mirror of
https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust.git
synced 2024-12-14 22:15:54 +02:00
20997 lines
694 KiB
Plaintext
20997 lines
694 KiB
Plaintext
msgid ""
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msgstr ""
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"Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: \n"
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"PO-Revision-Date: 2023-06-07 17:56+0100\n"
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"Last-Translator: \n"
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"Language-Team: \n"
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"Language: it\n"
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"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n"
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"X-Generator: Poedit 3.3.1\n"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:3
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msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
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msgstr "Benvenuti a Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:4
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msgid "Running the Course"
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msgstr "Esecuzione del corso"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:5
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msgid "Course Structure"
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msgstr "Struttura del corso"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:6
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msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts"
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msgstr "Tasti rapidi"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:7
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msgid "Translations"
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msgstr "Traduzioni"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:8
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msgid "Using Cargo"
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msgstr "Utilizzo di Cargo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:9
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msgid "Rust Ecosystem"
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msgstr "Ecosistema di Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:10
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msgid "Code Samples"
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msgstr "Esempi di codice"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:11
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msgid "Running Cargo Locally"
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msgstr "Eseguire Cargo in locale"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:14
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msgid "Day 1: Morning"
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msgstr "Giorno 1: Mattino"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:18 src/SUMMARY.md:75 src/SUMMARY.md:128 src/SUMMARY.md:185 src/SUMMARY.md:211
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:259
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msgid "Welcome"
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msgstr "Benvenuti"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:19
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msgid "What is Rust?"
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msgstr "Cos’è Rust?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:20
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msgid "Hello World!"
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msgstr "Hello World!"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:21
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msgid "Small Example"
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msgstr "Piccolo esempio"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:22
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msgid "Why Rust?"
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msgstr "Perché Rust?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:23
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msgid "Compile Time Guarantees"
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msgstr "Garanzie alla Compilazione"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:24
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msgid "Runtime Guarantees"
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msgstr "Garanzie all’Esecuzione"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:25
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msgid "Modern Features"
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msgstr "Funzionalità moderne"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:26
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msgid "Basic Syntax"
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msgstr "Sintassi di base"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:27
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msgid "Scalar Types"
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msgstr "Tipi Scalari"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:28
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msgid "Compound Types"
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msgstr "Tipi Composti"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:29
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msgid "References"
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msgstr "Riferimenti"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:30
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msgid "Dangling References"
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msgstr "Riferimenti pendenti"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:31
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msgid "Slices"
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msgstr "Slice"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:32
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msgid "String vs str"
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msgstr "Differenza tra String e str"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:33
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msgid "Functions"
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msgstr "Funzioni"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:34
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msgid "Rustdoc"
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msgstr "Rustico"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/SUMMARY.md:82
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msgid "Methods"
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msgstr "Metodi"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:36
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msgid "Overloading"
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msgstr "Overloading"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:37 src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/SUMMARY.md:119 src/SUMMARY.md:148
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/SUMMARY.md:225 src/SUMMARY.md:251 src/SUMMARY.md:273
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:293
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msgid "Exercises"
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msgstr "Esercizi"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:38
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msgid "Implicit Conversions"
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msgstr "Conversione implicita"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:39
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msgid "Arrays and for Loops"
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msgstr "Array e Cicli for"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:41
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msgid "Day 1: Afternoon"
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msgstr "Giorno 1: Pomeriggio"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:43
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msgid "Variables"
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msgstr "Variabili"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:44
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msgid "Type Inference"
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msgstr "Inferenza del Tipo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:45
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msgid "static & const"
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msgstr "static & const"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:46
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msgid "Scopes and Shadowing"
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msgstr "Scope e Shadowing"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:47
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msgid "Memory Management"
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msgstr "Gestione della Memoria"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:48
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msgid "Stack vs Heap"
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msgstr "Stack vs Heap"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:49
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msgid "Stack Memory"
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msgstr "Memoria sullo Stack"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:50
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msgid "Manual Memory Management"
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msgstr "Gestione manuale della Memoria"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:51
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msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management"
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msgstr "Gestione della Memoria basata su Scope"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:52
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msgid "Garbage Collection"
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msgstr "Garbage Collection"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:53
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msgid "Rust Memory Management"
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msgstr "Gestione della Memoria in Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:54
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msgid "Comparison"
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msgstr "Comparazione"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:55
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msgid "Ownership"
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msgstr "Proprietà"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:56
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msgid "Move Semantics"
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msgstr "Semantica di move"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:57
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msgid "Moved Strings in Rust"
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msgstr "Stringhe a cui è applicata move"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:58
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msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++"
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msgstr "Doppio applicazione di free in C++ moderno"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:59
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msgid "Moves in Function Calls"
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msgstr "Move nelle Chiamate a Funzione"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:60
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msgid "Copying and Cloning"
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msgstr "Copiare (Copy) e Clonare (Clone)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:61
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msgid "Borrowing"
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msgstr "Prestito (Borrowing)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:62
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msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows"
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msgstr "Prestito (Borrow) Condiviso (Shared) e Unico (Unique)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:63
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msgid "Lifetimes"
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msgstr "Lifetime"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:64
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msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls"
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msgstr "Lifetime in Chiamate a Funzione"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:65
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msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures"
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msgstr "Lifetime in Strutture Dati"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:67
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msgid "Designing a Library"
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msgstr "Progettare una Libreria"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:68
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msgid "Iterators and Ownership"
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msgstr "Iteratori (Iterators) e Proprietà (Ownership)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:71
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msgid "Day 2: Morning"
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msgstr "2° giorno: Mattina"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:76
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msgid "Structs"
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msgstr "Strutture (Struct)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:77
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msgid "Tuple Structs"
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msgstr "Strutture a Tupla (Tuple Structs)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:78
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msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax"
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msgstr "Sintassi abbreviata per Campo (Field)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:79
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msgid "Enums"
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msgstr "Enumerazioni (Enums)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:80
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msgid "Variant Payloads"
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msgstr "Payload Variabili (Variant Payloads)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:81
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msgid "Enum Sizes"
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msgstr "Dimensione degli Enum"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:83
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msgid "Method Receiver"
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msgstr "Ricevitore (Receiver) del Metodo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/SUMMARY.md:159 src/SUMMARY.md:272
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msgid "Example"
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msgstr "Esempio"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:85
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msgid "Pattern Matching"
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msgstr "Pattern Matching"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:86
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msgid "Destructuring Enums"
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msgstr "Destrutturazione di Enum"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:87
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msgid "Destructuring Structs"
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msgstr "Destrutturazione di Struct"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:88
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msgid "Destructuring Arrays"
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msgstr "Destrutturazione di Array"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:89
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msgid "Match Guards"
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msgstr "Match Guards"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:91
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msgid "Health Statistics"
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msgstr "Salute (Health) Statistics"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:92
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msgid "Points and Polygons"
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msgstr "Punti e Poligoni"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:94
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msgid "Day 2: Afternoon"
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msgstr "2° giorno: Pomeriggio"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/SUMMARY.md:286
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msgid "Control Flow"
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msgstr "Flusso di Controllo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:97
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msgid "Blocks"
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msgstr "Blocchi"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:98
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msgid "if expressions"
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msgstr "espressioni IF"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:99
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msgid "if let expressions"
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msgstr "espressioni IF LET"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:100
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msgid "while expressions"
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msgstr "espressioni WHILE"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:101
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msgid "while let expressions"
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msgstr "espressioni WHILE LET"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:102
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msgid "for expressions"
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msgstr "espressioni FOR"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:103
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msgid "loop expressions"
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msgstr "espressioni LOOP"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:104
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msgid "match expressions"
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msgstr "espressioni MATCH"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:105
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msgid "break & continue"
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msgstr "break & continue"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:106
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msgid "Standard Library"
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msgstr "Libreria standard"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:107
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msgid "Option and Result"
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msgstr "Option e Result"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:108
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msgid "String"
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msgstr "Stringa (String)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:109
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msgid "Vec"
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msgstr "Vec"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:110
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msgid "HashMap"
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msgstr "HashMap"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:111
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msgid "Box"
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msgstr "Box"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:112
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msgid "Recursive Data Types"
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msgstr "Tipi di dati ricorsivi"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:113
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msgid "Niche Optimization"
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msgstr "Ottimizzazioni di nicchia"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:114
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msgid "Rc"
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msgstr "Rc"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:115
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msgid "Modules"
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msgstr "Moduli"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:116
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msgid "Visibility"
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msgstr "Visibilità"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:117
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msgid "Paths"
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msgstr "Percorsi (Paths)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:118
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msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy"
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msgstr "Gerarchia del filesystem"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:120
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msgid "Luhn Algorithm"
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msgstr "Algoritmo di Luhn"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:121
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msgid "Strings and Iterators"
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msgstr "Stringhe (Strings) e Iteratori (Iterators)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:124
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msgid "Day 3: Morning"
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msgstr "3° giorno: Mattina"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:129
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msgid "Generics"
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msgstr "Generics"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:130
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msgid "Generic Data Types"
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msgstr "Tipi di dati Generic"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:131
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msgid "Generic Methods"
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msgstr "Metodi Generic"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:132
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msgid "Monomorphization"
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msgstr "Monomorfizzazione (Monomorphization)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:133
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msgid "Traits"
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msgstr "Traits"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:134
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msgid "Trait Objects"
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msgstr "Oggetti che implementano Trait (Trait Objects)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:135
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msgid "Deriving Traits"
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msgstr "Tratti derivati"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:136
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msgid "Default Methods"
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msgstr "Metodi predefiniti (Default Methods)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:137
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msgid "Trait Bounds"
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msgstr "Trait Bounds"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:138
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msgid "impl Trait"
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msgstr "impl Trait"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:139
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msgid "Important Traits"
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msgstr "Trait importanti"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:140
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msgid "Iterator"
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msgstr "Iteratore (Iterator)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:141
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msgid "FromIterator"
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msgstr "FromIterator"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:142
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msgid "From and Into"
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msgstr "From e Into (Trait)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:143
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msgid "Read and Write"
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msgstr "Read e Write"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:144
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msgid "Drop"
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msgstr "Rilascio (Drop)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:145
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msgid "Default"
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msgstr "Predefinito (Default)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:146
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msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..."
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msgstr "Operatori: Add, Mul, ..."
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:147
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msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce"
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msgstr "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:149
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msgid "A Simple GUI Library"
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msgstr "Una semplice libreria per Interfacce Grafiche"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:151
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msgid "Day 3: Afternoon"
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msgstr "3° giorno: Pomeriggio"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:153
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msgid "Error Handling"
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msgstr "Gestione degli errori"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:154
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msgid "Panics"
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msgstr "Panico (Panics)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:155
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msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding"
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msgstr "Catturare lo Stack Unwinding"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:156
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msgid "Structured Error Handling"
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msgstr "Gestione strutturata degli errori"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:157
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msgid "Propagating Errors with ?"
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msgstr "Propagazione degli errori con ?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:158
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msgid "Converting Error Types"
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msgstr "Conversione dei tipi di errore"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:160
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msgid "Deriving Error Enums"
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msgstr "Derivazione di Enumerazioni (Enums) di errori"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:161
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msgid "Dynamic Error Types"
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msgstr "Tipi di errori dinamici"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:162
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msgid "Adding Context to Errors"
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msgstr "Aggiungere contesto agli errori"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:163
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msgid "Testing"
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msgstr "Testare"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:164
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msgid "Unit Tests"
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msgstr "Test per unità"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:165
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msgid "Test Modules"
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msgstr "Moduli (Module) di Test"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:166
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msgid "Documentation Tests"
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msgstr "Test nella documentazione"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:167
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msgid "Integration Tests"
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msgstr "Test di integrazione"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:168
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msgid "Useful crates"
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msgstr "Crates utili"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:169
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msgid "Unsafe Rust"
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msgstr "Unsafe Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:170
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msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers"
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msgstr "Dereferenziamento dei Puntatori (Pointers) Grezzi (Raw)"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:171
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msgid "Mutable Static Variables"
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msgstr "Variabili Statiche Mutabili"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:172
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msgid "Unions"
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msgstr "Unioni"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:173
|
|
msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr "Chiamare Funzioni Unsafe"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:174
|
|
msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr "Creare Funzioni Unsafe"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:175
|
|
msgid "Extern Functions"
|
|
msgstr "Funzioni Esterne (Extern)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:176
|
|
msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits"
|
|
msgstr "Implementare Unsafe Traits"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:178
|
|
msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper"
|
|
msgstr "Safe FFI Wrapper"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:181 src/SUMMARY.md:249
|
|
msgid "Android"
|
|
msgstr "Android"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:186
|
|
msgid "Setup"
|
|
msgstr "Setup"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:187
|
|
msgid "Build Rules"
|
|
msgstr "Regole (Rules) di Build"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:188
|
|
msgid "Binary"
|
|
msgstr "Binario"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:189
|
|
msgid "Library"
|
|
msgstr "Libreria (Library)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:190
|
|
msgid "AIDL"
|
|
msgstr "AIDL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:191
|
|
msgid "Interface"
|
|
msgstr "Interfaccia"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:192
|
|
msgid "Implementation"
|
|
msgstr "Implementazione"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:193
|
|
msgid "Server"
|
|
msgstr "Server"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:194
|
|
msgid "Deploy"
|
|
msgstr "Deploy"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:195
|
|
msgid "Client"
|
|
msgstr "Client"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:196
|
|
msgid "Changing API"
|
|
msgstr "Cambiare API"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/SUMMARY.md:240
|
|
msgid "Logging"
|
|
msgstr "Logging"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:198
|
|
msgid "Interoperability"
|
|
msgstr "Interoperabilità"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:199
|
|
msgid "With C"
|
|
msgstr "Con C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:200
|
|
msgid "Calling C with Bindgen"
|
|
msgstr "Invocare C con Bindgen"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:201
|
|
msgid "Calling Rust from C"
|
|
msgstr "Invocare Rust da C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:202
|
|
msgid "With C++"
|
|
msgstr "Con C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:203
|
|
msgid "With Java"
|
|
msgstr "Con Java"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:207
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal: Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Bare Metal: Mattino"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:212
|
|
msgid "no_std"
|
|
msgstr "no_std"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:213
|
|
msgid "A Minimal Example"
|
|
msgstr "Un Esempio Minimo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:214
|
|
msgid "alloc"
|
|
msgstr "alloc"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:215
|
|
msgid "Microcontrollers"
|
|
msgstr "Microcontroller"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:216
|
|
msgid "Raw MMIO"
|
|
msgstr "Raw MMIO"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:217
|
|
msgid "PACs"
|
|
msgstr "PAC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:218
|
|
msgid "HAL Crates"
|
|
msgstr "HAL Crates"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:219
|
|
msgid "Board Support Crates"
|
|
msgstr "Crate di supporto per Board"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:220
|
|
msgid "The Type State Pattern"
|
|
msgstr "Il modello (Pattern) di Type State"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:221
|
|
msgid "embedded-hal"
|
|
msgstr "embedded-hal"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:222
|
|
msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed"
|
|
msgstr "probe-rs, cargo-embed"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:223
|
|
msgid "Debugging"
|
|
msgstr "Debugging"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:224 src/SUMMARY.md:242
|
|
msgid "Other Projects"
|
|
msgstr "Altri Progetti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:226
|
|
msgid "Compass"
|
|
msgstr "Bussola"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:228
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Bare Metal: Pomeriggio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:230
|
|
msgid "Application Processors"
|
|
msgstr "Processori di Applicazioni"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:231
|
|
msgid "Inline Assembly"
|
|
msgstr "Inline Assembly"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:232
|
|
msgid "MMIO"
|
|
msgstr "MMIO"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:233
|
|
msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver"
|
|
msgstr "Scriviamo un driver UART"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:234
|
|
msgid "More Traits"
|
|
msgstr "Traits addizionali"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:235
|
|
msgid "A Better UART Driver"
|
|
msgstr "Un migliore driver UART"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:236
|
|
msgid "Bitflags"
|
|
msgstr "Bitflag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:237
|
|
msgid "Multiple Registers"
|
|
msgstr "Registri multipli"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:238
|
|
msgid "Driver"
|
|
msgstr "Driver"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:239 src/SUMMARY.md:241
|
|
msgid "Using It"
|
|
msgstr "Usandolo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:243
|
|
msgid "Useful Crates"
|
|
msgstr "Crates Utili"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:244
|
|
msgid "zerocopy"
|
|
msgstr "zerocopy"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:245
|
|
msgid "aarch64-paging"
|
|
msgstr "paginazione aarch64 (aarch64-paging)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:246
|
|
msgid "buddy_system_allocator"
|
|
msgstr "buddy_system_allocator"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:247
|
|
msgid "tinyvec"
|
|
msgstr "tinyvec"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:248
|
|
msgid "spin"
|
|
msgstr "rotazione (spin)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:250
|
|
msgid "vmbase"
|
|
msgstr "vmbase"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:252
|
|
msgid "RTC Driver"
|
|
msgstr "Driver RTC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:255
|
|
msgid "Concurrency: Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Concurrenzy: Mattino"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:260
|
|
msgid "Threads"
|
|
msgstr "Threads"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:261
|
|
msgid "Scoped Threads"
|
|
msgstr "Thread con Scope (Scoped Threads)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:262
|
|
msgid "Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canali (Channels)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:263
|
|
msgid "Unbounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canali illimitati (Unbounded Channels)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:264
|
|
msgid "Bounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canali delimitati (Bounded Channels)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:265
|
|
msgid "Send and Sync"
|
|
msgstr "Send e Sync"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:265
|
|
msgid "Send"
|
|
msgstr "Send (Inviare)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:265
|
|
msgid "Sync"
|
|
msgstr "Sync (Sincronizzare)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:268
|
|
msgid "Examples"
|
|
msgstr "Esempi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:269
|
|
msgid "Shared State"
|
|
msgstr "Stato Condiviso"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:270
|
|
msgid "Arc"
|
|
msgstr "Arc"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:271
|
|
msgid "Mutex"
|
|
msgstr "Mutex"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:274 src/SUMMARY.md:294
|
|
msgid "Dining Philosophers"
|
|
msgstr "Filosofi a tavola"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:275
|
|
msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker"
|
|
msgstr "Correttore di Link a Thread multipli"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:277
|
|
msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Giorno 1: Pomeriggio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:279
|
|
msgid "Async Basics"
|
|
msgstr "Nozioni di base sulla programmazione Async (asincrona)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:280
|
|
msgid "async/await"
|
|
msgstr "Async/await"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:281
|
|
msgid "Futures"
|
|
msgstr "Futures"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:282
|
|
msgid "Runtimes"
|
|
msgstr "Esecutori"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:283
|
|
msgid "Tokio"
|
|
msgstr "Tokio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:284
|
|
msgid "Tasks"
|
|
msgstr "Compiti (Tasks)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:285
|
|
msgid "Async Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canali asincroni (Async Channels)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:287
|
|
msgid "Join"
|
|
msgstr "Giunzione (Join)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:288
|
|
msgid "Select"
|
|
msgstr "Selezione (Select)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:289
|
|
msgid "Pitfalls"
|
|
msgstr "Insidie"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:290
|
|
msgid "Blocking the Executor"
|
|
msgstr "Blocco dell’Esecutore"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:291
|
|
msgid "Pin"
|
|
msgstr "Spillo (Pin)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:292
|
|
msgid "Async Traits"
|
|
msgstr "Trait asincroni (Async Trait)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:295
|
|
msgid "Elevator Operations"
|
|
msgstr "# Operazioni dell’Ascensore"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:298
|
|
msgid "Final Words"
|
|
msgstr "Parole finali"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:302
|
|
msgid "Thanks!"
|
|
msgstr "Grazie!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:303
|
|
msgid "Other Resources"
|
|
msgstr "Altre risorse"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:304
|
|
msgid "Credits"
|
|
msgstr "Crediti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:307
|
|
msgid "Solutions"
|
|
msgstr "Soluzioni"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:312
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Giorno 1 Mattina"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:313
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Giorno 1 Pomeriggio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:314
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Giorno 2 Mattina"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:315
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Giorno 2 Pomeriggio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:316
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Giorno 3 Mattina"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:317
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Giorno 3 Pomeriggio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:318
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Mattina su Bare Metal Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:319
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Pomeriggio su Bare Metal Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:320
|
|
msgid "Concurrency Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Mattina su Concorrenza"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:321
|
|
msgid "Concurrency Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Giorno 1: Pomeriggio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
|
|
msgstr "# Benvenuti a Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/google/comprehensive-rust/"
|
|
"build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build."
|
|
"yml?query=branch%3Amain)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[![Crea flusso di lavoro](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com /google/comprehensive-rust/"
|
|
"actions/workflows/build.yml)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:3
|
|
msgid "Build workflow"
|
|
msgstr "Crea flusso di lavoro"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/google/comprehensive-rust/"
|
|
"build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build."
|
|
"yml?query=branch%3Amain)\n"
|
|
"[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/comprehensive-rust?"
|
|
"style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[![Crea flusso di lavoro](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com /google/comprehensive-rust/"
|
|
"actions/workflows/build.yml)\n"
|
|
"[![Contributori di GitHub](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/comprehensive-rust?"
|
|
"style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/graphs /contributori)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:4
|
|
msgid "GitHub contributors"
|
|
msgstr "Collaboratori di GitHub"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:4
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/comprehensive-rust?"
|
|
"style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors)\n"
|
|
"[]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[![Contributori di GitHub](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/comprehensive-rust?"
