunos puntos. Copia el "
|
|
"siguiente fragmento de código en la página <https://play.rust-lang.org/> y "
|
|
"rellena los métodos que faltan para pasar las pruebas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Point {\n"
|
|
" // add fields\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Point {\n"
|
|
" // add methods\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // add fields\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // add methods\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Circle {\n"
|
|
" // add fields\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Circle {\n"
|
|
" // add methods\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub enum Shape {\n"
|
|
" Polygon(Polygon),\n"
|
|
" Circle(Circle),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_dist() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_add() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n"
|
|
" let shapes = vec![\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(poly),\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let perimeters = shapes\n"
|
|
" .iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n"
|
|
" .map(round_two_digits)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[allow(dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:117
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key "
|
|
"part of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify "
|
|
"the tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dado que faltan las firmas de los métodos en las instrucciones del problema, "
|
|
"la parte clave del ejercicio consiste en especificarlas correctamente. No "
|
|
"tienes que modificar las pruebas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:120
|
|
msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:"
|
|
msgstr "Otras partes interesantes del ejercicio:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:122
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes "
|
|
"don't borrow their arguments."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Deriva un trait `Copy` en algunas estructuras, ya que, en las pruebas, los "
|
|
"métodos a veces no toman prestados sus argumentos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/points-polygons.md:123
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable "
|
|
"via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Descubrir que hay que implementar el trait `Add` para que se puedan añadir "
|
|
"dos objetos mediante \"+\". Ten en cuenta que no hablaremos de los genéricos "
|
|
"hasta el día 3."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:3
|
|
msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:5
|
|
msgid "Functions that can have errors list this in their return type,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:6
|
|
msgid "There are no exceptions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,should_panic\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12
|
|
msgid "Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:13
|
|
msgid "Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1
|
|
msgid "Catching the Stack Unwinding"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be "
|
|
"caught:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::panic;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"hello!\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" assert!(result.is_ok());\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n"
|
|
" panic!(\"oh no!\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" assert!(result.is_err());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single "
|
|
"request crashes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:23
|
|
msgid "This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:1
|
|
msgid "Structured Error Handling with `Result`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors "
|
|
"are expected as part of normal operation:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::fs;\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let file = fs::File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n"
|
|
" match file {\n"
|
|
" Ok(mut file) => {\n"
|
|
" let mut contents = String::new();\n"
|
|
" file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the "
|
|
"developer to explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the "
|
|
"case where an error should never happen, `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be "
|
|
"called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it "
|
|
"is worth mentioning. It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions "
|
|
"that help functional-style programming. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1
|
|
msgid "Propagating Errors with `?`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you "
|
|
"turn the common"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"match some_expression {\n"
|
|
" Ok(value) => value,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13
|
|
msgid "into the much simpler"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"some_expression?\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19
|
|
msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, io::Error> {\n"
|
|
" let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n"
|
|
" let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n"
|
|
" Ok(file) => file,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::new();\n"
|
|
" match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => Err(err),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52
|
|
msgid "The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:51
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty "
|
|
"file, file with username."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The return type of the function has to be compatible with the nested "
|
|
"functions it calls. For instance, a function returning a `Result<T, Err>` "
|
|
"can only apply the `?` operator on a function returning a `Result<AnyT, "
|
|
"Err>`. It cannot apply the `?` operator on a function returning an "
|
|
"`Option<AnyT>` or `Result<T, OtherErr>` unless `OtherErr` implements "
|
|
"`From<Err>`. Reciprocally, a function returning an `Option<T>` can only "
|
|
"apply the `?` operator on a function returning an `Option<AnyT>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can convert incompatible types into one another with the different "
|
|
"`Option` and `Result` methods such as `Option::ok_or`, `Result::ok`, "
|
|
"`Result::err`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously "
|
|
"indicated:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"expression?\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9
|
|
msgid "works the same as"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"match expression {\n"
|
|
" Ok(value) => value,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the "
|
|
"type returned by the function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n"
|
|
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{self, Read};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" IoError(io::Error),\n"
|
|
" EmptyUsername(String),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n"
|
|
" match self {\n"
|
|
" Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n"
|
|
" Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username "
|
|
"in {filename}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl From<io::Error> for ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, ReadUsernameError> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
|
|
" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is good practice for all error types that don't need to be `no_std` to "
|
|
"implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` and `Display`. The "
|
|
"`Error` crate for `core` is only available in [nightly](https://github.com/"
|
|
"rust-lang/rust/issues/103765), so not fully `no_std` compatible yet."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where "
|
|
"possible, to make life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In "
|
|
"this case we can't easily do so, because `io::Error` doesn't implement them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create "
|
|
"an error enum like we did on the previous page:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n"
|
|
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" EmptyUsername(String),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, ReadUsernameError> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::new();\n"
|
|
" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
|
|
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and "
|
|
"optionally `Display` (if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and "
|
|
"`From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is added). It also works for structs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43
|
|
msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing "
|
|
"our own enum covering all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` "
|
|
"makes this easy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::fs;\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
"#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
|
|
"struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::new();\n"
|
|
" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
|
|
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different "
|
|
"error cases differently in the program. As such it's generally not a good "
|
|
"idea to use `Box<dyn Error>` in the public API of a library, but it can be a "
|
|
"good option in a program where you just want to display the error message "
|
|
"somewhere."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add "
|
|
"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer custom "
|
|
"error types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
|
|
" fs::File::open(path)\n"
|
|
" .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n"
|
|
" .read_to_string(&mut username)\n"
|
|
" .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
|
|
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35
|
|
msgid "`anyhow::Result<V>` is a type alias for `Result<V, anyhow::Error>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box<dyn Error>`. As such "
|
|
"it's again generally not a good choice for the public API of a library, but "
|
|
"is widely used in applications."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result<T>` may be familiar to Go "
|
|
"developers, as it provides similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, "
|
|
"error)` from Go."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:5
|
|
msgid "Unit tests are supported throughout your code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:7
|
|
msgid "Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3
|
|
msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,ignore\n"
|
|
"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" match text.find(' ') {\n"
|
|
" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n"
|
|
" None => &text,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_word() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_multiple_words() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29
|
|
msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the [Playground]"
|
|
"(https://play.rust-lang.org/)):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_helper() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26
|
|
msgid "This lets you unit test private helpers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:27
|
|
msgid "The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// ```\n"
|
|
"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n"
|
|
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n"
|
|
"/// ```\n"
|
|
"pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18
|
|
msgid "Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:19
|
|
msgid "The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
|
|
"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3
|
|
msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"use my_library::init;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_init() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(init().is_ok());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16
|
|
msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1
|
|
msgid "Useful crates for writing tests"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests."
|
|
msgstr "\\*Rust es moderno con soporte completo para cosas como Unicode."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:5
|
|
msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion "
|
|
"library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:8
|
|
msgid "[proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised "
|
|
"tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:3
|
|
msgid "The Rust language has two parts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:5
|
|
msgid "**Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"**Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are "
|
|
"violated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to "
|
|
"know what Unsafe Rust is."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be "
|
|
"carefully documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:14
|
|
msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:16
|
|
msgid "Dereference raw pointers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:17
|
|
msgid "Access or modify mutable static variables."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:18
|
|
msgid "Access `union` fields."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:19
|
|
msgid "Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:20
|
|
msgid "Implement `unsafe` traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see "
|
|
"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-"
|
|
"unsafe-rust.html) and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers "
|
|
"have turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code "
|
|
"by themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety "
|
|
"rules."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3
|
|
msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut num = 5;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n"
|
|
" let r2 = r1 as *const i32;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n"
|
|
" // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects "
|
|
"underlying\n"
|
|
" // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n"
|
|
" // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n"
|
|
" // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n"
|
|
" *r1 = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write "
|
|
"a comment for each `unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it "
|
|
"satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe operations it is doing."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be "
|
|
"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34
|
|
msgid "The pointer must be non-null."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single "
|
|
"allocated object)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:36
|
|
msgid "The object must not have been deallocated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:37
|
|
msgid "There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object "
|
|
"must be live and no reference may be used to access the memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41
|
|
msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3
|
|
msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable "
|
|
"static variables:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n"
|
|
" unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" add_to_counter(42);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases "
|
|
"where it might make sense in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a "
|
|
"heap allocator or working with some C APIs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3
|
|
msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
"union MyUnion {\n"
|
|
" i: u8,\n"
|
|
" b: bool,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n"
|
|
" println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They "
|
|
"are occasionally needed for interacting with C library APIs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want "
|
|
"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn."
|
|
"transmute.html) or a safe wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/"
|
|
"crates/zerocopy) crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions "
|
|
"you must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds "
|
|
"of\n"
|
|
" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis."
|
|
"get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis."
|
|
"get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular "
|
|
"conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// # Safety\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n"
|
|
"unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n"
|
|
" let temp = *a;\n"
|
|
" *a = *b;\n"
|
|
" *b = temp;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a = 42;\n"
|
|
" let mut b = 66;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because ...\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely "
|
|
"with references."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an "
|
|
"`unsafe` block. We can prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. "
|
|
"Try adding it and see what happens."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "Calling External Code"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling "
|
|
"them is thus unsafe:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with "
|
|
"pointers which might violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C "
|
|
"function might have undefined behaviour under any arbitrary circumstances."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI; [other ABIs are available too]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation "
|
|
"must guarantee particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks [something "
|
|
"like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::size_of_val;\n"
|
|
"use std::slice;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// ...\n"
|
|
"/// # Safety\n"
|
|
"/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n"
|
|
"pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n"
|
|
" fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, "
|
|
"size_of_val(self))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n"
|
|
"unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining "
|
|
"the requirements for the trait to be safely implemented."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more "
|
|
"complicated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35
|
|
msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 3: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead of the "
|
|
"Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own machine."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To get started, follow the [running locally](../../cargo/running-locally.md) "
|
|
"instructions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution](solutions-"
|
|
"afternoon.md) provided."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function "
|
|
"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc` "
|
|
"functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7
|
|
msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9
|
|
msgid "[`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:10
|
|
msgid "[`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:11
|
|
msgid "[`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/"
|
|
"ffi/) module. There you find a number of string types which you need for the "
|
|
"exercise:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16
|
|
msgid "Encoding"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16
|
|
msgid "Use"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`str`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.str.html) and [`String`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/struct.String.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator."
|
|
"html#method.collect) se basa en `FromIterator` que lo implementa el "
|
|
"[`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18
|
|
msgid "UTF-8"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Text processing in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Mover Strings en Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`CStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CStr.html) and [`CString`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.CString.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator."
|
|
"html#method.collect) se basa en `FromIterator` que lo implementa el "
|
|
"[`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19
|
|
msgid "NUL-terminated"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:19
|
|
msgid "Communicating with C functions"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`OsStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsStr.html) and "
|
|
"[`OsString`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ffi/struct.OsString.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator."
|
|
"html#method.collect) se basa en `FromIterator` que lo implementa el "
|
|
"[`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20
|
|
msgid "OS-specific"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:20
|
|
msgid "Communicating with the OS"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22
|
|
msgid "You will convert between all these types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` "
|
|
"character,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:25
|
|
msgid "`CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` "
|
|
"character,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some "
|
|
"unknow data\","
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use [`OsStrExt`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html) to create it,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to "
|
|
"return it and call `readdir` again."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Nomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html) also has a very "
|
|
"useful chapter about FFI."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing "
|
|
"functions and methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod ffi {\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct DIR {\n"
|
|
" _data: [u8; 0],\n"
|
|
" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::"
|
|
"PhantomPinned)>,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n"
|
|
" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n"
|
|
" pub d_off: c_long,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: c_uchar,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_fileno: u64,\n"
|
|
" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: u16,\n"
|
|
" pub d_namlen: u16,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: u8,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n"
|
|
" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section "
|
|
"on\n"
|
|
" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" "
|
|
"refers\n"
|
|
" // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and "
|
|
"PowerPC.\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n"
|
|
" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n"
|
|
"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" path: CString,\n"
|
|
" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn new(path: &str) -> Result<DirectoryIterator, String> {\n"
|
|
" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
|
|
" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item = OsString;\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<OsString> {\n"
|
|
" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" // Call closedir as needed.\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::<Vec<_>>());\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Rust in Android"
|
|
msgstr "Te Damos la Bienvenida a Rust en Android"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means "
|
|
"that you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as "
|
|
"extending existing services."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust es compatible con el desarrollo de plataformas nativas en Android. Esto "
|
|
"significa que puedes escribir nuevos servicios del sistema operativo en "
|
|
"Rust, así como ampliar los que ya existen."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to "
|
|
"find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code "
|
|
"to Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something "
|
|
"that parses some raw bytes would be ideal."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Hoy intentaremos llamar a Rust desde un proyecto personal. Intenta encontrar "
|
|
"una pequeña esquina de tu código base donde podamos mover algunas líneas de "
|
|
"código a Rust. Cuantas menos dependencias y tipos \"exóticos\" tenga, mejor. "
|
|
"Lo ideal sería algo que analizara bytes sin procesar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you "
|
|
"have access to one or create a new one with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Utilizaremos un dispositivo Android virtual para probar el código. Asegúrate "
|
|
"de que tienes acceso a uno o créalo con:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"source build/envsetup.sh\n"
|
|
"lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n"
|
|
"acloud create\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please see the [Android Developer Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/"
|
|
"setup/start) for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Consulta el [Codelab para desarrolladores de Android](https://source.android."
|
|
"com/docs/setup/start) para obtener más información."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:3
|
|
msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El sistema de compilación de Android (Soong) es compatible con Rust a través "
|
|
"de una serie de módulos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:5
|
|
msgid "Module Type"
|
|
msgstr "Tipo de módulo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:5
|
|
msgid "Description"
|
|
msgstr "Descripción"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:7
|
|
msgid "`rust_binary`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_binary`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:7
|
|
msgid "Produces a Rust binary."
|
|
msgstr "Produce un binario de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:8
|
|
msgid "`rust_library`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_library`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:8
|
|
msgid "Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` variants."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Produce una biblioteca de Rust y proporciona las variantes `rlib` y `dylib`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:9
|
|
msgid "`rust_ffi`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_ffi`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static "
|
|
"and shared variants."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Produce una biblioteca de Rust C que pueden usar los módulos `cc` y "
|
|
"proporciona variantes estáticas y compartidas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:10
|
|
msgid "`rust_proc_macro`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_proc_macro`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler "
|
|
"plugins."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Produce una biblioteca de Rust `proc-macro`. Son similares a complementos "
|
|
"del compilador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:11
|
|
msgid "`rust_test`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_test`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:11
|
|
msgid "Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test harness."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Produce un binario de prueba de Rust que utiliza el agente de prueba "
|
|
"estándar de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:12
|
|
msgid "`rust_fuzz`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_fuzz`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:12
|
|
msgid "Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging `libfuzzer`."
|
|
msgstr "Produce un binario de fuzz de Rust que aprovecha `libfuzzer`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:13
|
|
msgid "`rust_protobuf`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_protobuf`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for "
|
|
"a particular protobuf."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Genera código fuente y produce una biblioteca Rust que proporciona una "
|
|
"interfaz para un protobuf en particular."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:14
|
|
msgid "`rust_bindgen`"
|
|
msgstr "`rust_bindgen`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C "
|
|
"libraries."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Genera código fuente y produce una biblioteca de Rust que contiene enlaces "
|
|
"de Rust a bibliotecas de C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:16
|
|
msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next."
|
|
msgstr "A continuación, hablaremos de `rust_binary` y `rust_library`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1
|
|
msgid "Rust Binaries"
|
|
msgstr "Binarios de Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, "
|
|
"create the following files:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Empecemos con una sencilla aplicación. Desde la raíz de un AOSP revisado, "
|
|
"crea los siguientes archivos:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"//! Rust demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello from Rust!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27
|
|
msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:"
|
|
msgstr "Ahora puedes compilar, insertar y ejecutar el binario:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m hello_rust\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"Hello from Rust!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1
|
|
msgid "Rust Libraries"
|
|
msgstr "Bibliotecas de Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3
|
|
msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android."
|
|
msgstr "Crea una biblioteca de Rust para Android con `rust_library`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5
|
|
msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:"
|
|
msgstr "Aquí declaramos una dependencia en dos bibliotecas:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7
|
|
msgid "`libgreeting`, which we define below,"
|
|
msgstr "`libgreeting`, que definimos más abajo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in [`external/rust/crates/`]"
|
|
"(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/"
|
|
"crates/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`libtextwrap`, que es un crate ya incluido en [`external/rust/crates/`]"
|
|
"(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:external/rust/"
|
|
"crates/)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libgreetings\",\n"
|
|
" \"libtextwrap\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"rust_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libgreetings\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"greetings\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libgreetings\",\n"
|
|
" \"libtextwrap\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"rust_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libgreetings\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"greetings\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Rust demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use greetings::greeting;\n"
|
|
"use textwrap::fill;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Rust demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use greetings::greeting;\n"
|
|
"use textwrap::fill;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Imprime un saludo en una salida estándar.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Greeting library.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Greet `name`.\n"
|
|
"pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Greeting library.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Saludar a `name`.\n"
|
|
"pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59
|
|
msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:"
|
|
msgstr "Puedes compilar, insertar y ejecutar el binario como antes:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:67
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"Hello Bob, it is very\n"
|
|
"nice to meet you!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"Hello Bob, it is very\n"
|
|
"nice to meet you!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Android Interface Definition Language (AIDL)](https://developer.android."
|
|
"com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El [lenguaje de definición de la interfaz de Android (AIDL)](https://"
|
|
"developer.android.com/guide/components/aidl) es compatible con Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:6
|
|
msgid "Rust code can call existing AIDL servers,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El código de Rust puede llamar a servidores AIDL que ya se hayan creado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:7
|
|
msgid "You can create new AIDL servers in Rust."
|
|
msgstr "Puedes crear servidores de AIDL en Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1
|
|
msgid "AIDL Interfaces"
|
|
msgstr "Interfaces de AIDL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3
|
|
msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:"
|
|
msgstr "La API de tu servicio se declara mediante una interfaz de AIDL:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"_birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/** Birthday service interface. */\n"
|
|
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
|
|
" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n"
|
|
" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/** Birthday service interface. */\n"
|
|
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
|
|
" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n"
|
|
" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"aidl_interface {\n"
|
|
" name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n"
|
|
" unstable: true,\n"
|
|
" backend: {\n"
|
|
" rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n"
|
|
" enabled: true,\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"aidl_interface {\n"
|
|
" name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n"
|
|
" unstable: true,\n"
|
|
" backend: {\n"
|
|
" rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n"
|
|
" enabled: true,\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the "
|
|
"vendor partition."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Añade `vendor_available: true` si un binario de la partición del proveedor "
|
|
"utiliza tu archivo de AIDL."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1
|
|
msgid "Service Implementation"
|
|
msgstr "Implementación del servicio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3
|
|
msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:"
|
|
msgstr "Ahora podemos implementar el servicio de AIDL:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_birthday_service/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::"
|
|
"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n"
|
|
"pub struct BirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService {\n"
|
|
" fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::"
|
|
"Result<String> {\n"
|
|
" Ok(format!(\n"
|
|
" \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!"
|
|
"\"\n"
|
|
" ))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:37
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_birthday_service/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:1
|
|
msgid "AIDL Server"
|
|
msgstr "Servidor de AIDL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:3
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:"
|
|
msgstr "Por último, podemos crear un servidor que exponga el servicio:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:5
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_birthday_service/src/server.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Birthday service.\n"
|
|
"use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::"
|
|
"IBirthdayService::BnBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Entry point for birthday service.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let birthday_service = BirthdayService;\n"
|
|
" let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::new_binder(\n"
|
|
" birthday_service,\n"
|
|
" binder::BinderFeatures::default(),\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" binder::add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder."
|
|
"as_binder())\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to register service\");\n"
|
|
" binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3
|
|
msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:"
|
|
msgstr "Ahora podemos crear, insertar e iniciar el servicio:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m birthday_server\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11
|
|
msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:"
|
|
msgstr "Comprueba que el servicio funciona en otra terminal:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"adb shell service check birthdayservice\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"Service birthdayservice: found\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:21
|
|
msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:"
|
|
msgstr "También puedes llamar al servicio con `service call`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"Result: Parcel(\n"
|
|
" 0x00000000: 00000000 00000036 00610048 00700070 '....6...H.a.p.p.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000010: 00200079 00690042 00740072 00640068 'y. .B.i.r.t.h.d.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000020: 00790061 00420020 0062006f 0020002c 'a.y. .B.o.b.,. .'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000030: 006f0063 0067006e 00610072 00750074 'c.o.n.g.r.a.t.u.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000040: 0061006c 00690074 006e006f 00200073 'l.a.t.i.o.n.s. .'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000050: 00690077 00680074 00740020 00650068 'w.i.t.h. .t.h.e.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000060: 00320020 00200034 00650079 00720061 ' .2.4. .y.e.a.r.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000070: 00210073 00000000 's.!..... ')\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:1
|
|
msgid "AIDL Client"
|
|
msgstr "Cliente de AIDL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:3
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Por último, podemos crear un cliente de Rust para nuestro nuevo servicio."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:5
|
|
msgid "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_birthday_service/src/client.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Birthday service.\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::"
|
|
"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n"
|
|
"pub fn connect() -> Result<binder::Strong<dyn IBirthdayService>, binder::"
|
|
"StatusCode> {\n"
|
|
" binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Call the birthday service.\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<(), binder::Status> {\n"
|
|
" let name = std::env::args()\n"
|
|
" .nth(1)\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from(\"Bob\"));\n"
|
|
" let years = std::env::args()\n"
|
|
" .nth(2)\n"
|
|
" .and_then(|arg| arg.parse::<i32>().ok())\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or(42);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n"
|
|
" let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to "
|
|
"BirthdayService\");\n"
|
|
" let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{msg}\");\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:52
|
|
msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`."
|
|
msgstr "Ten en cuenta que el cliente no depende de `libbirthdayservice`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:54
|
|
msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:"
|
|
msgstr "Compila, inserta y ejecuta el cliente en tu dispositivo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m birthday_client\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"Happy Birthday Charlie, congratulations with the 60 years!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients "
|
|
"specify a list of lines for the birthday card:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ampliemos la API con más funciones. Queremos que los clientes puedan indicar "
|
|
"una lista de líneas para la tarjeta de cumpleaños:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/** Birthday service interface. */\n"
|
|
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
|
|
" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n"
|
|
" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) "
|
|
"or `stdout` (on-host):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Utiliza el crate `log` para que se registre automáticamente en `logcat` (en "
|
|
"el dispositivo) o `stdout` (en el host):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:6
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"liblog_rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"liblogger\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
" host_supported: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:22
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Rust logging demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use log::{debug, error, info};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Logs a greeting.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" logger::init(\n"
|
|
" logger::Config::default()\n"
|
|
" .with_tag_on_device(\"rust\")\n"
|
|
" .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" debug!(\"Starting program.\");\n"
|
|
" info!(\"Things are going fine.\");\n"
|
|
" error!(\"Something went wrong!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73
|
|
msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:"
|
|
msgstr "Compila, inserta y ejecuta el binario en tu dispositivo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:50
|
|
msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:"
|
|
msgstr "Los registros se muestran en `adb logcat`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"adb logcat -s rust\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 D rust: hello_rust_logs: Starting program.\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 I rust: hello_rust_logs: Things are going "
|
|
"fine.\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 E rust: hello_rust_logs: Something went "
|
|
"wrong!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This "
|
|
"means that you can:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust admite sin problemas la interoperabilidad con otros lenguajes. Esto "
|
|
"significa que puedes hacer lo siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:6
|
|
msgid "Call Rust functions from other languages."