|
|
"style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/graphs /contributori)\n"
|
|
"[![Stelle di GitHub](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-"
|
|
"square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers )"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:5
|
|
msgid "GitHub stars"
|
|
msgstr "Stelle di GitHub"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[]"
|
|
"(https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[![Stelle di GitHub](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-rust?style=flat-"
|
|
"square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/stargazers )"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a three day Rust course developed by the Android team. The course covers\n"
|
|
"the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced topics like generics\n"
|
|
"and error handling. It also includes Android-specific content on the last day."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questo è un corso Rust di tre giorni sviluppato dal team Android. Il corso copre\n"
|
|
"l'intero spettro di Rust, dalla sintassi di base ad argomenti avanzati come i generici\n"
|
|
"e gestione degli errori. Include anche contenuti specifici per Android nell'ultimo giorno."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know anything\n"
|
|
"about Rust and hope to:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'obiettivo del corso è insegnarti Rust. Partiamo dal presupposto che tu non sappia nulla\n"
|
|
"su Rust e spero di:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language.\n"
|
|
"* Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Show you common Rust idioms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Fornire una comprensione completa della sintassi e del linguaggio di Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Consentono di modificare i programmi esistenti e scrivere nuovi programmi in Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Mostra i comuni idiomi di Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The first three days show you the fundamentals of Rust. Following this, you're\n"
|
|
"invited to dive into one or more spezialized topics:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I primi tre giorni ti mostrano i fondamenti di Rust. A seguito di questo, sei\n"
|
|
"invitato ad approfondire uno o più argomenti specialistici:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [Android](android.md): a half-day course on using Rust for Android platform\n"
|
|
" development (AOSP). This includes interoperability wtih C, C++, and Java.\n"
|
|
"* [Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a full day class on using Rust for bare-metal\n"
|
|
" (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors are\n"
|
|
" covered.\n"
|
|
"* [Concurrency](concurrency.md): a full day class on concurrency in Rust. We\n"
|
|
" cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads and\n"
|
|
" mutextes) and async/await concurrency (cooperative multitasking using\n"
|
|
" futures)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [Android](android.md): un corso di mezza giornata sull'utilizzo della piattaforma Rust per "
|
|
"Android\n"
|
|
" sviluppo (AOSP). Ciò include l'interoperabilità con C, C++ e Java.\n"
|
|
"* [Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): una lezione di un'intera giornata sull'utilizzo di Rust per bare-"
|
|
"metal\n"
|
|
" sviluppo (incorporato). Lo sono sia i microcontrollori che i processori applicativi\n"
|
|
" coperto.\n"
|
|
"* [Concurrency](concurrency.md): una lezione di un'intera giornata sulla concorrenza in Rust. Noi\n"
|
|
" coprire sia la concorrenza classica (pianificazione preventiva utilizzando thread e\n"
|
|
" mutextes) e async/await concurrency (multitasking cooperativo tramite\n"
|
|
" futuri)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:32
|
|
msgid "## Non-Goals"
|
|
msgstr "## Non goal"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few days.\n"
|
|
"Some non-goals of this course are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust è un linguaggio vasto e non saremo in grado di coprirlo tutto in pochi giorni.\n"
|
|
"Alcuni non-obiettivi di questo corso sono:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Learn how to develop macros, please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust\n"
|
|
" Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by\n"
|
|
" Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Scopri come sviluppare macro, per favore vedi [Capitolo 19.5 in Rust\n"
|
|
" Libro](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) e [Rust by\n"
|
|
" Esempio](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) invece."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:41
|
|
msgid "## Assumptions"
|
|
msgstr "## Ipotesi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a statically\n"
|
|
"typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and C++ to better\n"
|
|
"explain or contrast the Rust approach."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il corso presuppone che tu sappia già programmare. La ruggine è staticamente\n"
|
|
"linguaggio digitato e talvolta faremo confronti migliori con C e C++\n"
|
|
"spiegare o contrastare l'approccio di Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:47
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you know how to program in a dynamically typed language such as Python or\n"
|
|
"JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se sai come programmare in un linguaggio tipizzato dinamicamente come Python o\n"
|
|
"JavaScript, allora sarai anche in grado di seguire bene."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:50 src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:19 src/cargo/code-samples.md:22
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:68 src/welcome-day-1.md:14 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:19
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:20 src/hello-world/small-example.md:21 src/why-rust.md:9
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:14 src/why-rust/runtime.md:8 src/why-rust/modern.md:19
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:19 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:28
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:18 src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:25
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:33 src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:22 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:32
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:25 src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:9
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:90 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:15
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:24 src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:46
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:23 src/memory-management/stack.md:26
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:12 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:20
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:18 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:33
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:25 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:23
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:27 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:9 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:100
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:35 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:25 src/enums.md:31
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:33 src/enums/sizes.md:27 src/methods.md:28
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:23 src/methods/example.md:44 src/pattern-matching.md:23
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:33 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:21
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:19 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:20
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:9 src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:115
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:40 src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:33
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:21 src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:24
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:23 src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:25
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:26 src/std.md:23 src/std/option-result.md:16
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:28 src/std/vec.md:35 src/std/hashmap.md:36 src/std/box.md:32
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:31 src/std/rc.md:29 src/modules.md:26 src/modules/visibility.md:37
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:5 src/generics/data-types.md:19
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:23 src/traits/trait-objects.md:70 src/traits/default-methods.md:30
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:33 src/traits/impl-trait.md:21 src/traits/iterator.md:30
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:15 src/traits/from-into.md:27 src/traits/drop.md:32
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:38 src/traits/operators.md:24 src/traits/closures.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:5 src/error-handling/result.md:25
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:46 src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:48
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:37 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:34
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:33 src/unsafe.md:26 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:25
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:30 src/unsafe/unions.md:19
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:31 src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:19
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:28 src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:81 src/exercises/android/morning.md:10
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:15 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:37 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:23
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:62 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:47
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:37 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:26
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:30
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:17 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:14
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:25
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:16 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:5
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:7 src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:41 src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:7
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:53 src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:22
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:24 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:35
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:39 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:62
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:49 src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:48
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:44 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:43
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:26
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:24
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:21 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:21
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:19 src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:5
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:28 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:35 src/concurrency/channels.md:25
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:18 src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:11
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:12 src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:27
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:29 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:21
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:10 src/async/async-await.md:23 src/async/futures.md:30
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:18 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:31 src/async/tasks.md:51
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:33 src/async/control-flow/join.md:34 src/async/control-flow/select.md:59
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:27 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:66
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:11
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:75
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<details>"
|
|
msgstr "<dettagli>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:52
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional\n"
|
|
"information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor should\n"
|
|
"cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questo è un esempio di _nota del relatore_. Useremo questi per aggiungere ulteriori\n"
|
|
"informazioni alle diapositive. Questi potrebbero essere punti chiave che l'istruttore dovrebbe\n"
|
|
"copertina così come le risposte alle domande tipiche che sorgono in classe."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:56 src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:67 src/cargo/code-samples.md:35
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:74 src/welcome-day-1.md:42 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:29
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:40 src/hello-world/small-example.md:44 src/why-rust.md:24
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:35 src/why-rust/runtime.md:22 src/why-rust/modern.md:66
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:43 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:62
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:28 src/basic-syntax/slices.md:36
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:44 src/basic-syntax/functions.md:41
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:33 src/basic-syntax/methods.md:45
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:30 src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:28
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:95 src/basic-syntax/variables.md:20
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:48 src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:52
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:39 src/memory-management/stack.md:49
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:18 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:26
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:26 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:51
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:51 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:29
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:60 src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:30
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:15 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:104 src/structs.md:41
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:43 src/structs/field-shorthand.md:72 src/enums.md:41
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:45 src/enums/sizes.md:155 src/methods.md:41
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:29 src/methods/example.md:53 src/pattern-matching.md:35
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:39 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:29
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:46 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:28
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:15 src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:125
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:46 src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:37
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:41 src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:29
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:30 src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:32
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:33 src/std.md:31 src/std/option-result.md:25
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:42 src/std/vec.md:49 src/std/hashmap.md:66 src/std/box.md:39
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:41 src/std/rc.md:69 src/modules.md:32 src/modules/visibility.md:48
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:71 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:11 src/generics/data-types.md:25
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:31 src/traits/trait-objects.md:83 src/traits/default-methods.md:41
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:50 src/traits/impl-trait.md:44 src/traits/iterator.md:42
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:26 src/traits/from-into.md:33 src/traits/drop.md:42
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:47 src/traits/operators.md:38 src/traits/closures.md:38
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:11 src/error-handling/result.md:33
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:53 src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:60
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:45 src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:41
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:42 src/unsafe.md:32 src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:43
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:35 src/unsafe/unions.md:28
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:38 src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:28
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:37 src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:11
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:86 src/exercises/android/morning.md:15
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:65 src/bare-metal/minimal.md:26 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:49
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:29 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:72
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:65 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:49
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:40
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:43
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:23 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:29
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:38
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:11
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:15 src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:58 src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:17
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:27 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:28
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:40 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:46
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:67 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:55
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:52 src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:49
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:53 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:33
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:30
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:26 src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:30
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:25 src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:11
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:45 src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:40 src/concurrency/channels.md:32
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:23 src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:16
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:18 src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:38
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:45 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:56
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:16 src/async/async-await.md:48 src/async/futures.md:45
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:29 src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:49 src/async/tasks.md:64
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:49 src/async/control-flow/join.md:50 src/async/control-flow/select.md:77
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:50 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:112
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:63 src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:17
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:79
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "</details>"
|
|
msgstr "</dettagli>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Running the Course"
|
|
msgstr "# Esecuzione del corso"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:3 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "> This page is for the course instructor."
|
|
msgstr "> Questa pagina è per l'istruttore del corso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here is a bit of background information about how we've been running the course\n"
|
|
"internally at Google."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ecco alcune informazioni di base su come abbiamo condotto il corso\n"
|
|
"internamente a Google."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:8
|
|
msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:"
|
|
msgstr "Prima di eseguire il corso, vorrai:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"1. Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker notes\n"
|
|
" to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more speaker\n"
|
|
" notes!). When presenting, you should make sure to open the speaker notes in a\n"
|
|
" popup (click the link with a little arrow next to \"Speaker Notes\"). This way\n"
|
|
" you have a clean screen to present to the class.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Decide on the dates. Since the course takes at least three full days, we recommend that you\n"
|
|
" schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants have said that\n"
|
|
" they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it helps them process\n"
|
|
" all the information we give them.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a\n"
|
|
" class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are comfortable\n"
|
|
" asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will have\n"
|
|
" time to answer the questions. Make sure the room has _desks_ for yourself and for the\n"
|
|
" students: you will all need to be able to sit and work with your laptops.\n"
|
|
" In particular, you will be doing a lot of live-coding as an instructor, so a lectern won't\n"
|
|
" be very helpful for you.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set things\n"
|
|
" up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on your\n"
|
|
" laptop (see the [installation instructions][3]). This ensures optimal performance with no lag "
|
|
"as you change pages.\n"
|
|
" Using your laptop will also allow you to fix typos as you or the course\n"
|
|
" participants spot them.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups.\n"
|
|
" We typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the afternoon (including "
|
|
"time to review the solutions).\n"
|
|
" Make sure to\n"
|
|
" ask people if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. When\n"
|
|
" you see that several people have the same problem, call it out to the class\n"
|
|
" and offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the relevant\n"
|
|
" information in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"1. Acquisisci familiarità con il materiale del corso. Abbiamo incluso le note del relatore\n"
|
|
" per aiutare a evidenziare i punti chiave (per favore aiutateci contribuendo con più relatori\n"
|
|
" Appunti!). Durante la presentazione, assicurati di aprire le note del relatore in formato a\n"
|
|
" popup (fare clic sul collegamento con una piccola freccia accanto a \"Note del relatore\"). Da "
|
|
"questa parte\n"
|
|
" hai uno schermo pulito da presentare alla classe.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Seleziona il tuo argomento per il pomeriggio del quarto giorno. Questo può essere basato su\n"
|
|
" il pubblico che ti aspetti o sulla tua esperienza.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Decidi le date. Poiché il corso è grande, ti consigliamo di farlo\n"
|
|
" programmare i giorni su due settimane. Lo hanno detto i partecipanti al corso\n"
|
|
" trovano utile avere una pausa nel corso poiché li aiuta a elaborare\n"
|
|
" tutte le informazioni che diamo loro.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Trova una stanza abbastanza grande per i tuoi partecipanti di persona. Consigliamo un\n"
|
|
" dimensione della classe di 15-20 persone. È abbastanza piccolo da permettere alle persone di "
|
|
"sentirsi a proprio agio\n"
|
|
" fare domande --- è anche abbastanza piccolo che un istruttore avrà\n"
|
|
" tempo per rispondere alle domande. Assicurati che la stanza abbia _scrivanie_ per te e per il\n"
|
|
" studenti: dovrete essere tutti in grado di sedervi e lavorare con i vostri laptop.\n"
|
|
" In particolare, eseguirai molto codice dal vivo come istruttore, quindi un leggio no\n"
|
|
" essere molto utile per te.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Il giorno del corso, presentati in aula un po' prima per sistemare le cose\n"
|
|
" su. Ti consigliamo di presentare direttamente utilizzando `mdbook serve` in esecuzione sul tuo\n"
|
|
" laptop (vedere le [istruzioni di installazione][3]). Ciò garantisce prestazioni ottimali senza "
|
|
"ritardi quando si cambiano le pagine.\n"
|
|
" L'uso del tuo laptop ti consentirà anche di correggere errori di battitura come te o il corso\n"
|
|
" i partecipanti li individuano.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Lascia che le persone risolvano gli esercizi da sole o in piccoli gruppi. Assicurati che\n"
|
|
" chiedi alle persone se sono bloccate o se c'è qualcosa in cui puoi aiutarle. Quando\n"
|
|
" vedi che diverse persone hanno lo stesso problema, segnalalo alla classe\n"
|
|
" e offrire una soluzione, ad esempio mostrando alle persone dove trovare le informazioni "
|
|
"pertinenti\n"
|
|
" informazioni nella libreria standard."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun for\n"
|
|
"you as it has been for us!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questo è tutto, buona fortuna con il corso! Speriamo che sarà altrettanto divertente per\n"
|
|
"te come lo è stato per noi!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:46
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please [provide feedback][1] afterwards so that we can keep improving the\n"
|
|
"course. We would love to hear what worked well for you and what can be made\n"
|
|
"better. Your students are also very welcome to [send us feedback][2]!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si prega di [fornire feedback][1] in seguito in modo che possiamo continuare a migliorare il\n"
|
|
"corso. Ci piacerebbe sapere cosa ha funzionato bene per te e cosa si può fare\n"
|
|
"Meglio. Anche i tuoi studenti sono i benvenuti a [inviarci feedback][2]!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Course Structure"
|
|
msgstr "# Struttura del corso"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5
|
|
msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:"
|
|
msgstr "Il corso è veloce e copre un sacco di terreno:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker.\n"
|
|
"* Day 2: Compound data types, pattern matching, the standard library.\n"
|
|
"* Day 3: Traits and generics, error handling, testing, unsafe Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Giorno 1: Basic Rust, proprietà e controllo del prestito.\n"
|
|
"* Giorno 2: tipi di dati composti, pattern matching, libreria standard.\n"
|
|
"* Giorno 3: Tratti e generici, gestione degli errori, test, Rust non sicuro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11
|
|
msgid "## Deep Dives"
|
|
msgstr "## Immersioni profonde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition to the 3-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more\n"
|
|
"specialized topics:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Oltre alla lezione di 3 giorni sui fondamenti della ruggine, ne copriamo altri\n"
|
|
"argomenti specialistici:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16
|
|
msgid "### Android"
|
|
msgstr "### Android"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Android Deep Dive](../android.md) is a half-day course on using Rust for\n"
|
|
"Android platform development. This includes interoperability wtih C, C++, and\n"
|
|
"Java."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'[Android Deep Dive](../android.md) è un corso di mezza giornata sull'utilizzo di Rust per\n"
|
|
"Sviluppo della piattaforma Android. Ciò include l'interoperabilità con C, C++ e\n"
|
|
"Giava."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need an [AOSP checkout][1]. Make a checkout of the [course\n"
|
|
"repository][2] on the same machine and move the `src/android/` directory into\n"
|
|
"the root of your AOSP checkout. This will ensure that the Android build system\n"
|
|
"sees the `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Avrai bisogno di un [checkout AOSP][1]. Fai un checkout del [corso\n"
|
|
"repository][2] sulla stessa macchina e sposta la directory `src/android/` in\n"
|
|
"la radice del tuo checkout AOSP. Ciò garantirà che il sistema di compilazione Android\n"
|
|
"vede i file `Android.bp` in `src/android/`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build all\n"
|
|
"Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to see the\n"
|
|
"commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Assicurati che `adb sync` funzioni con il tuo emulatore o dispositivo reale e precompila tutto\n"
|
|
"Esempi di Android che utilizzano `src/android/build_all.sh`. Leggi lo script per vedere il file\n"
|
|
"comandi che esegue e assicurati che funzionino quando li esegui a mano."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:34
|
|
msgid "### Bare-Metal"
|
|
msgstr "### Bare-Metal"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:36
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Bare-Metal Deep Dive](../bare-metal.md): a full day class on using Rust for\n"
|
|
"bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application\n"
|
|
"processors are covered."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"The [Bare-Metal Deep Dive](../bare-metal.md): una lezione di un'intera giornata sull'uso di Rust "
|
|
"per\n"
|
|
"sviluppo bare metal (incorporato). Sia i microcontrollori che l'applicazione\n"
|
|
"i processori sono coperti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:40
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC\n"
|
|
"micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. Everybody\n"
|
|
"will need to install a number of packages as described on the [welcome\n"
|
|
"page](../bare-metal.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Per la parte del microcontrollore, dovrai acquistare il [BBC\n"
|
|
"micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) scheda di sviluppo v2 in anticipo. Tutti\n"
|
|
"dovrà installare un certo numero di pacchetti come descritto nel file [welcome\n"
|
|
"page](../bare-metal.md)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:45
|
|
msgid "### Concurrency"
|
|
msgstr "### Concorrenza"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:47
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Concurrency Deep Dive](../concurrency.md) is a full day class on classical\n"
|
|
"as well as `async`/`await` concurrency."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il [Concurrency Deep Dive](../concurrency.md) è un corso di un'intera giornata sulla musica "
|
|
"classica\n"
|
|
"così come la concorrenza `async`/`await`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready to\n"
|
|
"go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment with\n"
|
|
"them:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Avrai bisogno di una nuova configurazione della cassa e delle dipendenze scaricate e pronte per\n"
|
|
"andare. Puoi quindi copiare/incollare gli esempi in `src/main.rs` per sperimentare\n"
|
|
"loro:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"cargo init concurrency\n"
|
|
"cd concurrency\n"
|
|
"cargo add tokio --features full\n"
|
|
"cargo run\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:61
|
|
msgid "## Format"
|
|
msgstr "## Formato"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:63
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the\n"
|
|
"questions drive the exploration of Rust!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il corso è pensato per essere molto interattivo e si consiglia di lasciare il\n"
|
|
"le domande guidano l'esplorazione di Rust!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Keyboard Shortcuts"
|
|
msgstr "# Tasti rapidi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:"
|
|
msgstr "Ci sono diverse utili scorciatoie da tastiera in mdBook:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* <kbd>Arrow-Left</kbd>: Navigate to the previous page.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>Arrow-Right</kbd>: Navigate to the next page.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>Ctrl + Enter</kbd>: Execute the code sample that has focus.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>s</kbd>: Activate the search bar."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* <kbd>Freccia-sinistra</kbd>: passa alla pagina precedente.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>Freccia-destra</kbd>: passa alla pagina successiva.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>Ctrl + Invio</kbd>: esegue l'esempio di codice attivo.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>s</kbd>: attiva la barra di ricerca."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Translations"
|
|
msgstr "# Traduzioni"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course has been translated into other languages by a set of wonderful\n"
|
|
"volunteers:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il corso è stato tradotto in altre lingue da una serie di meravigliosi\n"
|
|
"volontari:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [Brazilian Portuguese][pt-BR] by [@rastringer] and [@hugojacob].\n"
|
|
"* [Korean][ko] by [@keispace], [@jiyongp] and [@jooyunghan]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [Portoghese brasiliano][pt-BR] di [@rastringer] e [@hugojacob].\n"
|
|
"* [Coreano][ko] di [@keispace], [@jiyongp] e [@jooyunghan]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages."