|
|
msgstr "Llamar a funciones de Rust desde otros lenguajes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:7
|
|
msgid "Call functions written in other languages from Rust."
|
|
msgstr "Llamar a funciones escritas en otros lenguajes desde Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a "
|
|
"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cuando llamas a funciones en otro lenguaje, se dice que estás usando una "
|
|
"_interfaz de función externa_, también denominada FFI."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1
|
|
msgid "Interoperability with C"
|
|
msgstr "Interoperabilidad con C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention. "
|
|
"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust admite vincular archivos de objetos con una convención de llamada de C. "
|
|
"Del mismo modo, puedes exportar funciones de Rust y llamarlas desde C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6
|
|
msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:"
|
|
msgstr "Si quieres, puedes hacerlo de forma manual:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = -42;\n"
|
|
" let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{x}, {abs_x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper exercise](../../exercises/day-3/"
|
|
"safe-ffi-wrapper.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ya lo hemos visto en el ejercicio [Envoltorio de FFI seguro](../../exercises/"
|
|
"day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for "
|
|
"production."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esto supone un conocimiento completo de la plataforma objetivo. No se "
|
|
"recomienda para producción."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26
|
|
msgid "We will look at better options next."
|
|
msgstr "A continuación, estudiaremos otras opciones mejores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1
|
|
msgid "Using Bindgen"
|
|
msgstr "Uso de Bindgen"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) "
|
|
"tool can auto-generate bindings from a C header file."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La herramienta [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/"
|
|
"introduction.html) puede generar automáticamente enlaces desde un archivo de "
|
|
"encabezado de C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6
|
|
msgid "First create a small C library:"
|
|
msgstr "En primer lugar, crea una biblioteca de C pequeña:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"typedef struct card {\n"
|
|
" const char* name;\n"
|
|
" int years;\n"
|
|
"} card;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"void print_card(const card* card);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include <stdio.h>\n"
|
|
"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"void print_card(const card* card) {\n"
|
|
" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n"
|
|
" printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name);\n"
|
|
" printf(\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\", card->years);\n"
|
|
" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33
|
|
msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:"
|
|
msgstr "Añade lo siguiente a tu archivo `Android.bp`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"cc_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this "
|
|
"example):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Crea un archivo de encabezado de envoltorio para la biblioteca (no es "
|
|
"estrictamente necesario en este ejemplo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53
|
|
msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:"
|
|
msgstr "Ahora puedes generar automáticamente los enlaces:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_bindgen {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n"
|
|
" wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n"
|
|
" source_stem: \"bindings\",\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:"
|
|
msgstr "Por último, podemos utilizar los enlaces de nuestro programa de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! Bindgen demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let card = card {\n"
|
|
" name: name.as_ptr(),\n"
|
|
" years: 42,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" print_card(&card as *const card);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Por último, podemos ejecutar pruebas generadas automáticamente para "
|
|
"comprobar que los enlaces funcionan:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_test {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
|
|
" test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n"
|
|
" auto_gen_config: true,\n"
|
|
" clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n"
|
|
" lints: \"none\",\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:122
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "Calling Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Llamar a Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:"
|
|
msgstr "Es fácil exportar las funciones y los tipos de Rust a C:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"//! Rust FFI demo.\n"
|
|
"#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use std::os::raw::c_int;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Analyze the numbers.\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"pub extern \"C\" fn analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) {\n"
|
|
" if x < y {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x ({x}) is smallest!\");\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n"
|
|
"#define ANALYSE_H\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
"void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#endif\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" include_dirs: [\".\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48
|
|
msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:"
|
|
msgstr "Ahora podemos llamarlo desde un binario de C:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include \"analyze.h\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"int main() {\n"
|
|
" analyze_numbers(10, 20);\n"
|
|
" analyze_numbers(123, 123);\n"
|
|
" return 0;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"cc_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol "
|
|
"will just be the name of the function. You can also use `#[export_name = "
|
|
"\"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"\"#\\[no_mangle\\]\" inhabilita la modificación de nombres habitual de Rust, "
|
|
"por lo que el símbolo exportado será el nombre de la función. También puedes "
|
|
"utilizar `#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` para especificar el nombre que "
|
|
"quieras."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [CXX crate](https://cxx.rs/) makes it possible to do safe "
|
|
"interoperability between Rust and C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El [crate CXX](https://cxx.rs/) permite una interoperabilidad segura entre "
|
|
"Rust y C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6
|
|
msgid "The overall approach looks like this:"
|
|
msgstr "El enfoque general es el siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [CXX tutorial](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) for an full example of "
|
|
"using this."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Consulta el [tutorial de CXX](https://cxx.rs/tutorial.html) para ver un "
|
|
"ejemplo completo de su uso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"At this point, the instructor should switch to the [CXX tutorial](https://"
|
|
"cxx.rs/tutorial.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En este punto, el instructor debería cambiar al [tutorial de CXX](https://"
|
|
"cxx.rs/tutorial.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:16
|
|
msgid "Walk the students through the tutorial step by step."
|
|
msgstr "Guía a los estudiantes a través del tutorial paso a paso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Highlight how CXX presents a clean interface without unsafe code in _both "
|
|
"languages_."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Destaca cómo CXX presenta una interfaz limpia sin código inseguro en _ambos "
|
|
"lenguajes_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Show the correspondence between [Rust and C++ types](https://cxx.rs/bindings."
|
|
"html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Muestra la correspondencia entre [los tipos de Rust y C++](https://cxx.rs/"
|
|
"bindings.html):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Explain how a Rust `String` cannot map to a C++ `std::string` (the latter "
|
|
"does not uphold the UTF-8 invariant). Show that despite being different "
|
|
"types, `rust::String` in C++ can be easily constructed from a C++ `std::"
|
|
"string`, making it very ergonomic to use."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Explica que una `String` de Rust no puede asignarse a una `std::string` de C+"
|
|
"+ (esta última no mantiene la invariante UTF-8). Muestra que, a pesar de ser "
|
|
"tipos diferentes, `rust::String` en C++ se puede construir fácilmente a "
|
|
"partir de una `std::string` de C++, lo que la hace muy ergonómica de usar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Explain that a Rust function returning `Result<T, E>` becomes a function "
|
|
"which throws a `E` exception in C++ (and vice versa)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Explica que una función de Rust que devuelve `Result<T, E>` se convierte en "
|
|
"una función que lanza una excepción `E` en C++ (y viceversa)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1
|
|
msgid "Interoperability with Java"
|
|
msgstr "Interoperabilidad con Java"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface (JNI)](https://en."
|
|
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni` crate](https://docs.rs/"
|
|
"jni/) allows you to create a compatible library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Java puede cargar objetos compartidos a través de la [interfaz nativa de "
|
|
"Java (JNI)](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). [El crate "
|
|
"`jni`](https://docs.rs/jni/) permite crear una biblioteca compatible."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7
|
|
msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:"
|
|
msgstr "En primer lugar, creamos una función de Rust para exportar a Java:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n"
|
|
"use jni::sys::jstring;\n"
|
|
"use jni::JNIEnv;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n"
|
|
" env: JNIEnv,\n"
|
|
" _class: JClass,\n"
|
|
" name: JString,\n"
|
|
") -> jstring {\n"
|
|
" let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n"
|
|
" let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n"
|
|
" let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" output.into_inner()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:62
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi_shared {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libhello_jni\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:"
|
|
msgstr "Por último, podemos llamar a esta función desde Java:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"class HelloWorld {\n"
|
|
" private static native String hello(String name);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" static {\n"
|
|
" System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" public static void main(String[] args) {\n"
|
|
" String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n"
|
|
" System.out.println(output);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"java_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n"
|
|
" main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n"
|
|
" required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73
|
|
msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:"
|
|
msgstr "Ahora puedes compilar, sincronizar y ejecutar el binario:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"m helloworld_jni\n"
|
|
"adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n"
|
|
"adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with "
|
|
"and try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este es un ejercicio de grupo: escogeremos uno de los proyectos con los que "
|
|
"se esté trabajando e intentaremos integrar Rust en él. Algunas sugerencias:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:6
|
|
msgid "Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust."
|
|
msgstr "Llama a tu servicio de AIDL con un cliente escrito en Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:8
|
|
msgid "Move a function from your project to Rust and call it."
|
|
msgstr "Mueve una función desde tu proyecto a Rust y llámala."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone "
|
|
"in the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aquí la solución es abierta, ya que depende de que alguno de los asistentes "
|
|
"tenga un fragmento de código que se pueda convertir en Rust sobre la marcha."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:1
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Bare Metal Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Te damos la bienvenida a Bare Metal Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people "
|
|
"who are familiar with the basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the "
|
|
"Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have some experience with bare-"
|
|
"metal programming in some other language such as C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este es un curso independiente de un día sobre Rust bare-metal, dirigido a "
|
|
"personas que están familiarizadas con los conceptos básicos de Rust (tal vez "
|
|
"después de completar el curso Comprehensive Rust). Lo ideal sería que "
|
|
"también tuvieran experiencia con la programación bare-metal en otros "
|
|
"lenguajes, como C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS "
|
|
"underneath us. This will be divided into several parts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Hoy vamos a hablar de Rust \"bare-metal\": ejecutar código de Rust sin un "
|
|
"sistema operativo. Se dividirá en varias partes:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:10
|
|
msgid "What is `no_std` Rust?"
|
|
msgstr "¿Qué es `no_std` en Rust?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:11
|
|
msgid "Writing firmware for microcontrollers."
|
|
msgstr "Escribir firmware para microcontroladores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:12
|
|
msgid "Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors."
|
|
msgstr "Escribir código bootloader o kernel para procesadores de aplicaciones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:13
|
|
msgid "Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development."
|
|
msgstr "Algunos crates útiles para el desarrollo de Rust bare-metal."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]"
|
|
"(https://microbit.org/) v2 as an example. It's a [development board](https://"
|
|
"tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the Nordic nRF51822 microcontroller "
|
|
"with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, and "
|
|
"an on-board SWD debugger."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En la parte del curso dedicada a los microcontroladores, utilizaremos la "
|
|
"versión 2 de [BBC micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) como ejemplo. Es una "
|
|
"[placa de desarrollo](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/) basada en el "
|
|
"microcontrolador Nordic nRF51822 con algunos LED y botones, un acelerómetro "
|
|
"y una brújula conectados mediante I2C y un depurador SWD integrado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para empezar, instala algunas de las herramientas que necesitarás más "
|
|
"adelante. En gLinux o Debian:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bash\n"
|
|
"sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom pkg-"
|
|
"config qemu-system-arm\n"
|
|
"rustup update\n"
|
|
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
|
|
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
|
|
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bash\n"
|
|
"sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom pkg-"
|
|
"config qemu-system-arm\n"
|
|
"rustup update\n"
|
|
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
|
|
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
|
|
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Permite a los usuarios del grupo `plugdev` acceder al programador micro:bit:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bash\n"
|
|
"echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", "
|
|
"GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n"
|
|
" sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n"
|
|
"sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bash\n"
|
|
"echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", "
|
|
"GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n"
|
|
" sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n"
|
|
"sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:38
|
|
msgid "On MacOS:"
|
|
msgstr "En MacOS:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bash\n"
|
|
"xcode-select --install\n"
|
|
"brew install gdb picocom qemu\n"
|
|
"brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n"
|
|
"rustup update\n"
|
|
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
|
|
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
|
|
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```bash\n"
|
|
"xcode-select --install\n"
|
|
"brew install gdb picocom qemu\n"
|
|
"brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n"
|
|
"rustup update\n"
|
|
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
|
|
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
|
|
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1
|
|
msgid "`no_std`"
|
|
msgstr "`no_std`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7
|
|
msgid "`core`"
|
|
msgstr "`core`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1
|
|
msgid "`alloc`"
|
|
msgstr "`alloc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17
|
|
msgid "`std`"
|
|
msgstr "`std`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:24
|
|
msgid "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`"
|
|
msgstr "Slices, `&str`, `CStr`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:25
|
|
msgid "`NonZeroU8`..."
|
|
msgstr "`NonZeroU8`..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:26
|
|
msgid "`Option`, `Result`"
|
|
msgstr "`Option`, `Result`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:27
|
|
msgid "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..."
|
|
msgstr "`Display`, `Debug`, `write!`..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:29
|
|
msgid "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..."
|
|
msgstr "`panic!`, `assert_eq!`..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:30
|
|
msgid "`NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions"
|
|
msgstr "`NonNull` y todas las funciones relacionadas con punteros habituales"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:31
|
|
msgid "`Future` and `async`/`await`"
|
|
msgstr "`Future` and `async`/`await`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:32
|
|
msgid "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..."
|
|
msgstr "`fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:33
|
|
msgid "`Duration`"
|
|
msgstr "`Duration`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:38
|
|
msgid "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`"
|
|
msgstr "`Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:39
|
|
msgid "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`"
|
|
msgstr "`Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:40
|
|
msgid "`String`, `CString`, `format!`"
|
|
msgstr "`String`, `CString`, `format!`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:45
|
|
msgid "`Error`"
|
|
msgstr "`Error`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:47
|
|
msgid "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`"
|
|
msgstr "`Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:48
|
|
msgid "`File` and the rest of `fs`"
|
|
msgstr "`File` y el resto de `fs`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:49
|
|
msgid "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`"
|
|
msgstr "`println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` y el resto de `io`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:50
|
|
msgid "`Path`, `OsString`"
|
|
msgstr "`Path`, `OsString`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:51
|
|
msgid "`net`"
|
|
msgstr "`net`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:52
|
|
msgid "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`"
|
|
msgstr "`Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:53
|
|
msgid "`spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`"
|
|
msgstr "`spawn`, `sleep` y el resto de `thread`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:54
|
|
msgid "`SystemTime`, `Instant`"
|
|
msgstr "`SystemTime`, `Instant`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:62
|
|
msgid "`HashMap` depends on RNG."
|
|
msgstr "`HashMap` depende de RNG."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:63
|
|
msgid "`std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`."
|
|
msgstr "`std` vuelve a exportar el contenido de `core` y `alloc`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:1
|
|
msgid "A minimal `no_std` program"
|
|
msgstr "Un programa `no_std` mínimo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[panic_handler]\n"
|
|
"fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[panic_handler]\n"
|
|
"fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:17
|
|
msgid "This will compile to an empty binary."
|
|
msgstr "Se compilará en un binario vacío."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:18
|
|
msgid "`std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`std` proporciona un controlador de _panic_; sin no hay, debemos "
|
|
"proporcionar uno nuestro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:19
|
|
msgid "It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`."
|
|
msgstr "También puede proporcionarlo otro crate, como `panic-halt`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to "
|
|
"avoid an error about `eh_personality`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dependiendo del objetivo, es posible que tengas que compilar con `panic = "
|
|
"\"abort\"` para evitar un error sobre `eh_personality`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to "
|
|
"define your own entry point. This will typically involve a linker script and "
|
|
"some assembly code to set things up ready for Rust code to run."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ten en cuenta que no hay `main` ni ningún otro punto de entrada; depende de "
|
|
"ti definir un punto de entrada propio. Esto suele implicar una secuencia de "
|
|
"comandos de enlazador y algún código de ensamblado de forma que todo esté "
|
|
"preparado para que se ejecute el código de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To use `alloc` you must implement a [global (heap) allocator](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para utilizar `alloc`, debes implementar un [asignador global (de _heap_)]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate alloc;\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use alloc::string::ToString;\n"
|
|
"use alloc::vec::Vec;\n"
|
|
"use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[global_allocator]\n"
|
|
"static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn entry() {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called "
|
|
"once.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n"
|
|
" HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n"
|
|
" .lock()\n"
|
|
" .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n"
|
|
" let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate alloc;\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use alloc::string::ToString;\n"
|
|
"use alloc::vec::Vec;\n"
|
|
"use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[global_allocator]\n"
|
|
"static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn entry() {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called "
|
|
"once.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n"
|
|
" HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n"
|
|
" .lock()\n"
|
|
" .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Ahora podemos hacer cosas que requieran asignación de _heap_.\n"
|
|
" let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy "
|
|
"system allocator. Other crates are available, or you can write your own or "
|
|
"hook into your existing allocator."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`buddy_system_allocator` es un crate de terceros que implementa un _buddy "
|
|
"system allocator_ (una técnica de asignación de memoria) básico. Hay otros "
|
|
"crates disponibles, pero también puedes escribir el tuyo propio o conectarte "
|
|
"a tu asignador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. "
|
|
"in this case it can allocate regions of up to 2\\*\\*32 bytes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El parámetro const de `LockedHeap` es el orden máximo del asignador. Es "
|
|
"decir, en este caso, puede asignar regiones de hasta 2\\*\\*32 bytes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have "
|
|
"exactly one global allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in "
|
|
"the top-level binary crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si algún crate del árbol de dependencias depende de `alloc`, debes tener "
|
|
"exactamente un asignador global definido en el binario. Esto se suele hacer "
|
|
"en el crate binario de nivel superior."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` "
|
|
"crate is linked in so we get its panic handler."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`extern crate panic_halt as _` es necesario para asegurar que el crate "
|
|
"`panic_halt` esté vinculado y así podamos obtener su controlador de _panic_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:47
|
|
msgid "This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este ejemplo se compilará pero no se ejecutará, ya que no cuenta con un "
|
|
"punto de entrada."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for "
|
|
"Cortex M microcontrollers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El crate `cortex_m_rt` proporciona (entre otras cosas) un controlador de "
|
|
"reinicio para microcontroladores Cortex M."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod interrupts;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of "
|
|
"abstraction."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A continuación, veremos cómo se accede a los periféricos con niveles de "
|
|
"abstracción cada vez mayores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -"
|
|
"> !`, because returning to the reset handler doesn't make sense."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La macro `cortex_m_rt::entry` requiere que la función tenga el tipo `fn() -"
|
|
"> !`, ya que no tiene sentido devolver resultados al controlador de reinicio."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:27
|
|
msgid "Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`"
|
|
msgstr "Ejecuta el ejemplo con `cargo embed --bin minimal`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try "
|
|
"turning on an LED on our micro:bit:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La mayoría de los microcontroladores acceden a los periféricos a través de E/"
|
|
"S asignada a la memoria. Vamos a probar a encender un LED en nuestro micro:"
|
|
"bit:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod interrupts;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::mem::size_of;\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n"
|
|
"const GPIO_P0: usize = 0x5000_0000;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// GPIO peripheral offsets\n"
|
|
"const PIN_CNF: usize = 0x700;\n"
|
|
"const OUTSET: usize = 0x508;\n"
|
|
"const OUTCLR: usize = 0x50c;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// PIN_CNF fields\n"
|
|
"const DIR_OUTPUT: u32 = 0x1;\n"
|
|
"const INPUT_DISCONNECT: u32 = 0x1 << 1;\n"
|
|
"const PULL_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 2;\n"
|
|
"const DRIVE_S0S1: u32 = 0x0 << 8;\n"
|
|
"const SENSE_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 16;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
|
|
" let pin_cnf_21 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 21 * size_of::<u32>()) as *mut "
|
|
"u32;\n"
|
|
" let pin_cnf_28 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 28 * size_of::<u32>()) as *mut "
|
|
"u32;\n"
|
|
" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" // no aliases exist.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" pin_cnf_21.write_volatile(\n"
|
|
" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | "
|
|
"SENSE_DISABLED,\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" pin_cnf_28.write_volatile(\n"
|
|
" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | "
|
|
"SENSE_DISABLED,\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
|
|
" let gpio0_outset = (GPIO_P0 + OUTSET) as *mut u32;\n"
|
|
" let gpio0_outclr = (GPIO_P0 + OUTCLR) as *mut u32;\n"
|
|
" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" // no aliases exist.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" gpio0_outclr.write_volatile(1 << 28);\n"
|
|
" gpio0_outset.write_volatile(1 << 21);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 "
|
|
"to the first row."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El pin 21 de GPIO 0 está conectado a la primera columna de la matriz de LED "
|
|
"y el pin 28 a la primera fila."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:66
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:59
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:43
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:34
|
|
msgid "Run the example with:"
|
|
msgstr "Ejecuta el ejemplo con:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin mmio\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1
|
|
msgid "Peripheral Access Crates"
|
|
msgstr "Crates de Acceso Periférico"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust "
|
|
"wrappers for memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/"
|
|
"pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html) files."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) genera, en su gran mayoría, "
|
|
"envoltorios seguros de Rust para periféricos asignados a la memoria a partir "
|
|
"de archivos [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index."
|
|
"html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"use nrf52833_pac::Peripherals;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let gpio0 = p.P0;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
|
|
" gpio0.pin_cnf[21].write(|w| {\n"
|
|
" w.dir().output();\n"
|
|
" w.input().disconnect();\n"
|
|
" w.pull().disabled();\n"
|
|
" w.drive().s0s1();\n"
|
|
" w.sense().disabled();\n"
|
|
" w\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" gpio0.pin_cnf[28].write(|w| {\n"
|
|
" w.dir().output();\n"
|
|
" w.input().disconnect();\n"
|
|
" w.pull().disabled();\n"
|
|
" w.drive().s0s1();\n"
|
|
" w.sense().disabled();\n"
|
|
" w\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
|
|
" gpio0.outclr.write(|w| w.pin28().clear());\n"
|
|
" gpio0.outset.write(|w| w.pin21().set());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by "
|
|
"silicon vendors which describe the memory map of the device."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los archivos SVD (System View Description) son archivos XML que suelen "
|
|
"proporcionar los proveedores de silicio y que describen el mapa de memoria "
|
|
"del dispositivo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, "
|
|
"descriptions, addresses and so on."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se organizan por periférico, registro, campo y valor, con nombres, "
|
|
"descripciones y direcciones, etc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects "
|
|
"which patch the mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated "
|
|
"crates."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los archivos SVD suelen tener errores y estar incompletos, por lo que "
|
|
"existen varios proyectos que aplican parches a los errores, añaden detalles "
|
|
"que faltan y publican los crates generados."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:55
|
|
msgid "`cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things."