|
|
msgstr "Usa il selettore di lingua nell'angolo in alto a destra per passare da una lingua all'altra."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions] for how to\n"
|
|
"get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se vuoi aiutare con questo sforzo, consulta [le nostre istruzioni] per sapere come farlo\n"
|
|
"andare avanti. Le traduzioni sono coordinate su [issue tracker]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Using Cargo"
|
|
msgstr "# Utilizzo di Cargo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/), "
|
|
"the standard tool\n"
|
|
"used in the Rust ecosystem to build and run Rust applications. Here we want to\n"
|
|
"give a brief overview of what Cargo is and how it fits into the wider ecosystem\n"
|
|
"and how it fits into this training."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Quando inizi a leggere di Rust, incontrerai presto [Cargo](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/), lo "
|
|
"strumento standard\n"
|
|
"utilizzato nell'ecosistema Rust per creare ed eseguire applicazioni Rust. Qui vogliamo\n"
|
|
"fornire una breve panoramica di cos'è Cargo e di come si inserisce nell'ecosistema più ampio\n"
|
|
"e come si inserisce in questa formazione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:8
|
|
msgid "## Installation"
|
|
msgstr "## Installazione"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:10
|
|
msgid "### Rustup (Recommended)"
|
|
msgstr "### Rustup (consigliato)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among other standard ecosystem "
|
|
"tools with the [rustup][3] tool, which is maintained by the Rust Foundation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puoi seguire le istruzioni per installare il compilatore cargo e rust, tra gli altri strumenti "
|
|
"standard dell'ecosistema con lo strumento [rustup][3], gestito dalla Rust Foundation."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Along with cargo and rustc, Rustup will install itself as a command line utility that you can use "
|
|
"to install/switch toolchains, setup cross compilation, etc."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Insieme a cargo e rustc, Rustup si installerà come un'utilità della riga di comando che puoi "
|
|
"utilizzare per installare/cambiare toolchain, configurare la compilazione incrociata, ecc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:16
|
|
msgid "### Package Managers"
|
|
msgstr "### Gestori di pacchetti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:18
|
|
msgid "#### Debian"
|
|
msgstr "#### Debian"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "On Debian/Ubuntu, you can install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust formatter][6] with"
|
|
msgstr "Su Debian/Ubuntu, puoi installare Cargo, il sorgente Rust e il [Rust formatter][6] con"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This will allow [rust-analyzer][1] to jump to the definitions. We suggest using\n"
|
|
"[VS Code][2] to edit the code (but any LSP compatible editor works)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ciò consentirà a [rust-analyzer][1] di saltare alle definizioni. Si consiglia di utilizzare\n"
|
|
"[VS Code][2] per modificare il codice (ma qualsiasi editor compatibile con LSP funziona)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains][4] family of IDEs, which do their own analysis but "
|
|
"have their own tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can install the [Rust Plugin][5]. Please take "
|
|
"note that as of January 2023 debugging only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ad alcune persone piace anche usare la famiglia di IDE [JetBrains][4], che eseguono le proprie "
|
|
"analisi ma hanno i propri compromessi. Se li preferisci, puoi installare il [Rust Plugin][5]. "
|
|
"Tieni presente che a partire da gennaio 2023 il debug funziona solo sulla versione CLion della "
|
|
"suite JetBrains IDEA."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1
|
|
msgid "# The Rust Ecosystem"
|
|
msgstr "# L'ecosistema di Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:"
|
|
msgstr "L'ecosistema Rust è costituito da una serie di strumenti, di cui i principali sono:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and other\n"
|
|
" intermediate formats.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to\n"
|
|
" download dependencies hosted on <https://crates.io> and it will pass them to\n"
|
|
" `rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a built-in test\n"
|
|
" runner which is used to execute unit tests.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to\n"
|
|
" install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is released.\n"
|
|
" In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the standard\n"
|
|
" library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once and `rustup`\n"
|
|
" will let you switch between them as needed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `rustc`: il compilatore Rust che trasforma i file `.rs` in binari e altro\n"
|
|
" formati intermedi.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `cargo`: il gestore delle dipendenze di Rust e lo strumento di compilazione. Il carico sa come\n"
|
|
" scarica le dipendenze ospitate su <https://crates.io> e le passerà a\n"
|
|
" `rustc` quando costruisci il tuo progetto. Cargo include anche un test integrato\n"
|
|
" runner che viene utilizzato per eseguire unit test.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `rustup`: il programma di installazione e aggiornamento della toolchain di Rust. Questo "
|
|
"strumento è utilizzato per\n"
|
|
" installare e aggiornare `rustc` e `cargo` quando vengono rilasciate nuove versioni di Rust.\n"
|
|
" Inoltre, `rustup` può anche scaricare la documentazione per lo standard\n"
|
|
" biblioteca. Puoi avere più versioni di Rust installate contemporaneamente e `rustup`\n"
|
|
" ti permetterà di passare da uno all'altro secondo necessità."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25 src/hello-world/small-example.md:27
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:10 src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:30
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35 src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50 src/concurrency/threads.md:30
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:25
|
|
msgid "Key points:"
|
|
msgstr "Punti chiave:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out\n"
|
|
" every six weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with\n"
|
|
" old releases --- plus they enable new functionality.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\".\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes\n"
|
|
" \"stable\" every six weeks.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust also has [editions]: the current edition is Rust 2021. Previous\n"
|
|
" editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to\n"
|
|
" the language.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the\n"
|
|
" edition for your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code\n"
|
|
" written for different editions.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not through `cargo` (most "
|
|
"users never do).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful and comprehensive tool. "
|
|
"It is capable of many advanced features including but not limited to: \n"
|
|
" * Project/package structure\n"
|
|
" * [workspaces]\n"
|
|
" * Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching\n"
|
|
" * [build scripting]\n"
|
|
" * [global installation]\n"
|
|
" * It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as [cargo clippy]).\n"
|
|
" * Read more from the [official Cargo Book]"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Rust ha un programma di rilascio rapido con una nuova versione in uscita\n"
|
|
" ogni sei settimane. Le nuove versioni mantengono la retrocompatibilità con\n"
|
|
" vecchie versioni --- in più abilitano nuove funzionalità.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Esistono tre canali di rilascio: \"stable\", \"beta\" e \"nightly\".\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Le nuove funzionalità vengono testate su \"nightly\", \"beta\" è ciò che diventa\n"
|
|
" \"stabile\" ogni sei settimane.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust ha anche [edizioni]: l'edizione attuale è Rust 2021. Precedente\n"
|
|
" le edizioni erano Rust 2015 e Rust 2018.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Le edizioni possono apportare modifiche incompatibili con le versioni precedenti\n"
|
|
" la lingua.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Per evitare di violare il codice, le edizioni sono opt-in: selezioni il file\n"
|
|
" edizione per la tua cassa tramite il file `Cargo.toml`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Per evitare di dividere l'ecosistema, i compilatori di Rust possono mescolare il codice\n"
|
|
" scritto per diverse edizioni.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Menziona che è abbastanza raro usare il compilatore direttamente non attraverso `cargo` (la "
|
|
"maggior parte degli utenti non lo fa mai).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Potrebbe valere la pena accennare al fatto che Cargo stesso è uno strumento estremamente "
|
|
"potente e completo. È in grado di offrire molte funzionalità avanzate, tra cui, a titolo "
|
|
"esemplificativo ma non esaustivo:\n"
|
|
" * Struttura del progetto/pacchetto\n"
|
|
" * [aree di lavoro]\n"
|
|
" * Dipendenze di sviluppo e gestione/memorizzazione nella cache delle dipendenze di runtime\n"
|
|
" * [costruisci script]\n"
|
|
" * [installazione globale]\n"
|
|
" * È anche estensibile anche con plug-in di comandi secondari (come [cargo clippy]).\n"
|
|
" * Leggi di più dal [libro ufficiale dei carichi]"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Code Samples in This Training"
|
|
msgstr "# Esempi di codice in questo Corso"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through examples\n"
|
|
"which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier and\n"
|
|
"ensures a consistent experience for everyone."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Per questa formazione, esploreremo principalmente il linguaggio Rust attraverso esempi\n"
|
|
"che può essere eseguito tramite il tuo browser. Questo rende la configurazione molto più semplice "
|
|
"e\n"
|
|
"garantisce un'esperienza coerente per tutti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do the\n"
|
|
"exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you how to\n"
|
|
"work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'installazione di Cargo è ancora incoraggiata: ti renderà più facile fare il\n"
|
|
"esercizi. L'ultimo giorno faremo un esercizio più ampio che ti mostrerà come farlo\n"
|
|
"lavora con le dipendenze e per questo hai bisogno di Cargo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:11
|
|
msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:"
|
|
msgstr "I blocchi di codice in questo corso sono completamente interattivi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can use <kbd>Ctrl + Enter</kbd> to execute the code when focus is in the\n"
|
|
"text box."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puoi usare <kbd>Ctrl + Invio</kbd> per eseguire il codice quando il focus è in\n"
|
|
"casella di testo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples\n"
|
|
"are not editable for various reasons:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La maggior parte degli esempi di codice sono modificabili come mostrato sopra. Alcuni esempi di "
|
|
"codice\n"
|
|
"non sono modificabili per vari motivi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the\n"
|
|
" code and open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate\n"
|
|
" away from the page! This is the reason that the students should\n"
|
|
" solve the exercises using a local Rust installation or via the\n"
|
|
" Playground."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* I playground incorporati non possono eseguire unit test. Copia e incolla il file\n"
|
|
" code e aprilo nel Playground reale per dimostrare i test unitari.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* I playground incorporati perdono il loro stato nel momento in cui navighi\n"
|
|
" via dalla pagina! Questo è il motivo per cui gli studenti dovrebbero\n"
|
|
" risolvere gli esercizi utilizzando un'installazione locale di Rust o tramite il\n"
|
|
" Terreno di gioco."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Running Code Locally with Cargo"
|
|
msgstr "# Esecuzione del codice in locale con Cargo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will need\n"
|
|
"to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the Rust\n"
|
|
"Book][1]. This should give you a working `rustc` and `cargo`. At the time of\n"
|
|
"writing, the latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se vuoi sperimentare il codice sul tuo sistema, avrai bisogno di\n"
|
|
"per installare prima Rust. Fallo seguendo le [istruzioni nel file Rust\n"
|
|
"Libro][1]. Questo dovrebbe darti un `rustc` e un `cargo` funzionanti. Al tempo di\n"
|
|
"scrivendo, l'ultima versione stabile di Rust ha questi numeri di versione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"% rustc --version\n"
|
|
"rustc 1.61.0 (fe5b13d68 2022-05-18)\n"
|
|
"% cargo --version\n"
|
|
"cargo 1.61.0 (a028ae4 2022-04-29)\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With this is in place, then follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one\n"
|
|
"of the examples in this training:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Con questo è a posto, segui questi passaggi per creare un binario Rust da uno\n"
|
|
"degli esempi in questa formazione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"1. Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"2. Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your code:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```shell\n"
|
|
" $ cargo new exercise\n"
|
|
" Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"3. Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your binary:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```shell\n"
|
|
" $ cd exercise\n"
|
|
" $ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
|
|
" Hello, world!\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"4. Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For\n"
|
|
" example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look like\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"5. Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```shell\n"
|
|
" $ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
|
|
" Edit me!\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"6. Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo build`\n"
|
|
" to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/debug/`\n"
|
|
" for a normal debug build. Use `cargo build --release` to produce an optimized\n"
|
|
" release build in `target/release/`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"7. You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When you\n"
|
|
" run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing\n"
|
|
" dependencies for you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:70
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a\n"
|
|
"local editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a\n"
|
|
"normal development environment."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cerca di incoraggiare i partecipanti alla classe a installare Cargo e utilizzare a\n"
|
|
"editore locale. Semplificherà la loro vita poiché avranno a\n"
|
|
"normale ambiente di sviluppo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Day 1"
|
|
msgstr "# Benvenuto al primo giorno"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is the first day of Comprehensive Rust. We will cover a lot of ground\n"
|
|
"today:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questo è il primo giorno di Comprehensive Rust. Copriremo molto terreno\n"
|
|
"Oggi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs,\n"
|
|
" references, functions, and methods.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based memory\n"
|
|
" management, and garbage collection.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Sintassi di base di Rust: variabili, tipi scalari e composti, enum, struct,\n"
|
|
" riferimenti, funzioni e metodi.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Gestione della memoria: stack vs heap, gestione manuale della memoria, memoria basata "
|
|
"sull'ambito\n"
|
|
" gestione e raccolta dei rifiuti.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Proprietà: semantica di spostamento, copia e clonazione, prestito e durata."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:16
|
|
msgid "Please remind the students that:"
|
|
msgstr "Ricorda agli studenti che:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end.\n"
|
|
"* The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much encouraged!\n"
|
|
" * As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i.e.,\n"
|
|
" keep the related to how Rust does things vs some other language. It can be\n"
|
|
" hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of allowing discussions\n"
|
|
" since they engage people much more than one-way communication.\n"
|
|
"* The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the slides.\n"
|
|
" * This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. Remember\n"
|
|
" that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as you\n"
|
|
" like."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Dovrebbero fare domande quando le ricevono, non salvarle fino alla fine.\n"
|
|
"* La lezione è pensata per essere interattiva e le discussioni sono molto incoraggiate!\n"
|
|
" * In qualità di istruttore, dovresti cercare di mantenere le discussioni pertinenti, ad es.\n"
|
|
" mantieni la relazione con il modo in cui Rust fa le cose rispetto a qualche altra lingua. Può "
|
|
"essere\n"
|
|
" difficile trovare il giusto equilibrio, ma peccare per permettere discussioni\n"
|
|
" poiché coinvolgono le persone molto più della comunicazione unidirezionale.\n"
|
|
"* Le domande probabilmente significheranno che parleremo di cose prima delle diapositive.\n"
|
|
" * Questo è perfettamente a posto! La ripetizione è una parte importante dell'apprendimento. "
|
|
"Ricordare\n"
|
|
" che le diapositive sono solo un supporto e sei libero di saltarle come preferisci\n"
|
|
" Piace."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to speak\n"
|
|
"about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a major feature\n"
|
|
"and we should show students this right away."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'idea per il primo giorno è mostrare _quanto basta_ di Rust per poter parlare\n"
|
|
"sul famoso controllo dei prestiti. Il modo in cui Rust gestisce la memoria è una caratteristica "
|
|
"importante\n"
|
|
"e dovremmo mostrarlo subito agli studenti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the\n"
|
|
"schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se stai insegnando questo in un'aula, questo è un buon posto per esaminare il\n"
|
|
"programma. Suggeriamo di dividere la giornata in due parti (seguendo le slide):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:36
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Morning: 9:00 to 12:00,\n"
|
|
"* Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Mattina: dalle 9:00 alle 12:00,\n"
|
|
"* Pomeriggio: dalle 13:00 alle 16:00."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:39
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include breaks,\n"
|
|
"we recommend a break every hour!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ovviamente puoi regolarlo se necessario. Assicurati di includere pause,\n"
|
|
"consigliamo una pausa ogni ora!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "# What is Rust?"
|
|
msgstr "# Cos'è Rust?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015][1]:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust è un nuovo linguaggio di programmazione che ha avuto la sua versione [1.0 nel 2015][1]:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++\n"
|
|
" * `rustc` uses LLVM as its backend.\n"
|
|
"* Rust supports many [platforms and\n"
|
|
" architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):\n"
|
|
" * x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ...\n"
|
|
" * Linux, Mac, Windows, ...\n"
|
|
"* Rust is used for a wide range of devices:\n"
|
|
" * firmware and boot loaders,\n"
|
|
" * smart displays,\n"
|
|
" * mobile phones,\n"
|
|
" * desktops,\n"
|
|
" * servers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Rust è un linguaggio compilato staticamente con un ruolo simile a C++\n"
|
|
" * `rustc` utilizza LLVM come backend.\n"
|
|
"* Rust supporta molte [piattaforme e\n"
|
|
" architetture](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support.html):\n"
|
|
" * x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ...\n"
|
|
" * Linux, Mac, Windows, ...\n"
|
|
"* La ruggine viene utilizzata per un'ampia gamma di dispositivi:\n"
|
|
" * firmware e caricatori di avvio,\n"
|
|
" * display intelligenti,\n"
|
|
" * cellulari,\n"
|
|
" * desktop,\n"
|
|
" * server."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21
|
|
msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust è usato nelle stesse aree di C++:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* High flexibility.\n"
|
|
"* High level of control.\n"
|
|
"* Can be scaled down to very constrained devices like mobile phones.\n"
|
|
"* Has no runtime or garbage collection.\n"
|
|
"* Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Elevata flessibilità.\n"
|
|
"* Alto livello di controllo.\n"
|
|
"* Può essere ridotto a dispositivi molto vincolati come i telefoni cellulari.\n"
|
|
"* Non ha runtime o garbage collection.\n"
|
|
"* Si concentra su affidabilità e sicurezza senza sacrificare le prestazioni."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Hello World!"
|
|
msgstr "# Ciao mondo!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World\n"
|
|
"program:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Passiamo al programma Rust più semplice possibile, un classico Hello World\n"
|
|
"programma:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:12
|
|
msgid "What you see:"
|
|
msgstr "Quello che vedi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Functions are introduced with `fn`.\n"
|
|
"* Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++.\n"
|
|
"* The `main` function is the entry point of the program.\n"
|
|
"* Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this.\n"
|
|
"* Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le funzioni sono introdotte con `fn`.\n"
|
|
"* I blocchi sono delimitati da parentesi graffe come in C e C++.\n"
|
|
"* La funzione `main` è il punto di ingresso del programma.\n"
|
|
"* Rust ha macro igieniche, `println!` ne è un esempio.\n"
|
|
"* Le stringhe Rust sono codificate in UTF-8 e possono contenere qualsiasi carattere Unicode."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will see\n"
|
|
"a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something familiar."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questa diapositiva cerca di mettere gli studenti a proprio agio con il codice Rust. Vedranno\n"
|
|
"un sacco di esso nei prossimi quattro giorni, quindi iniziamo in piccolo con qualcosa di familiare."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is\n"
|
|
" imperative (not functional) and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless\n"
|
|
" absolutely necessary.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number of\n"
|
|
" arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md)).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers from\n"
|
|
" the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only\n"
|
|
" [partially hygenic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Rust è molto simile ad altri linguaggi della tradizione C/C++/Java. È\n"
|
|
" imperativo (non funzionale) e non cerca di reinventare le cose a meno che\n"
|
|
" assolutamente necessario.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust è moderno con pieno supporto per cose come Unicode.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust utilizza le macro per le situazioni in cui si desidera avere un numero variabile di\n"
|
|
" argomenti (nessuna funzione [sovraccarico](basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md)).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Le macro essendo \"igieniche\" significa che non catturano accidentalmente identificatori da\n"
|
|
" l'ambito in cui vengono utilizzate. Le macro di Rust sono in realtà solo\n"
|
|
" [parzialmente igienico](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/hygiene.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Small Example"
|
|
msgstr "# Piccolo esempio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3
|
|
msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Ecco un piccolo programma di esempio in Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() { // Program entry point\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n"
|
|
" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop will\n"
|
|
"always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with different\n"
|
|
"inputs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il codice implementa la congettura di Collatz: si ritiene che il ciclo lo farà\n"
|
|
"finiscono sempre, ma questo non è ancora provato. Modifica il codice e gioca con diversi\n"
|
|
"ingressi."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to trigger\n"
|
|
" type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer overflow.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match the\n"
|
|
" format string.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an\n"
|
|
" expression which is more complex than just a single variable.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::fmt`\n"
|
|
" which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important that the\n"
|
|
" students become familiar with searching in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Spiegare che tutte le variabili sono tipizzate staticamente. Prova a rimuovere \"i32\" per "
|
|
"attivare\n"
|
|
" inferenza di tipo. Prova invece con `i8` e attiva un overflow di runtime integer.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Modificare `let mut x` in `let x`, discutere l'errore del compilatore.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Mostra come `print!` restituisce un errore di compilazione se gli argomenti non corrispondono a\n"
|
|
" stringa di formato.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Mostra come devi usare `{}` come segnaposto se vuoi stampare un file\n"
|
|
" espressione che è più complessa di una singola variabile.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Mostra agli studenti la libreria standard, mostra loro come cercare `std::fmt`\n"
|
|
" che ha le regole del mini-linguaggio di formattazione. È importante che il\n"
|
|
" gli studenti acquisiscono familiarità con la ricerca nella libreria standard."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Why Rust?"
|
|
msgstr "# Perché Rust?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Alcuni punti di forza unici di Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Compile time memory safety.\n"
|
|
"* Lack of undefined runtime behavior.\n"
|
|
"* Modern language features."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Sicurezza della memoria del tempo di compilazione.\n"
|
|
"* Mancanza di comportamento runtime non definito.\n"
|
|
"* Funzionalità del linguaggio moderno."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. Depending\n"
|
|
"on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Assicurati di chiedere alla classe con quali lingue ha esperienza. Dipendente\n"
|
|
"nella risposta puoi evidenziare diverse caratteristiche di Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime errors_\n"
|
|
" via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you don't\n"
|
|
" have the memory unsafety issues. In addition, you get a modern language with\n"
|
|
" constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory safety\n"
|
|
" as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In addition\n"
|
|
" you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage collector)\n"
|
|
" as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Esperienza con C o C++: Rust elimina un'intera classe di _errori di runtime_\n"
|
|
" tramite il controllo del prestito. Ottieni prestazioni come in C e C++, ma non lo fai\n"
|
|
" hanno i problemi di sicurezza della memoria. Inoltre, ottieni un linguaggio moderno con\n"
|
|
" costrutti come il pattern matching e la gestione delle dipendenze incorporata.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Esperienza con Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: Ottieni la stessa sicurezza della memoria\n"
|
|
" come in quelle lingue, più una simile sensazione linguistica di alto livello. Inoltre\n"
|
|
" ottieni prestazioni veloci e prevedibili come C e C++ (nessun Garbage Collector)\n"
|
|
" così come l'accesso all'hardware di basso livello (se ne hai bisogno)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Compile Time Guarantees"
|
|
msgstr "# Garanzie a Tempo di Compilazione"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3
|
|
msgid "Static memory management at compile time:"
|
|
msgstr "Gestione statica della memoria in fase di compilazione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* No uninitialized variables.\n"
|
|
"* No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes).\n"
|
|
"* No double-frees.\n"
|
|
"* No use-after-free.\n"
|
|
"* No `NULL` pointers.\n"
|
|
"* No forgotten locked mutexes.\n"
|
|
"* No data races between threads.\n"
|
|
"* No iterator invalidation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Nessuna variabile non inizializzata.\n"
|
|
"* Nessuna perdita di memoria (_principalmente_, vedi note).\n"
|
|
"* Nessuna doppia libera.\n"
|
|
"* Nessun utilizzo dopo-gratis.\n"
|
|
"* Nessun puntatore `NULL`.\n"
|
|
"* Nessun mutex bloccato dimenticato.\n"
|
|
"* Nessuna gara di dati tra i thread.\n"
|
|
"* Nessuna invalidazione dell'iteratore."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples\n"
|
|
"are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"È possibile produrre perdite di memoria in (sicuro) Rust. Qualche esempio\n"
|
|
"Sono:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* You can for use [`Box::leak`] to leak a pointer. A use of this could\n"
|
|
" be to get runtime-initialized and runtime-sized static variables\n"
|
|
"* You can use [`std::mem::forget`] to make the compiler \"forget\" about\n"
|
|
" a value (meaning the destructor is never run).\n"
|
|
"* You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle] with `Rc` or\n"
|
|
" `Arc`.\n"
|
|
"* In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory\n"
|
|
" leak and Rust does not protect from those."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Puoi usare [`Box::leak`] per far trapelare un puntatore. Un uso di questo potrebbe\n"
|
|
" be per ottenere variabili statiche inizializzate in runtime e di dimensioni runtime\n"
|
|
"* Puoi usare [`std::mem::forget`] per fare in modo che il compilatore \"dimentichi\"\n"
|
|
" un valore (il che significa che il distruttore non viene mai eseguito).\n"
|
|
"* Puoi anche creare accidentalmente un [ciclo di riferimento] con `Rc` o\n"
|
|
" 'Arco'.\n"
|
|
"* In effetti, alcuni considereranno il popolamento infinito di una raccolta un ricordo\n"
|
|
" perdite e la ruggine non protegge da quelle."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood\n"
|
|
"as \"Pretty much no *accidental* memory leaks\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ai fini di questo corso, si dovrebbe intendere \"Nessuna perdita di memoria\".\n"
|
|
"come \"Praticamente nessuna perdita di memoria * accidentale *\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Runtime Guarantees"
|
|
msgstr "# Garanzie di autonomia"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3
|
|
msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:"
|
|
msgstr "Nessun comportamento indefinito in fase di esecuzione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Array access is bounds checked.\n"
|
|
"* Integer overflow is defined."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* L'accesso all'array è controllato dai limiti.\n"
|
|
"* L'overflow di numeri interi è definito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Integer overflow is defined via a compile-time flag. The options are\n"
|
|
" either a panic (a controlled crash of the program) or wrap-around\n"
|
|
" semantics. By default, you get panics in debug mode (`cargo build`)\n"
|
|
" and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo build --release`).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also\n"
|
|
" not be disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However,\n"
|
|
" `unsafe` allows you to call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked`\n"
|
|
" which does not do bounds checking."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* L'overflow di numeri interi è definito tramite un flag in fase di compilazione. Le opzioni sono\n"
|
|
" o un panico (un crash controllato del programma) o un wrap-around\n"
|
|
" semantica. Per impostazione predefinita, ottieni il panico in modalità di debug (`cargo build`)\n"
|
|
" e wrap-around in modalità rilascio (`cargo build --release`).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Il controllo dei limiti non può essere disabilitato con un flag del compilatore. Io posso anche\n"
|
|
" non essere disabilitato direttamente con la parola chiave `unsafe`. Tuttavia,\n"
|
|
" `unsafe` ti permette di chiamare funzioni come `slice::get_unchecked`\n"
|
|
" che non esegue il controllo dei limiti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Modern Features"
|
|
msgstr "# Funzionalità moderne"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last 40 years."
|
|
msgstr "Rust è costruito con tutta l'esperienza maturata negli ultimi 40 anni."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:5
|
|
msgid "## Language Features"
|
|
msgstr "## Caratteristiche del linguaggio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Enums and pattern matching.\n"
|
|
"* Generics.\n"
|
|
"* No overhead FFI.\n"
|
|
"* Zero-cost abstractions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Enumerazioni e pattern matching.\n"
|
|
"* Generici.\n"
|
|
"* Nessun FFI in testa.\n"
|
|
"* Astrazioni a costo zero."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:12
|
|
msgid "## Tooling"
|
|
msgstr "## Tooling"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Great compiler errors.\n"
|
|
"* Built-in dependency manager.\n"
|
|
"* Built-in support for testing.\n"
|
|
"* Excellent Language Server Protocol support."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Grandi errori del compilatore.\n"
|
|
"* Gestore delle dipendenze integrato.\n"
|
|
"* Supporto integrato per i test.\n"
|
|
"* Eccellente supporto del protocollo Language Server."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to 'pay'\n"
|
|
" for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example,\n"
|
|
" writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level\n"
|
|
" instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', also\n"
|
|
" known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like\n"
|
|
" `Option<T>` and `Result<T, E>`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to\n"
|
|
" ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more\n"
|
|
" talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with _actionable_\n"
|
|
" feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, Python,\n"
|
|
" and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard and\n"
|
|
" essential:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * a random number generator, but see [rand].\n"
|
|
" * support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls].\n"
|
|
" * support for JSON, but see [serde_json].\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library cannot\n"
|
|
" go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the Rust\n"
|
|
" community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps there\n"
|
|
" isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this makes\n"
|
|
" it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence of this\n"
|
|
" is that the standard library can be smaller.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like\n"
|
|
" <https://lib.rs/> help with this by letting you compare health metrics for\n"
|
|
" crates to find a good and trusted one.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* [rust-analyzer] is a well supported LSP implementation used in major\n"
|
|
" IDEs and text editors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Astrazioni a costo zero, simili a C++, significa che non devi \"pagare\"\n"
|
|
" per costrutti di programmazione di livello superiore con memoria o CPU. Per esempio,\n"
|
|
" scrivere un ciclo usando `for` dovrebbe comportare all'incirca lo stesso livello basso\n"
|
|
" istruzioni come usare il costrutto `.iter().fold()`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Potrebbe valere la pena ricordare che anche le enum di Rust sono \"tipi di dati algebrici\".\n"
|
|
" noti come \"tipi di somma\", che consentono al sistema di tipi di esprimere cose come\n"
|
|
" `Opzione<T>` e `Risultato<T, E>`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Ricorda alle persone di leggere gli errori --- a cui molti sviluppatori si sono abituati\n"
|
|
" ignora il lungo output del compilatore. Il compilatore Rust è molto di più\n"
|
|
" loquace rispetto ad altri compilatori. Ti fornirà spesso _actionable_\n"
|
|
" feedback, pronto per il copia-incolla nel tuo codice.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* La libreria standard di Rust è piccola rispetto a linguaggi come Java, Python,\n"
|
|
" e vai. Rust non viene fornito con molte cose che potresti considerare standard e\n"
|
|
" essenziale:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * un generatore di numeri casuali, ma vedi [rand].\n"
|
|
" * supporto per SSL o TLS, ma vedi [rusttls].\n"
|
|
" * supporto per JSON, ma vedi [serde_json].\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Il ragionamento alla base di ciò è che la funzionalità nella libreria standard non può\n"
|
|
" andare via, quindi deve essere molto stabile. Per gli esempi precedenti, Rust\n"
|
|
" la comunità sta ancora lavorando per trovare la soluzione migliore --- e forse lì\n"
|
|
" non è un'unica \"soluzione migliore\" per alcune di queste cose.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Rust viene fornito con un gestore di pacchetti integrato sotto forma di Cargo e questo rende\n"
|
|
" è banale scaricare e compilare casse di terze parti. Una conseguenza di ciò\n"
|
|
" è che la libreria standard può essere più piccola.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" La scoperta di buone casse di terze parti può essere un problema. Siti come\n"
|
|
" <https://lib.rs/> aiuta in questo consentendoti di confrontare le metriche di salute per\n"
|
|
" casse per trovarne una buona e fidata.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* [rust-analyzer] è un'implementazione LSP ben supportata utilizzata in major\n"
|
|
" IDE ed editor di testo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Basic Syntax"
|
|
msgstr "# Sintassi di base"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:"
|
|
msgstr "Gran parte della sintassi di Rust ti sarà familiare da C, C++ o Java:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces.\n"
|
|
"* Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/* ...\n"
|
|
" */`.\n"
|
|
"* Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same.\n"
|
|
"* Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* I blocchi e gli ambiti sono delimitati da parentesi graffe.\n"
|
|
"* I commenti di riga iniziano con `//`, i commenti di blocco sono delimitati da `/* ...\n"
|
|
" */'.\n"
|
|
"* Parole chiave come \"if\" e \"while\" funzionano allo stesso modo.\n"
|
|
"* L'assegnazione delle variabili viene eseguita con `=`, il confronto viene eseguito con `==`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Scalar Types"
|
|
msgstr "# Tipi scalari"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| | Types | "
|
|
"Literals |\n"
|
|
"|------------------------|--------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|\n"
|
|
"| Signed integers | `i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize` | `-10`, `0`, `1_000`, "
|
|
"`123i64` |\n"
|
|
"| Unsigned integers | `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize` | `0`, `123`, "
|
|
"`10u16` |\n"
|
|
"| Floating point numbers | `f32`, `f64` | `3.14`, `-10.0e20`, "
|
|
"`2f32` |\n"
|
|
"| Strings | `&str` | `\"foo\"`, "
|
|
"`\"two\\nlines\"` |\n"
|
|
"| Unicode scalar values | `char` | `'a'`, `'α'`, "
|
|
"`'∞'` |\n"
|
|
"| Booleans | `bool` | `true`, "
|
|
"`false` |"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"| | Tipi | Letterali |\n"
|
|
"|------------------------|------------------------ "
|
|
"---------------------|---------------------------- --|\n"
|
|
"| Interi con segno | `i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize` | `-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123i64` |\n"
|
|
"| Interi senza segno | `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize` | `0`, `123`, `10u16` |\n"
|
|
"| Numeri in virgola mobile | `f32`, `f64` | `3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2f32` |\n"
|
|
"| Corde | `&str` | `\"pippo\"`, `\"due\\nrighe\"` |\n"
|
|
"| Valori scalari Unicode | `char` | `'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'` |\n"
|
|
"| Booleani | `bool` | `vero`, `falso` |"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:12
|
|
msgid "The types have widths as follows:"
|
|
msgstr "I tipi hanno larghezze come segue:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide,\n"
|
|
"* `isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer,\n"
|
|
"* `char` is 32 bit wide,\n"
|
|
"* `bool` is 8 bit wide."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `iN`, `uN` e `fN` sono larghi _N_ bit,\n"
|
|
"* `isize` e `usize` sono la larghezza di un puntatore,\n"
|
|
"* `char` è largo 32 bit,\n"
|
|
"* `bool` è largo 8 bit."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:21
|
|
msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:"
|
|
msgstr "Ci sono alcune sintassi che non sono mostrate sopra:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: `r\"\\n\"\n"
|
|
" == \"\\\\\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal amount of `#` on\n"
|
|
" either side of the quotes:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(r#\"<a href=\"link.html\">link</a>\"#);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"<a href=\\\"link.html\\\">link</a>\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"- Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", b\"abc\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", &[97, 98, 99]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Compound Types"
|
|
msgstr "# Tipi Composti (Compound)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| | Types | Literals |\n"
|
|
"|--------|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------|\n"
|
|
"| Arrays | `[T; N]` | `[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]` |\n"
|
|
"| Tuples | `()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ... | `()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ... |"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8
|
|
msgid "Array assignment and access:"
|
|
msgstr "Assegnazione e accesso all’Array:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n"
|
|
" a[5] = 0;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:18
|
|
msgid "Tuple assignment and access:"
|
|
msgstr "Assegnazione e accesso alla Tupla:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let t: (i8, bool) = (7, true);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"1st index: {}\", t.0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"2nd index: {}\", t.1);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32
|
|
msgid "Arrays:"
|
|
msgstr "Array:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Arrays have elements of the same type, `T`, and length, `N`, which is a compile-time constant.\n"
|
|
" Note that the length of the array is *part of its type*, which means that `[u8; 3]` and\n"
|
|
" `[u8; 4]` are considered two different types.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* We can use literals to assign values to arrays.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug implementation with the `?` format\n"
|
|
" parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives the debug output. We\n"
|
|
" could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without specifying the value after the\n"
|
|
" format string.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can be easier to read."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47
|
|
msgid "Tuples:"
|
|
msgstr "Tuple:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the value, e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a type, and\n"
|
|
" the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its value\n"
|
|
" are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a function or\n"
|
|
" expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. \n"
|
|
" * You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other \n"
|
|
" programming languages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Come gli array, le tuple hanno una lunghezza fissa.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Le tuple raggruppano valori di tipi diversi in un tipo composto.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* È possibile accedere ai campi di una tupla tramite il punto e l'indice del valore, ad es. `t.0`, "
|
|
"`t.1`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* La tupla vuota `()` è anche nota come \"tipo di unità\". È sia un tipo che\n"
|
|
" l'unico valore valido di quel tipo, vale a dire sia il tipo che il suo valore\n"
|
|
" sono espressi come `()`. Viene utilizzato per indicare, ad esempio, che una funzione o\n"
|
|
" expression non ha alcun valore di ritorno, come vedremo in una diapositiva futura.\n"
|
|
" * Puoi pensarlo come un \"vuoto\" che può esserti familiare da altri\n"
|
|
" linguaggi di programmazione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:1
|
|
msgid "# References"
|
|
msgstr "# Riferimenti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3
|
|
msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:"
|
|
msgstr "Come C++, Rust ha riferimenti:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" let ref_x: &mut i32 = &mut x;\n"
|
|
" *ref_x = 20;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:14
|
|
msgid "Some notes:"
|
|
msgstr "Alcune note:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ pointers.\n"
|
|
"* Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking\n"
|
|
" methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`).\n"
|
|
"* References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values over their lifetime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Dobbiamo dereferenziare `ref_x` quando lo assegni, in modo simile ai puntatori C e C++.\n"
|
|
"* In alcuni casi Rust dereferenzia automaticamente, in particolare durante l'invocazione\n"
|
|
" metodi (prova `ref_x.count_ones()`).\n"
|
|
"* I riferimenti dichiarati come `mut` possono essere associati a valori diversi nel corso della "
|
|
"loro durata."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
"Key points:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
"Punti chiave:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let ref_x:\n"
|
|
" &mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound to\n"
|
|
" different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Assicurati di notare la differenza tra `let mut ref_x: &i32` e `let ref_x:\n"
|
|
" &mut i32`. Il primo rappresenta un riferimento mutevole a cui può essere associato\n"
|
|
" valori diversi, mentre il secondo rappresenta un riferimento a un valore mutabile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Dangling References"
|
|
msgstr "# Riferimenti Penzolanti (Dangling References)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust proibirà staticamente i riferimenti penzolanti:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let ref_x: &i32;\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" ref_x = &x;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ref_x: {ref_x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to.\n"
|
|
"* Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long\n"
|
|
" enough.\n"
|
|
"* We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Si dice che un riferimento \"prenda in prestito\" il valore a cui si riferisce.\n"
|
|
"* Rust tiene traccia delle vite di tutti i riferimenti per assicurarsi che durino a lungo\n"
|
|
" Abbastanza.\n"
|
|
"* Parleremo di più del prestito quando arriveremo alla proprietà."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Slices"
|
|
msgstr "# Slices"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:"
|
|
msgstr "Una sezione ti offre una vista in una raccolta più ampia:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {a:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:15
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Slices borrow data from the sliced type.\n"
|
|
"* Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]`?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le sezioni prendono in prestito i dati dal tipo a fette.\n"
|
|
"* Domanda: Cosa succede se modifichi `a[3]`?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending indexes in brackets.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the starting index, "
|
|
"meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are identical.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are identical.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use `&a[..]`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` (`&[i32]`) no longer "
|
|
"mentions the array length. This allows us to perform computation on slices of different sizes.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to remain 'alive' (in scope) "
|
|
"for at least as long as our slice. \n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, but the answer is that "
|
|
"for memory safety reasons\n"
|
|
" you cannot do it through `a` after you created a slice, but you can read the data from both `a` "
|
|
"and `s` safely. \n"
|
|
" More details will be explained in the borrow checker section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Creiamo una sezione prendendo in prestito `a` e specificando gli indici iniziale e finale tra "
|
|
"parentesi.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Se la slice inizia all'indice 0, la sintassi dell'intervallo di Rust ci consente di eliminare "
|
|
"l'indice iniziale, il che significa che `&a[0..a.len()]` e `&a[..a.len()]` sono identici .\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Lo stesso vale per l'ultimo indice, quindi `&a[2..a.len()]` e `&a[2..]` sono identici.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Per creare facilmente una porzione dell'array completo, possiamo quindi utilizzare `&a[..]`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `s` è un riferimento a una porzione di `i32`s. Si noti che il tipo di `s` (`&[i32]`) non "
|
|
"menziona più la lunghezza dell'array. Questo ci permette di eseguire il calcolo su fette di "
|
|
"diverse dimensioni.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Le fette prendono sempre in prestito da un altro oggetto. In questo esempio, `a` deve rimanere "
|
|
"'vivo' (nello scope) almeno quanto la nostra fetta.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* La domanda sulla modifica di `a[3]` può innescare una discussione interessante, ma la risposta è "
|
|
"che per motivi di sicurezza della memoria\n"
|
|
" non puoi farlo tramite \"a\" dopo aver creato una sezione, ma puoi leggere i dati sia da \"a\" "
|
|
"che da \"s\" in modo sicuro.\n"
|
|
" Maggiori dettagli saranno spiegati nella sezione controllo del prestito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `String` vs `str`"
|
|
msgstr "# `String` vs `str`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Ora possiamo comprendere i due tipi di stringhe in Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: &str = \"World\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" s2.push_str(s1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20
|
|
msgid "Rust terminology:"
|
|
msgstr "Terminologia di Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `&str` an immutable reference to a string slice.\n"
|
|
"* `String` a mutable string buffer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `&str` un riferimento immutabile a uno slice di stringa.\n"
|
|
"* `String` un buffer di stringa mutabile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 encoded string data \n"
|
|
" stored in a block of memory. String literals (`”Hello”`), are stored in the program’s binary.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a `Vec<T>`, it is owned.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string literal; `String::"
|
|
"new()` \n"
|
|
" creates a new empty string, to which string data can be added using the `push()` and "
|
|
"`push_str()` methods.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from dynamic values. It \n"
|
|
" accepts the same format specification as `println!()`.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range selection.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the one that always points \n"
|
|
" to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough equivalent of `std::string` from C++ \n"
|
|
" (main difference: it can only contain UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never use a small-string "
|
|
"optimization).\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Functions"
|
|
msgstr "# Funzioni"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz) interview "
|
|
"question:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Una versione Rust della famosa domanda dell'intervista [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
|
|
"Fizz_buzz):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" print_fizzbuzz_to(20);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn is_divisible(n: u32, divisor: u32) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" if divisor == 0 {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" n % divisor == 0\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> String {\n"
|
|
" let fizz = if is_divisible(n, 3) { \"fizz\" } else { \"\" };\n"
|
|
" let buzz = if is_divisible(n, 5) { \"buzz\" } else { \"\" };\n"
|
|
" if fizz.is_empty() && buzz.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return format!(\"{n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" format!(\"{fizz}{buzz}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn print_fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) {\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..=n {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", fizzbuzz(i));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward declarations nor headers are "
|
|
"necessary. \n"
|
|
"* Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some programming languages), then "
|
|
"a return type.\n"
|
|
"* The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return value. Simply omit the "
|
|
"`;` at the end of the expression.\n"
|
|
"* Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The compiler will infer "
|
|
"this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted.\n"
|
|
"* The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains `=n`, which causes it "
|
|
"to include the upper bound."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Rustdoc"
|
|
msgstr "# Rustdoc"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Tutti gli elementi del linguaggio in Rust possono essere documentati usando la sintassi speciale "
|
|
"`///`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second argument.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n"
|
|
"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" if rhs == 0 {\n"
|
|
" return false; // Corner case, early return\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression in a block is the return value\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are\n"
|
|
"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the\n"
|
|
"[rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It is\n"
|
|
"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I contenuti sono trattati come Markdown. Tutti i crate della libreria Rust pubblicati lo sono\n"
|
|
"documentato automaticamente in [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) utilizzando il file\n"
|
|
"[rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) strumento. È\n"
|
|
"idiomatico per documentare tutti gli elementi pubblici in un'API utilizzando questo modello."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at\n"
|
|
" [`docs.rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but in\n"
|
|
" real code they should be present.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need not\n"
|
|
" be addressed here."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Mostra agli studenti i documenti generati per la cassa `rand` su\n"
|
|
" [`docs.rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Questo corso non include rustdoc sulle diapositive, solo per risparmiare spazio, ma in\n"
|
|
" codice reale dovrebbero essere presenti.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* I commenti interni al documento sono discussi più avanti (nella pagina sui moduli) e non sono "
|
|
"necessari\n"
|
|
" essere affrontato qui."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 src/methods.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Methods"
|
|
msgstr "# Metodi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a method is\n"
|
|
"an instance of the type it is associated with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I metodi sono funzioni associate a un tipo. L'argomento `self` di un metodo è\n"
|
|
"un'istanza del tipo a cui è associata:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Rectangle {\n"
|
|
" width: u32,\n"
|
|
" height: u32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Rectangle {\n"
|
|
" fn area(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" self.width * self.height\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n"
|
|
" self.width += delta;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"old area: {}\", rect.area());\n"
|
|
" rect.inc_width(5);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"new area: {}\", rect.area());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "* We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's class."
|
|
msgstr "* Approfondiremo maggiormente i metodi nell'esercizio di oggi e nella lezione di domani."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- Add a `Rectangle::new` constructor and call this from `main`:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
" fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n"
|
|
" Rectangle { width, height }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"- Add a `Rectangle::new_square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that\n"
|
|
" constructors can take arbitrary parameters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Function Overloading"
|
|
msgstr "# Overloading di Funzione"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3
|
|
msgid "Overloading is not supported:"
|
|
msgstr "Overloading non è supportato:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Each function has a single implementation:\n"
|
|
" * Always takes a fixed number of parameters.\n"
|
|
" * Always takes a single set of parameter types.\n"
|
|
"* Default values are not supported:\n"
|
|
" * All call sites have the same number of arguments.\n"
|
|
" * Macros are sometimes used as an alternative."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Ogni funzione ha una singola implementazione:\n"
|
|
" * Accetta sempre un numero fisso di parametri.\n"
|
|
" * Accetta sempre un singolo set di tipi di parametro.\n"
|
|
"* I valori predefiniti non sono supportati:\n"
|
|
" * Tutti i siti di chiamata hanno lo stesso numero di argomenti.\n"
|
|
" * Le macro sono talvolta utilizzate come alternativa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:"
|
|
msgstr "Tuttavia, i parametri delle funzioni possono essere generici:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn pick_one<T>(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n"
|
|
" if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\"));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* When using generics, the standard library's `Into<T>` can provide a kind of limited\n"
|
|
" polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Quando si usano i generici, `Into<T>` della libreria standard può fornire una sorta di limited\n"
|
|
" polimorfismo sui tipi di argomento. Vedremo maggiori dettagli in una sezione successiva."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Day 1: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Giorno 1: Esercizi Mattutini"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "In questi esercizi esploreremo due parti di Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Implicit conversions between types.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Arrays and `for` loops."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Conversioni implicite tra tipi.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Array e cicli `for`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:"
|
|
msgstr "Alcune cose da considerare durante la risoluzione degli esercizi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get\n"
|
|
" auto-completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo] for details\n"
|
|
" on installing Rust.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Alternatively, use the Rust Playground."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Utilizzare un'installazione locale di Rust, se possibile. In questo modo puoi ottenere\n"
|
|
" completamento automatico nel tuo editor. Vedi la pagina su [Utilizzo del carico] per i dettagli\n"
|
|
" sull'installazione di Rust.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* In alternativa, usa Rust Playground."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets lose\n"
|
|
"their state if you navigate away from the page."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Gli snippet di codice non sono modificabili di proposito: gli snippet di codice in linea perdono\n"
|
|
"il loro stato se esci dalla pagina."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:7 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7 src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions] provided."
|
|
msgstr "Dopo aver esaminato gli esercizi, puoi esaminare le [soluzioni] fornite."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Implicit Conversions"
|
|
msgstr "# Conversioni Implicite"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types ([unlike\n"
|
|
"C++][3]). You can see this in a program like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust non applicherà automaticamente le _conversioni implicite_ tra i tipi ([a differenza di\n"
|
|
"C++][3]). Puoi vederlo in un programma come questo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn multiply(x: i16, y: i16) -> i16 {\n"
|
|
" x * y\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x: i8 = 15;\n"
|
|
" let y: i16 = 1000;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{x} * {y} = {}\", multiply(x, y));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust integer types all implement the [`From<T>`][1] and [`Into<T>`][2]\n"
|
|
"traits to let us convert between them. The `From<T>` trait has a single `from()`\n"
|
|
"method and similarly, the `Into<T>` trait has a single `into()` method.\n"
|
|
"Implementing these traits is how a type expresses that it can be converted into\n"
|
|
"another type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Tutti i tipi interi di Rust implementano [`From<T>`][1] e [`Into<T>`][2]\n"
|
|
"tratti per farci convertire tra di loro. Il tratto `From<T>` ha un singolo `from()`\n"
|
|
"e allo stesso modo, il tratto `Into<T>` ha un singolo metodo `into()`.\n"
|
|
"L'implementazione di questi tratti è il modo in cui un tipo esprime ciò in cui può essere "
|
|
"convertito\n"
|
|
"un altro tipo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The standard library has an implementation of `From<i8> for i16`, which means\n"
|
|
"that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by calling \n"
|
|
"`i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From<i8> for i16`\n"
|
|
"implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into<i16> for i8`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La libreria standard ha un'implementazione di `From<i8> for i16`, che significa\n"
|
|
"che possiamo convertire una variabile `x` di tipo `i8` in una `i16` chiamando\n"
|
|
"`i16::da(x)`. O, più semplicemente, con `x.into()`, perché `From<i8> for i16`\n"
|
|
"l'implementazione crea automaticamente un'implementazione di `Into<i16> per i8`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so it is\n"
|
|
"sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` implementation automatically."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lo stesso vale per le tue implementazioni `From` per i tuoi tipi, così è\n"
|
|
"sufficiente implementare solo `From` per ottenere automaticamente una rispettiva implementazione "
|
|
"`Into`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"1. Execute the above program and look at the compiler error.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"2. Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"3. Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`,\n"
|
|
" `i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try\n"
|
|
" converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the\n"
|
|
" [standard library documentation][1] to see if `From<T>` is implemented for\n"
|
|
" the pairs you check."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"1. Eseguire il programma precedente e osservare l'errore del compilatore.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"2. Aggiorna il codice sopra per utilizzare `into()` per eseguire la conversione.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"3. Cambia i tipi di `x` e `y` in altre cose (come `f32`, `bool`,\n"
|
|
" `i128`) per vedere quali tipi è possibile convertire in quali altri tipi. Tentativo\n"
|
|
" convertire caratteri piccoli in caratteri grandi e viceversa. Controlla il\n"
|
|
" [documentazione della libreria standard][1] per vedere se `From<T>` è implementato per\n"
|
|
" le coppie che controlli."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Arrays and `for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr "# Array e Cicli `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Abbiamo visto che un array può essere dichiarato in questo modo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}`:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi stampare un tale array chiedendo la sua rappresentazione di debug con `{:?}`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"array: {array:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for`\n"
|
|
"keyword:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust ti consente di iterare cose come array e intervalli usando il `for`\n"
|
|
"parola chiave:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n"
|
|
" for n in array {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix and\n"
|
|
"a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into columns):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usa quanto sopra per scrivere una funzione `pretty_print` che stampa in modo grazioso una matrice "
|
|
"e\n"
|
|
"una funzione `transpose` che traspone una matrice (trasforma le righe in colonne):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎤\n"
|
|
"\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n"
|
|
" ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎦\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices."