|
|
msgstr "`cortex-m-rt` proporciona la tabla de vectores, entre otras cosas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run `cargo objdump --bin "
|
|
"pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si instalas `cargo install cargo-binutils` puedes ejecutar `cargo objdump --"
|
|
"bin pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` para ver el binario resultante."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin pac\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1
|
|
msgid "HAL crates"
|
|
msgstr "Crates HAL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-"
|
|
"implementation-crates) for many microcontrollers provide wrappers around "
|
|
"various peripherals. These generally implement traits from [`embedded-hal`]"
|
|
"(https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Los crates HAL](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-"
|
|
"implementation-crates) de muchos microcontroladores incluyen envoltorios "
|
|
"alrededor de varios periféricos. Por lo general, implementan traits de "
|
|
"[`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"use nrf52833_hal::gpio::{p0, Level};\n"
|
|
"use nrf52833_hal::pac::Peripherals;\n"
|
|
"use nrf52833_hal::prelude::*;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n"
|
|
" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
|
|
" let mut col1 = gpio0.p0_28.into_push_pull_output(Level::High);\n"
|
|
" let mut row1 = gpio0.p0_21.into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
|
|
" col1.set_low().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" row1.set_high().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`set_low` y `set_high` son métodos del trait `OutputPin` de `embedded_hal`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various "
|
|
"STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Hay crates HAL para muchos dispositivos Cortex-M y RISC-V, incluidos varios "
|
|
"microcontroladores STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP, MSP430, AVR y PIC."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin hal\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1
|
|
msgid "Board support crates"
|
|
msgstr "Crates de compatibilidad de placa"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific "
|
|
"board for convenience."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los crates de compatibilidad de placa proporcionan un nivel adicional de "
|
|
"envoltorio a una placa específica para mayor comodidad."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::Board;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let mut board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" board.display_pins.col1.set_low().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" board.display_pins.row1.set_high().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, "
|
|
"and a bit of initialisation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En este caso, el crate de compatibilidad de placa proporciona solo nombres "
|
|
"más útiles y un poco de inicialización."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the "
|
|
"microcontroller itself."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El crate también puede incluir controladores para algunos dispositivos "
|
|
"integrados fuera del propio microcontrolador ."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:32
|
|
msgid "`microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix."
|
|
msgstr "`microbit-v2` incluye un controlador sencillo para la matriz de LED."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin board_support\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1
|
|
msgid "The type state pattern"
|
|
msgstr "El patrón de tipo de estado"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let pin: P0_01<Disconnected> = gpio0.p0_01;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n"
|
|
" let pin_input: P0_01<Input<Floating>> = pin.into_floating_input();\n"
|
|
" if pin_input.is_high().unwrap() {\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" let mut pin_output: P0_01<Output<OpenDrain>> = pin_input\n"
|
|
" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, "
|
|
"Level::Low);\n"
|
|
" pin_output.set_high().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" // pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let _pin2: P0_02<Output<OpenDrain>> = gpio0\n"
|
|
" .p0_02\n"
|
|
" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, "
|
|
"Level::Low);\n"
|
|
" let _pin3: P0_03<Output<PushPull>> = gpio0.p0_03."
|
|
"into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can "
|
|
"exist. Once a pin is moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los pines no implementan `Copy` ni `Clone`, por lo que solo puede haber una "
|
|
"instancia de cada uno. Cuando se quita un pin de la estructura del puerto, "
|
|
"nadie más puede usarlo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you "
|
|
"can’t keep use the old instance afterwards."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si cambias la configuración de un pin, se consumirá la instancia del pin "
|
|
"anterior y no podrás seguir usando la instancia previa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, "
|
|
"the configuration state of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into "
|
|
"the type system, and ensures that you don't try to use a pin in a certain "
|
|
"way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state transitions are "
|
|
"caught at compile time."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El tipo de un valor indica el estado en el que se encuentra: por ejemplo, en "
|
|
"este caso, el estado de configuración de un pin de GPIO. De esta manera, se "
|
|
"codifica la máquina de estados en el sistema de tipos, asegurando así que no "
|
|
"se use un pin de cierta forma sin antes configurarlo correctamente. Las "
|
|
"transiciones de estado ilegales se detectan durante el tiempo de compilación."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but "
|
|
"not vice-versa."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes llamar a `is_high` en un pin de entrada y a `set_high` en un pin de "
|
|
"salida, pero no al revés."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:41
|
|
msgid "Many HAL crates follow this pattern."
|
|
msgstr "Muchos crates HAL siguen este patrón."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1
|
|
msgid "`embedded-hal`"
|
|
msgstr "`embedded-hal`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a "
|
|
"number of traits covering common microcontroller peripherals."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El crate [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) proporciona "
|
|
"una serie de traits que cubren los periféricos habituales de los "
|
|
"microcontroladores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:6
|
|
msgid "GPIO"
|
|
msgstr "GPIO"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:7
|
|
msgid "ADC"
|
|
msgstr "ADC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:8
|
|
msgid "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN"
|
|
msgstr "I2C, SPI, UART, CAN"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:9
|
|
msgid "RNG"
|
|
msgstr "RNG"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:10
|
|
msgid "Timers"
|
|
msgstr "Temporizadores"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:11
|
|
msgid "Watchdogs"
|
|
msgstr "Watchdogs"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Other crates then implement [drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/"
|
|
"awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these traits, e.g. an "
|
|
"accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Es entonces cuando otros crates implementan \\[controladores\\][drivers]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) en "
|
|
"función de estos traits. Por ejemplo, un controlador de acelerómetro podría "
|
|
"necesitar una implementación de bus I2C o SPI."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other "
|
|
"platforms such as Linux on Raspberry Pi."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Hay implementaciones para muchos microcontroladores, así como otras "
|
|
"plataformas como Linux en Raspberry Pi."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it "
|
|
"isn't stable yet."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se está trabajando en una versión `async` de `embedded-hal`, pero aún no es "
|
|
"estable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1
|
|
msgid "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`"
|
|
msgstr "`probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, "
|
|
"like OpenOCD but better integrated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) es un conjunto de herramientas de depuración "
|
|
"integradas muy útil, como OpenOCD, pero mejor integrado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6
|
|
msgid "SWD"
|
|
msgstr "SWD"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6
|
|
msgid " and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes"
|
|
msgstr " y JTAG a través de comprobaciones CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link y J-Link"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7
|
|
msgid "GDB stub and Microsoft "
|
|
msgstr "GDB stub y el servidor "
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7
|
|
msgid "DAP"
|
|
msgstr "DAP"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:7
|
|
msgid " server"
|
|
msgstr " de Microsoft"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:8
|
|
msgid "Cargo integration"
|
|
msgstr "Integración de Cargo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10
|
|
msgid "`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`cargo-embed` es un subcomando de Cargo para compilar e instalar binarios, "
|
|
"registrar salidas "
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11
|
|
msgid "RTT"
|
|
msgstr "TTR"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" output and connect GDB. It's configured by an `Embed.toml` file in your "
|
|
"project directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" y conectar GDB. Se configura mediante un archivo `Embed.toml` en el "
|
|
"directorio del proyecto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is "
|
|
"an Arm standard protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the "
|
|
"CoreSight Debug Access Port of various Arm Cortex processors. It's what the "
|
|
"on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) es "
|
|
"un protocolo estándar de Arm mediante USB que permite que un depurador en "
|
|
"circuito acceda al puerto de acceso de depuración CoreSight de varios "
|
|
"procesadores Cortex de Arm. Es lo que utiliza el depurador integrado en el "
|
|
"BBC micro:bit"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link "
|
|
"is a range from SEGGER."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"ST-Link es una gama de depuradores en circuito de ST Microelectronics. J-"
|
|
"Link es una gama de SEGGER."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin "
|
|
"Serial Wire Debug."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El puerto de acceso de depuración suele ser una interfaz JTAG de 5 pines o "
|
|
"una SWD de 2 pines."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you "
|
|
"want to."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"probe-rs es una biblioteca que puedes integrar en tus propias herramientas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-"
|
|
"adapter-protocol/) lets VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any "
|
|
"supported microcontroller."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[El protocolo de adaptador de depuración de Microsoft](https://microsoft."
|
|
"github.io/debug-adapter-protocol/) permite que VSCode y otros IDEs depuren "
|
|
"el código que se ejecuta en cualquier microcontrolador compatible."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:25
|
|
msgid "cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library."
|
|
msgstr "cargo-embed es un binario compilado con la biblioteca probe-rs."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug "
|
|
"host and the target through a number of ringbuffers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"TTR (transferencias en tiempo real) es un mecanismo para transferir datos "
|
|
"entre el host de depuración y el objetivo a través de una serie de búferes "
|
|
"circulares."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3
|
|
msgid "Embed.toml:"
|
|
msgstr "Embed.toml:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[default.general]\n"
|
|
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.gdb]\n"
|
|
"enabled = true\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:13
|
|
msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:"
|
|
msgstr "En un terminal en `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin board_support debug\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:19
|
|
msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:"
|
|
msgstr "En otro terminal del mismo directorio:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"gdb-multiarch target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/board_support --eval-"
|
|
"command=\"target remote :1337\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27
|
|
msgid "In GDB, try running:"
|
|
msgstr "En GDB, prueba a ejecutar:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```gdb\n"
|
|
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:29\n"
|
|
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:30\n"
|
|
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:32\n"
|
|
"c\n"
|
|
"c\n"
|
|
"c\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1
|
|
msgid "Other projects"
|
|
msgstr "Otros proyectos"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:3
|
|
msgid "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)"
|
|
msgstr "[RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:4
|
|
msgid "\"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\""
|
|
msgstr "\"Concurrencia en tiempo real basada en interrupciones\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Gestión de recursos compartidos, envío de mensajes, programación de tareas, "
|
|
"cola del temporizador, etc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:6
|
|
msgid "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)"
|
|
msgstr "[Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:7
|
|
msgid "`async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB"
|
|
msgstr "Ejecutores `async` con prioridades, temporizadores, redes, USB, etc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:8
|
|
msgid "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)"
|
|
msgstr "[TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit "
|
|
"support"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"RTOS centrado en la seguridad con programación interrumpible y "
|
|
"compatibilidad con la unidad de protección de memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:10
|
|
msgid "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)"
|
|
msgstr "[Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, "
|
|
"unprivileged drivers, IPC"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"RTOS de microkernel de Oxide Computer Company con protección de memoria, "
|
|
"controladores sin privilegios, IPC, etc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:12
|
|
msgid "[Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)"
|
|
msgstr "[Enlaces para FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g. [esp-idf](https://esp-rs."
|
|
"github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Algunas plataformas tienen implementaciones `std`, como [esp-idf](https://"
|
|
"esp-rs.github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:18
|
|
msgid "RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework."
|
|
msgstr "RTIC se puede considerar un RTOS o un framework de concurrencia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:19
|
|
msgid "It doesn't include any HALs."
|
|
msgstr "No incluye ningún HAL."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for "
|
|
"scheduling rather than a proper kernel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usa el NVIC (controlador de interrupción virtual anidado) Cortex‐M para la "
|
|
"programación en lugar de un kernel propio."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:22
|
|
msgid "Cortex-M only."
|
|
msgstr "Solo Cortex-M."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Google utiliza TockOS en el microcontrolador Haven para las llaves de "
|
|
"seguridad Titan."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing "
|
|
"applications."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"FreeRTOS está escrito principalmente en C, pero hay enlaces de Rust para "
|
|
"aplicaciones de escritura."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a "
|
|
"serial port."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Leeremos la dirección desde una brújula I2C, y registraremos las lecturas en "
|
|
"un puerto serie."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a "
|
|
"serial port. If you have time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or "
|
|
"use the buttons somehow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Leeremos la dirección desde una brújula I2C, y registraremos las lecturas en "
|
|
"un puerto serie. Si tienes tiempo, prueba a mostrarlo también en los LED o "
|
|
"usa los botones de alguna forma."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:6
|
|
msgid "Hints:"
|
|
msgstr "Sugerencias:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/"
|
|
"latest/lsm303agr/) and [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/"
|
|
"microbit/) crates, as well as the [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit."
|
|
"org/hardware/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Consulta la documentación sobre los crates [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/"
|
|
"lsm303agr/latest/lsm303agr/) y [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/"
|
|
"latest/microbit/), así como [el hardware de micro:bit](https://tech.microbit."
|
|
"org/hardware/)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La unidad de medición inercial LSM303AGR está conectada al bus I2C interno."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"TWI es otro nombre para I2C, por lo que el periférico I2C maestro se llama "
|
|
"TWIM."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::"
|
|
"blocking::i2c::WriteRead` trait. The [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/"
|
|
"microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) struct implements this."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El controlador LSM303AGR necesita algo que implemente el trait "
|
|
"`embedded_hal::blocking::i2c::WriteRead`. La estructura [`microbit::hal::"
|
|
"Twim`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) "
|
|
"implementa esto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/"
|
|
"struct.Board.html) struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Tienes una estructura [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/"
|
|
"microbit/struct.Board.html) con campos para los distintos pines y "
|
|
"periféricos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can also look at the [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi."
|
|
"com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but it shouldn't be necessary for "
|
|
"this exercise."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"También puedes consultar la \\[hoja de datos nRF52833\\][nRF52833 datasheet]"
|
|
"(https://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) si quieres, "
|
|
"pero no debería ser necesario para este ejercicio."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and "
|
|
"look in the `compass` directory for the following files."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Descarga la [plantilla de ejercicio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) "
|
|
"y busca los siguientes archivos en el directorio `compass`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19
|
|
msgid "`src/main.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`src/main.rs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::{hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte}, Board};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Configure serial port.\n"
|
|
" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n"
|
|
" board.UARTE0,\n"
|
|
" board.uart.into(),\n"
|
|
" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n"
|
|
" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n"
|
|
" // TODO\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n"
|
|
" // TODO\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385
|
|
msgid "`Cargo.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`Cargo.toml` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[workspace]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"compass\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"cortex-m-rt = \"0.7.3\"\n"
|
|
"embedded-hal = \"0.2.6\"\n"
|
|
"lsm303agr = \"0.2.2\"\n"
|
|
"microbit-v2 = \"0.13.0\"\n"
|
|
"panic-halt = \"0.2.0\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85
|
|
msgid "`Embed.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`Embed.toml` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[default.general]\n"
|
|
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.gdb]\n"
|
|
"enabled = true\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.reset]\n"
|
|
"halt_afterwards = true\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985
|
|
msgid "`.cargo/config.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`.cargo/config.toml` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:104
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[build]\n"
|
|
"target = \"thumbv7em-none-eabihf\" # Cortex-M4F\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))']\n"
|
|
"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tlink.x\"]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112
|
|
msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:"
|
|
msgstr "Consulta la salida de serie en Linux con:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:114
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/ttyACM0\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En Mac OS debería ser algo como lo siguiente (el nombre del dispositivo "
|
|
"puede ser algo diferente):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:120
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/tty.usbmodem14502\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124
|
|
msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom."
|
|
msgstr "Pulsa Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q para salir de Picocom."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1
|
|
msgid "Application processors"
|
|
msgstr "Procesadores de aplicaciones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. "
|
|
"Now let's try writing something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work "
|
|
"with QEMU's aarch64 ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/"
|
|
"virt.html) board."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Hasta ahora hemos hablado de microcontroladores, como la serie Cortex‐M de "
|
|
"Arm. Ahora vamos a probar a escribir algo para Cortex-A. Para simplificar, "
|
|
"solo trabajaremos con la placa ['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/"
|
|
"system/arm/virt.html) aarch64 de QEMU."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of "
|
|
"privilege (exception levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application "
|
|
"processors do."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En términos generales, los microcontroladores no tienen un MMU ni varios "
|
|
"niveles de privilegio (niveles de excepción en las CPU de Arm, anillos en "
|
|
"x86), mientras que los procesadores de aplicaciones sí los tienen."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each "
|
|
"architecture. The 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real "
|
|
"hardware, but is designed purely for virtual machines."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"QEMU permite emular varias máquinas o modelos de placa diferentes para cada "
|
|
"arquitectura. La placa \"virt\" no se corresponde con ningún hardware real "
|
|
"concreto, pero está diseñada exclusivamente para máquinas virtuales."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Antes de que podamos empezar a ejecutar código de Rust, tenemos que hacer "
|
|
"alguna inicialización."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n"
|
|
".global entry\n"
|
|
"entry:\n"
|
|
" /*\n"
|
|
" * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable "
|
|
"MMU and\n"
|
|
" * caches.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
" adrp x30, idmap\n"
|
|
" msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n"
|
|
" msr mair_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n"
|
|
" /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n"
|
|
" mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n"
|
|
" bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" msr tcr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /*\n"
|
|
" * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate "
|
|
"any\n"
|
|
" * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
" isb\n"
|
|
" tlbi vmalle1\n"
|
|
" ic iallu\n"
|
|
" dsb nsh\n"
|
|
" isb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /*\n"
|
|
" * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until "
|
|
"this\n"
|
|
" * has completed.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
" msr sctlr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
" isb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n"
|
|
" mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n"
|
|
" orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n"
|
|
" msr cpacr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
" isb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Zero out the bss section. */\n"
|
|
" adr_l x29, bss_begin\n"
|
|
" adr_l x30, bss_end\n"
|
|
"0: cmp x29, x30\n"
|
|
" b.hs 1f\n"
|
|
" stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n"
|
|
" b 0b\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n"
|
|
" adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n"
|
|
" mov sp, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Set up exception vector. */\n"
|
|
" adr x30, vector_table_el1\n"
|
|
" msr vbar_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Call into Rust code. */\n"
|
|
" bl main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n"
|
|
"2: wfi\n"
|
|
" b 2b\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, "
|
|
"zeroing the BSS, and setting up the stack pointer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Es lo mismo que en C: inicializar el estado del procesador, poner a cero el "
|
|
"BSS y configurar el puntero de la _stack_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:79
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of the "
|
|
"object file which containing statically allocated variables which are "
|
|
"initialised to zero. They are omitted from the image, to avoid wasting space "
|
|
"on zeroes. The compiler assumes that the loader will take care of zeroing "
|
|
"them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El BSS (símbolo de inicio del bloque, por motivos históricos) es la parte "
|
|
"del objeto que contiene variables asignadas de forma estática que se "
|
|
"inicializan a cero. Se omiten en la imagen para evitar malgastar espacio con "
|
|
"ceros. El compilador asume que el cargador se encargará de ponerlos a cero."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:83
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and "
|
|
"the image is loaded, but we zero it to be sure."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Es posible que el BSS ya esté a cero, dependiendo de cómo se inicialice la "
|
|
"memoria y cómo se cargue la imagen, aunque se pone igualmente a cero para "
|
|
"estar seguros."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:85
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. If "
|
|
"we don't:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Necesitamos habilitar la MMU y la caché antes de leer o escribir memoria. Si "
|
|
"no lo hacemos, sucederá lo siguiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:86
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-"
|
|
"unknown-none` target which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler "
|
|
"generating unaligned accesses, so it should be fine in this case, but this "
|
|
"is not necessarily the case in general."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Los accesos no alineados fallarán. Compilamos el código Rust para el "
|
|
"objetivo `aarch64-unknown-none`, que define `+strict-align` para evitar que "
|
|
"el compilador genere accesos no alineados. En este caso debería estar bien, "
|
|
"pero no tiene por qué ser así en general."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The "
|
|
"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, "
|
|
"while the host has cachable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host "
|
|
"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache "
|
|
"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost when the cache "
|
|
"is cleaned or the VM enables the cache. (Cache is keyed by physical address, "
|
|
"not VA or IPA.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si se estuviera ejecutando en una máquina virtual, podría provocar problemas "
|
|
"de coherencia en la caché. El problema es que la máquina virtual accede a la "
|
|
"memoria directamente con la caché inhabilitada, mientras que el host cuenta "
|
|
"con alias que se pueden almacenar en caché en la misma memoria. Incluso si "
|
|
"el host no accede explícitamente a la memoria, los accesos especulativos "
|
|
"pueden provocar que se llene la caché, haciendo que los cambios de uno u "
|
|
"otro se pierdan cuando se borre la caché o cuando la máquina virtual la "
|
|
"habilite. (La caché está codificada por dirección física, no por VA ni IPA)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:94
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which "
|
|
"identity maps the first 1 GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB "
|
|
"for DRAM, and another 1 GiB higher up for more devices. This matches the "
|
|
"memory layout that QEMU uses."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para simplificar, solo se utiliza una tabla de páginas codificada (consulta "
|
|
"`idmap.S`) que mapea la identidad del primer GiB de espacio de direcciones "
|
|
"para dispositivos, el siguiente GiB para DRAM y otro GiB más para más "
|
|
"dispositivos. Esto coincide con la disposición de memoria que utiliza QEMU."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:97
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more about "
|
|
"later."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"También configuramos el vector de excepción (`vbar_el1`), del que veremos "
|
|
"más contenido en próximas dipositivas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:98
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 "
|
|
"(EL1). If you need to run at a different exception level you'll need to "
|
|
"modify `entry.S` accordingly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Todos los ejemplos de esta tarde se ejecutarán en el nivel de excepción 1 "
|
|
"(EL1). Si necesitas ejecutar en un nivel de excepción diferente, deberás "
|
|
"modificar `entry.S` según corresponda."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:1
|
|
msgid "Inline assembly"
|
|
msgstr "Ensamblaje integrado"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with "
|
|
"Rust code. For example, to make an "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A veces necesitamos usar el ensamblador para hacer cosas que no son posibles "
|
|
"con código Rust. Por ejemplo, hacer un "
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4
|
|
msgid "HVC"
|
|
msgstr "HVC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:4
|
|
msgid " to tell the firmware to power off the system:"
|
|
msgstr " para decirle al firmware que apague el sistema:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::arch::asm;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF: u32 = 0x84000008;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(_x0: u64, _x1: u64, _x2: u64, _x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n"
|
|
" // anything with memory.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" asm!(\"hvc #0\",\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w0\") PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w1\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w2\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w3\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w4\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w5\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w6\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w7\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" options(nomem, nostack)\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`](https://crates.io/crates/"
|
|
"smccc) crate which has wrappers for all these functions.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"(Si realmente quieres hacer esto, utiliza el crate [`smccc`](https://crates."
|
|
"io/crates/smccc) que tiene envoltorios para todas estas funciones)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of "
|
|
"functions to manage system and CPU power states, among other things. It is "
|
|
"implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on many systems."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"PSCI es la interfaz de coordinación de estado de alimentación de Arm, un "
|
|
"conjunto estándar de funciones para gestionar los estados de alimentación "
|
|
"del sistema y de la CPU, entre otras cosas. Lo implementan el firmware EL3 y "
|
|
"los hipervisores en muchos sistemas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the "
|
|
"inline assembly code, and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use "
|
|
"`inout` rather than `in` because the call could potentially clobber the "
|
|
"contents of the registers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La sintaxis `0 => _` significa inicializar el registro a 0 antes de ejecutar "
|
|
"el código de ensamblaje integrado e ignorar su contenido después. "
|
|
"Necesitamos utilizar `inout` en lugar de `in` porque la llamada podría "
|
|
"alterar el contenido de los registros."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because "
|
|
"it is called from our entry point in `entry.S`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esta función `main` debe ser `#[no_mangle]` y `extern \"C\"`, ya que se "
|
|
"llama desde nuestro punto de entrada en `entry.S`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally "
|
|
"used by the bootloader to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. "
|
|
"According to the standard aarch64 calling convention (which is what `extern "
|
|
"\"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for the first 8 "
|
|
"arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything "
|
|
"special except make sure it doesn't change these registers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`_x0`–`_x3` son los valores de los registros `x0`–`x3`, que el bootloader "
|
|
"utiliza habitualmente para pasar elementos al árbol de dispositivos, como un "
|
|
"puntero. De acuerdo con la convención de llamadas estándar de aarch64 (que "
|
|
"es lo que `extern \"C\"` usa), los registros `x0`–`x7` se utilizan para los "
|
|
"primeros ocho argumentos que se pasan a una función, de modo que `entry.S` "
|
|
"no tiene que hacer nada especial, salvo asegurarse de que no cambia estos "
|
|
"registros."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ejecuta el ejemplo en QEMU con `make qemu_psci` en `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:1
|
|
msgid "Volatile memory access for MMIO"
|
|
msgstr "Acceso a la memoria volátil para MMIO"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:3
|
|
msgid "Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`."