|
|
msgstr "Hard-code entrambe le funzioni per operare su matrici 3 × 3."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the\n"
|
|
"functions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copia il codice qui sotto in <https://play.rust-lang.org/> e implementa il file\n"
|
|
"funzioni:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"matrix:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&matrix);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"transposed:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&transposed);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:80
|
|
msgid "## Bonus Question"
|
|
msgstr "## Domanda bonus"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your\n"
|
|
"argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional\n"
|
|
"slice-of-slices. Why or why not?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Potresti usare fette `&[i32]` invece di matrici 3 × 3 codificate per il tuo\n"
|
|
"argomenti e tipi restituiti? Qualcosa come \"&[&[i32]]\" per un oggetto bidimensionale\n"
|
|
"fetta di fette. Perché o perché no?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:87
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production quality\n"
|
|
"implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Guarda la [cassa `ndarray`](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) per una qualità di produzione\n"
|
|
"implementazione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:92
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the \n"
|
|
"[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La soluzione e la risposta alla sezione bonus sono disponibili nel\n"
|
|
"[Soluzione](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Variables"
|
|
msgstr "# Variabili"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable by\n"
|
|
"default:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust fornisce sicurezza di tipo tramite tipizzazione statica. Le associazioni variabili sono "
|
|
"immutabili da\n"
|
|
"predefinito:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" // x = 20;\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the types less and less as "
|
|
"the course progresses.\n"
|
|
"* Note that since `println!` is a macro, `x` is not moved, even using the function like syntax of "
|
|
"`println!(\"x: {}\", x)`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* A causa dell'inferenza del tipo, `i32` è facoltativo. Mostreremo gradualmente i tipi sempre meno "
|
|
"man mano che il corso procede.\n"
|
|
"* Nota che poiché `println!` è una macro, `x` non viene spostata, anche usando la sintassi di "
|
|
"funzione simile a `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Type Inference"
|
|
msgstr "# Digitare Inferenza"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust esaminerà come la variabile viene _usata_ per determinare il tipo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn takes_i8(y: i8) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"i8: {y}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = 10;\n"
|
|
" let y = 20;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" takes_u32(x);\n"
|
|
" takes_i8(y);\n"
|
|
" // takes_u32(y);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on constraints given by variable "
|
|
"declarations and usages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questa diapositiva mostra come il compilatore Rust deduce i tipi in base ai vincoli dati dalle "
|
|
"dichiarazioni e dagli usi delle variabili."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not of some sort of "
|
|
"dynamic \"any type\" that can\n"
|
|
"hold any data. The machine code generated by such declaration is identical to the explicit "
|
|
"declaration of a type.\n"
|
|
"The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"È molto importante sottolineare che le variabili dichiarate in questo modo non sono di una sorta "
|
|
"di \"qualsiasi tipo\" dinamico che può\n"
|
|
"detenere alcun dato. Il codice macchina generato da tale dichiarazione è identico alla "
|
|
"dichiarazione esplicita di un tipo.\n"
|
|
"Il compilatore fa il lavoro per noi e ci aiuta a scrivere codice più conciso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic container without the code "
|
|
"ever explicitly specifying the contained type, using `_` as a placeholder:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il codice seguente indica al compilatore di copiare in un determinato contenitore generico senza "
|
|
"che il codice specifichi mai esplicitamente il tipo contenuto, utilizzando `_` come segnaposto:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v.push((10, false));\n"
|
|
" v.push((20, true));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let vv = v.iter().collect::<std::collections::HashSet<_>>();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.collect) relies "
|
|
"on `FromIterator`, which [`HashSet`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) "
|
|
"implements."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html#method.collect) si basa "
|
|
"su `FromIterator`, che [`HashSet`](https:/ /doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) "
|
|
"implementa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Static and Constant Variables"
|
|
msgstr "# Variabili statiche e costanti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Global state is managed with static and constant variables."
|
|
msgstr "Lo stato globale è gestito con variabili statiche e costanti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:5
|
|
msgid "## `const`"
|
|
msgstr "## `const`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can declare compile-time constants:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi dichiarare costanti in fase di compilazione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n"
|
|
"const ZERO: Option<u8> = Some(42);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n"
|
|
" let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n"
|
|
" for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE].wrapping_add(b);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" digest\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "According the the [Rust RFC Book][1] these are inlined upon use."
|
|
msgstr "Secondo il [Rust RFC Book][1] questi sono incorporati dopo l'uso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29
|
|
msgid "## `static`"
|
|
msgstr "## `static`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31
|
|
msgid "You can also declare static variables:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi anche dichiarare variabili statiche:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:41
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book][1], these are not inlined upon use and have an actual associated "
|
|
"memory location. This is useful for unsafe and embedded code, and the variable lives through the "
|
|
"entirety of the program execution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Come notato nel [Rust RFC Book][1], questi non sono allineati durante l'uso e hanno una posizione "
|
|
"di memoria associata effettiva. Questo è utile per il codice non sicuro e incorporato e la "
|
|
"variabile vive per tutta l'esecuzione del programma."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:44
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will look at mutating static data in the [chapter on Unsafe Rust](../unsafe.md)."
|
|
msgstr "Esamineremo la modifica dei dati statici nel [capitolo su Unsafe Rust](../unsafe.md)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:48
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`.\n"
|
|
"* `static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable global variable in C+"
|
|
"+.\n"
|
|
"* It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, but it is helpful and "
|
|
"safer than using a static."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Menziona che `const` si comporta semanticamente in modo simile a `constexpr` del C++.\n"
|
|
"* `static`, d'altra parte, è molto più simile a una `const` o variabile globale mutabile in C++.\n"
|
|
"* Non è molto comune che si abbia bisogno di una costante valutata in fase di esecuzione, ma è "
|
|
"utile e più sicura rispetto all'utilizzo di una statica."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Scopes and Shadowing"
|
|
msgstr "# Scopes (Ambiti) e Shadowing"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from the\n"
|
|
"same scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puoi ombreggiare le variabili, sia quelle degli ambiti esterni che le variabili del file\n"
|
|
"stessa portata:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"before: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let a = \"hello\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let a = true;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"after: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing both variable's memory "
|
|
"locations exist at the same time. Both are available under the same name, depending where you use "
|
|
"it in the code. \n"
|
|
"* A shadowing variable can have a different type. \n"
|
|
"* Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to values after `.unwrap()`.\n"
|
|
"* The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory locations when "
|
|
"shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type does not change."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Definizione: l'ombreggiatura è diversa dalla mutazione, perché dopo l'ombreggiatura le locazioni "
|
|
"di memoria di entrambe le variabili esistono contemporaneamente. Entrambi sono disponibili con lo "
|
|
"stesso nome, a seconda di dove lo usi nel codice.\n"
|
|
"* Una variabile di ombreggiatura può avere un tipo diverso.\n"
|
|
"* L'ombreggiatura all'inizio sembra oscura, ma è utile per conservare i valori dopo `.unwrap()`.\n"
|
|
"* Il codice seguente dimostra perché il compilatore non può semplicemente riutilizzare le "
|
|
"posizioni di memoria durante lo shadowing di una variabile immutabile in un ambito, anche se il "
|
|
"tipo non cambia."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = 1;\n"
|
|
" let b = &a;\n"
|
|
" let a = a + 1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "# Gestione della Memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:"
|
|
msgstr "Tradizionalmente, le lingue sono state suddivise in due grandi categorie:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ...\n"
|
|
"* Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, Haskell, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Controllo completo tramite gestione manuale della memoria: C, C++, Pascal, ...\n"
|
|
"* Piena sicurezza tramite la gestione automatica della memoria in fase di esecuzione: Java, "
|
|
"Python, Go, Haskell, ..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:8
|
|
msgid "Rust offers a new mix:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust offre un nuovo mix:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> Full control *and* safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory\n"
|
|
"> management."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Pieno controllo *e* sicurezza tramite applicazione in fase di compilazione della memoria "
|
|
"corretta\n"
|
|
"> gestione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:13
|
|
msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept."
|
|
msgstr "Lo fa con un concetto di ownership (proprietà) esplicito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:15
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works."
|
|
msgstr "Innanzitutto, aggiorniamo il funzionamento della gestione della memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1
|
|
msgid "# The Stack vs The Heap"
|
|
msgstr "# Lo Stack (Pila) vs l’Heap"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables.\n"
|
|
" * Values have fixed sizes known at compile time.\n"
|
|
" * Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer.\n"
|
|
" * Easy to manage: follows function calls.\n"
|
|
" * Great memory locality.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls.\n"
|
|
" * Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime.\n"
|
|
" * Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed.\n"
|
|
" * No guarantee of memory locality."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Stack: area continua di memoria per le variabili locali.\n"
|
|
" * I valori hanno dimensioni fisse note al momento della compilazione.\n"
|
|
" * Estremamente veloce: basta spostare un puntatore dello stack.\n"
|
|
" * Facile da gestire: segue le chiamate alle funzioni.\n"
|
|
" * Ottima località di memoria.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Heap: archiviazione di valori al di fuori delle chiamate di funzione.\n"
|
|
" * I valori hanno dimensioni dinamiche determinate in fase di esecuzione.\n"
|
|
" * Leggermente più lento della pila: è necessaria un po' di contabilità.\n"
|
|
" * Nessuna garanzia di località di memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Stack Memory"
|
|
msgstr "# Memoria sullo Stack"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized data on the stack and dynamically sized\n"
|
|
"data on the heap:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La creazione di una `Stringa` mette i dati di dimensioni fisse nello stack e dimensionati "
|
|
"dinamicamente\n"
|
|
"dati sull'heap:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and length and can grow if "
|
|
"mutable via reallocation on the heap.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is heap allocated using the "
|
|
"[System Allocator] and custom allocators can be implemented using the [Allocator API]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should point out that this is "
|
|
"rightfully unsafe!\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" s1.push(' ');\n"
|
|
" s1.push_str(\"world\");\n"
|
|
" // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n"
|
|
" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could lead to\n"
|
|
" // undefined behavior.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::transmute(s1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = {capacity}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Manual Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "# Gestione manuale della Memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3
|
|
msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself."
|
|
msgstr "Allocate e de-allocate voi stessi la memoria dell'heap."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security vulnerabilities, and memory leaks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se non fatto con cura, ciò può portare a arresti anomali, bug, vulnerabilità di sicurezza e "
|
|
"perdite di memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7
|
|
msgid "## C Example"
|
|
msgstr "## Esempio C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:"
|
|
msgstr "Devi chiamare `free` su ogni puntatore allocato con `malloc`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"void foo(size_t n) {\n"
|
|
" int* int_array = (int*)malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" // ... lots of code\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" free(int_array);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: the\n"
|
|
"pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La memoria viene persa se la funzione ritorna in anticipo tra `malloc` e `free`: the\n"
|
|
"puntatore è perso e non possiamo deallocare la memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Scope-Based Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "# Gestione della memoria basata sullo Scope (ambito)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object."
|
|
msgstr "Costruttori e distruttori ti consentono di agganciarti alla vita di un oggetto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is\n"
|
|
"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception is\n"
|
|
"raised."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Avvolgendo un puntatore in un oggetto, puoi liberare memoria quando l'oggetto è\n"
|
|
"distrutto. Il compilatore garantisce che ciò accada, anche se lo è un'eccezione\n"
|
|
"sollevato."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and gives\n"
|
|
"you smart pointers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questo è spesso chiamato _l'acquisizione delle risorse è l'inizializzazione_ (RAII) e dà\n"
|
|
"puntatori intelligenti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12
|
|
msgid "## C++ Example"
|
|
msgstr "## Esempio C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr<Person> person) {\n"
|
|
" std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to\n"
|
|
" memory allocated on the heap.\n"
|
|
"* At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run.\n"
|
|
"* The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* L'oggetto `std::unique_ptr` è allocato nello stack e punta a\n"
|
|
" memoria allocata nell'heap.\n"
|
|
"* Alla fine di `say_hello`, verrà eseguito il distruttore `std::unique_ptr`.\n"
|
|
"* Il distruttore libera l'oggetto `Person` a cui punta."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I costruttori di mosse speciali vengono utilizzati quando si passa la proprietà a una funzione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"std::unique_ptr<Person> person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n"
|
|
"say_hello(std::move(person));\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Automatic Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "# Gestione automatica della Memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic memory\n"
|
|
"management:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un'alternativa alla gestione della memoria manuale e basata sull'ambito è la memoria automatica\n"
|
|
"gestione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly.\n"
|
|
"* A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the programmer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Il programmatore non alloca o dealloca mai la memoria in modo esplicito.\n"
|
|
"* Un Garbage Collector trova la memoria inutilizzata e la dealloca per il programmatore."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9
|
|
msgid "## Java Example"
|
|
msgstr "## Esempio Java"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:"
|
|
msgstr "L'oggetto `person` non viene deallocato dopo che `sayHello` restituisce:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"void sayHello(Person person) {\n"
|
|
" System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Memory Management in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Gestione della Memoria in Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:"
|
|
msgstr "La gestione della memoria in Rust è un mix:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector.\n"
|
|
"* Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you choose, can be a single "
|
|
"unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically reference counted.\n"
|
|
"* Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence.\n"
|
|
"* A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even have no cost at "
|
|
"runtime like C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Sicuro e corretto come Java, ma senza un garbage collector.\n"
|
|
"* A seconda dell'astrazione (o combinazione di astrazioni) scelta, può trattarsi di un singolo "
|
|
"puntatore univoco, del conteggio dei riferimenti o del conteggio dei riferimenti atomici.\n"
|
|
"* Basato sull'ambito come C++, ma il compilatore applica la piena aderenza.\n"
|
|
"* Un utente Rust può scegliere l'astrazione giusta per la situazione, alcuni addirittura non hanno "
|
|
"alcun costo in fase di esecuzione come C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "It achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly."
|
|
msgstr "Raggiunge questo modellando _ownership_ in modo esplicito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually handled by RAII wrapper "
|
|
"types such as [Box], [Vec], [Rc], or [Arc]. These encapsulate ownership and memory allocation via "
|
|
"various means, and prevent the potential errors in C.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop] trait is the Rust equivalent."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Se ti viene chiesto come a questo punto, puoi menzionare che in Rust questo è solitamente "
|
|
"gestito da tipi di wrapper RAII come [Box], [Vec], [Rc] o [Arc]. Questi incapsulano la proprietà e "
|
|
"l'allocazione della memoria tramite vari mezzi e prevengono i potenziali errori in C.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Qui ti potrebbe essere chiesto dei distruttori, il tratto [Drop] è l'equivalente di Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Comparison"
|
|
msgstr "# Confronto"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques."
|
|
msgstr "Ecco un confronto approssimativo delle tecniche di gestione della memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:5
|
|
msgid "## Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques"
|
|
msgstr "## Vantaggi di Tecniche differenti di gestione della Memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Manual like C:\n"
|
|
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
|
|
"* Automatic like Java:\n"
|
|
" * Fully automatic.\n"
|
|
" * Safe and correct.\n"
|
|
"* Scope-based like C++:\n"
|
|
" * Partially automatic.\n"
|
|
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
|
|
"* Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:\n"
|
|
" * Enforced by compiler.\n"
|
|
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
|
|
" * Safe and correct."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Manuale come C:\n"
|
|
" * Nessun sovraccarico di runtime.\n"
|
|
"* Automatico come Java:\n"
|
|
" * Completamente automatico.\n"
|
|
" * Sicuro e corretto.\n"
|
|
"* Basato sull'ambito come C++:\n"
|
|
" * Parzialmente automatico.\n"
|
|
" * Nessun sovraccarico di runtime.\n"
|
|
"* Basato sull'ambito imposto dal compilatore come Rust:\n"
|
|
" * Applicato dal compilatore.\n"
|
|
" * Nessun sovraccarico di runtime.\n"
|
|
" * Sicuro e corretto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques"
|
|
msgstr "## Contro di diverse tecniche di gestione della memoria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Manual like C:\n"
|
|
" * Use-after-free.\n"
|
|
" * Double-frees.\n"
|
|
" * Memory leaks.\n"
|
|
"* Automatic like Java:\n"
|
|
" * Garbage collection pauses.\n"
|
|
" * Destructor delays.\n"
|
|
"* Scope-based like C++:\n"
|
|
" * Complex, opt-in by programmer.\n"
|
|
" * Potential for use-after-free.\n"
|
|
"* Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:\n"
|
|
" * Some upfront complexity.\n"
|
|
" * Can reject valid programs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Manuale come C:\n"
|
|
" * Usa-dopo-gratis.\n"
|
|
" * Doppia libera.\n"
|
|
" * Perdite di memoria.\n"
|
|
"* Automatico come Java:\n"
|
|
" * La raccolta dei rifiuti si interrompe.\n"
|
|
" * Ritardi del distruttore.\n"
|
|
"* Basato sull'ambito come C++:\n"
|
|
" * Complesso, opt-in dal programmatore.\n"
|
|
" * Potenziale per uso dopo-gratis.\n"
|
|
"* Applicato al compilatore e basato sull'ambito come Rust:\n"
|
|
" * Qualche complessità iniziale.\n"
|
|
" * Può rifiutare programmi validi."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Ownership"
|
|
msgstr "# Ownership (Proprietà)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error to\n"
|
|
"use a variable outside its scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Tutte le associazioni di variabili hanno un _scope_ in cui sono valide ed è un errore\n"
|
|
"usa una variabile al di fuori del suo ambito:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed.\n"
|
|
"* A destructor can run here to free up resources.\n"
|
|
"* We say that the variable _owns_ the value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Alla fine dell'ambito, la variabile viene _eliminata_ ei dati vengono liberati.\n"
|
|
"* Un distruttore può essere eseguito qui per liberare risorse.\n"
|
|
"* Diciamo che la variabile _possiede_ il valore."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Move Semantics"
|
|
msgstr "# Semantica di Move (Spostamento)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "An assignment will transfer ownership between variables:"
|
|
msgstr "Un'assegnazione trasferirà la proprietà tra le variabili:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership.\n"
|
|
"* The data was _moved_ from `s1` and `s1` is no longer accessible.\n"
|
|
"* When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it has no ownership.\n"
|
|
"* When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed.\n"
|
|
"* There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* L'assegnazione di \"s1\" a \"s2\" trasferisce la proprietà.\n"
|
|
"* I dati sono stati _spostati_ da `s1` e `s1` non è più accessibile.\n"
|
|
"* Quando `s1` esce dall'ambito, non accade nulla: non ha proprietà.\n"
|
|
"* Quando `s2` esce dall'ambito, i dati della stringa vengono liberati.\n"
|
|
"* C'è sempre _esattamente_ un legame di variabile che possiede un valore."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by value unless you use "
|
|
"`std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Menziona che questo è l'opposto dei valori predefiniti in C++, che copia per valore a meno che "
|
|
"tu non usi `std::move` (e il costruttore di movimento è definito!).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* In Rust, i cloni sono espliciti (utilizzando `clone`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Moved Strings in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Stringhe mosse/spostate in Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`.\n"
|
|
"* When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* I dati dell'heap da `s1` vengono riutilizzati per `s2`.\n"
|
|
"* Quando `s1` esce dall'ambito, non accade nulla (è stato spostato da)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13
|
|
msgid "Before move to `s2`:"
|
|
msgstr "Prima di muovere a `s2`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
": :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30
|
|
msgid "After move to `s2`:"
|
|
msgstr "Dopo il muovere a `s2`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n"
|
|
": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
": s2 : |\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : |\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ :\n"
|
|
": :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Double Frees in Modern C++"
|
|
msgstr "# Double Free in C++ moderno"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3
|
|
msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:"
|
|
msgstr "C++ moderno risolve questo problema in modo diverso:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n"
|
|
"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent copy.\n"
|
|
"* When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* I dati dell'heap da `s1` vengono duplicati e `s2` ottiene la propria copia indipendente.\n"
|
|
"* Quando `s1` e `s2` escono dall'ambito, ciascuno libera la propria memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13
|
|
msgid "Before copy-assignment:"
|
|
msgstr "Prima dell'assegnazione di copia (copy-assignment):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30
|
|
msgid "After copy-assignment:"
|
|
msgstr "Dopo l'assegnazione di copia (copy-assignment):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s2 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Moves in Function Calls"
|
|
msgstr "# Sposta nelle chiamate di funzione"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function\n"
|
|
"parameter. This transfers ownership:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Quando si passa un valore a una funzione, il valore viene assegnato alla funzione\n"
|
|
"parametro. Questo trasferisce la proprietà:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n"
|
|
" say_hello(name);\n"
|
|
" // say_hello(name);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. Afterwards, `name` "
|
|
"cannot be used anymore within `main`.\n"
|
|
"* The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the `say_hello` function.\n"
|
|
"* `main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) and if `say_hello` "
|
|
"accepts a reference as a parameter.\n"
|
|
"* Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name.clone()`).\n"
|
|
"* Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making move semantics the "
|
|
"default, and by forcing programmers to make clones explicit."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Con la prima chiamata a `say_hello`, `main` rinuncia alla proprietà di `name`. Successivamente, "
|
|
"`name` non può più essere utilizzato all'interno di `main`.\n"
|
|
"* La memoria heap allocata per `name` verrà liberata alla fine della funzione `say_hello`.\n"
|
|
"* `main` può mantenere la proprietà se passa `name` come riferimento (`&name`) e se `say_hello` "
|
|
"accetta un riferimento come parametro.\n"
|
|
"* In alternativa, `main` può passare un clone di `name` nella prima chiamata (`name.clone()`).\n"
|
|
"* Rust rende più difficile del C++ creare copie inavvertitamente rendendo la semantica di "
|
|
"spostamento l'impostazione predefinita e costringendo i programmatori a rendere espliciti i cloni."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Copying and Cloning"
|
|
msgstr "# Copia e clonazione"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sebbene la semantica di spostamento sia l'impostazione predefinita, alcuni tipi vengono copiati "
|
|
"per impostazione predefinita:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = 42;\n"
|
|
" let y = x;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait."
|
|
msgstr "Questi tipi implementano il tratto `Copy`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi acconsentire esplicitamente ai tuoi tipi per utilizzare la semantica della copia:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data.\n"
|
|
"* We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Dopo l'assegnazione, sia `p1` che `p2` possiedono i propri dati.\n"
|
|
"* Possiamo anche usare `p1.clone()` per copiare esplicitamente i dati."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:"
|
|
msgstr "Copiare e clonare non sono la stessa cosa:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on arbitrary objects.\n"
|
|
"* Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C++).\n"
|
|
"* Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by implementing the "
|
|
"`Clone` trait.\n"
|
|
"* Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La copia si riferisce a copie bit per bit di aree di memoria e non funziona su oggetti "
|
|
"arbitrari.\n"
|
|
"* La copia non consente la logica personalizzata (a differenza dei costruttori di copia in C++).\n"
|
|
"* La clonazione è un'operazione più generale e consente anche un comportamento personalizzato "
|
|
"implementando il tratto `Clone`.\n"
|
|
"* La copia non funziona sui tipi che implementano il tratto `Drop`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In the above example, try the following:"
|
|
msgstr "Nell'esempio precedente, prova quanto segue:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because `String` is not a `Copy` "
|
|
"type.\n"
|
|
"* Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in the `println!` for "
|
|
"`p1`.\n"
|
|
"* Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Aggiungi un campo `String` a `struct Point`. Non verrà compilato perché `String` non è un tipo "
|
|
"`Copy`.\n"
|
|
"* Rimuovi `Copy` dall'attributo `derive`. L'errore del compilatore è ora in `println!` per `p1`.\n"
|
|
"* Dimostra che funziona se invece cloni `p1`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way to generate code in "
|
|
"Rust\n"
|
|
"at compile time. In this case the default implementations of `Copy` and `Clone` traits are "
|
|
"generated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se gli studenti chiedono informazioni su `derive`, è sufficiente dire che questo è un modo per "
|
|
"generare codice in Rust\n"
|
|
"in fase di compilazione. In questo caso vengono generate le implementazioni predefinite dei tratti "
|
|
"`Copy` e `Clone`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Borrowing"
|
|
msgstr "# Prendere in prestito"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a\n"
|
|
"function _borrow_ the value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Invece di trasferire la proprietà quando chiami una funzione, puoi lasciare che a\n"
|
|
"funzione _prende in prestito_ il valore:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
|
|
" Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
|
|
" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point.\n"
|
|
"* The caller retains ownership of the inputs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La funzione `add` _prende in prestito_ due punti e restituisce un nuovo punto.\n"
|
|
"* Il chiamante mantiene la proprietà degli ingressi."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Notes on stack returns:"
|
|
msgstr "Note sui resi dello stack:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can eliminate the copy "
|
|
"operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses and run it on the [Playground]. In the "
|
|
"\"DEBUG\" optimization level, the addresses should change, while they stay the same when changing "
|
|
"to the \"RELEASE\" setting:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
" struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n"
|
|
" p\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
|
|
" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"* The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO).\n"
|
|
"* In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification because constructors can "
|
|
"have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at all. If RVO did not happen, Rust will always "
|
|
"performs a simple and efficient `memcpy` copy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Shared and Unique Borrows"
|
|
msgstr "# Prestiti condivisi e unici"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust pone dei vincoli sui modi in cui puoi prendere in prestito i valori:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_\n"
|
|
"* You can have exactly one `&mut T` value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Puoi avere uno o più valori `&T` in qualsiasi momento, _oppure_\n"
|
|
"* Puoi avere esattamente un valore `&mut T`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" let b: &i32 = &a;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n"
|
|
" *c = 20;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable (through `c`) and as "
|
|
"immutable (through `b`) at the same time.\n"
|
|
"* Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` to make the code "
|
|
"compile.\n"
|
|
"* After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before the new mutable "
|
|
"borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow checker called \"non-lexical "
|
|
"lifetimes\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Il codice precedente non viene compilato perché `a` è preso in prestito come mutabile "
|
|
"(attraverso `c`) e come immutabile (attraverso `b`) allo stesso tempo.\n"
|
|
"* Sposta l'istruzione `println!` per `b` prima dell'ambito che introduce `c` per far compilare il "
|
|
"codice.\n"
|
|
"* Dopo tale modifica, il compilatore si rende conto che `b` è sempre e solo usato prima del nuovo "
|
|
"prestito mutabile da `a` a `c`. Questa è una caratteristica del controllo del prestito chiamata "
|
|
"\"vita non lessicale\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Lifetimes"
|
|
msgstr "# Vite"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:"
|
|
msgstr "Un valore preso in prestito ha una _durata_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The lifetime can be elided: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`.\n"
|
|
"* Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`.\n"
|
|
"* Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the\n"
|
|
" lifetime `a`\".\n"
|
|
"* Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a lifetime\n"
|
|
" yourself.\n"
|
|
" * Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that there is\n"
|
|
" a valid solution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Lifetimes in Function Calls"
|
|
msgstr "# Durata delle chiamate di funzione"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Oltre a prendere in prestito i suoi argomenti, una funzione può restituire un valore preso in "
|
|
"prestito:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
|
|
" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
|
|
" let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler.\n"
|
|
"* Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name.\n"
|
|
"* Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the\n"
|
|
" lifetime `a`\".\n"
|
|
" * The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `'a` è un parametro generico, viene dedotto dal compilatore.\n"
|
|
"* Le durate iniziano con `'` e `'a` è un tipico nome predefinito.\n"
|
|
"* Leggi `&'a Point` come \"un `Punto` preso in prestito che è valido almeno per il\n"
|
|
" vita `a`\".\n"
|
|
" * La parte _almeno_ è importante quando i parametri si trovano in ambiti diversi."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a a new scope (`{ ... }`), resulting in the following "
|
|
"code:\n"
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
" struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
|
|
" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p3: &Point;\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
|
|
" p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
" Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, 'b>(p1: &'a Point, "
|
|
"p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile because the relationship between the lifetimes "
|
|
"`'a` and `'b` is unclear.\n"
|
|
"* Another way to explain it:\n"
|
|
" * Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function returns\n"
|
|
" another reference.\n"
|
|
" * It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global variable).\n"
|
|
" * Which one is it? The compiler needs to to know, so at the call site the returned reference is "
|
|
"not used\n"
|
|
" for longer than a variable from where the reference came from."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Lifetimes in Data Structures"
|
|
msgstr "# Durata nelle strutture dati"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:"
|
|
msgstr "Se un tipo di dati memorizza dati presi in prestito, deve essere annotato con una durata:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn erase(text: String) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.\");\n"
|
|
" let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n"
|
|
" let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n"
|
|
" // erase(text);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data underlying the "
|
|
"contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of `Highlight` that uses that data.\n"
|
|
"* If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), the borrow checker "
|
|
"throws an error.\n"
|
|
"* Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This can be useful for "
|
|
"creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them somewhat harder to use.\n"
|
|
"* When possible, make data structures own their data directly.\n"
|
|
"* Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one lifetime annotation. This "
|
|
"can be necessary if there is a need to describe lifetime relationships between the references "
|
|
"themselves, in addition to the lifetime of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Nell'esempio precedente, l'annotazione su \"Highlight\" impone che i dati sottostanti a \"&str\" "
|
|
"contenuti durino almeno quanto qualsiasi istanza di \"Highlight\" che utilizza quei dati.\n"
|
|
"* Se `text` viene consumato prima della fine della vita di `fox` (o `dog`), il controllo del "
|
|
"prestito genera un errore.\n"
|
|
"* I tipi con dati presi in prestito costringono gli utenti a conservare i dati originali. Questo "
|
|
"può essere utile per creare viste leggere, ma in genere le rende un po' più difficili da usare.\n"
|
|
"* Quando possibile, fare in modo che le strutture dati possiedano direttamente i propri dati.\n"
|
|
"* Alcune strutture con più riferimenti all'interno possono avere più di un'annotazione di durata. "
|
|
"Ciò può essere necessario se è necessario descrivere le relazioni di durata tra i riferimenti "
|
|
"stessi, oltre alla durata della struttura stessa. Questi sono casi d'uso molto avanzati."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 1: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Giorno 1: Esercizi pomeridiani"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will look at two things:"
|
|
msgstr "Vedremo due cose:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* A small book library,\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Iterators and ownership (hard)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Una piccola biblioteca di libri,\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Iteratori e proprietà (hard)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Designing a Library"
|
|
msgstr "# Progettare una libreria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec<T>` type tomorrow. For now,\n"
|
|
"you just need to know part of its API:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Impareremo molto di più sulle strutture e sul tipo `Vec<T>` domani. Per adesso,\n"
|
|
"devi solo conoscere parte della sua API:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n"
|
|
" vec.push(30);\n"
|
|
" let midpoint = vec.len() / 2;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[midpoint]);\n"
|
|
" for item in &vec {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"item: {item}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use this to create a library application. Copy the code below to\n"
|
|
"<https://play.rust-lang.org/> and update the types to make it compile:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usalo per creare un'applicazione libreria. Copia il codice qui sotto per\n"
|
|
"<https://play.rust-lang.org/> e aggiorna i tipi per farlo compilare:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"struct Library {\n"
|
|
" books: Vec<Book>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" year: u16,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Book {\n"
|
|
" // This is a constructor, used below.\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n"
|
|
" Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String::from(title),\n"
|
|
" year,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n"
|
|
"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n"
|
|
"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n"
|
|
"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n"
|
|
"impl Library {\n"
|
|
" fn new() -> Library {\n"
|
|
" todo!(\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\")\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn print_books(self) {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and year\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n"
|
|
"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n"
|
|
"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n"
|
|
"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library is empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //match library.oldest_book() {\n"
|
|
" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n"
|
|
" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:102
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)"
|
|
msgstr "[Soluzione](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Iterators and Ownership"
|
|
msgstr "# Iteratori e proprietà"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the\n"
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and\n"
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html)\n"
|
|
"traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il modello di proprietà di Rust influisce su molte API. Un esempio di questo è il\n"
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) e\n"
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator.html)\n"
|
|
"tratti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `Iterator`"
|
|
msgstr "## `Iteratore`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. The\n"
|
|
"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` back:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I tratti sono come interfacce: descrivono il comportamento (metodi) per un tipo. IL\n"
|
|
"Il tratto \"Iterator\" dice semplicemente che puoi chiamare \"next\" fino a quando non ottieni "
|
|
"\"Nessuno\":"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"pub trait Iterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item;\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You use this trait like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Usi questo tratto in questo modo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<i8> = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.iter();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:"
|
|
msgstr "Qual è il tipo restituito dall'iteratore? Metti alla prova la tua risposta qui:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<i8> = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.iter();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:46
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Why is this type used?"
|
|
msgstr "Perché viene utilizzato questo tipo?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:48
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `IntoIterator`"
|
|
msgstr "## `IntoIterator`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:50
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an\n"
|
|
"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the iterator:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il tratto `Iterator` ti dice come _iterare_ una volta che hai creato un file\n"
|
|
"iteratore. Il tratto correlato `IntoIterator` ti dice come creare l'iteratore:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"pub trait IntoIterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item;\n"
|
|
" type IntoIter: Iterator<Item = Self::Item>;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:62
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must\n"
|
|
"declare two types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La sintassi qui significa che ogni implementazione di \"IntoIterator\" deve\n"
|
|
"dichiarare due tipi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:65
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`,\n"
|
|
"* `IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Item`: il tipo su cui iteriamo, come `i8`,\n"
|
|
"* `IntoIter`: il tipo `Iterator` restituito dal metodo `into_iter`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:68
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same\n"
|
|
"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option<Item>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nota che \"IntoIter\" e \"Item\" sono collegati: l'iteratore deve avere lo stesso\n"
|
|
"Tipo `Item`, che significa che restituisce `Option<Item>`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:71
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?"
|
|
msgstr "Come prima, qual è il tipo restituito dall'iteratore?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:73
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<String> = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::from(\"bar\")];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:83
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr "## cicli `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:85
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` loops.\n"
|
|
"They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the resulting\n"
|
|
"iterator:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ora che conosciamo sia `Iterator` che `IntoIterator`, possiamo creare cicli `for`.\n"
|
|
"Chiamano `into_iter()` su un'espressione e itera sul risultato\n"
|
|
"iteratore:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<String> = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::from(\"bar\")];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for word in &v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for word in v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:103
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?"
|
|
msgstr "Qual è il tipo di \"parola\" in ogni ciclo?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:105
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for [`impl\n"
|
|
"IntoIterator for\n"
|
|
"&Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-"
|
|
"%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
|
|
"and [`impl IntoIterator for\n"
|
|
"Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-"
|
|
"Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
|
|
"to check your answers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sperimenta con il codice sopra e poi consulta la documentazione per [`impl\n"
|
|
"IntoIteratore per\n"
|
|
"&Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-"
|
|
"%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
|
|
"e [`impl IntoIterator for\n"
|
|
"Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-for-"
|
|
"Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
|
|
"per controllare le tue risposte."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Day 2"
|
|
msgstr "# Benvenuto al giorno 2"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:"
|
|
msgstr "Ora che abbiamo visto una discreta quantità di ruggine, continueremo con:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Structs, enums, methods.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, and\n"
|
|
" `continue`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, `Rc`\n"
|
|
" and `Arc`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Struct, enum, metodi.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Pattern matching: destrutturazione di enum, struct e array.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Costrutti del flusso di controllo: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break` e\n"
|
|
" `continua`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* La libreria standard: `String`, `Option` e `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, `Rc`\n"
|
|
" e \"Arco\".\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Moduli: visibilità, percorsi e gerarchia del filesystem."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Structs"
|
|
msgstr "# Strutture"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:"
|
|
msgstr "Come C e C++, Rust supporta le strutture personalizzate:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut peter = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n"
|
|
" age: 27,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" peter.age = 28;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" let jackie = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n"
|
|
" ..peter\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<details>\n"
|
|
"Key Points: "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"<dettagli>\n"
|
|
"Punti chiave:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Structs work like in C or C++.\n"
|
|
" * Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type.\n"
|
|
" * Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs.\n"
|
|
"* Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following slides.\n"
|
|
"* This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of structs. \n"
|
|
" * Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a trait on some type "
|
|
"but don’t have any data that you want to store in the value itself. \n"
|
|
" * The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names are not important.\n"
|
|
"* The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the old struct without "
|
|
"having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be the last element."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Tuple Structs"
|
|
msgstr "# Strutture di tuple"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:"
|
|
msgstr "Se i nomi dei campi non sono importanti, puoi utilizzare una struttura di tupla:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(17, 23);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):"
|
|
msgstr "Questo è spesso usato per i wrapper a campo singolo (chiamati newtypes):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"struct PoundsOfForce(f64);\n"
|
|
"struct Newtons(f64);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundsOfForce {\n"
|
|
" todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let force = compute_thruster_force();\n"
|
|
" set_thruster_force(force);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value in a primitive type, "
|
|
"for example:\n"
|
|
" * The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above.\n"
|
|
" * The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer have to validate it "
|
|
"again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)` or `OddNumber(u32)`.\n"
|
|
"* Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the single field in the "
|
|
"newtype.\n"
|
|
" * Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic unwrapping or for instance "
|
|
"using booleans as integers.\n"
|
|
" * Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics). "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* I newtype sono un ottimo modo per codificare informazioni aggiuntive sul valore in un tipo "
|
|
"primitivo, ad esempio:\n"
|
|
" * Il numero è misurato in alcune unità: `Newton` nell'esempio precedente.\n"
|
|
" * Il valore ha superato una certa convalida quando è stato creato, quindi non è più necessario "
|
|
"convalidarlo nuovamente a ogni utilizzo: 'Numero di telefono (Stringa)` o `Numero dispari (u32)`.\n"
|
|
"* Dimostra come aggiungere un valore `f64` a un tipo `Newtons` accedendo al singolo campo nel "
|
|
"newtype.\n"
|
|
" * A Rust in genere non piacciono le cose inesplicite, come l'unwrapping automatico o, ad "
|
|
"esempio, l'uso di valori booleani come numeri interi.\n"
|
|
" * Il sovraccarico degli operatori viene discusso il giorno 3 (generici)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Field Shorthand Syntax"
|
|
msgstr "# Sintassi abbreviata dei campi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the\n"
|
|
"struct using a shorthand:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se disponi già di variabili con i nomi corretti, puoi creare il file\n"
|
|
"struct usando una scorciatoia:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n"
|
|
" Person { name, age }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is interchangeable with the "
|
|
"struct type name\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
" struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self { name, age }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ``` \n"
|
|
"* Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use the default values for "
|
|
"the other fields.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
" struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" impl Default for Person {\n"
|
|
" fn default() -> Person {\n"
|
|
" Person {\n"
|
|
" name: \"Bot\".to_string(),\n"
|
|
" age: 0,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" fn create_default() {\n"
|
|
" let tmp = Person {\n"
|
|
" ..Default::default()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" let tmp = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: \"Sam\".to_string(),\n"
|
|
" ..Default::default()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Methods are defined in the `impl` block.\n"
|
|
"* Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note that the variable `peter` "
|
|
"will no longer be accessible afterwards.\n"
|
|
"* Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Enums"
|
|
msgstr "# Enum"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few\n"
|
|
"different variants:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La parola chiave `enum` consente la creazione di un tipo che ne ha alcuni\n"
|
|
"diverse varianti:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum CoinFlip {\n"
|
|
" Heads,\n"
|
|
" Tails,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n"
|
|
" let random_number = generate_random_number();\n"
|
|
" if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" return CoinFlip::Heads;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" return CoinFlip::Tails;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:33 src/enums/sizes.md:29 src/methods.md:30 src/methods/example.md:46
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:25 src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22 src/control-flow/blocks.md:42
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Key Points:"
|
|
msgstr "Punti chiave:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type\n"
|
|
"* This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and `Tail`. You might note "
|
|
"the namespace when using variants.\n"
|
|
"* This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:\n"
|
|
" * In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or one with different "
|
|
"types of fields (variant payloads). \n"
|
|
" * In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block.\n"
|
|
" * You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate structs but then they "
|
|
"wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were all defined in an enum. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le enumerazioni consentono di raccogliere un insieme di valori in un unico tipo\n"
|
|
"* Questa pagina offre un tipo di enum `CoinFlip` con due varianti `Heads` e `Tail`. Potresti "
|
|
"notare lo spazio dei nomi quando usi le varianti.\n"
|
|
"* Questo potrebbe essere un buon momento per confrontare Struct ed Enum:\n"
|
|
" * In entrambi, puoi avere una versione semplice senza campi (unit struct) o una con diversi tipi "
|
|
"di campi (variant payload).\n"
|
|
" * In entrambi, le funzioni associate sono definite all'interno di un blocco `impl`.\n"
|
|
" * Potresti persino implementare le diverse varianti di un'enumerazione con strutture separate, "
|
|
"ma non sarebbero dello stesso tipo che sarebbero se fossero tutte definite in un'enumerazione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Variant Payloads"
|
|
msgstr "# Payload varianti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use the\n"
|
|
"`match` statement to extract the data from each variant:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"È possibile definire enumerazioni più ricche in cui le varianti contengono dati. È quindi "
|
|
"possibile utilizzare il\n"
|
|
"istruzione `match` per estrarre i dati da ciascuna variante:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum WebEvent {\n"
|
|
" PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n"
|
|
" KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n"
|
|
" Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n"
|
|
" match event {\n"
|
|
" WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n"
|
|
" WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n"
|
|
" WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n"
|
|
" let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n"
|
|
" let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" inspect(load);\n"
|
|
" inspect(press);\n"
|
|
" inspect(click);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern matched. The pattern "
|
|
"binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" after the `=>`.\n"
|
|
" * The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There is no fall-through "
|
|
"like in C or C++.\n"
|
|
" * The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in the match arm which was "
|
|
"executed.\n"
|
|
" * Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then run the code following "
|
|
"the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. \n"
|
|
"* Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the advantage the Rust compiler "
|
|
"provides by confirming when all cases are handled. \n"
|
|
"* `match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`.\n"
|
|
"* It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::discriminant()`\n"
|
|
" * This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs where comparing field "
|
|
"values doesn't affect equality.\n"
|
|
"* `WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::Click(Click)` with a top level "
|
|
"`struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version cannot implement traits, for example. \n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* È possibile accedere ai valori nelle varianti enum solo dopo essere stati abbinati al modello. "
|
|
"Il modello lega i riferimenti ai campi nel \"match arm\" dopo il `=>`.\n"
|
|
" * L'espressione viene confrontata con i modelli dall'alto verso il basso. Non c'è fall-through "
|
|
"come in C o C++.\n"
|
|
" * L'espressione di corrispondenza ha un valore. Il valore è l'ultima espressione nel braccio di "
|
|
"corrispondenza che è stata eseguita.\n"
|
|
" * Partendo dall'alto cerchiamo quale modello corrisponde al valore, quindi eseguiamo il codice "
|
|
"seguendo la freccia. Una volta trovata una corrispondenza, ci fermiamo.\n"
|
|
"* Dimostrare cosa succede quando la ricerca è inesauribile. Nota il vantaggio fornito dal "
|
|
"compilatore Rust confermando quando tutti i casi vengono gestiti.\n"
|
|
"* `match` ispeziona un campo discriminante nascosto in `enum`.\n"
|
|
"* È possibile recuperare il discriminante chiamando `std::mem::discriminant()`\n"
|
|
" * Ciò è utile, ad esempio, se si implementa `PartialEq` per strutture in cui il confronto dei "
|
|
"valori dei campi non influisce sull'uguaglianza.\n"
|
|
"* `WebEvent::Click { ... }` non è esattamente la stessa cosa di `WebEvent::Click(Click)` con una "
|
|
"`struct Click { ... }` di primo livello. La versione inline non può implementare tratti, per "
|
|
"esempio.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Enum Sizes"
|
|
msgstr "# Enum Dimensioni"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into account:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Gli enum di Rust sono imballati strettamente, tenendo conto dei vincoli dovuti all'allineamento:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"macro_rules! dbg_size {\n"
|
|
" ($t:ty) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n"
|
|
" stringify!($t), size_of::<$t>(), align_of::<$t>());\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"enum Foo {\n"
|
|
" A,\n"
|
|
" B,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" dbg_size!(Foo);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "* See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html)."