|
|
msgstr "Se puede usar `pointer::read_volatile` y `pointer::write_volatile`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:4
|
|
msgid "Never hold a reference."
|
|
msgstr "Nunca retengas una referencia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate "
|
|
"reference."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`addr_of!` permite obtener campos de estructuras sin crear una referencia "
|
|
"intermedia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent "
|
|
"the compiler or hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Acceso volátil: las operaciones de lectura o escritura pueden tener efectos "
|
|
"secundarios, por lo que se debe evitar que el compilador o el hardware las "
|
|
"reordene, duplique u omita."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the "
|
|
"compiler may assume that the value read is the same as the value just "
|
|
"written, and not bother actually reading memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Normalmente, si escribes y luego lees (por ejemplo, a través de una "
|
|
"referencia mutable), el compilador puede suponer que el valor leído es el "
|
|
"mismo que el que se acaba de escribir, sin molestarse si quiera en leer "
|
|
"realmente la memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but "
|
|
"this is unsound. Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to "
|
|
"dereference it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Algunos crates para el acceso volátil al hardware sí mantienen referencias, "
|
|
"aunque no es seguro. Siempre que exista una referencia, el compilador puede "
|
|
"desreferenciarla."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the "
|
|
"struct."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Utiliza la macro `addr_of!` para obtener punteros de campos de estructuras a "
|
|
"partir de un puntero en la estructura."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:1
|
|
msgid "Let's write a UART driver"
|
|
msgstr "Vamos a escribir un controlador de UART"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011](https://developer.arm.com/"
|
|
"documentation/ddi0183/g) UART, so let's write a driver for that."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La máquina \"virt\" de QEMU tiene una UART [PL011]https://developer.arm.com/"
|
|
"documentation/ddi0183/g), así que vamos a escribir un controlador para ella."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"const FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET: usize = 0x18;\n"
|
|
"const FR_BUSY: u8 = 1 << 3;\n"
|
|
"const FR_TXFF: u8 = 1 << 5;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct Uart {\n"
|
|
" base_address: *mut u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Uart {\n"
|
|
" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
|
|
"process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u8) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self { base_address }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
|
|
" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
|
|
" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_TXFF != 0 {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" self.base_address.write_volatile(byte);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_BUSY != 0 {}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> u8 {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { self.base_address.add(FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET)."
|
|
"read_volatile() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is "
|
|
"because as long as the caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety "
|
|
"requirements are met (i.e. that there is only ever one instance of the "
|
|
"driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space), then "
|
|
"it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the "
|
|
"necessary preconditions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ten en cuenta que `Uart::new` no es seguro, mientras que los otros métodos "
|
|
"sí lo son. Esto se debe a que mientras que el llamador de `Uart::new` "
|
|
"asegure que se cumplan sus requisitos de seguridad (es decir, que solo haya "
|
|
"una instancia del controlador para una UART determinada y que nada más "
|
|
"asigne alias a su espacio de direcciones), siempre es más seguro llamar a "
|
|
"`write_byte` más adelante, ya que podemos asumir\\ las condiciones previas "
|
|
"necesarias."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but "
|
|
"`write_byte` unsafe), but that would be much less convenient to use as every "
|
|
"place that calls `write_byte` would need to reason about the safety"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Podríamos haberlo hecho al revés (haciendo que `new` fuese seguro y "
|
|
"`write_byte` no seguro), pero\\sería mucho menos cómodo de usar, ya que cada "
|
|
"lugar que llamase a `write_byte` tendría que pensar en la seguridad"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving "
|
|
"the burden of proof for soundness from a large number of places to a smaller "
|
|
"number of places."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este es un patrón común para escribir envoltorios seguros de código "
|
|
"inseguro: mover la carga de la prueba de seguridad de un gran número de "
|
|
"lugares a otro más pequeño."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:1
|
|
msgid "More traits"
|
|
msgstr "Más traits"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more "
|
|
"traits too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Hemos derivado el trait `Debug`. También sería útil implementar algunos "
|
|
"traits más."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Write for Uart {\n"
|
|
" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n"
|
|
" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n"
|
|
" self.write_byte(*c);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
|
|
"// accessed from any context.\n"
|
|
"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our "
|
|
"`Uart` type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Implementar `Write` nos permite utilizar las macros `write!` y `writeln!` "
|
|
"con nuestro tipo `Uart`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ejecuta el ejemplo en QEMU con `make qemu_minimal` en `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:1
|
|
msgid "A better UART driver"
|
|
msgstr "Un controlador UART mejor"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers](https://developer.arm.com/"
|
|
"documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), and adding "
|
|
"offsets to construct pointers to access them is error-prone and hard to "
|
|
"read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to access in a "
|
|
"structured way."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En realidad, PL011 tiene [muchos registros más](https://developer.arm.com/"
|
|
"documentation/ddi0183/g/programmers-model/summary-of-registers), por lo que "
|
|
"añadir desplazamientos para crear punteros que les permita acceder a ellos "
|
|
"da lugar a errores y dificulta la lectura. Además, algunos de ellos son "
|
|
"campos de bits a los que estaría bien acceder de forma estructurada."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7
|
|
msgid "Offset"
|
|
msgstr "Desplazamiento"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7
|
|
msgid "Register name"
|
|
msgstr "Nombre de registro"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7
|
|
msgid "Width"
|
|
msgstr "Ancho"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9
|
|
msgid "0x00"
|
|
msgstr "0x00"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9
|
|
msgid "DR"
|
|
msgstr "DR"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:9
|
|
msgid "12"
|
|
msgstr "12"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10
|
|
msgid "0x04"
|
|
msgstr "0x04"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10
|
|
msgid "RSR"
|
|
msgstr "RSR"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:10
|
|
msgid "4"
|
|
msgstr "4"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11
|
|
msgid "0x18"
|
|
msgstr "0x18"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11
|
|
msgid "FR"
|
|
msgstr "FR"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:11
|
|
msgid "9"
|
|
msgstr "9"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12
|
|
msgid "0x20"
|
|
msgstr "0x20"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12
|
|
msgid "ILPR"
|
|
msgstr "ILPR"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:12 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15
|
|
msgid "8"
|
|
msgstr "8"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13
|
|
msgid "0x24"
|
|
msgstr "0x24"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13
|
|
msgid "IBRD"
|
|
msgstr "IBRD"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:13 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16
|
|
msgid "16"
|
|
msgstr "16"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14
|
|
msgid "0x28"
|
|
msgstr "0x28"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14
|
|
msgid "FBRD"
|
|
msgstr "FBRD"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:14 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17
|
|
msgid "6"
|
|
msgstr "6"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15
|
|
msgid "0x2c"
|
|
msgstr "0x2c"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:15
|
|
msgid "LCR_H"
|
|
msgstr "LCR_H"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16
|
|
msgid "0x30"
|
|
msgstr "0x30"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:16
|
|
msgid "CR"
|
|
msgstr "CR"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17
|
|
msgid "0x34"
|
|
msgstr "0x34"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:17
|
|
msgid "IFLS"
|
|
msgstr "IFLS"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18
|
|
msgid "0x38"
|
|
msgstr "0x38"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18
|
|
msgid "IMSC"
|
|
msgstr "IMSC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:18 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21
|
|
msgid "11"
|
|
msgstr "11"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19
|
|
msgid "0x3c"
|
|
msgstr "0x3c"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:19
|
|
msgid "RIS"
|
|
msgstr "RIS"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20
|
|
msgid "0x40"
|
|
msgstr "0x40"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:20
|
|
msgid "MIS"
|
|
msgstr "MIS"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21
|
|
msgid "0x44"
|
|
msgstr "0x44"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:21
|
|
msgid "ICR"
|
|
msgstr "ICR"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22
|
|
msgid "0x48"
|
|
msgstr "0x48"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22
|
|
msgid "DMACR"
|
|
msgstr "DMACR"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:22
|
|
msgid "3"
|
|
msgstr "3"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26
|
|
msgid "There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity."
|
|
msgstr "También hay algunos registros de ID que se han omitido para abreviar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for "
|
|
"working with bitflags."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El crate [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) resulta útil para "
|
|
"trabajar con bitflags."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use bitflags::bitflags;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"bitflags! {\n"
|
|
" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(transparent)]\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
" struct Flags: u16 {\n"
|
|
" /// Clear to send.\n"
|
|
" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n"
|
|
" /// Data set ready.\n"
|
|
" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n"
|
|
" /// Data carrier detect.\n"
|
|
" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n"
|
|
" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n"
|
|
" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n"
|
|
" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n"
|
|
" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n"
|
|
" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n"
|
|
" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n"
|
|
" /// Ring indicator.\n"
|
|
" const RI = 1 << 8;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along "
|
|
"with a bunch of method implementations to get and set flags."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La macro `bitflags!` crea un newtype, como `Flags(u16)`, junto con un montón "
|
|
"de implementaciones de métodos para obtener y definir _flags_ (banderas)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:1
|
|
msgid "Multiple registers"
|
|
msgstr "Varios registros"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Podemos utilizar una estructura para representar la disposición de la "
|
|
"memoria de los registros de UART."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
|
|
"struct Registers {\n"
|
|
" dr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n"
|
|
" _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n"
|
|
" fr: Flags,\n"
|
|
" _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n"
|
|
" ilpr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" ibrd: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" fbrd: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" lcr_h: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" cr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" ifls: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" imsc: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" ris: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" mis: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" icr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" dmacr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-"
|
|
"representation) tells the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, "
|
|
"following the same rules as C. This is necessary for our struct to have a "
|
|
"predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows the compiler to "
|
|
"(among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-"
|
|
"representation) indica al compilador que ordene los campos de la estructura "
|
|
"siguiendo las mismas reglas que en C. Esto es necesario para que nuestra "
|
|
"estructura tenga un diseño predecible, ya que la representación "
|
|
"predeterminada de Rust permite que el compilador (entre otras cosas) "
|
|
"reordene los campos como crea conveniente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:3
|
|
msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ahora vamos a utilizar la nueva estructura de `Registers` en nuestro "
|
|
"controlador."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct Uart {\n"
|
|
" registers: *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Uart {\n"
|
|
" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
|
|
"process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
|
|
" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
|
|
" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been "
|
|
"received.\n"
|
|
" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option<u8> {\n"
|
|
" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n"
|
|
" None\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)."
|
|
"read_volatile() };\n"
|
|
" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n"
|
|
" Some(data as u8)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual "
|
|
"fields without creating an intermediate reference, which would be unsound."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Fíjate en el uso de `addr_of!` y `addr_of_mut!` para llevar punteros a "
|
|
"campos individuales sin crear una referencia intermedia. Sería una acción "
|
|
"insegura."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:1
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:1
|
|
msgid "Using it"
|
|
msgstr "Uso"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, "
|
|
"and echo incoming bytes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vamos a crear un pequeño programa con nuestro controlador para escribir en "
|
|
"la consola serie y compartir los bytes entrantes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"mod pl011;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"use log::error;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 "
|
|
"device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let mut uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" writeln!(uart, \"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" if let Some(byte) = uart.read_byte() {\n"
|
|
" uart.write_byte(byte);\n"
|
|
" match byte {\n"
|
|
" b'\\r' => {\n"
|
|
" uart.write_byte(b'\\n');\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" b'q' => break,\n"
|
|
" _ => {}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" writeln!(uart, \"Bye!\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` "
|
|
"function is called from our entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker "
|
|
"notes there for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Al igual que en el ejemplo de [ensamblaje integrado](../inline-assembly.md), "
|
|
"esta función `main` se llama desde nuestro código de punto de entrada en "
|
|
"`entry.S`. Consulta las notas del orador para obtener más información."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ejecuta el ejemplo en QEMU con `make qemu` en `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`]"
|
|
"(https://crates.io/crates/log) crate. We can do this by implementing the "
|
|
"`Log` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Estaría bien poder utilizar las macros de registro del crate [`log`](https://"
|
|
"crates.io/crates/log). Podemos hacerlo implementando el trait `Log`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n"
|
|
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n"
|
|
" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n"
|
|
"};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Logger {\n"
|
|
" uart: SpinMutex<Option<Uart>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Log for Logger {\n"
|
|
" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" true\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(\n"
|
|
" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n"
|
|
" \"[{}] {}\",\n"
|
|
" record.level(),\n"
|
|
" record.args()\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn flush(&self) {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Initialises UART logger.\n"
|
|
"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), "
|
|
"SetLoggerError> {\n"
|
|
" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n"
|
|
" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling "
|
|
"`set_logger`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La desenvoltura en `log` es segura porque inicializamos `LOGGER` antes de "
|
|
"llamar a `set_logger`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:3
|
|
msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it."
|
|
msgstr "Debemos inicializar el registrador antes de utilizarlo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"mod logger;\n"
|
|
"mod pl011;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 "
|
|
"device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" info!(\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(x1, 42);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[panic_handler]\n"
|
|
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"{info}\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46
|
|
msgid "Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ten en cuenta que nuestro controlador de _panic_ ahora ya puede registrar la "
|
|
"información de los pánicos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ejecuta el ejemplo en QEMU con `make qemu_logger` en `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of "
|
|
"exceptions (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with "
|
|
"SP0, current EL with SPx, lower EL using AArch64, lower EL using AArch32). "
|
|
"We implement this in assembly to save volatile registers to the stack before "
|
|
"calling into Rust code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"AArch64 define una tabla de vectores de excepción con 16 entradas, para 4 "
|
|
"tipos de excepciones (synchronous, IRQ, FIQ, SError) desde 4 estados (EL "
|
|
"actual con SP0, EL actual con SPx, EL inferior con AArch64 y EL inferior con "
|
|
"AArch32). Implementamos esto en el ensamblaje para guardar los registros "
|
|
"volátiles en la _stack_ antes de llamar al código de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use log::error;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"irq_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"fiq_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"serr_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"sync_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"irq_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"serr_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:64
|
|
msgid "EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"EL significa nivel de excepción (por sus siglas en inglés); todos nuestros "
|
|
"ejemplos de esta tarde se ejecutan en EL1."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:65
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the current "
|
|
"EL exceptions, or between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para simplificar, no distinguimos entre SP0 y SPx para las excepciones del "
|
|
"EL actual, ni entre AArch32 y AArch64 para las excepciones de EL inferiores."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:67
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't "
|
|
"expect any of them to actually happen."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En este ejemplo, nos limitaremos a registrar la excepción y a apagarla, ya "
|
|
"que no esperamos que se produzca ninguna."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:69
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or "
|
|
"less like different threads. [`Send` and `Sync`](../../concurrency/send-sync."
|
|
"md) will control what we can share between them, just like with threads. For "
|
|
"example, if we want to share some value between exception handlers and the "
|
|
"rest of the program, and it's `Send` but not `Sync`, then we'll need to wrap "
|
|
"it in something like a `Mutex` and put it in a static."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Podríamos pensar en los controladores de excepciones y en nuestro contexto "
|
|
"de ejecución principal como si fueran hilos diferentes. [`Send` y `Sync`]"
|
|
"(../../concurrency/send-sync.md) controlarán lo que podemos compartir entre "
|
|
"ellos, igual que con los hilos. Por ejemplo, si queremos compartir algún "
|
|
"valor entre los controladores de excepciones y el resto del programa, y es "
|
|
"`Send`en vez de `Sync`, necesitaremos envolverlo en un `Mutex`, por ejemplo, "
|
|
"y ponerlo en un estático."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3
|
|
msgid "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)"
|
|
msgstr "[oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:4
|
|
msgid "\"coreboot without the C\""
|
|
msgstr "\"coreboot sin la C\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:5
|
|
msgid "Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V."
|
|
msgstr "Compatible con x86, aarch64 y RISC-V."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:6
|
|
msgid "Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself."
|
|
msgstr "Depende de LinuxBoot en lugar de tener controladores propios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-"
|
|
"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Tutorial del SO de Rust en RaspberryPi][Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, "
|
|
"exception handling, page tables"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Inicialización, controlador de UART, bootloader sencillo, JTAG, niveles de "
|
|
"excepción, gestión de excepciones, tablas de páginas, etc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not "
|
|
"necessarily a good example to copy for production code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Algunas dudas sobre el mantenimiento de la caché y la inicialización en "
|
|
"Rust, aunque no es precisamente un buen ejemplo para copiar en código de "
|
|
"producción."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:12
|
|
msgid "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)"
|
|
msgstr "[`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:13
|
|
msgid "Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage."
|
|
msgstr "Análisis estático para determinar el uso máximo de la _stack_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are "
|
|
"enabled. This will read and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El tutorial del sistema operativo en RaspberryPi ejecuta código de Rust "
|
|
"antes de que la MMU y las cachés se habiliten. De este modo, se leerá y "
|
|
"escribirá memoria (por ejemplo, la _stack_). Sin embargo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with "
|
|
"`aarch64-unknown-none` which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler "
|
|
"generating unaligned accesses so it should be alright, but this is not "
|
|
"necessarily the case in general."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sin la MMU y la caché, los accesos no alineados fallarán. Se compila con "
|
|
"`aarch64-unknown-none`, que define `+strict-align` para evitar que el "
|
|
"compilador genere accesos no alineados. Debería estar bien, pero no tiene "
|
|
"por qué ser así, en general."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The "
|
|
"problem is that the VM is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, "
|
|
"while the host has cachable aliases to the same memory. Even if the host "
|
|
"doesn't explicitly access the memory, speculative accesses can lead to cache "
|
|
"fills, and then changes from one or the other will get lost. Again this is "
|
|
"alright in this particular case (running directly on the hardware with no "
|
|
"hypervisor), but isn't a good pattern in general."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si se estuviera ejecutando en una máquina virtual, podría provocar problemas "
|
|
"de coherencia en la caché. El problema es que la máquina virtual accede a la "
|
|
"memoria directamente con la caché inhabilitada, mientras que el host cuenta "
|
|
"con alias que se pueden almacenar en caché en la misma memoria. Incluso si "
|
|
"el host no accede explícitamente a la memoria, los accesos especulativos "
|
|
"pueden provocar que se llene la caché, haciendo que los cambios de uno u "
|
|
"otro se pierdan. De nuevo, es correcto en este caso particular (si se "
|
|
"ejecuta directamente en el hardware sin hipervisor) pero, por lo general, no "
|
|
"es un buen patrón."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal "
|
|
"programming."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A continuación, repasaremos algunos crates que resuelven ciertos problemas "
|
|
"comunes en la programación bare-metal."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1
|
|
msgid "`zerocopy`"
|
|
msgstr "`zerocopy`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) crate (from Fuchsia) provides "
|
|
"traits and macros for safely converting between byte sequences and other "
|
|
"types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El crate [`zerocopy`](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/) (de Fuchsia) proporciona "
|
|
"traits y macros para realizar conversiones seguras entre secuencias de bytes "
|
|
"y otros tipos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use zerocopy::AsBytes;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[repr(u32)]\n"
|
|
"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n"
|
|
"enum RequestType {\n"
|
|
" #[default]\n"
|
|
" In = 0,\n"
|
|
" Out = 1,\n"
|
|
" Flush = 4,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct VirtioBlockRequest {\n"
|
|
" request_type: RequestType,\n"
|
|
" reserved: u32,\n"
|
|
" sector: u64,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let request = VirtioBlockRequest {\n"
|
|
" request_type: RequestType::Flush,\n"
|
|
" sector: 42,\n"
|
|
" ..Default::default()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" request.as_bytes(),\n"
|
|
" &[4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), "
|
|
"but can be useful for working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by "
|
|
"DMA, or sent over some external interface."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"No es adecuado para MMIO (ya que no utiliza lecturas y escrituras "
|
|
"volátiles), pero puede ser útil para trabajar con estructuras compartidas "
|
|
"con hardware (por ejemplo, mediante DMA) o enviadas a través de alguna "
|
|
"interfaz externa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is "
|
|
"valid, and so can safely be converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`FromBytes` se puede implementar en tipos en los que cualquier patrón de "
|
|
"bytes es válido, por lo que se puede convertir de forma segura a partir de "
|
|
"una secuencia de bytes que no es fiable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because "
|
|
"`RequestType` doesn't use all possible u32 values as discriminants, so not "
|
|
"all byte patterns are valid."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si se intenta derivar `FromBytes` para estos tipos, se produciría un error, "
|
|
"pues `RequestType` no utiliza todos los valores u32 posibles como "
|
|
"discriminantes y, por tanto, todos los patrones de bytes son válidos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`zerocopy::byteorder` tiene tipos para primitivos numéricos conscientes del "
|
|
"orden de bytes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/"
|
|
"zerocopy-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate "
|
|
"dependency.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ejecuta el ejemplo con `cargo run` en `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy-"
|
|
"example/`. (No se ejecutará en el playground debido a la dependencia del "
|
|
"crate)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1
|
|
msgid "`aarch64-paging`"
|
|
msgstr "`aarch64-paging`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) crate lets "
|
|
"you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual Memory System "
|
|
"Architecture."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El crate [`aarch64-paging`](https://crates.io/crates/aarch64-paging) permite "
|
|
"crear tablas de páginas de acuerdo con la arquitectura del sistema de "
|
|
"memoria virtual AArch64."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use aarch64_paging::{\n"
|
|
" idmap::IdMap,\n"
|
|
" paging::{Attributes, MemoryRegion},\n"
|
|
"};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const ASID: usize = 1;\n"
|
|
"const ROOT_LEVEL: usize = 1;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n"
|
|
"let mut idmap = IdMap::new(ASID, ROOT_LEVEL);\n"
|
|
"// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n"
|
|
"idmap.map_range(\n"
|
|
" &MemoryRegion::new(0x80200000, 0x80400000),\n"
|
|
" Attributes::NORMAL | Attributes::NON_GLOBAL | Attributes::READ_ONLY,\n"
|
|
").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n"
|
|
"idmap.activate();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should "
|
|
"be straightforward to add."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Por ahora, solo es compatible con EL1, pero debería ser sencillo añadir "
|
|
"compatibilidad con otros niveles de excepción."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware](https://cs.android."
|
|
"com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/modules/Virtualization/"
|
|
"pvmfw/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se utiliza en Android para el [Firmware de Máquina Virtual Protegida]"
|
|
"(https://cs.android.com/android/platform/superproject/+/master:packages/"
|
|
"modules/Virtualization/pvmfw/)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware "
|
|
"or under QEMU."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"No hay una forma sencilla de ejecutar este ejemplo, ya que debe hacerse en "
|
|
"hardware real o en QEMU."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1
|
|
msgid "`buddy_system_allocator`"
|
|
msgstr "`buddy_system_allocator`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) "
|
|
"is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. It can "
|
|
"be used both for [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/"
|
|
"buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) implementing [`GlobalAlloc`]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html) so you can use "
|
|
"the standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before](../alloc.md)), or for "
|
|
"allocating other address space. For example, we might want to allocate MMIO "
|
|
"space for PCI BARs:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`buddy_system_allocator`](https://crates.io/crates/buddy_system_allocator) "
|
|
"es un crate de terceros que implementa un asignador básico del sistema "
|
|
"buddy. Se puede utilizar tanto para [`LockedHeap`](https://docs.rs/"
|
|
"buddy_system_allocator/0.9.0/buddy_system_allocator/struct.LockedHeap.html) "
|
|
"implementando [`GlobalAlloc`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/alloc/trait."