|
|
msgstr "* Vedere il [riferimento Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum variant.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with C):\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" #[repr(u32)]\n"
|
|
" enum Bar {\n"
|
|
" A, // 0\n"
|
|
" B = 10000,\n"
|
|
" C, // 10001\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits 2\n"
|
|
" bytes.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Try out other types such as\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" * `dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes,\n"
|
|
" * `dbg_size!(Option<bool>)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche optimization, see below),\n"
|
|
" * `dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit machine),\n"
|
|
" * `dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer optimization, see "
|
|
"below).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Niche optimization: Rust will merge use unused bit patterns for the enum\n"
|
|
" discriminant.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Null pointer optimization: For [some\n"
|
|
" types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/#representation), Rust guarantees\n"
|
|
" that `size_of::<T>()` equals `size_of::<Option<T>>()`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation *may* look like in practice.\n"
|
|
" It's important to note that the compiler provides no guarantees regarding this "
|
|
"representation, therefore this is totally unsafe.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" use std::mem::transmute;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n"
|
|
" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, $bit_type>($e));\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
|
|
" // representation of types.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<bool>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<bool>, u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<Option<bool>>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(None::<bool>), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<Option<bool>>, u8);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain more than 256 "
|
|
"`Option`s together.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" #![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" use std::mem::transmute;\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n"
|
|
" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, $bit_type>($e));\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" signs.\n"
|
|
" // Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n"
|
|
" macro_rules! many_options {\n"
|
|
" ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n"
|
|
" ($value:expr, @) => {\n"
|
|
" Some(Some($value))\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n"
|
|
" many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
|
|
" // representation of types.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's.\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's.\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's.\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::<bool>, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with an\n"
|
|
"`impl` block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust ti consente di associare funzioni ai tuoi nuovi tipi. Lo fai con un\n"
|
|
"Blocco `impl`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn say_hello(&self) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let peter = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n"
|
|
" age: 27,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" peter.say_hello();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:31
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions.\n"
|
|
" * Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), the first parameter "
|
|
"represents the instance as `self`.\n"
|
|
" * Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method receiver syntax and to help "
|
|
"keep them more organized. By using methods we can keep all the implementation code in one "
|
|
"predictable place.\n"
|
|
"* Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver. \n"
|
|
" * Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self:&Self` and perhaps show how the struct name "
|
|
"could also be used. \n"
|
|
" * Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in and can be used "
|
|
"elsewhere in the block.\n"
|
|
" * Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used to refer to individual "
|
|
"fields.\n"
|
|
" * This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from `self` by modifying the "
|
|
"code and trying to run say_hello twice. \n"
|
|
"* We describe the distinction between method receivers next.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Può essere utile introdurre metodi confrontandoli con funzioni.\n"
|
|
" * I metodi vengono chiamati su un'istanza di un tipo (come struct o enum), il primo parametro "
|
|
"rappresenta l'istanza come `self`.\n"
|
|
" * Gli sviluppatori possono scegliere di utilizzare i metodi per sfruttare la sintassi del "
|
|
"ricevitore del metodo e per mantenerli più organizzati. Utilizzando i metodi possiamo mantenere "
|
|
"tutto il codice di implementazione in un posto prevedibile.\n"
|
|
"* Sottolinea l'uso della parola chiave `self`, un ricevitore di metodo.\n"
|
|
" * Mostra che è un termine abbreviato per `self:&Self` e forse mostra come potrebbe essere usato "
|
|
"anche il nome struct.\n"
|
|
" * Spiega che `Self` è un alias di tipo per il tipo in cui si trova il blocco `impl` e può essere "
|
|
"utilizzato altrove nel blocco.\n"
|
|
" * Nota come `self` viene utilizzato come altre strutture e la notazione con punto può essere "
|
|
"utilizzata per fare riferimento a singoli campi.\n"
|
|
" * Questo potrebbe essere un buon momento per dimostrare in che modo `&self` differisce da `self` "
|
|
"modificando il codice e provando a eseguire say_hello due volte.\n"
|
|
"* Di seguito descriviamo la distinzione tra ricevitori di metodi.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Method Receiver"
|
|
msgstr "# Ricevitore del metodo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. There\n"
|
|
"are other possible receivers for a method:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il `&self` sopra indica che il metodo prende in prestito l'oggetto in modo immutabile. Là\n"
|
|
"sono altri possibili ricevitori per un metodo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable\n"
|
|
" reference. The object can be used again afterwards.\n"
|
|
"* `&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and mutable\n"
|
|
" reference. The object can be used again afterwards.\n"
|
|
"* `self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. The\n"
|
|
" method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped (deallocated)\n"
|
|
" when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly\n"
|
|
" transmitted.\n"
|
|
"* `mut self`: same as above, but while the method owns the object, it can\n"
|
|
" mutate it too. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability.\n"
|
|
"* No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used to\n"
|
|
" create constructors which are called `new` by convention."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `&self`: prende in prestito l'oggetto dal chiamante usando un oggetto condiviso e immutabile\n"
|
|
" riferimento. L'oggetto può essere riutilizzato in seguito.\n"
|
|
"* `&mut self`: prende in prestito l'oggetto dal chiamante usando un oggetto unico e mutabile\n"
|
|
" riferimento. L'oggetto può essere riutilizzato in seguito.\n"
|
|
"* `self`: assume la proprietà dell'oggetto e lo allontana dal chiamante. IL\n"
|
|
" metodo diventa il proprietario dell'oggetto. L'oggetto verrà eliminato (deallocato)\n"
|
|
" quando il metodo ritorna, a meno che la sua proprietà non sia esplicita\n"
|
|
" trasmesso.\n"
|
|
"* `mut self`: come sopra, ma mentre il metodo possiede l'oggetto, può farlo\n"
|
|
" muta anche questo. Proprietà completa non significa automaticamente mutabilità.\n"
|
|
"* Nessun ricevitore: questo diventa un metodo statico sulla struttura. Tipicamente utilizzato per\n"
|
|
" creare costruttori che sono chiamati \"nuovi\" per convenzione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also\n"
|
|
"[special wrapper types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html)\n"
|
|
"allowed to be receiver types, such as `Box<Self>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Oltre alle varianti su \"self\", ci sono anche\n"
|
|
"[tipi di wrapper speciali](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-and-traits.html)\n"
|
|
"possono essere tipi di ricevitore, come `Box<Self>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". These constraints always "
|
|
"come\n"
|
|
"together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, and `self` is no exception. It isn't possible to\n"
|
|
"reference a struct from multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) method on it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Prendi in considerazione l'enfasi su \"condiviso e immutabile\" e \"unico e mutevole\". Questi "
|
|
"vincoli arrivano sempre\n"
|
|
"insieme in Rust a causa delle regole del correttore in prestito, e \"self\" non fa eccezione. Non "
|
|
"è possibile\n"
|
|
"fare riferimento a una struttura da più posizioni e chiamare un metodo mutante (`&mut self`) su di "
|
|
"essa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Example"
|
|
msgstr "# Esempio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Race {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" laps: Vec<i32>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Race {\n"
|
|
" fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n"
|
|
" Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write access to self\n"
|
|
" self.laps.push(lap);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n"
|
|
" for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n"
|
|
" let total = self.laps.iter().sum::<i32>();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, total);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n"
|
|
" race.add_lap(70);\n"
|
|
" race.add_lap(68);\n"
|
|
" race.print_laps();\n"
|
|
" race.add_lap(71);\n"
|
|
" race.print_laps();\n"
|
|
" race.finish();\n"
|
|
" // race.add_lap(42);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:47
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* All four methods here use a different method receiver.\n"
|
|
" * You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the variable values and if/"
|
|
"how it can be used again in `main`.\n"
|
|
" * You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` twice.\n"
|
|
"* Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static functions are called the "
|
|
"same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic referencing and dereferencing when calling "
|
|
"methods. Rust automatically adds in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method "
|
|
"signature.\n"
|
|
"* You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated over. We describe "
|
|
"vectors in more detail in the afternoon. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Tutti e quattro i metodi qui usano un ricevitore metodo diverso.\n"
|
|
" * Puoi indicare come ciò cambia ciò che la funzione può fare con i valori delle variabili e se/"
|
|
"come può essere riutilizzata in `main`.\n"
|
|
" * Puoi mostrare l'errore che appare quando provi a chiamare `finish` due volte.\n"
|
|
"* Si noti che sebbene i destinatari del metodo siano diversi, le funzioni non statiche sono "
|
|
"chiamate allo stesso modo nel corpo principale. Rust abilita la referenziazione e la "
|
|
"dereferenziazione automatica quando si chiamano i metodi. Rust aggiunge automaticamente `&`, `*`, "
|
|
"`muts` in modo che quell'oggetto corrisponda alla firma del metodo.\n"
|
|
"* Potresti sottolineare che `print_laps` sta usando un vettore che viene iterato. Descriviamo i "
|
|
"vettori in modo più dettagliato nel pomeriggio."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Pattern Matching"
|
|
msgstr "# Corrispondenza modello"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. The\n"
|
|
"comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La parola chiave `match` ti consente di confrontare un valore con uno o più _pattern_. IL\n"
|
|
"i confronti vengono effettuati dall'alto verso il basso e vince la prima partita."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:"
|
|
msgstr "I modelli possono essere valori semplici, in modo simile a `switch` in C e C++:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let input = 'x';\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" match input {\n"
|
|
" 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n"
|
|
" 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n"
|
|
" '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value."
|
|
msgstr "Il modello `_` è un modello di caratteri jolly che corrisponde a qualsiasi valore."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a pattern\n"
|
|
" * `|` as an `or`\n"
|
|
" * `..` can expand as much as it needs to be\n"
|
|
" * `1..=5` represents an inclusive range\n"
|
|
" * `_` is a wild card\n"
|
|
"* It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a wildcard character with "
|
|
"a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`.\n"
|
|
"* You can demonstrate matching on a reference.\n"
|
|
"* This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, as the term can show "
|
|
"up in error messages.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Potresti sottolineare come vengono utilizzati alcuni caratteri specifici quando in uno schema\n"
|
|
" * `|` come `o`\n"
|
|
" * `..` può espandersi quanto deve essere\n"
|
|
" * `1..=5` rappresenta un intervallo inclusivo\n"
|
|
" * `_` è un carattere jolly\n"
|
|
"* Può essere utile mostrare come funziona l'associazione, ad esempio sostituendo un carattere "
|
|
"jolly con una variabile o rimuovendo le virgolette intorno a `q`.\n"
|
|
"* Puoi dimostrare la corrispondenza su un riferimento.\n"
|
|
"* Questo potrebbe essere un buon momento per far emergere il concetto di modelli inconfutabili, "
|
|
"poiché il termine può apparire nei messaggi di errore.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Destructuring Enums"
|
|
msgstr "# Destrutturazione delle enum"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is how\n"
|
|
"you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple `enum` type:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I modelli possono anche essere usati per associare variabili a parti dei tuoi valori. Questo è "
|
|
"come\n"
|
|
"ispezioni la struttura dei tuoi tipi. Iniziamo con un semplice tipo `enum`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum Result {\n"
|
|
" Ok(i32),\n"
|
|
" Err(String),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n"
|
|
" if n % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" Result::Ok(n / 2)\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let n = 100;\n"
|
|
" match divide_in_two(n) {\n"
|
|
" Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n"
|
|
" Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the first\n"
|
|
"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second arm,\n"
|
|
"`msg` is bound to the error message."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Qui abbiamo usato le braccia per _destrutturare_ il valore `Result`. Nel primo\n"
|
|
"arm, \"half\" è legato al valore all'interno della variante \"Ok\". Nel secondo braccio,\n"
|
|
"`msg` è associato al messaggio di errore."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked with a `match`.\n"
|
|
"* You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying the errors when running "
|
|
"the code. Point out the places where your code is now inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to "
|
|
"give you hints."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* L'espressione `if`/`else` restituisce un enum che viene successivamente decompresso con un "
|
|
"`match`.\n"
|
|
"* Puoi provare ad aggiungere una terza variante alla definizione enum e visualizzare gli errori "
|
|
"durante l'esecuzione del codice. Indica i punti in cui il tuo codice è ora inesausto e come il "
|
|
"compilatore cerca di darti suggerimenti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Destructuring Structs"
|
|
msgstr "# Strutture destrutturanti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi anche destrutturare `structs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Foo {\n"
|
|
" x: (u32, u32),\n"
|
|
" y: u32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n"
|
|
" match foo {\n"
|
|
" Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n"
|
|
" Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n"
|
|
" Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns.\n"
|
|
"* Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed.\n"
|
|
"* The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard to\n"
|
|
" spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that it subtly\n"
|
|
" doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Cambia i valori letterali in `foo` in modo che corrispondano agli altri modelli.\n"
|
|
"* Aggiungi un nuovo campo a \"Foo\" e apporta le modifiche al modello secondo necessità.\n"
|
|
"* La distinzione tra una cattura e un'espressione costante può essere difficile da fare\n"
|
|
" macchiare. Prova a cambiare il \"2\" nel secondo braccio in una variabile e osservalo "
|
|
"sottilmente\n"
|
|
" non funziona. Cambialo in un `const` e guardalo funzionare di nuovo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Destructuring Arrays"
|
|
msgstr "# Array destrutturanti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi destrutturare array, tuple e slice abbinando i loro elementi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match triple {\n"
|
|
" [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
|
|
" [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of fixed length.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n"
|
|
" inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
" fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match slice {\n"
|
|
" &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
|
|
" &[1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. \n"
|
|
"* Add more values to the array.\n"
|
|
"* Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of elements.\n"
|
|
"* Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Match Guards"
|
|
msgstr "# Partita Guardie"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary Boolean\n"
|
|
"expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Durante la corrispondenza, puoi aggiungere una _guard_ a un pattern. Questo è un booleano "
|
|
"arbitrario\n"
|
|
"espressione che verrà eseguita se il modello corrisponde:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let pair = (2, -2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match pair {\n"
|
|
" (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n"
|
|
" (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n"
|
|
" (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when we wish to concisely "
|
|
"express more complex ideas than patterns alone would allow.\n"
|
|
"* They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. An `if` expression "
|
|
"inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the match arm is selected. Failing the `if` "
|
|
"condition inside of that block won't result in other arms\n"
|
|
"of the original `match` expression being considered. \n"
|
|
"* You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression.\n"
|
|
"* The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a pattern with an `|`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le guardie di corrispondenza come caratteristica di sintassi separata sono importanti e "
|
|
"necessarie quando desideriamo esprimere in modo conciso idee più complesse di quanto i soli schemi "
|
|
"consentirebbero.\n"
|
|
"* Non sono la stessa cosa dell'espressione `if` separata all'interno del braccio della "
|
|
"corrispondenza. Un'espressione `if` all'interno del blocco di diramazione (dopo `=>`) si verifica "
|
|
"dopo che è stato selezionato il braccio di corrispondenza. Il fallimento della condizione \"if\" "
|
|
"all'interno di quel blocco non comporterà altre braccia\n"
|
|
"dell'espressione `match` originale considerata.\n"
|
|
"* È possibile utilizzare le variabili definite nel modello nell'espressione if.\n"
|
|
"* La condizione definita nella guardia si applica a ogni espressione in un modello con un `|`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 2: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Giorno 2: Esercizi mattutini"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:"
|
|
msgstr "Esamineremo i metodi di implementazione in due contesti:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Simple struct which tracks health statistics.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Struttura semplice che tiene traccia delle statistiche sulla salute.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Strutture multiple ed enum per una libreria di disegni."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Health Statistics"
|
|
msgstr "# Statistiche sanitarie"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, you\n"
|
|
"need to keep track of users' health statistics."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Stai lavorando all'implementazione di un sistema di monitoraggio sanitario. Come parte di questo, "
|
|
"tu\n"
|
|
"necessità di tenere traccia delle statistiche sulla salute degli utenti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a `User`\n"
|
|
"struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods on the\n"
|
|
"`User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Inizierai con alcune funzioni stubbed in un blocco `impl` così come in un `User`\n"
|
|
"definizione di struttura. Il tuo obiettivo è implementare i metodi eliminati sul file\n"
|
|
"`User` `struct` definito nel blocco `impl`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing\n"
|
|
"methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copia il codice qui sotto in <https://play.rust-lang.org/> e inserisci quello mancante\n"
|
|
"metodi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct User {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u32,\n"
|
|
" weight: f32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl User {\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, weight: f32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn weight(&self) -> f32 {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn set_weight(&mut self, new_weight: f32) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_weight() {\n"
|
|
" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.weight(), 155.2);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_set_age() {\n"
|
|
" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n"
|
|
" bob.set_age(33);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Polygon Struct"
|
|
msgstr "# Struttura poligonale"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code below\n"
|
|
"to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing methods to make the\n"
|
|
"tests pass:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Creeremo una struttura `Polygon` che contiene alcuni punti. Copia il codice qui sotto\n"
|
|
"a <https://play.rust-lang.org/> e inserire i metodi mancanti per rendere il file\n"
|
|
"i test superano:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Point {\n"
|
|
" // add fields\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Point {\n"
|
|
" // add methods\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // add fields\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // add methods\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Circle {\n"
|
|
" // add fields\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Circle {\n"
|
|
" // add methods\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub enum Shape {\n"
|
|
" Polygon(Polygon),\n"
|
|
" Circle(Circle),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_dist() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_add() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n"
|
|
" let shapes = vec![\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(poly),\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let perimeters = shapes\n"
|
|
" .iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n"
|
|
" .map(round_two_digits)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[allow(dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:117
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key part\n"
|
|
"of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify the tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Poiché le firme del metodo mancano nelle dichiarazioni del problema, la parte chiave\n"
|
|
"dell'esercizio è specificarli correttamente. Non è necessario modificare i test."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:120
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:"
|
|
msgstr "Altre parti interessanti dell'esercizio:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:122
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes don't borrow their "
|
|
"arguments.\n"
|
|
"* Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be addable via \"+\". Note that "
|
|
"we do not discuss generics until Day 3."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Deriva un tratto `Copy` per alcune strutture, poiché nei test i metodi a volte non prendono in "
|
|
"prestito i loro argomenti.\n"
|
|
"* Scopri che il tratto `Add` deve essere implementato affinché due oggetti possano essere aggiunti "
|
|
"tramite \"+\". Si noti che non discuteremo di farmaci generici fino al giorno 3."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Control Flow"
|
|
msgstr "# Flusso di controllo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally\n"
|
|
"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then becomes\n"
|
|
"the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions work similarly\n"
|
|
"in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Come abbiamo visto, \"if\" è un'espressione in Rust. È usato in modo condizionale\n"
|
|
"valutare uno dei due blocchi, ma i blocchi possono avere un valore che poi diventa\n"
|
|
"il valore dell'espressione \"if\". Altre espressioni del flusso di controllo funzionano in modo "
|
|
"simile\n"
|
|
"a Ruggine."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Blocks"
|
|
msgstr "# Blocchi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A block in Rust has a value and a type: the value is the last expression of the\n"
|
|
"block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un blocco in Rust ha un valore e un tipo: il valore è l'ultima espressione del\n"
|
|
"bloccare:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = {\n"
|
|
" let y = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
|
|
" let z = {\n"
|
|
" let w = {\n"
|
|
" 3 + 4\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"w: {w}\");\n"
|
|
" y * w\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"z: {z}\");\n"
|
|
" z - y\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the\n"
|
|
"return value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La stessa regola viene utilizzata per le funzioni: il valore del corpo della funzione è the\n"
|
|
"valore di ritorno:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" x + x\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:38
|
|
msgid "However if the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is `()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in Rust. \n"
|
|
"* You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line in the block. For "
|
|
"instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a `return`.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Lo scopo di questa diapositiva è mostrare che i blocchi hanno un tipo e un valore in Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Puoi mostrare come cambia il valore del blocco cambiando l'ultima riga nel blocco. Ad esempio, "
|
|
"aggiungendo/rimuovendo un punto e virgola o utilizzando un `return`.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `if` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "# Espressioni `if`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You use [`if`\n"
|
|
"expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr.html#if-expressions)\n"
|
|
"exactly like `if` statements in other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Tu usi [`if`\n"
|
|
"espressioni](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr.html#if-expressions)\n"
|
|
"esattamente come le dichiarazioni `if` in altre lingue:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each\n"
|
|
"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Inoltre, puoi usare \"if\" come espressione. L'ultima espressione di ciascuno\n"
|
|
"block diventa il valore dell'espressione `if`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its branch blocks must have "
|
|
"the same type. Consider showing what happens if you add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `if let` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "# Espressioni `if let`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`if let`\n"
|
|
"expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr.html#if-let-expressions)\n"
|
|
"lets you execute different code depending on whether a value matches a pattern:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il [`se lasciato`\n"
|
|
"espressione](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr.html#if-let-expressions)\n"
|
|
"ti consente di eseguire codice diverso a seconda che un valore corrisponda a un modello:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let arg = std::env::args().next();\n"
|
|
" if let Some(value) = arg {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Missing name?\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18 src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns in\n"
|
|
"Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vedi [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) per maggiori dettagli sui pattern in\n"
|
|
"Ruggine."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `if let` can be more concise than `match`, e.g., when only one case is interesting. In contrast, "
|
|
"`match` requires all branches to be covered.\n"
|
|
"* A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`.\n"
|
|
"* Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern matching.\n"
|
|
"* Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/let_else."
|
|
"html) construct allows to do a destructuring assignment, or if it fails, have a non-returning "
|
|
"block branch (panic/return/break/continue):\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option<String> {\n"
|
|
" let mut it = s.split(' ');\n"
|
|
" let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n"
|
|
" return None;\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" Some(item.to_uppercase())\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `while` loops"
|
|
msgstr "# `while` si ripete"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-"
|
|
"loops)\n"
|
|
"works very similar to other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La [parola chiave `while`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
|
|
"html#predicate-loops)\n"
|
|
"funziona in modo molto simile ad altre lingue:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 {\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `while let` loops"
|
|
msgstr "# `while let` va in loop"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-"
|
|
"expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops)\n"
|
|
"variant which repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Come con `if let`, c'è un [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
|
|
"html#predicate-pattern-loops)\n"
|
|
"variante che verifica ripetutamente un valore rispetto a un modello:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here the iterator returned by `v.iter()` will return a `Option<i32>` on every\n"
|
|
"call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which it will\n"
|
|
"return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all items."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Qui l'iteratore restituito da `v.iter()` restituirà una `Option<i32>` su ogni\n"
|
|
"chiamata a `next()`. Restituisce `Some(x)` finché non è finito, dopodiché lo farà\n"
|
|
"restituire \"Nessuno\". Il `while let` ci consente di continuare a scorrere tutti gli elementi."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value matches the pattern.\n"
|
|
"* You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if statement that breaks when "
|
|
"there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the "
|
|
"above scenario.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Fai notare che il ciclo `while let` continuerà finché il valore corrisponde al modello.\n"
|
|
"* Potresti riscrivere il ciclo `while let` come un ciclo infinito con un'istruzione if che si "
|
|
"interrompe quando non c'è alcun valore da scartare per `iter.next()`. Il `while let` fornisce lo "
|
|
"zucchero sintattico per lo scenario di cui sopra.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `for` loops"
|
|
msgstr "# Cicli `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely\n"
|
|
"related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expression.md). It will\n"
|
|
"automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il [ciclo `for`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) è strettamente\n"
|
|
"relativo al [ciclo `while let`](while-let-expression.md). Lo farà\n"
|
|
"chiama automaticamente `into_iter()` sull'espressione e quindi itera su di essa:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for x in v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"i: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual."
|
|
msgstr "Puoi usare `break` e `continue` qui come al solito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case.\n"
|
|
"* `(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. \n"
|
|
"* `step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every other element. \n"
|
|
"* Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change vector `v` to be "
|
|
"mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* L'iterazione dell'indice non è una sintassi speciale in Rust solo per quel caso.\n"
|
|
"* `(0..10)` è un intervallo che implementa un tratto `Iterator`.\n"
|
|
"* `step_by` è un metodo che restituisce un altro `Iterator` che salta ogni altro elemento.\n"
|
|
"* Modifica gli elementi nel vettore e spiega gli errori del compilatore. Cambia il vettore `v` in "
|
|
"modo che sia mutabile e il ciclo for in `for x in v.iter_mut()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `loop` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "# Espressioni `loop`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
|
|
"html#infinite-loops)\n"
|
|
"which creates an endless loop."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Infine, c'è una [parola chiave `loop`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
|
|
"html#infinite-loops)\n"
|
|
"che crea un loop infinito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:"
|
|
msgstr "Qui devi \"break\" o \"return\" per interrompere il ciclo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" if x == 1 {\n"
|
|
" break;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out.\n"
|
|
"* Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-trivial\n"
|
|
" value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once (unlike\n"
|
|
" `while` and `for` loops)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Interrompi il `loop` con un valore (ad es. `break 8`) e stampalo.\n"
|
|
"* Si noti che `loop` è l'unico costrutto di ciclo che restituisce un valore non banale\n"
|
|
" valore. Questo perché è garantito che venga inserito almeno una volta (a differenza di\n"
|
|
" cicli `while` e `for`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `match` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "# Espressioni `match`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-expr.html)\n"
|
|
"is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that sense, it works\n"
|
|
"like a series of `if let` expressions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La [parola chiave `match`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-expr.html)\n"
|
|
"viene utilizzato per confrontare un valore con uno o più modelli. In questo senso funziona\n"
|
|
"come una serie di espressioni `if let`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n"
|
|
" Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n"
|
|
" None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last\n"
|
|
"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Come `if let`, ogni braccio di corrispondenza deve avere lo stesso tipo. Il tipo è l'ultimo\n"
|
|
"espressione del blocco, se esiste. Nell'esempio precedente, il tipo è `()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Save the match expression to a variable and print it out.\n"
|
|
"* Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error.\n"
|
|
" * `std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option<String>`, but we cannot match against "
|
|
"`String`.\n"
|
|
" * `as_deref()` transforms an `Option<T>` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our case, this turns "
|
|
"`Option<String>` into `Option<&str>`.\n"
|
|
" * We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside `Option`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Salva l'espressione di corrispondenza in una variabile e stampala.\n"
|
|
"* Rimuovi `.as_deref()` e spiega l'errore.\n"
|
|
" * `std::env::args().next()` restituisce un `Option<String>`, ma non possiamo confrontare "
|
|
"`String`.\n"
|
|
" * `as_deref()` trasforma una `Opzione<T>` in `Opzione<&T::Target>`. Nel nostro caso, questo "
|
|
"trasforma `Option<String>` in `Option<&str>`.\n"
|
|
" * Ora possiamo usare il pattern matching per confrontare con `&str` all'interno di `Option`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `break` and `continue`"
|
|
msgstr "# `interrompi` e `continua`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/"
|
|
"loop-expr.html#break-expressions),\n"
|
|
"- If you want to immediately start\n"
|
|
"the next iteration use [`continue`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
|
|
"html#continue-expressions)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"- Se vuoi uscire prima da un ciclo, usa [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/"
|
|
"loop-expr.html#break-expressions),\n"
|
|
"- Se vuoi iniziare subito\n"
|
|
"l'iterazione successiva usa [`continue`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-expr."