|
|
"GlobalAlloc.html), de forma que puedas usar el crate `alloc` estándar (tal y "
|
|
"como vimos [antes](../alloc.md)), o para asignar otro espacio de "
|
|
"direcciones. Por ejemplo, podríamos querer asignar espacio MMIO para los "
|
|
"registros de dirección base (BAR) de PCI:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use buddy_system_allocator::FrameAllocator;\n"
|
|
"use core::alloc::Layout;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut allocator = FrameAllocator::<32>::new();\n"
|
|
" allocator.add_frame(0x200_0000, 0x400_0000);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let layout = Layout::from_size_align(0x100, 0x100).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let bar = allocator\n"
|
|
" .alloc_aligned(layout)\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to allocate 0x100 byte MMIO region\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Allocated 0x100 byte MMIO region at {:#x}\", bar);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:26
|
|
msgid "PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size."
|
|
msgstr "Los BAR de PCI siempre tienen una alineación igual a su tamaño."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/"
|
|
"allocator-example/`. (It won't run in the Playground because of the crate "
|
|
"dependency.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ejecuta el ejemplo con `cargo run` en `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/"
|
|
"allocator-example/`. (No se ejecutará en el playground debido a la "
|
|
"dependencia del crate)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1
|
|
msgid "`tinyvec`"
|
|
msgstr "`tinyvec`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without "
|
|
"heap allocation. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) provides "
|
|
"this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically "
|
|
"allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used "
|
|
"and panics if you try to use more than are allocated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A veces, se necesita algo que se pueda cambiar de tamaño, como `Vec`, pero "
|
|
"sin asignación de _heap_. [`tinyvec`](https://crates.io/crates/tinyvec) "
|
|
"ofrece un vector respaldado por un array o slice, que se podría asignar "
|
|
"estáticamente o en la _stack_, y que hace un seguimiento de cuántos "
|
|
"elementos se usan, entrando en _panic_ si intentas utilizar más elementos de "
|
|
"los asignados."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tinyvec::{array_vec, ArrayVec};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut numbers: ArrayVec<[u32; 5]> = array_vec!(42, 66);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
|
|
" numbers.push(7);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
|
|
" numbers.remove(1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for "
|
|
"initialisation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`tinyvec` requiere que el tipo de elemento implemente `Default` para la "
|
|
"inicialización."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El playground de Rust incluye `tinyvec`, por lo que este ejemplo se "
|
|
"ejecutará bien aunque esté insertado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1
|
|
msgid "`spin`"
|
|
msgstr "`spin`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` "
|
|
"are not available in `core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or "
|
|
"interior mutability, such as for sharing state between different CPUs?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`std::sync::Mutex` y el resto de los primitivos de sincronización de `std::"
|
|
"sync` no están disponibles en `core` o `alloc`. ¿Cómo podemos gestionar la "
|
|
"sincronización o la mutabilidad interior para, por ejemplo, compartir el "
|
|
"estado entre diferentes CPUs?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) crate provides spinlock-based "
|
|
"equivalents of many of these primitives."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El crate [`spin`](https://crates.io/crates/spin) proporciona equivalentes "
|
|
"basados en spinlocks de muchos de estos primitivos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static counter: SpinMutex<u32> = SpinMutex::new(0);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n"
|
|
" *counter.lock() += 2;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:23
|
|
msgid "Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Intenta evitar interbloqueos si usas bloqueos en los controladores de las "
|
|
"interrupciones."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, "
|
|
"`Barrier` and `Once` from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`spin` también cuenta con una implementación de exclusión mutua de bloqueo "
|
|
"de tickets; equivalentes de `RwLock`, `Barrier` y `Once` de `std::sync`, y "
|
|
"`Lazy` para inicialización perezosa"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) crate also has some "
|
|
"useful types for late initialisation with a slightly different approach to "
|
|
"`spin::once::Once`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El crate [`once_cell`](https://crates.io/crates/once_cell) también tiene "
|
|
"algunos tipos útiles de inicialización tardía con un enfoque ligeramente "
|
|
"distinto al de `spin::once::Once`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El playground de Rust incluye `spin`, por lo que este ejemplo se ejecutará "
|
|
"bien aunque está insertado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a "
|
|
"`rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to build your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` "
|
|
"with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a `raw_binary` "
|
|
"to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Para compilar un binario de Rust bare-metal en AOSP, tienes que usar una "
|
|
"regla `rust_ffi_static` de Soong para crear tu código Rust y, seguidamente, "
|
|
"un `cc_binary` con una secuencia de comandos de enlazador para producir el "
|
|
"binario en sí. Por último, un `raw_binary` para convertir el ELF en un "
|
|
"binario sin formato que pueda ejecutarse."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```soong\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi_static {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libvmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" defaults: [\"vmbase_ffi_defaults\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"vmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libvmbase\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"cc_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"vmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" defaults: [\"vmbase_elf_defaults\"],\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\n"
|
|
" \"idmap.S\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libvmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" linker_scripts: [\n"
|
|
" \"image.ld\",\n"
|
|
" \":vmbase_sections\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"raw_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"vmbase_example_bin\",\n"
|
|
" stem: \"vmbase_example.bin\",\n"
|
|
" src: \":vmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" enabled: false,\n"
|
|
" target: {\n"
|
|
" android_arm64: {\n"
|
|
" enabled: true,\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase](https://android."
|
|
"googlesource.com/platform/packages/modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/"
|
|
"master/vmbase/) library provides a linker script and useful defaults for the "
|
|
"build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En el caso de las máquinas virtuales que se ejecutan con crosvm en aarch64, "
|
|
"la biblioteca [vmbase](https://android.googlesource.com/platform/packages/"
|
|
"modules/Virtualization/+/refs/heads/master/vmbase/) proporciona una "
|
|
"secuencia de comandos de enlazador y valores predeterminados útiles para las "
|
|
"reglas de compilación, además de un punto de entrada, registro de la consola "
|
|
"UART y mucho más."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use vmbase::{main, println};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"main!(main);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn main(arg0: u64, arg1: u64, arg2: u64, arg3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello world\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` "
|
|
"entry point."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La macro `main!` indica tu función principal, que se llama desde el punto de "
|
|
"entrada `vmbase`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a "
|
|
"PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown the VM if your main function returns."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El punto de entrada `vmbase` gestiona la inicialización de la consola y "
|
|
"emite PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF para apagar la máquina virtual si tu función principal "
|
|
"devuelve un resultado."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Escribiremos un controlador para el dispositivo de reloj en tiempo real "
|
|
"PL031."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "RTC driver"
|
|
msgstr "Controlador RTC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031](https://developer.arm.com/"
|
|
"documentation/ddi0224/c) real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, "
|
|
"you should write a driver for it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La máquina virtual aarch64 de QEMU tiene un reloj en tiempo real [PL031]"
|
|
"(https://developer.arm.com/documentation/ddi0224/c) en 0x9010000. En este "
|
|
"ejercicio, debes escribir un controlador para el reloj."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the "
|
|
"[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) crate for date/time formatting."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Úsalo para imprimir la hora en la consola serie. Puedes usar el crate "
|
|
"[`chrono`](https://crates.io/crates/chrono) para dar formato a la fecha y la "
|
|
"hora."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given "
|
|
"time, e.g. 3 seconds in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn.spin_loop.html) inside the loop.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Utiliza el registro de coincidencias y el estado de interrupción sin formato "
|
|
"para esperar hasta un momento dado, por ejemplo, un adelanto de 3 segundos. "
|
|
"(Llama a [`core::hint::spin_loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/core/hint/fn."
|
|
"spin_loop.html) dentro d+el bucle)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by "
|
|
"the RTC match. You can use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`](https://"
|
|
"docs.rs/arm-gic/) crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt Controller."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"_Ampliación si hay tiempo:_ habilita y gestiona la interrupción que genera "
|
|
"la coincidencia de RTC. Puedes usar el controlador que se proporciona con el "
|
|
"crate [`arm-gic`](https://docs.rs/arm-gic/) para configurar el controlador "
|
|
"de interrupciones genérico (GIC) de Arm."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:12
|
|
msgid "Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Utiliza la interrupción de RTC, que está conectada al GIC como `IntId::"
|
|
"spi(2)`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::"
|
|
"wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Después de habilitar la interrupción, puedes poner el núcleo en suspensión "
|
|
"mediante `arm_gic::wfi()`, lo que hará que entre en suspensión hasta que "
|
|
"reciba una interrupción."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and "
|
|
"look in the `rtc` directory for the following files."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Descarga la [plantilla de ejercicio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) "
|
|
"y busca en el directorio `rtc` los siguientes archivos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"mod logger;\n"
|
|
"mod pl011;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n"
|
|
"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 "
|
|
"device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the "
|
|
"base\n"
|
|
" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n"
|
|
" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n"
|
|
" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, "
|
|
"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" gic.setup();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[panic_handler]\n"
|
|
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"{info}\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`src/exceptions.rs` (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of "
|
|
"the exercise):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`src/exceptions.rs` (solo se debería cambiar esto en la tercera parte del "
|
|
"ejercicio):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:79
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
|
|
"use log::{error, info, trace};\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" trace!(\"irq_current\");\n"
|
|
" let intid = GicV3::get_and_acknowledge_interrupt().expect(\"No pending "
|
|
"interrupt\");\n"
|
|
" info!(\"IRQ {intid:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"fiq_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"serr_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"sync_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"irq_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"serr_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149
|
|
msgid "`src/logger.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`src/logger.rs` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:153
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n"
|
|
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n"
|
|
" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n"
|
|
"};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Logger {\n"
|
|
" uart: SpinMutex<Option<Uart>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Log for Logger {\n"
|
|
" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" true\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(\n"
|
|
" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n"
|
|
" \"[{}] {}\",\n"
|
|
" record.level(),\n"
|
|
" record.args()\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn flush(&self) {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Initialises UART logger.\n"
|
|
"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), "
|
|
"SetLoggerError> {\n"
|
|
" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n"
|
|
" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210
|
|
msgid "`src/pl011.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`src/pl011.rs` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:214
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n"
|
|
"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Flags\n"
|
|
"use bitflags::bitflags;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"bitflags! {\n"
|
|
" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(transparent)]\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
" struct Flags: u16 {\n"
|
|
" /// Clear to send.\n"
|
|
" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n"
|
|
" /// Data set ready.\n"
|
|
" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n"
|
|
" /// Data carrier detect.\n"
|
|
" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n"
|
|
" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n"
|
|
" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n"
|
|
" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n"
|
|
" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n"
|
|
" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n"
|
|
" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n"
|
|
" /// Ring indicator.\n"
|
|
" const RI = 1 << 8;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"bitflags! {\n"
|
|
" /// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(transparent)]\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
" struct ReceiveStatus: u16 {\n"
|
|
" /// Framing error.\n"
|
|
" const FE = 1 << 0;\n"
|
|
" /// Parity error.\n"
|
|
" const PE = 1 << 1;\n"
|
|
" /// Break error.\n"
|
|
" const BE = 1 << 2;\n"
|
|
" /// Overrun error.\n"
|
|
" const OE = 1 << 3;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Registers\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
|
|
"struct Registers {\n"
|
|
" dr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n"
|
|
" _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n"
|
|
" fr: Flags,\n"
|
|
" _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n"
|
|
" ilpr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" ibrd: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" fbrd: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" lcr_h: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" cr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" ifls: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" imsc: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" ris: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" mis: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" icr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" dmacr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Uart\n"
|
|
"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct Uart {\n"
|
|
" registers: *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Uart {\n"
|
|
" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
|
|
"process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
|
|
" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
|
|
" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been "
|
|
"received.\n"
|
|
" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option<u8> {\n"
|
|
" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n"
|
|
" None\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)."
|
|
"read_volatile() };\n"
|
|
" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n"
|
|
" Some(data as u8)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Write for Uart {\n"
|
|
" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n"
|
|
" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n"
|
|
" self.write_byte(*c);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
|
|
"// accessed from any context.\n"
|
|
"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:389
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[workspace]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"rtc\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"arm-gic = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"bitflags = \"2.0.0\"\n"
|
|
"chrono = { version = \"0.4.24\", default-features = false }\n"
|
|
"log = \"0.4.17\"\n"
|
|
"smccc = \"0.1.1\"\n"
|
|
"spin = \"0.9.8\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[build-dependencies]\n"
|
|
"cc = \"1.0.73\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410
|
|
msgid "`build.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`build.rs` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:414
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cc::Build;\n"
|
|
"use std::env;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(target_os = \"linux\")]\n"
|
|
" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-linux-gnu\");\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"linux\"))]\n"
|
|
" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-none-elf\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Build::new()\n"
|
|
" .file(\"entry.S\")\n"
|
|
" .file(\"exceptions.S\")\n"
|
|
" .file(\"idmap.S\")\n"
|
|
" .compile(\"empty\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446
|
|
msgid "`entry.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`entry.S` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n"
|
|
"\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n"
|
|
"\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n"
|
|
"\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n"
|
|
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n"
|
|
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n"
|
|
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n"
|
|
".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n"
|
|
".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n"
|
|
"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n"
|
|
"/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation "
|
|
"fault instead. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n"
|
|
"/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate "
|
|
"write-allocate\n"
|
|
" * cacheable.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate "
|
|
"write-allocate\n"
|
|
" * cacheable.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n"
|
|
"/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n"
|
|
".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | ."
|
|
"L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n"
|
|
".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | ."
|
|
"L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n"
|
|
"/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n"
|
|
"/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n"
|
|
"/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n"
|
|
"/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n"
|
|
"/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n"
|
|
"/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << "
|
|
"28) | (0x1 << 29)\n"
|
|
".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | ."
|
|
"L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n"
|
|
".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | ."
|
|
"L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations "
|
|
"required to prepare the\n"
|
|
" * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using "
|
|
"registers x25 and above,\n"
|
|
" * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception "
|
|
"vector. It preserves x0-x3\n"
|
|
" * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n"
|
|
".global entry\n"
|
|
"entry:\n"
|
|
"\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable MMU "
|
|
"and caches. */\n"
|
|
"\tadrp x30, idmap\n"
|
|
"\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n"
|
|
"\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n"
|
|
"\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n"
|
|
"\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any "
|
|
"potentially stale\n"
|
|
"\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\ttlbi vmalle1\n"
|
|
"\tic iallu\n"
|
|
"\tdsb nsh\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until "
|
|
"this has completed.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n"
|
|
"\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n"
|
|
"\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n"
|
|
"\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n"
|
|
"\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n"
|
|
"0:\tcmp x29, x30\n"
|
|
"\tb.hs 1f\n"
|
|
"\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n"
|
|
"\tb 0b\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n"
|
|
"\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n"
|
|
"\tmov sp, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n"
|
|
"\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n"
|
|
"\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n"
|
|
"\tbl main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n"
|
|
"2:\twfi\n"
|
|
"\tb 2b\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595
|
|
msgid "`exceptions.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`exceptions.S` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n"
|
|
" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 "
|
|
"instructions\n"
|
|
" * left.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 "
|
|
"respectively,\n"
|
|
" * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent "
|
|
"call.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n"
|
|
"\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n"
|
|
"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n"
|
|
"\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n"
|
|
"\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested exception\n"
|
|
"\t * and still be able to unwind.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n"
|
|
"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes 14\n"
|
|
" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still leaving "
|
|
"18\n"
|
|
" * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n"
|
|
" * instructions to spare.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n"
|
|
"\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n"
|
|
"\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n"
|
|
"\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n"
|
|
"\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n"
|
|
"\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n"
|
|
"\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n"
|
|
"\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while "
|
|
"using\n"
|
|
" * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, "
|
|
"doing\n"
|
|
" * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. To\n"
|
|
" * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can "
|
|
"implement\n"
|
|
" * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n"
|
|
"\tmsr spsel, #1\n"
|
|
"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n"
|
|
"\tbl \\handler\n"
|
|
"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n"
|
|
"\tmsr spsel, #0\n"
|
|
"\teret\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while "
|
|
"using\n"
|
|
" * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores "
|
|
"volatile\n"
|
|
" * registers, then returns.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n"
|
|
" * non-volatile registers.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, and\n"
|
|
" * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the "
|
|
"whole\n"
|
|
" * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n"
|
|
"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n"
|
|
"\tbl \\handler\n"
|
|
"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n"
|
|
"\teret\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n"
|
|
".global vector_table_el1\n"
|
|
".balign 0x800\n"
|
|
"vector_table_el1:\n"
|
|
"sync_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"sync_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"sync_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"sync_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780
|
|
msgid "`idmap.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`idmap.S` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/* Access flag. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n"
|
|
"/* Not global. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner "
|
|
"shareable\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n"
|
|
".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n"
|
|
".global idmap\n"
|
|
".align 12\n"
|
|
"idmap:\n"
|
|
"\t/* level 1 */\n"
|
|
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n"
|
|
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n"
|
|
"\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n"
|
|
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n"
|
|
"\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829
|
|
msgid "`image.ld` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`image.ld` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```ld\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" * image.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"ENTRY(entry)\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"MEMORY\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
"\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"SECTIONS\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Collect together the code.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\ttext_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.init.entry)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.init.*)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\t.text : {\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.text.*)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\ttext_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Collect together read-only data.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\trodata_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\t.got : {\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.got)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\trodata_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which\n"
|
|
"\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\tdata_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.data.*)\n"
|
|
"\t\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n"
|
|
"\t\t * bytes long.\n"
|
|
"\t\t */\n"
|
|
"\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n"
|
|
"\t\tdata_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n"
|
|
"\tbin_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n"
|
|
"\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n"
|
|
"\t\tbss_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.bss.*)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(COMMON)\n"
|
|
"\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n"
|
|
"\t\tbss_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n"
|
|
"\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n"
|
|
"\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n"
|
|
"\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t/DISCARD/ : {\n"
|
|
"\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.hash)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.interp)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n"
|
|
"\t}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940
|
|
msgid "`Makefile` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`Makefile` (no debería ser necesario cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:944
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```makefile\n"
|
|
"# Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"#\n"
|
|
"# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"#\n"
|
|
"# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"#\n"
|
|
"# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"# limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"UNAME := $(shell uname -s)\n"
|
|
"ifeq ($(UNAME),Linux)\n"
|
|
"\tTARGET = aarch64-linux-gnu\n"
|
|
"else\n"
|
|
"\tTARGET = aarch64-none-elf\n"
|
|
"endif\n"
|
|
"OBJCOPY = $(TARGET)-objcopy\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".PHONY: build qemu_minimal qemu qemu_logger\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"all: rtc.bin\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"build:\n"
|
|
"\tcargo build\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"rtc.bin: build\n"
|
|
"\t$(OBJCOPY) -O binary target/aarch64-unknown-none/debug/rtc $@\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"qemu: rtc.bin\n"
|
|
"\tqemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,gic-version=3 -cpu max -serial mon:stdio "
|
|
"-display none -kernel $< -s\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"clean:\n"
|
|
"\tcargo clean\n"
|
|
"\trm -f *.bin\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:989
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[build]\n"
|
|
"target = \"aarch64-unknown-none\"\n"
|
|
"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Timage.ld\"]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995
|
|
msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`."
|
|
msgstr "Ejecuta el código en QEMU con `make qemu`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Welcome to Concurrency in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Bienvenido a Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and "
|
|
"channels."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs "
|
|
"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since "
|
|
"you can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..5 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24
|
|
msgid "Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:25
|
|
msgid "Thread panics are independent of each other."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:26
|
|
msgid "Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is "
|
|
"not waiting."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for "
|
|
"the thread to finish."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:38
|
|
msgid "Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the "
|
|
"panic payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/std/any/index.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3
|
|
msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn foo() {\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" foo();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hola!\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"However, you can use a [scoped thread](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/thread/"
|
|
"fn.scope.html) for this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::scope(|scope| {\n"
|
|
" scope.spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hola!\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all "
|
|
"the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one "
|
|
"thread, or immutably by any number of threads."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender<T>` and a `Receiver<T>`. The two "
|
|
"parts are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" tx.send(10).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" tx.send(20).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let tx2 = tx.clone();\n"
|
|
" tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` "
|
|
"implement `Clone` (so you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does "
|
|
"not."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the "
|
|
"counterpart `Sender` or `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3
|
|
msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
|
|
" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
|
|
" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the "
|
|
"channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there "
|
|
"is nobody who reads from the channel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns `Result`) "
|
|
"if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is dropped."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". "
|
|
"Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Send` and `Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in "
|
|
"two traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html): a type `T` "
|
|
"is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread boundary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html): a type `T` "
|
|
"is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread boundary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits](../unsafe/unsafe-traits.md). The "
|
|
"compiler will automatically derive them for your types as long as they only "
|
|
"contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when "
|
|
"you know it is valid."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-"
|
|
"safety properties."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:21
|
|
msgid "They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Send`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A type `T` is [`Send`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Send.html) "
|
|
"if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will "
|
|
"run in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one "
|
|
"thread and deallocate it in another."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from "
|
|
"a single thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A type `T` is [`Sync`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/marker/trait.Sync.html) "
|
|
"if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple threads at the same time."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6
|
|
msgid "More precisely, the definition is:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8
|
|
msgid "`T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is "
|
|
"thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it "
|
|
"across threads."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across "
|
|
"multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization "
|
|
"issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type "
|
|
"is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can "
|
|
"be accessed from any thread safely."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3
|
|
msgid "`Send + Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5
|
|
msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7
|
|
msgid "`i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:8
|
|
msgid "`(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:9
|
|
msgid "`String`, `Option<T>`, `Vec<T>`, `Box<T>`, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:10
|
|
msgid "`Arc<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:11
|
|
msgid "`Mutex<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:12
|
|
msgid "`AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are "
|
|
"`Send + Sync`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17
|
|
msgid "`Send + !Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe. "
|
|
"Typically because of interior mutability:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22
|
|
msgid "`mpsc::Sender<T>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:23
|
|
msgid "`mpsc::Receiver<T>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:24
|
|
msgid "`Cell<T>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:25
|
|
msgid "`RefCell<T>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27
|
|
msgid "`!Send + Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`MutexGuard<T>`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the "
|
|
"thread which created them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34
|
|
msgid "`!Send + !Sync`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36
|
|
msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Rc<T>`: each `Rc<T>` has a reference to an `RcBox<T>`, which contains a non-"
|
|
"atomic reference count."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special concurrency "
|
|
"considerations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is "
|
|
"primarily done via two types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Arc<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html), atomic "
|
|
"reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and takes care to "
|
|
"deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped,"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html): ensures "
|
|
"mutually exclusive access to the `T` value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Arc`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Arc<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Arc.html) allows shared "
|
|
"read-only access via `Arc::clone`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
|
|
" let mut handles = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" for _ in 1..5 {\n"
|
|
" let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
|
|
" handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` "
|
|
"that uses atomic operations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Arc<T>` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` "
|
|
"and `Sync` if and only if `T` implements them both."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but "
|
|
"after that the use of the `T` is free."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect "
|
|
"them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:36
|
|
msgid "`std::sync::Weak` can help."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1
|
|
msgid "`Mutex`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html) ensures "
|
|
"mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T` behind a read-only "
|
|
"interface:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Mutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" guard.push(40);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Notice how we have a [`impl<T: Send> Sync for Mutex<T>`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/std/sync/struct.Mutex.html#impl-Sync-for-Mutex%3CT%3E) blanket "
|
|
"implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the "
|
|
"protected data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the "
|
|
"protected data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex<T>` by taking the lock. The "
|
|
"`MutexGuard` ensures that the `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Mutex<T>` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` "
|
|
"implements `Send`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:36
|
|
msgid "A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:37
|
|
msgid "Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes "
|
|
"\"poisoned\" to signal that the data it protected might be in an "
|
|
"inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned mutex fails with a "
|
|
"[`PoisonError`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/sync/struct.PoisonError.html). "
|
|
"You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data regardless."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3
|
|
msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" v.push(10);\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" v.push(1000);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" handle.join().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23
|
|
msgid "Possible solution:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
|
|
" let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" v2.push(10);\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" v.push(1000);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" handle.join().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49
|
|
msgid "Notable parts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are "
|
|
"orthogonal."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state "
|
|
"between threads."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another "
|
|
"thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as "
|
|
"possible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to "
|
|
"download dependencies and then check links in parallel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:3
|
|
msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has "
|
|
"their own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish "
|
|
"served is a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each "
|
|
"philosopher can only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can "
|
|
"only eat their spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two "
|
|
"forks will only be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, "
|
|
"not eating. After an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put "
|
|
"down both forks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) "
|
|
"for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill "
|
|
"out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Fork;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // left_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // right_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // thoughts: ...\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // Pick up forks...\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
|
|
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // Create forks\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Create philosophers\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Output their thoughts\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61
|
|
msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:65
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It "
|
|
"should start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It "
|
|
"should recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this "
|
|
"until all pages have been validated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`](https://docs.rs/"
|
|
"reqwest/). Create a new Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"cargo new link-checker\n"
|
|
"cd link-checker\n"
|
|
"cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the "
|
|
"`Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`](https://docs."
|
|
"rs/scraper/) for that:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"cargo add scraper\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`]"
|
|
"(https://docs.rs/thiserror/) for that:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"cargo add thiserror\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"link-checker\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-"
|
|
"tls\"] }\n"
|
|
"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n"
|
|
"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as `https://"
|
|
"www.google.org/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:53
|
|
msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n"
|
|
"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum Error {\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" BadResponse(String),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct CrawlCommand {\n"
|
|
" url: Url,\n"
|
|
" extract_links: bool,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result<Vec<Url>, "
|
|
"Error> {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n"
|
|
" let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n"
|
|
" if !response.status().is_success() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" if !command.extract_links {\n"
|
|
" return Ok(link_urls);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n"
|
|
" let body_text = response.text()?;\n"
|
|
" let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let href_values = document\n"
|
|
" .select(&selector)\n"
|
|
" .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n"
|
|
" for href in href_values {\n"
|
|
" match base_url.join(href) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(link_url) => {\n"
|
|
" link_urls.push(link_url);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: "
|
|
"{err}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(link_urls)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let client = Client::new();\n"
|
|
" let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let crawl_command = CrawlCommand{ url: start_url, extract_links: "
|
|
"true };\n"
|
|
" match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:120
|
|
msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:122
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"cargo run\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:128
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a "
|
|
"channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:130
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the `www.google."
|
|
"org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you don't end up "
|
|
"being blocked by the site."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Async Rust"
|
|
msgstr "¿Por qué Rust?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed "
|
|
"concurrently by executing each task until it would block, then switching to "
|
|
"another task that is ready to make progress. The model allows running a "
|
|
"larger number of tasks on a limited number of threads. This is because the "
|
|
"per-task overhead is typically very low and operating systems provide "
|
|
"primitives for efficiently identifying I/O that is able to proceed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work "
|
|
"that may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they "
|
|
"signal that they are complete."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are "
|
|
"available."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Comparisons"
|
|
msgstr "Comparación"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is "
|
|
"callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\", "
|
|
"similar to a runtime in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language "
|
|
"runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise "
|
|
"resolution are hidden."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:1
|
|
msgid "`async`/`await`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential "
|
|
"code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use futures::executor::block_on;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..=count {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n"
|
|
" count_to(count).await;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" block_on(async_main(10));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long "
|
|
"running operation or any real concurrency in it!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:30
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "What is the return type of an async call?"
|
|
msgstr "Qué es el tipo `word` en cada loop?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:31
|
|
msgid "Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return "
|
|
"type with a future. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the "
|
|
"compiler on how to use the returned future."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread "
|
|
"until the provided future has run to completion. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. "
|
|
"Unlike `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are "
|
|
"introduced later). "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html) is a "
|
|
"trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be "
|
|
"complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a [`Poll`](https://"
|
|
"doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"use std::pin::Pin;\n"
|
|
"use std::task::Context;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub trait Future {\n"
|
|
" type Output;\n"
|
|
" fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::"
|
|
"Output>;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub enum Poll<T> {\n"
|
|
" Ready(T),\n"
|
|
" Pending,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but "
|
|
"uncommon) to implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the "
|
|
"`JoinHandle` returned from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow "
|
|
"joining to it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function "
|
|
"to pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the "
|
|
"links to show the implementations in the docs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async "
|
|
"code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an "
|
|
"event occurs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into "
|
|
"that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain "
|
|
"valid after an `.await`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A _runtime_ provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a "
|
|
"_reactor_) and is responsible for executing futures (an _executor_). Rust "
|
|
"does not have a \"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Tokio](https://tokio.rs/): performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of "
|
|
"functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or [Tonic](https://"
|
|
"github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[async-std](https://async.rs/): aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes "
|
|
"a basic runtime in `async::task`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:12
|
|
msgid "[smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/): simple and lightweight"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example, [Fuchsia]"
|
|
"(https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-"
|
|
"async/src/lib.rs) already has one."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust "
|
|
"playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting "
|
|
"async things can't run in the playground."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O "
|
|
"operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS "
|
|
"Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never "
|
|
"used."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:4
|
|
msgid "Tokio provides: "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6
|
|
msgid "A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:7
|
|
msgid "An asynchronous version of the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:8
|
|
msgid "A large ecosystem of libraries."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..=count {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Count in task: {i}!\");\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(count_to(10));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..5 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main task: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33
|
|
msgid "With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:35
|
|
msgid "The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:37
|
|
msgid "Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:39
|
|
msgid "**Further exploration:**"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async "
|
|
"cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait "
|
|
"until it finishes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:45
|
|
msgid "Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:47
|
|
msgid "Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make "
|
|
"progress. That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` "
|
|
"method polls, corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a "
|
|
"task is possible by polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer "
|
|
"and an I/O operation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::net::TcpListener;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:6142\").await?;\n"
|
|
"\tprintln!(\"listening on port 6142\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" let (mut socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"connection from {addr:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(b\"Who are you?\\n\").await {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
|
|
" return;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut buf = vec![0; 1024];\n"
|
|
" let reply = match socket.read(&mut buf).await {\n"
|
|
" Ok(n) => {\n"
|
|
" let name = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..n]).unwrap()."
|
|
"trim();\n"
|
|
" format!(\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\")\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Err(e) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
|
|
" return;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(reply.as_bytes()).await {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:52 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with "
|
|
"a few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a "
|
|
"closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future, "
|
|
"similar to an `async fn`. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling "
|
|
"using `?`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn ping_handler(mut input: Receiver<()>) {\n"
|
|
" let mut count: usize = 0;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" while let Some(_) = input.recv().await {\n"
|
|
" count += 1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received {count} pings so far.\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ping_handler complete\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
|
|
" let ping_handler_task = tokio::spawn(ping_handler(receiver));\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..10 {\n"
|
|
" sender.send(()).await.expect(\"Failed to send ping.\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Sent {} pings so far.\", i + 1);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" drop(sender);\n"
|
|
" ping_handler_task.await.expect(\"Something went wrong in ping handler "
|
|
"task.\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:35
|
|
msgid "Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the "
|
|
"[morning class](concurrency/channels.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:40
|
|
msgid "Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that "
|
|
"implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient "
|
|
"for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to "
|
|
"combine them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control "
|
|
"flow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Futures Control Flow"
|
|
msgstr "Control de Flujo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. "
|
|
"We have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of "
|
|
"execution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:6
|
|
msgid "[Join](control-flow/join.md)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:7
|
|
msgid "[Select](control-flow/select.md)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and returns "
|
|
"a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in "
|
|
"JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use anyhow::Result;\n"
|
|
"use futures::future;\n"
|
|
"use reqwest;\n"
|
|
"use std::collections::HashMap;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn size_of_page(url: &str) -> Result<usize> {\n"
|
|
" let resp = reqwest::get(url).await?;\n"
|
|
" Ok(resp.text().await?.len())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let urls: [&str; 4] = [\n"
|
|
" \"https://google.com\",\n"
|
|
" \"https://httpbin.org/ip\",\n"
|
|
" \"https://play.rust-lang.org/\",\n"
|
|
" \"BAD_URL\",\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let futures_iter = urls.into_iter().map(size_of_page);\n"
|
|
" let results = future::join_all(futures_iter).await;\n"
|
|
" let page_sizes_dict: HashMap<&str, Result<usize>> =\n"
|
|
" urls.into_iter().zip(results.into_iter()).collect();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", page_sizes_dict);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but "
|
|
"you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is "
|
|
"currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would "
|
|
"cause your program to stall. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all "
|
|
"requests to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a "
|
|
"`tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a "
|
|
"timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but "
|
|
"demonstrates `join!`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and "
|
|
"responds to that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise."
|
|
"race`. In Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set, return_when=asyncio."
|
|
"FIRST_COMPLETED)`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, "
|
|
"each of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When the `future` is "
|
|
"ready, the `statement` is executed with the variables in `pattern` bound to "
|
|
"the `future`'s result."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
"enum Animal {\n"
|
|
" Cat { name: String },\n"
|
|
" Dog { name: String },\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn first_animal_to_finish_race(\n"
|
|
" mut cat_rcv: Receiver<String>,\n"
|
|
" mut dog_rcv: Receiver<String>,\n"
|
|
") -> Option<Animal> {\n"
|
|
" tokio::select! {\n"
|
|
" cat_name = cat_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Cat { name: cat_name? }),\n"
|
|
" dog_name = dog_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Dog { name: dog_name? })\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (cat_sender, cat_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
|
|
" let (dog_sender, dog_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;\n"
|
|
" cat_sender\n"
|
|
" .send(String::from(\"Felix\"))\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to send cat.\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;\n"
|
|
" dog_sender\n"
|
|
" .send(String::from(\"Rex\"))\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to send dog.\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let winner = first_animal_to_finish_race(cat_receiver, dog_receiver)\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to receive winner\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Winner is {winner:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog. "
|
|
"`first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick "
|
|
"whichever arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat "
|
|
"that take 500ms seconds."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:67
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed "
|
|
"to receive only one `send`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:70
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts "
|
|
"of futures."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:73
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their futures. "
|
|
"It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new futures."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:76
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but "
|
|
"this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:1
|
|
msgid "Pitfalls of async/await"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent "
|
|
"asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes "
|
|
"with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this "
|
|
"chapter:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:5
|
|
msgid "[Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:6
|
|
msgid "[Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:7
|
|
msgid "[Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:8
|
|
msgid "[Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:1
|
|
msgid "Blocking the executor"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently. This means that "
|
|
"CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from "
|
|
"being executed. An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where "
|
|
"possible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use futures::future::join_all;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Instant;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn sleep_ms(start: &Instant, id: u64, duration_ms: u64) {\n"
|
|
" std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(duration_ms));\n"
|
|
" println!(\n"
|
|
" \"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\",\n"
|
|
" start.elapsed().as_millis()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main(flavor = \"current_thread\")]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let start = Instant::now();\n"
|
|
" let sleep_futures = (1..=10).map(|t| sleep_ms(&start, t, t * 10));\n"
|
|
" join_all(sleep_futures).await;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than "
|
|
"concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This "
|
|
"makes the effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-"
|
|
"threaded flavor."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual "
|
|
"thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most "
|
|
"executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is "
|
|
"particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, "
|
|
"where that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific "
|
|
"OS threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such "
|
|
"situations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause "
|
|
"another task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be "
|
|
"stored on a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current "
|
|
"async block. If your future has pointers to data on the stack, those "
|
|
"pointers might get invalidated. This is unsafe."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't "
|
|
"change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future "
|
|
"repeatedly in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::task::spawn;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n"
|
|
"// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Work {\n"
|
|
" input: u32,\n"
|
|
" respond_on: oneshot::Sender<u32>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n"
|
|
"async fn worker(mut work_queue: mpsc::Receiver<Work>) {\n"
|
|
" let mut iterations = 0;\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" tokio::select! {\n"
|
|
" Some(work) = work_queue.recv() => {\n"
|
|
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await; // Pretend to work.\n"
|
|
" work.respond_on\n"
|
|
" .send(work.input * 1000)\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"failed to send response\");\n"
|
|
" iterations += 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n"
|
|
"async fn do_work(work_queue: &mpsc::Sender<Work>, input: u32) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();\n"
|
|
" work_queue\n"
|
|
" .send(Work {\n"
|
|
" input,\n"
|
|
" respond_on: tx,\n"
|
|
" })\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"failed to send on work queue\");\n"
|
|
" rx.await.expect(\"failed waiting for response\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n"
|
|
" spawn(worker(rx));\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..100 {\n"
|
|
" let resp = do_work(&tx, i).await;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors typically "
|
|
"call `select!` in a loop."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:71
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your "
|
|
"time with it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:74
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }` to "
|
|
"the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:79
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"let mut timeout_fut = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
|
|
"loop {\n"
|
|
" select! {\n"
|
|
" ..,\n"
|
|
" _ = timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:88
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the "
|
|
"`timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using `Box::"
|
|
"pin`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:92
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"let mut timeout_fut = Box::pin(sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)));\n"
|
|
"loop {\n"
|
|
" select! {\n"
|
|
" ..,\n"
|
|
" _ = &mut timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:102
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every "
|
|
"iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset "
|
|
"`timeout_fut` every time it expires."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:106
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently "
|
|
"stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, "
|
|
"but that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:110
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that "
|
|
"will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An "
|
|
"experimental feature exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid "
|
|
"term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-"
|
|
"nightly.html))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) "
|
|
"provides a workaround through a macro:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use async_trait::async_trait;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Instant;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[async_trait]\n"
|
|
"trait Sleeper {\n"
|
|
" async fn sleep(&self);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct FixedSleeper {\n"
|
|
" sleep_ms: u64,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[async_trait]\n"
|
|
"impl Sleeper for FixedSleeper {\n"
|
|
" async fn sleep(&self) {\n"
|
|
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(self.sleep_ms)).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers: Vec<Box<dyn Sleeper>>, "
|
|
"n_times: usize) {\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..n_times {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"running all sleepers..\");\n"
|
|
" for sleeper in &sleepers {\n"
|
|
" let start = Instant::now();\n"
|
|
" sleeper.sleep().await;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"slept for {}ms\", start.elapsed().as_millis());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let sleepers: Vec<Box<dyn Sleeper>> = vec![\n"
|
|
" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 50 }),\n"
|
|
" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 100 }),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers, 5).await;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to "
|
|
"achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and "
|
|
"probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of "
|
|
"explaining them in [this post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/"
|
|
"blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/) if you are interested in "
|
|
"digging deeper."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:60
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of "
|
|
"time and adding it to the Vec."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called "
|
|
"_cancellation_ and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to "
|
|
"ensure the system works correctly even when futures are cancelled. For "
|
|
"example, it shouldn't deadlock or lose data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{self, ErrorKind};\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, DuplexStream};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct LinesReader {\n"
|
|
" stream: DuplexStream,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl LinesReader {\n"
|
|
" fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self { stream }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<String>> {\n"
|
|
" let mut bytes = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" let mut buf = [0];\n"
|
|
" while self.stream.read(&mut buf[..]).await? != 0 {\n"
|
|
" bytes.push(buf[0]);\n"
|
|
" if buf[0] == b'\\n' {\n"
|
|
" break;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" if bytes.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Ok(None)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from_utf8(bytes)\n"
|
|
" .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidData, \"not "
|
|
"UTF-8\"))?;\n"
|
|
" Ok(Some(s))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn slow_copy(source: String, mut dest: DuplexStream) -> std::io::"
|
|
"Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" for b in source.bytes() {\n"
|
|
" dest.write_u8(b).await?;\n"
|
|
" tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" let (client, server) = tokio::io::duplex(5);\n"
|
|
" let handle = tokio::spawn(slow_copy(\"hi\\nthere\\n\".to_owned(), "
|
|
"client));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut lines = LinesReader::new(server);\n"
|
|
" let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_millis(60));\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" tokio::select! {\n"
|
|
" _ = interval.tick() => println!(\"tick!\"),\n"
|
|
" line = lines.next() => if let Some(l) = line? {\n"
|
|
" print!(\"{}\", l)\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" break\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" handle.await.unwrap()?;\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API "
|
|
"documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow (vs "
|
|
"error-handling)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:78
|
|
msgid "The example loses parts of the string."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:80
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` are "
|
|
"dropped."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:82
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by makeing `buf` part of the "
|
|
"struct:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:83
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"struct LinesReader {\n"
|
|
" stream: DuplexStream,\n"
|
|
" bytes: Vec<u8>,\n"
|
|
" buf: [u8; 1],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl LinesReader {\n"
|
|
" fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self { stream, bytes: Vec::new(), buf: [0] }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<String>> {\n"
|
|
" // prefix buf and bytes with self.\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
" let raw = std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes);\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from_utf8(raw)\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:104
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval."
|
|
"html#method.tick) is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a "
|
|
"tick has been 'delivered'."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:107
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait."
|
|
"AsyncReadExt.html#method.read) is cancellation-safe because it either "
|
|
"returns or doesn't read data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:110
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait."
|
|
"AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line) is similar to the example and _isn't_ "
|
|
"cancellation-safe. See its documentation for details and alternatives."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This time "
|
|
"you are going to implement it with Async Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you "
|
|
"experiment with more advanced Async Rust features."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Dining Philosophers - Async"
|
|
msgstr "Filosofía de la Cena"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the "
|
|
"problem."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As before, you will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-"
|
|
"locally.md) for this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/"
|
|
"main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Fork;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // left_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // right_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // thoughts: ...\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" async fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))."
|
|
"await\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" async fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // Pick up forks...\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
|
|
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // Create forks\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Create philosophers\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Make them think and eat\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Output their thoughts\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency. "
|
|
"You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"tokio = {version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", "
|
|
"\"rt-multi-thread\"]}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module "
|
|
"from the `tokio` crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:77
|
|
msgid "Can you make your implementation single-threaded? "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast "
|
|
"chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and "
|
|
"publish their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard "
|
|
"input, and sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message "
|
|
"that it receives to all the clients."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this, we use [a broadcast channel](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/"
|
|
"sync/broadcast/fn.channel.html) on the server, and [`tokio_websockets`]"
|
|
"(https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/tokio_websockets/) for the "
|
|
"communication between the client and the server."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:13
|
|
msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:15
|
|
msgid "`Cargo.toml`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"chat-async\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"futures-util = \"0.3.28\"\n"
|
|
"http = \"0.2.9\"\n"
|
|
"tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n"
|
|
"tokio-websockets = \"0.3.2\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:32
|
|
msgid "The required APIs"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and "
|
|
"[`tokio_websockets`](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/"
|
|
"tokio_websockets/). Spend a few minutes to familiarize yourself with the "
|
|
"API. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[WebsocketStream::next()](https://docs.rs/tokio-websockets/0.3.2/"
|
|
"tokio_websockets/proto/struct.WebsocketStream.html#method.next): for "
|
|
"asynchronously reading messages from a Websocket Stream."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[SinkExt::send()](https://docs.rs/futures-util/0.3.28/futures_util/sink/"
|
|
"trait.SinkExt.html#method.send) implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for "
|
|
"asynchronously sending messages on a Websocket Stream."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Lines::next_line()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/struct.Lines."
|
|
"html#method.next_line): for asynchronously reading user messages from the "
|
|
"standard input."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Sender::subscribe()](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/sync/broadcast/"
|
|
"struct.Sender.html#method.subscribe): for subscribing to a broadcast channel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:46
|
|
msgid "Two binaries"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one `src/main."
|
|
"rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the client, and one "
|
|
"for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo projects, "
|
|
"but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two binaries. "
|
|
"For this to work, the client and the server code should go under `src/bin` "
|
|
"(see the [documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/cargo-"
|
|
"targets.html#binaries)). "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and `src/"
|
|
"bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as "
|
|
"described below. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:59
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:123
|
|
msgid "`src/bin/server.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n"
|
|
"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn handle_connection(\n"
|
|
" addr: SocketAddr,\n"
|
|
" mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream<TcpStream>,\n"
|
|
" bcast_tx: Sender<String>,\n"
|
|
") -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {\n"
|
|
" let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n"
|
|
" let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n"
|
|
" let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:102
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:208
|
|
msgid "`src/bin/client.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:106
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n"
|
|
"use http::Uri;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n"
|
|
"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n"
|
|
" let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::"
|
|
"from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n"
|
|
" .connect()\n"
|
|
" .await?;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n"
|
|
" let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:127
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Running the binaries"
|
|
msgstr "Seguir el Curso"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:128
|
|
msgid "Run the server with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:130
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"cargo run --bin server\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:134
|
|
msgid "and the client with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:136
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"cargo run --bin client\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:142
|
|
msgid "Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:143
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a "
|
|
"continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and broadcasts "
|
|
"them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:146
|
|
msgid "Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:147
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for concurrently "
|
|
"performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and "
|
|
"sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, and "
|
|
"displaying them for the user."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:151
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all "
|
|
"clients, but the sender of the message."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and "
|
|
"that it was useful."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"_Gracias por realizar el curso Comprehensive Rust 🦀._ Esperamos que te haya "
|
|
"gustado y que te haya resultado útil."
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not "
|
|
"perfect, so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, "
|
|
"please get in [contact with us on GitHub](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love to hear from you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nos lo hemos pasado muy bien preparando el curso. Sabemos que no es "
|
|
"perfecto, así que si has detectado algún error o tienes ideas para "
|
|
"mejorarlo, [ponte en contacto con nosotros en GitHub](https://github.com/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Nos encantaría saber tu opinión."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:1
|
|
msgid "Other Rust Resources"
|
|
msgstr "Otros recursos de Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources "
|
|
"online."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La comunidad de Rust ha creado una gran cantidad de recursos online sin "
|
|
"coste y de gran calidad."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:6
|
|
msgid "Official Documentation"
|
|
msgstr "Documentación oficial"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:8
|
|
msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El proyecto Rust cuenta con muchos recursos. Estos tratan sobre Rust en "
|
|
"general:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the "
|
|
"canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a "
|
|
"few projects for people to build."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): el libro "
|
|
"canónico sobre Rust sin coste alguno. Trata el lenguaje de forma detallada e "
|
|
"incluye algunos proyectos que los usuarios pueden compilar."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the "
|
|
"Rust syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. "
|
|
"Sometimes includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code "
|
|
"in the examples."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Rust by Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): trata la "
|
|
"sintaxis de Rust a través de una serie de ejemplos que muestran distintas "
|
|
"construcciones. A veces incluye pequeños ejercicios en los que se te pide "
|
|
"que amplíes el código de los ejemplos."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation "
|
|
"of the standard library for Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"\\[La biblioteca estándar de Rust\\][Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/std/): documentación completa de la biblioteca estándar de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete "
|
|
"book which describes the Rust grammar and memory model."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): un libro "
|
|
"incompleto que describe la gramática y el modelo de memoria de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:22
|
|
msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:"
|
|
msgstr "Consulta guías más especializadas en el sitio oficial de Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust, "
|
|
"including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages "
|
|
"(FFI)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): trata de Rust "
|
|
"inseguro, incluido cómo trabajar con punteros sin formato e interactuar con "
|
|
"otros lenguajes (FFI)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): "
|
|
"covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the "
|
|
"Rust Book was written."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/): "
|
|
"incluye el nuevo modelo de programación asíncrona que se introdujo después "
|
|
"de que se escribiera el libro de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): "
|
|
"an introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating "
|
|
"system."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): "
|
|
"una introducción sobre el uso de Rust en dispositivos integrados sin sistema "
|
|
"operativo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:33
|
|
msgid "Unofficial Learning Material"
|
|
msgstr "Material de formación no oficial"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:35
|
|
msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Una pequeña selección de otras guías y tutoriales sobre Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust "
|
|
"from the perspective of low-level C programmers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): trata Rust "
|
|
"desde la perspectiva de los programadores de C de bajo nivel."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/"
|
|
"rust_for_c/): covers Rust from the perspective of developers who write "
|
|
"firmware in C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Rust for Embedded C Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/"
|
|
"rust_for_c/): explica Rust desde la perspectiva de los desarrolladores que "
|
|
"escriben _firmware_ en C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): "
|
|
"covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other "
|
|
"languages such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Rust for professonals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/): "
|
|
"trata la sintaxis de Rust comparándola con otros lenguajes, como C, C++, "
|
|
"Java, JavaScript y Python."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help "
|
|
"you learn Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): más de 100 ejercicios "
|
|
"para aprender Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-"
|
|
"material/index.html): a series of small presentations covering both basic "
|
|
"and advanced part of the Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, "
|
|
"and async/await are also covered."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Ferrous Teaching Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-"
|
|
"material/index.html): una serie de pequeñas presentaciones que cubren tanto "
|
|
"la parte básica como la parte más avanzada del lenguaje Rust. También se "
|
|
"tratan otros temas como WebAssembly y async/await."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-"
|
|
"series-to-rust/) and [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs."
|
|
"microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two Rust guides aimed at "
|
|
"new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the second is a set of "
|
|
"11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Beginner's Series to Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/es/shows/beginners-"
|
|
"series-to-rust/) y [Take your first steps with Rust](https://docs.microsoft."
|
|
"com/es/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): dos guías de Rust dirigidas a nuevos "
|
|
"desarrolladores. La primera es un conjunto de 35 vídeos y la segunda es un "
|
|
"conjunto de 11 módulos que cubren la sintaxis y las construcciones básicas "
|
|
"de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:58
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial."
|
|
"github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth exploration of Rust's memory management "
|
|
"rules, through implementing a few different types of list structures."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked Lists](https://rust-unofficial."
|
|
"github.io/too-many-lists/): exploración detallada de las reglas de gestión "
|
|
"de la memoria de Rust a través de la implementación de algunos tipos "
|
|
"diferentes de estructuras de listas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) "
|
|
"for even more Rust books."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Consulta [The Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) para "
|
|
"ver más libros de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust "
|
|
"documentation. See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a "
|
|
"full list of useful resources."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Este material se basa en las numerosas fuentes de documentación sobre Rust. "
|
|
"Consulta la página de [otros recursos](other-resources.md) para ver una "
|
|
"lista completa de recursos útiles."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache "
|
|
"2.0 license, please see [`LICENSE`](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-"
|
|
"rust/blob/main/LICENSE) for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"El material de Comprehensive Rust está sujeto a los términos de la licencia "
|
|
"Apache 2.0. Para obtener más información, consulta [`LICENSE`](https://"
|
|
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/LICENSE)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:12
|
|
msgid "Rust by Example"
|
|
msgstr "Rust by Example"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by "
|
|
"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the "
|
|
"`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license "
|
|
"terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Algunos ejemplos y ejercicios se han copiado y adaptado del libro [Rust by "
|
|
"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Consulta el directorio "
|
|
"`third_party/rust-by-example/` para obtener más información, incluidos los "
|
|
"términos de la licencia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:19
|
|
msgid "Rust on Exercism"
|
|
msgstr "Rust on Exercism"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on Exercism](https://"
|
|
"exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` "
|
|
"directory for details, including the license terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se han copiado y adaptado algunos ejercicios del recurso [Rust on Exercism]"
|
|
"(https://exercism.org/tracks/rust). Consulta el directorio `third_party/rust-"
|
|
"on-exercism/` para obtener más información, incluidos los términos de la "
|
|
"licencia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:26
|
|
msgid "CXX"
|
|
msgstr "CXX"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section "
|
|
"uses an image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` "
|
|
"directory for details, including the license terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En la sección [Interoperabilidad con C++](android/Interop/cpp.md) se usa una "
|
|
"imagen de [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Consulta el directorio `third_party/cxx/` "
|
|
"para obtener más información, incluidos los términos de la licencia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3
|
|
msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages."
|
|
msgstr "En las páginas siguientes encontrarás las soluciones a los ejercicios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on GitHub](https://github."
|
|
"com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know if you have a "
|
|
"different or better solution than what is presented here."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"No dudes en hacer preguntas sobre las soluciones [en GitHub](https://github."
|
|
"com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Ponte en contacto con nosotros "
|
|
"si tienes una solución distinta o mejor de la que se presenta aquí."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"**Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label` "
|
|
"comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to re-"
|
|
"use parts of the solutions as the exercises."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"**Nota:** Ignora los comentarios `// ANCHOR: label` y `// ANCHOR_END: label` "
|
|
"que aparecen en las soluciones. Están ahí para que sea posible reutilizar "
|
|
"algunas partes de las soluciones de los ejercicios."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Día 1: Ejercicios de la Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([Volver al ejercicio](for-loops.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: transpose\n"
|
|
"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: transpose\n"
|
|
" let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" for j in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" return result;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n"
|
|
"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n"
|
|
" for row in matrix {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{row:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_transpose() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], //\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" transposed,\n"
|
|
" [\n"
|
|
" [101, 201, 301], //\n"
|
|
" [102, 202, 302],\n"
|
|
" [103, 203, 303],\n"
|
|
" ]\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"matrix:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&matrix);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"transposed:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&transposed);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:78
|
|
msgid "Bonus question"
|
|
msgstr "Pregunta extra"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-"
|
|
"of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our "
|
|
"function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the "
|
|
"return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Requiere conceptos más avanzados. Es posible que parezca que se puede "
|
|
"utilizar un slice de slices (`&[&[i32]]`) como tipo de entrada para hacer "
|
|
"una trasposición y así lograr que nuestra función controle cualquier tamaño "
|
|
"de matriz. Sin embargo, esto se viene abajo rápidamente: el tipo de "
|
|
"resultado devuelto no puede ser `&[&[i32]]`, ya que necesita ser el "
|
|
"propietario de los datos que devuelve."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can attempt to use something like `Vec<Vec<i32>>`, but this doesn't work "
|
|
"out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec<Vec<i32>>` to "
|
|
"`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puedes probar a utilizar algo como `Vec<Vec<i32>>`, pero esto tampoco "
|
|
"funciona desde el principio: es difícil cambiar de `Vec<Vec<i32>>` a "
|
|
"`&[&[i32]]`, por lo que tampoco puedes usar `pretty_print` de forma sencilla."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:84
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::"
|
|
"AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) trait to "
|
|
"abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Una vez que veamos los traits y los genéricos, podremos usar el trait [`std::"
|
|
"convert::AsRef`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html) "
|
|
"para abstraer cualquier elemento que se pueda referenciar, como un slice."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"use std::convert::AsRef;\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::Debug;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn pretty_print<T, Line, Matrix>(matrix: Matrix)\n"
|
|
"where\n"
|
|
" T: Debug,\n"
|
|
" // A line references a slice of items\n"
|
|
" Line: AsRef<[T]>,\n"
|
|
" // A matrix references a slice of lines\n"
|
|
" Matrix: AsRef<[Line]>\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" for row in matrix.as_ref() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // &[&[i32]]\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&[&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5, 6], &[7, 8, 9]]);\n"
|
|
" // [[&str; 2]; 2]\n"
|
|
" pretty_print([[\"a\", \"b\"], [\"c\", \"d\"]]);\n"
|
|
" // Vec<Vec<i32>>\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2], vec![3, 4]]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:113
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of "
|
|
"the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Además, el propio tipo no requeriría que los slices secundarios fueran de la "
|
|
"misma longitud, por lo que dicha variable podría contener una matriz no "
|
|
"válida."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Día 1: Ejercicios de la Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](luhn.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: luhn\n"
|
|
"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: luhn\n"
|
|
" let mut digits_seen = 0;\n"
|
|
" let mut sum = 0;\n"
|
|
" for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ')."
|
|
"enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" match ch.to_digit(10) {\n"
|
|
" Some(d) => {\n"
|
|
" sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n"
|
|
" let dd = d * 2;\n"
|
|
" dd / 10 + dd % 10\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" d\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" digits_seen += 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" None => return false,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" if digits_seen < 2 {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" sum % 10 == 0\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\n"
|
|
" \"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n"
|
|
" if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:97
|
|
msgid "Pattern matching"
|
|
msgstr "Correspondencia de Patrones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:99
|
|
msgid "TBD."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Día 2: Ejercicios de la Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
msgid "Designing a Library"
|
|
msgstr "Diseñando una Librería"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](book-library.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
|
|
"struct Library {\n"
|
|
" books: Vec<Book>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" year: u16,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Book {\n"
|
|
" // This is a constructor, used below.\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n"
|
|
" Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String::from(title),\n"
|
|
" year,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n"
|
|
"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n"
|
|
"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n"
|
|
"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n"
|
|
"impl Library {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_new\n"
|
|
" fn new() -> Library {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_new\n"
|
|
" Library { books: Vec::new() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_len\n"
|
|
" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n"
|
|
" fn len(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" self.books.len()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n"
|
|
" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n"
|
|
" fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" self.books.is_empty()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n"
|
|
" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n"
|
|
" fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
" self.books.push(book)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n"
|
|
" //fn print_books(self) {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and "
|
|
"year\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n"
|
|
" fn print_books(&self) {\n"
|
|
" for book in &self.books {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}, published in {}\", book.title, book.year);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n"
|
|
" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n"
|
|
" fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
" // Using a closure and a built-in method:\n"
|
|
" // self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Longer hand-written solution:\n"
|
|
" let mut oldest: Option<&Book> = None;\n"
|
|
" for book in self.books.iter() {\n"
|
|
" if oldest.is_none() || book.year < oldest.unwrap().year {\n"
|
|
" oldest = Some(book);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" oldest\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n"
|
|
"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n"
|
|
"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n"
|
|
"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library."
|
|
"is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
|
|
"1865));\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", "
|
|
"library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //match library.oldest_book() {\n"
|
|
" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n"
|
|
" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_len() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n"
|
|
" assert!(library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
|
|
"1865));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n"
|
|
" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" assert!(library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_print_books() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
|
|
"1865));\n"
|
|
" // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n"
|
|
" // method to start with.\n"
|
|
" library.print_books();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_oldest_book() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
|
|
"1865));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Día 2: Ejercicios de la tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](strings-iterators.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n"
|
|
"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut request_segments = request_path.split('/');\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for prefix_segment in prefix.split('/') {\n"
|
|
" let Some(request_segment) = request_segments.next() else {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" if request_segment != prefix_segment && prefix_segment != \"*\" {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" true\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate simultaneously over "
|
|
"prefix\n"
|
|
" // and request segments. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as one "
|
|
"of\n"
|
|
" // the source iterators is finished, but we need to iterate over all "
|
|
"request\n"
|
|
" // segments. A neat trick that makes zip() work is to use map() and "
|
|
"chain()\n"
|
|
" // to produce an iterator that returns Some(str) for each pattern "
|
|
"segments,\n"
|
|
" // and then returns None indefinitely.\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/"
|
|
"abc-123\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/"
|
|
"books\"));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/"
|
|
"publishers\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/"
|
|
"publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "Día 3: Ejercicios de la mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](simple-gui.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
|
|
"pub trait Widget {\n"
|
|
" /// Natural width of `self`.\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n"
|
|
" fn draw(&self) {\n"
|
|
" let mut buffer = String::new();\n"
|
|
" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Label {\n"
|
|
" label: String,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Label {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n"
|
|
" Label {\n"
|
|
" label: label.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label,\n"
|
|
" callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Button {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>) -> Button {\n"
|
|
" Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label::new(label),\n"
|
|
" callback,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Window {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec<Box<dyn Widget>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Window {\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n"
|
|
" Window {\n"
|
|
" title: title.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec::new(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn Widget>) {\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.push(widget);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" std::cmp::max(\n"
|
|
" self.title.chars().count(),\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Window-width\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Window {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n"
|
|
" // Add 4 paddings for borders\n"
|
|
" self.inner_width() + 4\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n"
|
|
" let mut inner = String::new();\n"
|
|
" for widget in &self.widgets {\n"
|
|
" widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let inner_width = self.inner_width();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n"
|
|
" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n"
|
|
" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:-<inner_width$}-+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"| {:^inner_width$} |\", &self.title).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+={:=<inner_width$}=+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" for line in inner.lines() {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"| {:inner_width$} |\", line).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:-<inner_width$}-+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Button-width\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Button {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n"
|
|
" self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n"
|
|
" let width = self.width();\n"
|
|
" let mut label = String::new();\n"
|
|
" self.label.draw_into(&mut label);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:-<width$}+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" for line in label.lines() {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"|{:^width$}|\", &line).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:-<width$}+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Label-width\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Label {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n"
|
|
" self.label\n"
|
|
" .lines()\n"
|
|
" .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n"
|
|
" .max()\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or(0)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo."
|
|
"\")));\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n"
|
|
" \"Click me!\",\n"
|
|
" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n"
|
|
" )));\n"
|
|
" window.draw();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:177
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:179
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Point\n"
|
|
"pub struct Point {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Point\n"
|
|
" x: i32,\n"
|
|
" y: i32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Point-impl\n"
|
|
"impl Point {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Point-impl\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {\n"
|
|
" Point { x, y }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" (self - other).magnitude()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n"
|
|
" type Output = Self;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" x: self.x + other.x,\n"
|
|
" y: self.y + other.y,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl std::ops::Sub for Point {\n"
|
|
" type Output = Self;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" x: self.x - other.x,\n"
|
|
" y: self.y - other.y,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Polygon\n"
|
|
"pub struct Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon\n"
|
|
" points: Vec<Point>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Polygon-impl\n"
|
|
"impl Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon-impl\n"
|
|
" pub fn new() -> Polygon {\n"
|
|
" Polygon { points: Vec::new() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {\n"
|
|
" self.points.push(point);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option<Point> {\n"
|
|
" self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Point> {\n"
|
|
" self.points.iter()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" if self.points.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return 0.0;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut result = 0.0;\n"
|
|
" let mut last_point = self.points[0];\n"
|
|
" for point in &self.points[1..] {\n"
|
|
" result += last_point.dist(*point);\n"
|
|
" last_point = *point;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n"
|
|
" result\n"
|
|
" // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate over the points as "
|
|
"pairs\n"
|
|
" // but we need to pair each point with the next one, and the last "
|
|
"point\n"
|
|
" // with the first point. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as "
|
|
"one of \n"
|
|
" // the source iterators is finished, a neat trick is to combine "
|
|
"Iterator::cycle\n"
|
|
" // with Iterator::skip to create the second iterator for the zip and "
|
|
"using map \n"
|
|
" // and sum to calculate the total length.\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Circle\n"
|
|
"pub struct Circle {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Circle\n"
|
|
" center: Point,\n"
|
|
" radius: i32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Circle-impl\n"
|
|
"impl Circle {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Circle-impl\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle {\n"
|
|
" Circle { center, radius }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" self.center.dist(other.center)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Shape\n"
|
|
"pub enum Shape {\n"
|
|
" Polygon(Polygon),\n"
|
|
" Circle(Circle),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Shape\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl From<Polygon> for Shape {\n"
|
|
" fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Shape::Polygon(poly)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl From<Circle> for Shape {\n"
|
|
" fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Shape::Circle(circle)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Shape {\n"
|
|
" pub fn perimeter(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" match self {\n"
|
|
" Shape::Polygon(poly) => poly.length(),\n"
|
|
" Shape::Circle(circle) => circle.circumference(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_dist() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_add() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n"
|
|
" let shapes = vec![\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(poly),\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let perimeters = shapes\n"
|
|
" .iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n"
|
|
" .map(round_two_digits)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Día 3: Ejercicios de la Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: ffi\n"
|
|
"mod ffi {\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct DIR {\n"
|
|
" _data: [u8; 0],\n"
|
|
" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::"
|
|
"PhantomPinned)>,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n"
|
|
" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n"
|
|
" pub d_off: c_long,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: c_uchar,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_fileno: u64,\n"
|
|
" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: u16,\n"
|
|
" pub d_namlen: u16,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: u8,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n"
|
|
" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section "
|
|
"on\n"
|
|
" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" "
|
|
"refers\n"
|
|
" // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and "
|
|
"PowerPC.\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n"
|
|
" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n"
|
|
"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" path: CString,\n"
|
|
" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: ffi\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: DirectoryIterator\n"
|
|
"impl DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn new(path: &str) -> Result<DirectoryIterator, String> {\n"
|
|
" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
|
|
" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: DirectoryIterator\n"
|
|
" let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: "
|
|
"{err}\"))?;\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n"
|
|
" let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n"
|
|
" if dir.is_null() {\n"
|
|
" Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Iterator\n"
|
|
"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item = OsString;\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<OsString> {\n"
|
|
" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Iterator\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n"
|
|
" let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n"
|
|
" if dirent.is_null() {\n"
|
|
" // We have reached the end of the directory.\n"
|
|
" return None;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n"
|
|
" // terminated.\n"
|
|
" let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n"
|
|
" let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n"
|
|
" Some(os_str.to_owned())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Drop\n"
|
|
"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" // Call closedir as needed.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Drop\n"
|
|
" if !self.dir.is_null() {\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n"
|
|
" if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n"
|
|
" panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::<Vec<_>>());\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;\n"
|
|
" use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_nonexisting_directory() {\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\"no-such-directory\");\n"
|
|
" assert!(iter.is_err());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_empty_directory() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
|
|
" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n"
|
|
" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n"
|
|
" )?;\n"
|
|
" let mut entries = iter.collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" entries.sort();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\"]);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_nonempty_directory() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
|
|
" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n"
|
|
" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"foo.txt\"), \"The Foo "
|
|
"Diaries\\n\")?;\n"
|
|
" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"bar.png\"), \"<PNG>\\n\")?;\n"
|
|
" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"crab.rs\"), \"//! Crab\\n\")?;\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n"
|
|
" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n"
|
|
" )?;\n"
|
|
" let mut entries = iter.collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" entries.sort();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\", \"bar.png\", \"crab.rs\", \"foo."
|
|
"txt\"]);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "Rust Bare Metal: Ejercicio de la Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](compass.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: top\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: top\n"
|
|
"use core::cmp::{max, min};\n"
|
|
"use lsm303agr::{AccelOutputDataRate, Lsm303agr, MagOutputDataRate};\n"
|
|
"use microbit::display::blocking::Display;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::twim::Twim;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte};\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::Timer;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::pac::twim0::frequency::FREQUENCY_A;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::Board;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const COMPASS_SCALE: i32 = 30000;\n"
|
|
"const ACCELEROMETER_SCALE: i32 = 700;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Configure serial port.\n"
|
|
" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n"
|
|
" board.UARTE0,\n"
|
|
" board.uart.into(),\n"
|
|
" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n"
|
|
" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
" writeln!(serial, \"Setting up IMU...\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let i2c = Twim::new(board.TWIM0, board.i2c_internal.into(), FREQUENCY_A::"
|
|
"K100);\n"
|
|
" let mut imu = Lsm303agr::new_with_i2c(i2c);\n"
|
|
" imu.init().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" imu.set_mag_odr(MagOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" imu.set_accel_odr(AccelOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let mut imu = imu.into_mag_continuous().ok().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set up display and timer.\n"
|
|
" let mut timer = Timer::new(board.TIMER0);\n"
|
|
" let mut display = Display::new(board.display_pins);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut mode = Mode::Compass;\n"
|
|
" let mut button_pressed = false;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: loop\n"
|
|
" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: loop\n"
|
|
" while !(imu.mag_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data\n"
|
|
" && imu.accel_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data)\n"
|
|
" {}\n"
|
|
" let compass_reading = imu.mag_data().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let accelerometer_reading = imu.accel_data().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" writeln!(\n"
|
|
" serial,\n"
|
|
" \"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\",\n"
|
|
" compass_reading.x,\n"
|
|
" compass_reading.y,\n"
|
|
" compass_reading.z,\n"
|
|
" accelerometer_reading.x,\n"
|
|
" accelerometer_reading.y,\n"
|
|
" accelerometer_reading.z,\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut image = [[0; 5]; 5];\n"
|
|
" let (x, y) = match mode {\n"
|
|
" Mode::Compass => (\n"
|
|
" scale(-compass_reading.x, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, "
|
|
"4) as usize,\n"
|
|
" scale(compass_reading.y, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, "
|
|
"4) as usize,\n"
|
|
" ),\n"
|
|
" Mode::Accelerometer => (\n"
|
|
" scale(\n"
|
|
" accelerometer_reading.x,\n"
|
|
" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
|
|
" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
|
|
" 0,\n"
|
|
" 4,\n"
|
|
" ) as usize,\n"
|
|
" scale(\n"
|
|
" -accelerometer_reading.y,\n"
|
|
" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
|
|
" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
|
|
" 0,\n"
|
|
" 4,\n"
|
|
" ) as usize,\n"
|
|
" ),\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" image[y][x] = 255;\n"
|
|
" display.show(&mut timer, image, 100);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink "
|
|
"all LEDs on.\n"
|
|
" if board.buttons.button_a.is_low().unwrap() {\n"
|
|
" if !button_pressed {\n"
|
|
" mode = mode.next();\n"
|
|
" display.show(&mut timer, [[255; 5]; 5], 200);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" button_pressed = true;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" button_pressed = false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
"enum Mode {\n"
|
|
" Compass,\n"
|
|
" Accelerometer,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Mode {\n"
|
|
" fn next(self) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" match self {\n"
|
|
" Self::Compass => Self::Accelerometer,\n"
|
|
" Self::Accelerometer => Self::Compass,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn scale(value: i32, min_in: i32, max_in: i32, min_out: i32, max_out: i32) -"
|
|
"> i32 {\n"
|
|
" let range_in = max_in - min_in;\n"
|
|
" let range_out = max_out - min_out;\n"
|
|
" cap(\n"
|
|
" min_out + range_out * (value - min_in) / range_in,\n"
|
|
" min_out,\n"
|
|
" max_out,\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn cap(value: i32, min_value: i32, max_value: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" max(min_value, min(value, max_value))\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](rtc.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid "`main.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`main.rs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: top\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"mod logger;\n"
|
|
"mod pl011;\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: top\n"
|
|
"mod pl031;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl031::Rtc;\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::gicv3::{IntId, Trigger};\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::{irq_enable, wfi};\n"
|
|
"use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};\n"
|
|
"use core::hint::spin_loop;\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: imports\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n"
|
|
"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: imports\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n"
|
|
"const PL031_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x901_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n"
|
|
"const PL031_IRQ: IntId = IntId::spi(2);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 "
|
|
"device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the "
|
|
"base\n"
|
|
" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n"
|
|
" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n"
|
|
" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, "
|
|
"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" gic.setup();\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 "
|
|
"device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let mut rtc = unsafe { Rtc::new(PL031_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" let timestamp = rtc.read();\n"
|
|
" let time = Utc.timestamp_opt(timestamp.into(), 0).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" info!(\"RTC: {time}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" GicV3::set_priority_mask(0xff);\n"
|
|
" gic.set_interrupt_priority(PL031_IRQ, 0x80);\n"
|
|
" gic.set_trigger(PL031_IRQ, Trigger::Level);\n"
|
|
" irq_enable();\n"
|
|
" gic.enable_interrupt(PL031_IRQ, true);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n"
|
|
" let target = timestamp + 3;\n"
|
|
" rtc.set_match(target);\n"
|
|
" info!(\n"
|
|
" \"Waiting for {}\",\n"
|
|
" Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" trace!(\n"
|
|
" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
|
|
" rtc.matched(),\n"
|
|
" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" while !rtc.matched() {\n"
|
|
" spin_loop();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" trace!(\n"
|
|
" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
|
|
" rtc.matched(),\n"
|
|
" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n"
|
|
" let target = timestamp + 6;\n"
|
|
" info!(\n"
|
|
" \"Waiting for {}\",\n"
|
|
" Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" rtc.set_match(target);\n"
|
|
" rtc.clear_interrupt();\n"
|
|
" rtc.enable_interrupt(true);\n"
|
|
" trace!(\n"
|
|
" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
|
|
" rtc.matched(),\n"
|
|
" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" while !rtc.interrupt_pending() {\n"
|
|
" wfi();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" trace!(\n"
|
|
" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
|
|
" rtc.matched(),\n"
|
|
" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: main_end\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[panic_handler]\n"
|
|
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"{info}\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main_end\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:149
|
|
msgid "`pl031.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`pl031.rs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:151
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
|
|
"struct Registers {\n"
|
|
" /// Data register\n"
|
|
" dr: u32,\n"
|
|
" /// Match register\n"
|
|
" mr: u32,\n"
|
|
" /// Load register\n"
|
|
" lr: u32,\n"
|
|
" /// Control register\n"
|
|
" cr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved0: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" /// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n"
|
|
" imsc: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved1: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" /// Raw Interrupt Status\n"
|
|
" ris: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved2: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" /// Masked Interrupt Status\n"
|
|
" mis: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" /// Interrupt Clear Register\n"
|
|
" icr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved4: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct Rtc {\n"
|
|
" registers: *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Rtc {\n"
|
|
" /// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
|
|
"process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Reads the current RTC value.\n"
|
|
" pub fn read(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an "
|
|
"interrupt\n"
|
|
" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n"
|
|
" pub fn set_match(&mut self, value: u32) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).mr).write_volatile(value) }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or "
|
|
"not\n"
|
|
" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n"
|
|
" pub fn matched(&self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).ris)."
|
|
"read_volatile() };\n"
|
|
" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// This should be true if and only if `matched` returns true and the\n"
|
|
" /// interrupt is masked.\n"
|
|
" pub fn interrupt_pending(&self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).mis)."
|
|
"read_volatile() };\n"
|
|
" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" /// interrupt is disabled.\n"
|
|
" pub fn enable_interrupt(&mut self, mask: bool) {\n"
|
|
" let imsc = if mask { 0x01 } else { 0x00 };\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).imsc)."
|
|
"write_volatile(imsc) }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n"
|
|
" pub fn clear_interrupt(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).icr).write_volatile(0x01) }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
|
|
"// accessed from any context.\n"
|
|
"unsafe impl Send for Rtc {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "Concurrency Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "Simultaneidad: Ejercicios de la Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](dining-philosophers.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Fork;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n"
|
|
" left_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" right_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" thoughts: mpsc::SyncSender<String>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n"
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is trying to eat\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" let left = self.left_fork.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let right = self.right_fork.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
|
|
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(10);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let forks = (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len())\n"
|
|
" .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork)))\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..forks.len() {\n"
|
|
" let tx = tx.clone();\n"
|
|
" let mut left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n"
|
|
" let mut right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()]);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n"
|
|
" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n"
|
|
" // either of them.\n"
|
|
" if i == forks.len() - 1 {\n"
|
|
" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let philosopher = Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: PHILOSOPHERS[i].to_string(),\n"
|
|
" thoughts: tx,\n"
|
|
" left_fork,\n"
|
|
" right_fork,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..100 {\n"
|
|
" philosopher.eat();\n"
|
|
" philosopher.think();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" drop(tx);\n"
|
|
" for thought in rx {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thought}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:104
|
|
msgid "Link Checker"
|
|
msgstr "Comprobador de Enlaces"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:106
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](link-checker.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](link-checker.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:108
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use std::{sync::Arc, sync::Mutex, sync::mpsc, thread};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
|
|
"use reqwest::{blocking::Client, Url};\n"
|
|
"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum Error {\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"bad http response: {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" BadResponse(String),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: visit_page\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct CrawlCommand {\n"
|
|
" url: Url,\n"
|
|
" extract_links: bool,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn visit_page(client: &Client, command: &CrawlCommand) -> Result<Vec<Url>, "
|
|
"Error> {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Checking {:#}\", command.url);\n"
|
|
" let response = client.get(command.url.clone()).send()?;\n"
|
|
" if !response.status().is_success() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(Error::BadResponse(response.status().to_string()));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut link_urls = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" if !command.extract_links {\n"
|
|
" return Ok(link_urls);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n"
|
|
" let body_text = response.text()?;\n"
|
|
" let document = Html::parse_document(&body_text);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let href_values = document\n"
|
|
" .select(&selector)\n"
|
|
" .filter_map(|element| element.value().attr(\"href\"));\n"
|
|
" for href in href_values {\n"
|
|
" match base_url.join(href) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(link_url) => {\n"
|
|
" link_urls.push(link_url);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"On {base_url:#}: ignored unparsable {href:?}: "
|
|
"{err}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(link_urls)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: visit_page\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct CrawlState {\n"
|
|
" domain: String,\n"
|
|
" visited_pages: std::collections::HashSet<String>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl CrawlState {\n"
|
|
" fn new(start_url: &Url) -> CrawlState {\n"
|
|
" let mut visited_pages = std::collections::HashSet::new();\n"
|
|
" visited_pages.insert(start_url.as_str().to_string());\n"
|
|
" CrawlState {\n"
|
|
" domain: start_url.domain().unwrap().to_string(),\n"
|
|
" visited_pages,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Determine whether links within the given page should be extracted.\n"
|
|
" fn should_extract_links(&self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" let Some(url_domain) = url.domain() else {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" url_domain == self.domain\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Mark the given page as visited, returning true if it had already\n"
|
|
" /// been visited.\n"
|
|
" fn mark_visited(&mut self, url: &Url) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" self.visited_pages.insert(url.as_str().to_string())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"type CrawlResult = Result<Vec<Url>, (Url, Error)>;\n"
|
|
"fn spawn_crawler_threads(\n"
|
|
" command_receiver: mpsc::Receiver<CrawlCommand>,\n"
|
|
" result_sender: mpsc::Sender<CrawlResult>,\n"
|
|
" thread_count: u32,\n"
|
|
") {\n"
|
|
" let command_receiver = Arc::new(Mutex::new(command_receiver));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..thread_count {\n"
|
|
" let result_sender = result_sender.clone();\n"
|
|
" let command_receiver = command_receiver.clone();\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let client = Client::new();\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" let command_result = {\n"
|
|
" let receiver_guard = command_receiver.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" receiver_guard.recv()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" let Ok(crawl_command) = command_result else {\n"
|
|
" // The sender got dropped. No more commands coming in.\n"
|
|
" break;\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" let crawl_result = match visit_page(&client, &crawl_command) "
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" Ok(link_urls) => Ok(link_urls),\n"
|
|
" Err(error) => Err((crawl_command.url, error)),\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" result_sender.send(crawl_result).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn control_crawl(\n"
|
|
" start_url: Url,\n"
|
|
" command_sender: mpsc::Sender<CrawlCommand>,\n"
|
|
" result_receiver: mpsc::Receiver<CrawlResult>,\n"
|
|
") -> Vec<Url> {\n"
|
|
" let mut crawl_state = CrawlState::new(&start_url);\n"
|
|
" let start_command = CrawlCommand { url: start_url, extract_links: "
|
|
"true };\n"
|
|
" command_sender.send(start_command).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let mut pending_urls = 1;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut bad_urls = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" while pending_urls > 0 {\n"
|
|
" let crawl_result = result_receiver.recv().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" pending_urls -= 1;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" match crawl_result {\n"
|
|
" Ok(link_urls) => {\n"
|
|
" for url in link_urls {\n"
|
|
" if crawl_state.mark_visited(&url) {\n"
|
|
" let extract_links = crawl_state."
|
|
"should_extract_links(&url);\n"
|
|
" let crawl_command = CrawlCommand { url, "
|
|
"extract_links };\n"
|
|
" command_sender.send(crawl_command).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" pending_urls += 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Err((url, error)) => {\n"
|
|
" bad_urls.push(url);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Got crawling error: {:#}\", error);\n"
|
|
" continue;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" bad_urls\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn check_links(start_url: Url) -> Vec<Url> {\n"
|
|
" let (result_sender, result_receiver) = mpsc::channel::<CrawlResult>();\n"
|
|
" let (command_sender, command_receiver) = mpsc::channel::"
|
|
"<CrawlCommand>();\n"
|
|
" spawn_crawler_threads(command_receiver, result_sender, 16);\n"
|
|
" control_crawl(start_url, command_sender, result_receiver)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let start_url = reqwest::Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\")."
|
|
"unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let bad_urls = check_links(start_url);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bad URLs: {:#?}\", bad_urls);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
msgid "Concurrency Afternoon Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "Simultaneidad: Ejercicios de la Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](dining-philosophers-async.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Fork;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n"
|
|
" left_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" right_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" thoughts: Sender<String>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n"
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" async fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))."
|
|
"await\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" async fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // Pick up forks...\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" let _first_lock = self.left_fork.lock().await;\n"
|
|
" // Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the "
|
|
"execution\n"
|
|
" // to transfer to another task\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await;\n"
|
|
" let _second_lock = self.right_fork.lock().await;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-body\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-body\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // The locks are dropped here\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
|
|
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" // Create forks\n"
|
|
" let mut forks = vec![];\n"
|
|
" (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len()).for_each(|_| forks.push(Arc::new(Mutex::"
|
|
"new(Fork))));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Create philosophers\n"
|
|
" let (philosophers, mut rx) = {\n"
|
|
" let mut philosophers = vec![];\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n"
|
|
" for (i, name) in PHILOSOPHERS.iter().enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" let left_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[i]);\n"
|
|
" let right_fork = Arc::clone(&forks[(i + 1) % PHILOSOPHERS."
|
|
"len()]);\n"
|
|
" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n"
|
|
" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n"
|
|
" // either of them.\n"
|
|
" if i == 0 {\n"
|
|
" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" philosophers.push(Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: name.to_string(),\n"
|
|
" left_fork,\n"
|
|
" right_fork,\n"
|
|
" thoughts: tx.clone(),\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" (philosophers, rx)\n"
|
|
" // tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Make them think and eat\n"
|
|
" for phil in philosophers {\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..100 {\n"
|
|
" phil.think().await;\n"
|
|
" phil.eat().await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Output their thoughts\n"
|
|
" while let Some(thought) = rx.recv().await {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Here is a thought: {thought}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:121
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([volver al ejercicio](chat-app.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:125
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
|
|
"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n"
|
|
"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: handle_connection\n"
|
|
"async fn handle_connection(\n"
|
|
" addr: SocketAddr,\n"
|
|
" mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream<TcpStream>,\n"
|
|
" bcast_tx: Sender<String>,\n"
|
|
") -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: handle_connection\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ws_stream\n"
|
|
" .send(Message::text(\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\".into()))\n"
|
|
" .await?;\n"
|
|
" let mut bcast_rx = bcast_tx.subscribe();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) "
|
|
"receiving\n"
|
|
" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n"
|
|
" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" tokio::select! {\n"
|
|
" incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n"
|
|
" match incoming {\n"
|
|
" Some(Ok(msg)) => {\n"
|
|
" let msg = msg.as_text()?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"From client {addr:?} {msg:?}\");\n"
|
|
" bcast_tx.send(msg.into())?;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n"
|
|
" None => return Ok(()),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" msg = bcast_rx.recv() => {\n"
|
|
" ws_stream.send(Message::text(msg?)).await?;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {\n"
|
|
" let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n"
|
|
" let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n"
|
|
" let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:210
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
|
|
"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n"
|
|
"use http::Uri;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n"
|
|
"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n"
|
|
" let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::"
|
|
"from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n"
|
|
" .connect()\n"
|
|
" .await?;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n"
|
|
" let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
|
|
" // Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" tokio::select! {\n"
|
|
" incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n"
|
|
" match incoming {\n"
|
|
" Some(Ok(msg)) => println!(\"From server: {}\", msg."
|
|
"as_text()?),\n"
|
|
" Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n"
|
|
" None => return Ok(()),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" res = stdin.next_line() => {\n"
|
|
" match res {\n"
|
|
" Ok(None) => return Ok(()),\n"
|
|
" Ok(Some(line)) => ws_stream.send(Message::text(line."
|
|
"to_string())).await?,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Day 4: Morning"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Día 4: Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Day 4: Afternoon"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Día 4: Tarde"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Day 4 Morning"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Día 4 Mañana"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "On Day 4, we will cover Android-specific things such as:"
|
|
#~ msgstr "En el Día 4, cubriremos cosas específicas a Android como:"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Building Android components in Rust."
|
|
#~ msgstr "Construir componentes en Rust."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "AIDL servers and clients."
|
|
#~ msgstr "Clientes y servidores AIDL. "
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Interoperability with C, C++, and Java."
|
|
#~ msgstr "Interoperabilidad con C, C++, y Java."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "It is important to note that this course does not cover Android "
|
|
#~ "**application** development in Rust, and that the Android-specific parts "
|
|
#~ "are specifically about writing code for Android itself, the operating "
|
|
#~ "system. "
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Es importante destacar que este curso no cubre desarrollo de "
|
|
#~ "**aplicaciones** Android en Rust, y que las partes específicas a Android "
|
|
#~ "son acerca de escribir código para Android en sí, el sistema operativo. "
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "Learn how to use async Rust --- we'll only mention async Rust when "
|
|
#~ "covering traditional concurrency primitives. Please see [Asynchronous "
|
|
#~ "Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/) instead for "
|
|
#~ "details on this topic."
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Aprender cómo usar Rust asincrónico —solo mencionaremos Rust async "
|
|
#~ "cuando cubramos las primitivas de concurrencia tradicional. Por favor ver "
|
|
#~ "[Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-"
|
|
#~ "book/) para más detalles."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker."
|
|
#~ msgstr "Día 1: Rust Básico, propiedad y chequeo de préstamos."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Day 4: Concurrency in Rust and interoperability with other languages"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Día 4: Concurrencia en Rust e interoperatiblidad con otros lenguajes"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "**Exercise for Day 4:** Do you interface with some C/C++ code in your "
|
|
#~ "project which we could attempt to move to Rust? The fewer dependencies "
|
|
#~ "the better. Parsing code would be ideal."
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "**Ejecicio del Día 4:** Comunicarte con alegan código C/C++ en tu "
|
|
#~ "proyecto que podrías migrar a Rust? Con menos dependencias es lo mejor. "
|
|
#~ "Parsear el código sería lo ideal."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Rustup (Recommended)"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Rustup (Recomendado)"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among "
|
|
#~ "other standard ecosystem tools with the [rustup](https://rustup.rs/) "
|
|
#~ "tool, which is maintained by the Rust Foundation."
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Puedes seguir las instrucciones para instalar cargo y el compilador de "
|
|
#~ "Rust, además de otras herramientas estándar con la herramienta [rustup]"
|
|
#~ "(https://rust-analyzer.github.io/), que es mantenida por la Fundación "
|
|
#~ "Rust."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Package Managers"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Package Managers"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "}"
|
|
#~ msgstr "}"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "```\n"
|
|
#~ "```"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "```\n"
|
|
#~ "```"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
|
|
#~ "fn main() {\n"
|
|
#~ " fizzbuzz_to(20); // Defined below, no forward declaration needed\n"
|
|
#~ "}\n"
|
|
#~ "```"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
|
|
#~ "fn main() {\n"
|
|
#~ " fizzbuzz_to(20); // Definida abajo, no necesitas declararla antes\n"
|
|
#~ "}\n"
|
|
#~ "```"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> () { // No return value means returning the unit "
|
|
#~ "type `()` match (is_divisible_by(n, 3), is_divisible_by(n, 5)) { (true, "
|
|
#~ "true) => println!(\"fizzbuzz\"), (true, false) => println!(\"fizz\"), "
|
|
#~ "(false, true) => println!(\"buzz\"), (false, false) => println!"
|
|
#~ "(\"{n}\"), } }"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> () { // No devolver valor implica devolver un "
|
|
#~ "tipo unit `()` match (is_divisible_by(n, 3), is_divisible_by(n, 5)) "
|
|
#~ "{ (true, true) => println!(\"fizzbuzz\"), (true, false) => println!"
|
|
#~ "(\"fizz\"), (false, true) => println!(\"buzz\"), (false, false) => "
|
|
#~ "println!(\"{n}\"), } }"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "fn fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) { // `-> ()` is normally omitted for i in 1..=n "
|
|
#~ "{ fizzbuzz(i); } }"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "fn fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) { // `-> ()` por lo general se omite for i in 1.."
|
|
#~ "=n { fizzbuzz(i); } }"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "The `match` expression in `fizzbuzz()` is doing a lot of work. It is "
|
|
#~ "expanded below to show what is happening."
|
|
#~ msgstr "Los `match` en `fizzbuzz()` hacen mucho. Se detalla debajo."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "(Type annotations added for clarity, but they can be elided.)"
|
|
#~ msgstr "(Las anotaciones dan claridad, pero se pueden omitir)"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
|
|
#~ "fn pick_one<T>(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n"
|
|
#~ " if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n"
|
|
#~ "}\n"
|
|
#~ "```"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "```rust,editable\n"
|
|
#~ "fn elegir_uno<T>(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n"
|
|
#~ " if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n"
|
|
#~ "}\n"
|
|
#~ "```"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "```\n"
|
|
#~ "print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n"
|
|
#~ "for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
#~ " print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n"
|
|
#~ "}\n"
|
|
#~ "println!();\n"
|
|
#~ "```"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "```\n"
|
|
#~ "print!(\"Iterando sobre el rango:\");\n"
|
|
#~ "for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
#~ " print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n"
|
|
#~ "}\n"
|
|
#~ "println!();\n"
|
|
#~ "```"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
#~ "// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
#~ "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
#~ "```"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
#~ "// TODO: borra esto cuando termines de implementarlo.\n"
|
|
#~ "#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
#~ "```"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "Note that since `println!` is a macro, `x` is not moved, even using the "
|
|
#~ "function like syntax of `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Nota que a partir que `println!` es una macro, `x` no se mueve, incluso "
|
|
#~ "usando una función como `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Global state is managed with static and constant variables."
|
|
#~ msgstr "El estado global es manejado con variables estáticas y constantes."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "You can declare compile-time constants:"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Puedes declarar constantes en tiempo de compilación:"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "fn main() { let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\"); println!(\"Digest: "
|
|
#~ "{digest:?}\"); }"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "fn main() { let digest = compute_digest(\"Hola\"); println!(\"Digest: "
|
|
#~ "{digest:?}\"); }"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "You can also declare static variables:"
|
|
#~ msgstr "También puedes declarar variables estáticas:"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "We will look at mutating static data in the [chapter on Unsafe Rust](../"
|
|
#~ "unsafe.md)."
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Veremos cambiar datos estáticos en el [capítulo Rust No Seguro](../unsafe."
|
|
#~ "md)."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Potential for use-after-free."
|
|
#~ msgstr "Potencial de use-after-free."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "The data was _moved_ from `s1` and `s1` is no longer accessible."
|
|
#~ msgstr "Los datos se mueven de `s1` y `s2` si no se accede más."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "fn main() { let p1 = Point(3, 4); let p2 = Point(10, 20); let p3 = "
|
|
#~ "add(&p1, &p2); println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0); println!(\"{p1:?} + "
|
|
#~ "{p2:?} = {p3:?}\"); }"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "fn main() { let p1 = Point(3, 4); let p2 = Point(10, 20); let p3 = "
|
|
#~ "add(&p1, &p2); println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0); println!(\"{p1:?} + "
|
|
#~ "{p2:?} = {p3:?}\"); }"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
#~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
#~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
#~ "```"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
#~ "#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
#~ "struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
#~ "```"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "A small book library,"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Un pequeño libro de biblioteca,"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Iterators and ownership (hard)."
|
|
#~ msgstr "Iteradores y propiedad (difícil)."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "impl Book { // This is a constructor, used below. fn new(title: &str, "
|
|
#~ "year: u16) -> Book { Book { title: String::from(title), year, } } }"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "impl Book { // Este es el constructor, usado debajo. fn new(title: &str, "
|
|
#~ "year: u16) -> Book { Book { title: String::from(title), year, } } }"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "// This makes it possible to print Book values with {}. impl std::fmt::"
|
|
#~ "Display for Book { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter\\<'\\_\\>) -"
|
|
#~ "> std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{} ({})\", self.title, self.year) } }"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "// Esto hace posible imprimir valores del libro con {}. impl std::fmt::"
|
|
#~ "Display for Book { fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter\\<'\\_\\>) -"
|
|
#~ "> std::fmt::Result { write!(f, \"{} ({})\", self.title, self.year) } }"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and // "
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#~ "implement the missing methods. You will need to update the // method "
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#~ "signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may // also need to "
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#~ "update the variable bindings within main. fn main() { let library = "
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#~ "Library::new();"
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#~ msgstr ""
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#~ "// Esto muestra el estado deseado. Descomenta el código debajo e // "
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#~ "implementa el método que falta. Puedes necesitar actualizar el // signo "
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#~ "del método, incluyendo el parámetro \"self\". También fn main() { let "
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#~ "library = Library::new();"
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#~ msgid ""
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#~ "impl Person { fn say_hello(&self) { println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", "
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#~ "self.name); } }"
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#~ msgstr ""
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#~ "impl Person { fn say_hello(&self) { println!(\"Hola, mi nombre es {}\", "
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|
#~ "self.name); } }"
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#~ msgid "Welcome to Day 4"
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#~ msgstr "Bienvenido al Día 4"
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