|
|
"html#continue-expressions)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is used\n"
|
|
"to break out of nested loops:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sia `continue` che `break` possono facoltativamente accettare un argomento label che viene "
|
|
"utilizzato\n"
|
|
"per uscire dai cicli nidificati:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
|
|
" 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" let mut i = 0;\n"
|
|
" while i < x {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" i += 1;\n"
|
|
" if i == 3 {\n"
|
|
" break 'outer;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop."
|
|
msgstr "In questo caso interrompiamo il ciclo esterno dopo 3 iterazioni del ciclo interno."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Standard Library"
|
|
msgstr "# Libreria standard"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common types\n"
|
|
"used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work together\n"
|
|
"smoothly because they both use the same `String` type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust viene fornito con una libreria standard che aiuta a stabilire un insieme di tipi comuni\n"
|
|
"utilizzato dalla libreria e dai programmi Rust. In questo modo, due librerie possono lavorare "
|
|
"insieme\n"
|
|
"senza problemi perché entrambi usano lo stesso tipo `Stringa`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The common vocabulary types include:"
|
|
msgstr "I tipi di vocabolario comuni includono:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional values\n"
|
|
" and [error handling](error-handling.md).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing\n"
|
|
" algorithm.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [Tipi `Option` e `Result`](std/option-result.md): usati per valori facoltativi\n"
|
|
" e [gestione degli errori](error-handling.md).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`String`](std/string.md): il tipo di stringa predefinito utilizzato per i dati di proprietà.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`Vec`](std/vec.md): un vettore estensibile standard.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): un tipo di mappa hash con un hash configurabile\n"
|
|
" algoritmo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`Box`](std/box.md): un puntatore di proprietà per i dati allocati nell'heap.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`Rc`](std/rc.md): un puntatore con conteggio dei riferimenti condiviso per i dati allocati "
|
|
"nell'heap."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, `alloc` and `std`. \n"
|
|
" * `core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on `libc`, allocator or\n"
|
|
" even the presence of an operating system. \n"
|
|
" * `alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as `Vec`, `Box` and `Arc`.\n"
|
|
" * Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Infatti, Rust contiene diversi strati della Libreria Standard: `core`, `alloc` e `std`.\n"
|
|
" * `core` include i tipi e le funzioni più basilari che non dipendono da `libc`, allocator o\n"
|
|
" anche la presenza di un sistema operativo.\n"
|
|
" * `alloc` include tipi che richiedono un allocatore heap globale, come `Vec`, `Box` e `Arc`.\n"
|
|
" * Le applicazioni embedded di Rust spesso usano solo `core` e talvolta `alloc`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Option` and `Result`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Opzione` e `Risultato`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The types represent optional data:"
|
|
msgstr "I tipi rappresentano dati facoltativi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let idx: Result<usize, usize> = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library.\n"
|
|
"* `Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`.\n"
|
|
"* `Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see on Day 3.\n"
|
|
"* `binary_search` returns `Result<usize, usize>`.\n"
|
|
" * If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found.\n"
|
|
" * Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should be inserted."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Option` e `Result` sono ampiamente usati non solo nella libreria standard.\n"
|
|
"* `Option<&T>` ha un sovraccarico di spazio pari a zero rispetto a `&T`.\n"
|
|
"* `Result` è il tipo standard per implementare la gestione degli errori, come vedremo il giorno "
|
|
"3.\n"
|
|
"* `binary_search` restituisce `Result<usize, usize>`.\n"
|
|
" * Se trovato, `Result::Ok` contiene l'indice in cui si trova l'elemento.\n"
|
|
" * Altrimenti, `Result::Err` contiene l'indice in cui tale elemento dovrebbe essere inserito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# String"
|
|
msgstr "# Corda"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "[`String`][1] is the standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:"
|
|
msgstr "[`String`][1] è il buffer di stringa UTF-8 espandibile allocato nell'heap standard:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut s1 = String::new();\n"
|
|
" s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n"
|
|
" s2.push_str(&s1);\n"
|
|
" s2.push('!');\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n"
|
|
" s3.chars().count());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String` implements [`Deref<Target = str>`][2], which means that you can call all\n"
|
|
"`str` methods on a `String`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`String` implementa [`Deref<Target = str>`][2], il che significa che puoi chiamare tutti\n"
|
|
"metodi `str` su una `stringa`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when you know how much "
|
|
"data you want to push to the string.\n"
|
|
"* `String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be different from its length "
|
|
"in characters).\n"
|
|
"* `String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that a `char` can be "
|
|
"different from what a human will consider a \"character\" due to [grapheme clusters](https://docs."
|
|
"rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html).\n"
|
|
"* When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or `String`. \n"
|
|
"* When a type implements `Deref<Target = T>`, the compiler will let you transparently call methods "
|
|
"from `T`.\n"
|
|
" * `String` implements `Deref<Target = str>` which transparently gives it access to `str`'s "
|
|
"methods.\n"
|
|
" * Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1`;.\n"
|
|
"* `String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the operations you see "
|
|
"supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but with some extra guarantees.\n"
|
|
"* Compare the different ways to index a `String`:\n"
|
|
" * To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-bound, out-of-bounds.\n"
|
|
" * To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character boundaries or not."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Vec`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Vec`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "[`Vec`][1] is the standard resizable heap-allocated buffer:"
|
|
msgstr "[`Vec`][1] è il buffer ridimensionabile allocato nell'heap standard:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v1.push(42);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n"
|
|
" v2.extend(v1.iter());\n"
|
|
" v2.push(9999);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n"
|
|
" let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Retain only the even elements.\n"
|
|
" v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n"
|
|
" v3.dedup();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Vec` implements [`Deref<Target = [T]>`][2], which means that you can call slice\n"
|
|
"methods on a `Vec`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Vec` implementa [`Deref<Target = [T]>`][2], il che significa che puoi chiamare slice\n"
|
|
"metodi su un `Vec`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data it contains is "
|
|
"stored\n"
|
|
" on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't need to be known at compile time. It can "
|
|
"grow\n"
|
|
" or shrink at runtime.\n"
|
|
"* Notice how `Vec<T>` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify `T` explicitly. As "
|
|
"always\n"
|
|
" with Rust type inference, the `T` was established during the first `push` call.\n"
|
|
"* `vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it supports adding initial\n"
|
|
" elements to the vector.\n"
|
|
"* To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. Alternatively, using\n"
|
|
" `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will remove the last element.\n"
|
|
"* Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value:\n"
|
|
" `for e in &mut v { *e += 50; }`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `HashMap`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Mappa hash`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:"
|
|
msgstr "Mappa hash standard con protezione dagli attacchi HashDoS:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::collections::HashMap;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n"
|
|
" page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), 207);\n"
|
|
" page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n"
|
|
" page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n"
|
|
" page_counts.len());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"] {\n"
|
|
" match page_counts.get(book) {\n"
|
|
" Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n"
|
|
" None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n"
|
|
" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in Wonderland\"] {\n"
|
|
" let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string()).or_insert(0);\n"
|
|
" *page_count += 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into scope.\n"
|
|
"* Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in the hashmap and if not "
|
|
"return an alternative value. The second line will insert the alternative value in the hashmap if "
|
|
"the book is not found.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" let pc1 = page_counts\n"
|
|
" .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or(&336);\n"
|
|
" let pc2 = page_counts\n"
|
|
" .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n"
|
|
" .or_insert(374);\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"* Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro.\n"
|
|
" * Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`][1], which allows us to "
|
|
"easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n"
|
|
" (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n"
|
|
" (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n"
|
|
" ]);\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-value tuples.\n"
|
|
"* We are showing `HashMap<String, i32>`, and avoid using `&str` as key to make examples easier. "
|
|
"Using references in collections can, of course, be done,\n"
|
|
" but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker.\n"
|
|
" * Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still compiles. Where do you "
|
|
"think we might run into issues?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Box`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Scatola`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "[`Box`][1] is an owned pointer to data on the heap:"
|
|
msgstr "[`Box`][1] è un puntatore di proprietà ai dati sull'heap:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let five = Box::new(5);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": five : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
|
|
": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Box<T>` implements `Deref<Target = T>`, which means that you can [call methods\n"
|
|
"from `T` directly on a `Box<T>`][2]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Box<T>` implementa `Deref<Target = T>`, il che significa che puoi [chiamare metodi\n"
|
|
"da `T` direttamente su un `Box<T>`][2]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be not null. \n"
|
|
"* In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` statement thanks to "
|
|
"`Deref`. \n"
|
|
"* A `Box` can be useful when you:\n"
|
|
" * have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the Rust compiler wants to "
|
|
"know an exact size.\n"
|
|
" * want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying large amounts of data "
|
|
"on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a `Box` so only the pointer is moved."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Box` è come `std::unique_ptr` in C++, tranne per il fatto che è garantito che non sia nullo.\n"
|
|
"* Nell'esempio sopra, puoi anche tralasciare `*` nell'istruzione `println!` grazie a `Deref`.\n"
|
|
"* Una `Box` può essere utile quando:\n"
|
|
" * hanno un tipo la cui dimensione non può essere conosciuta in fase di compilazione, ma il "
|
|
"compilatore Rust vuole conoscere una dimensione esatta.\n"
|
|
" * desidera trasferire la proprietà di una grande quantità di dati. Per evitare di copiare "
|
|
"grandi quantità di dati nello stack, archivia invece i dati nell'heap in un \"Box\" in modo che "
|
|
"venga spostato solo il puntatore."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Box with Recursive Data Structures"
|
|
msgstr "# Box con strutture dati ricorsive"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I tipi di dati ricorsivi o i tipi di dati con dimensioni dinamiche devono utilizzare un `Box`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum List<T> {\n"
|
|
" Cons(T, Box<List<T>>),\n"
|
|
" Nil,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let list: List<i32> = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::new(List::Nil))));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{list:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": list : : :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // | :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* If the `Box` was not used here and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the `List`,\n"
|
|
"the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory, it would look infinite.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and just points at the "
|
|
"next\n"
|
|
"element of the `List` in the heap.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. \"Recursive with "
|
|
"indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or reference of some kind, instead of storing "
|
|
"a value directly. \n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Se la `Box` non è stata utilizzata qui e abbiamo tentato di incorporare una `Lista` direttamente "
|
|
"nella `Lista`,\n"
|
|
"il compilatore non calcolerebbe una dimensione fissa della struttura in memoria, sembrerebbe "
|
|
"infinita.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `Box` risolve questo problema poiché ha le stesse dimensioni di un normale puntatore e punta "
|
|
"solo al successivo\n"
|
|
"elemento della \"Lista\" nell'heap.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rimuovi il `Box` nella definizione dell'elenco e mostra l'errore del compilatore. \"Ricorsivo "
|
|
"con indiretto\" è un suggerimento che potresti voler utilizzare un Box o un riferimento di qualche "
|
|
"tipo, invece di memorizzare direttamente un valore.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Niche Optimization"
|
|
msgstr "# Ottimizzazione di nicchia"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. This\n"
|
|
"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un `Box` non può essere vuoto, quindi il puntatore è sempre valido e non `null`. Questo\n"
|
|
"consente al compilatore di ottimizzare il layout della memoria:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": list : : :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------+ :\n"
|
|
": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null | :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Rc`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Rc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Rc`][1] is a reference-counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to refer\n"
|
|
"to the same data from multiple places:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Rc`][1] è un puntatore condiviso con conteggio dei riferimenti. Usalo quando hai bisogno di fare "
|
|
"riferimento\n"
|
|
"agli stessi dati da più posizioni:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::rc::Rc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n"
|
|
" let mut b = Rc::clone(&a);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* If you need to mutate the data inside an `Rc`, you will need to wrap the data in\n"
|
|
" a type such as [`Cell` or `RefCell`][2].\n"
|
|
"* See [`Arc`][3] if you are in a multi-threaded context.\n"
|
|
"* You can *downgrade* a shared pointer into a [`Weak`][4] pointer to create cycles\n"
|
|
" that will get dropped."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Se hai bisogno di mutare i dati all'interno di un `Rc`, dovrai racchiudere i dati\n"
|
|
" un tipo come [`Cell` o `RefCell`][2].\n"
|
|
"* Vedere [`Arc`][3] se ci si trova in un contesto multi-thread.\n"
|
|
"* Puoi *declassare* un puntatore condiviso in un puntatore [`Weak`][4] per creare cicli\n"
|
|
" che verrà abbandonato."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:31
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as there are references.\n"
|
|
"* Like C++'s `std::shared_ptr`.\n"
|
|
"* `Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and increases the reference "
|
|
"count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally be ignored when looking for performance issues "
|
|
"in code.\n"
|
|
"* `make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-write\") and returns a "
|
|
"mutable reference.\n"
|
|
"* Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count.\n"
|
|
"* Compare the different datatypes mentioned. `Box` enables (im)mutable borrows that are enforced "
|
|
"at compile time. `RefCell` enables (im)mutable borrows that are enforced at run time and will "
|
|
"panic if it fails at runtime.\n"
|
|
"* `Rc::downgrade` gives you a *weakly reference-counted* object to\n"
|
|
" create cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with\n"
|
|
" `RefCell`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Il conteggio di `Rc` assicura che il suo valore contenuto sia valido finché ci sono "
|
|
"riferimenti.\n"
|
|
"* Come `std::shared_ptr` di C++.\n"
|
|
"* `Rc::clone` è economico: crea un puntatore alla stessa allocazione e aumenta il conteggio dei "
|
|
"riferimenti. Non crea un clone profondo e generalmente può essere ignorato quando si cercano "
|
|
"problemi di prestazioni nel codice.\n"
|
|
"* `make_mut` in realtà clona il valore interno se necessario (\"clone-on-write\") e restituisce un "
|
|
"riferimento mutabile.\n"
|
|
"* Usa `Rc::strong_count` per controllare il conteggio dei riferimenti.\n"
|
|
"* Confronta i diversi tipi di dati menzionati. `Box` abilita i prestiti (im)mutabili che vengono "
|
|
"applicati in fase di compilazione. `RefCell` abilita i prestiti (im)mutabili che vengono applicati "
|
|
"in fase di esecuzione e andranno in panico se falliscono in fase di esecuzione.\n"
|
|
"* `Rc::downgrade` fornisce un oggetto *debolmente contato* a\n"
|
|
" creare cicli che verranno eliminati correttamente (probabilmente in combinazione con\n"
|
|
" `RefCella`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};\n"
|
|
"use std::cell::RefCell;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Node {\n"
|
|
" value: i64,\n"
|
|
" parent: Option<Weak<RefCell<Node>>>,\n"
|
|
" children: Vec<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut root = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n"
|
|
" value: 42,\n"
|
|
" parent: None,\n"
|
|
" children: vec![],\n"
|
|
" }));\n"
|
|
" let child = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n"
|
|
" value: 43,\n"
|
|
" children: vec![],\n"
|
|
" parent: Some(Rc::downgrade(&root))\n"
|
|
" }));\n"
|
|
" root.borrow_mut().children.push(child);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Modules"
|
|
msgstr "# Moduli"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Abbiamo visto come i blocchi `impl` ci permettono di utilizzare lo spazio dei nomi per un tipo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:"
|
|
msgstr "Allo stesso modo, `mod` ci consente tipi e funzioni dello spazio dei nomi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"mod foo {\n"
|
|
" pub fn do_something() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"In the foo module\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod bar {\n"
|
|
" pub fn do_something() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"In the bar module\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" foo::do_something();\n"
|
|
" bar::do_something();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that describes how to build a "
|
|
"bundle of 1+ crates.\n"
|
|
"* Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable and a library crate "
|
|
"compiles to a library.\n"
|
|
"* Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* I pacchetti forniscono funzionalità e includono un file `Cargo.toml` che descrive come costruire "
|
|
"un pacchetto di 1+ casse.\n"
|
|
"* I crate sono un albero di moduli, in cui un crate binario crea un eseguibile e un crate di "
|
|
"libreria viene compilato in una libreria.\n"
|
|
"* I moduli definiscono l'organizzazione, l'ambito e sono il fulcro di questa sezione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Visibility"
|
|
msgstr "# Visibilità"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:"
|
|
msgstr "I moduli sono un limite di privacy:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Module items are private by default (hides implementation details).\n"
|
|
"* Parent and sibling items are always visible.\n"
|
|
"* In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all the\n"
|
|
" descendants of `foo`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Gli elementi del modulo sono privati per impostazione predefinita (nasconde i dettagli di "
|
|
"implementazione).\n"
|
|
"* Gli elementi dei genitori e dei fratelli sono sempre visibili.\n"
|
|
"* In altre parole, se un elemento è visibile nel modulo `foo`, è visibile in tutti i file\n"
|
|
" discendenti di `foo`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"mod outer {\n"
|
|
" fn private() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::private\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn public() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::public\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" mod inner {\n"
|
|
" fn private() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn public() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n"
|
|
" super::private();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" outer::public();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:39
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "* Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public."
|
|
msgstr "* Usa la parola chiave `pub` per rendere pubblici i moduli."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:41
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope of public visibility."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Inoltre, ci sono specificatori avanzati `pub(...)` per restringere l'ambito della visibilità "
|
|
"pubblica."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-privacy.html#pubin-"
|
|
"path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself).\n"
|
|
"* Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern.\n"
|
|
"* Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path.\n"
|
|
"* In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of its descendants)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Vedere il [riferimento Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-and-privacy."
|
|
"html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself).\n"
|
|
"* La configurazione della visibilità di `pub(crate)` è un modello comune.\n"
|
|
"* Meno comunemente, puoi dare visibilità a un percorso specifico.\n"
|
|
"* In ogni caso, la visibilità deve essere concessa a un modulo predecessore (ea tutti i suoi "
|
|
"discendenti)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Paths"
|
|
msgstr "# Percorsi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:"
|
|
msgstr "I percorsi sono risolti come segue:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"1. As a relative path:\n"
|
|
" * `foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module,\n"
|
|
" * `super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"2. As an absolute path:\n"
|
|
" * `crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate,\n"
|
|
" * `bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"1. Come percorso relativo:\n"
|
|
" * `foo` o `self::foo` si riferisce a `foo` nel modulo corrente,\n"
|
|
" * `super::foo` fa riferimento a `foo` nel modulo genitore.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"2. Come percorso assoluto:\n"
|
|
" * `crate::foo` fa riferimento a `foo` nella radice del crate corrente,\n"
|
|
" * `bar::foo` si riferisce a `foo` nella cassa `bar`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`.\n"
|
|
"You will typically see something like this at the top of each module:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un modulo può portare i simboli di un altro modulo nell'ambito con `use`.\n"
|
|
"In genere vedrai qualcosa di simile nella parte superiore di ogni modulo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::collections::HashSet;\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::transmute;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Filesystem Hierarchy"
|
|
msgstr "# Gerarchia del file system"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The module content can be omitted:"
|
|
msgstr "Il contenuto del modulo può essere omesso:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"mod garden;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The `garden` module content is found at:"
|
|
msgstr "Il contenuto del modulo `garden` si trova in:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `src/garden.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)\n"
|
|
"* `src/garden/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `src/garden.rs` (moderno stile Rust 2018)\n"
|
|
"* `src/garden/mod.rs` (vecchio stile Rust 2015)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at:"
|
|
msgstr "Allo stesso modo, un modulo `garden::vegetables` può essere trovato in:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `src/garden/vegetables.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)\n"
|
|
"* `src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `src/garden/vegetables.rs` (moderno stile Rust 2018)\n"
|
|
"* `src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (vecchio stile Rust 2015)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The `crate` root is in:"
|
|
msgstr "La radice di `crate` è in:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)\n"
|
|
"* `src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `src/lib.rs` (per un crate di libreria)\n"
|
|
"* `src/main.rs` (per una cassa binaria)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc comments\".\n"
|
|
"These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a module."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Anche i moduli definiti nei file possono essere documentati utilizzando \"commenti interni al "
|
|
"documento\".\n"
|
|
"Questi documentano l'elemento che li contiene, in questo caso un modulo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant germination\n"
|
|
"//! implementation.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Re-export types from this module.\n"
|
|
"pub use seeds::SeedPacket;\n"
|
|
"pub use garden::Garden;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Sow the given seed packets.\n"
|
|
"pub fn sow(seeds: Vec<SeedPacket>) { todo!() }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n"
|
|
"pub fn harvest(garden: &mut Garden) { todo!() }\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The change from `module/mod.rs` to `module.rs` doesn't preclude the use of submodules in Rust "
|
|
"2018.\n"
|
|
" (It was mandatory in Rust 2015.)\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" The following is valid:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```ignore\n"
|
|
" src/\n"
|
|
" ├── main.rs\n"
|
|
" ├── top_module.rs\n"
|
|
" └── top_module/\n"
|
|
" └── sub_module.rs\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The main reason for the change is to prevent many files named `mod.rs`, which can be hard\n"
|
|
" to distinguish in IDEs.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust will look for modules in `modulename/mod.rs` and `modulename.rs`, but this can be changed\n"
|
|
" with a compiler directive:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" #[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n"
|
|
" mod some_module { }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module in a file named\n"
|
|
" `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 2: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Giorno 2: Esercizi pomeridiani"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators."
|
|
msgstr "Gli esercizi di questo pomeriggio si concentreranno su stringhe e iteratori."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Luhn Algorithm"
|
|
msgstr "# Algoritmo di Luhn"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used to\n"
|
|
"validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and does the\n"
|
|
"following to validate the credit card number:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'[algoritmo di Luhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) viene utilizzato per\n"
|
|
"convalidare i numeri di carta di credito. L'algoritmo prende una stringa come input e fa il\n"
|
|
"seguente per convalidare il numero della carta di credito:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Moving from right to left, double every second digit: for the number `1234`,\n"
|
|
" we double `3` and `1`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` which\n"
|
|
" becomes `5`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Ignora tutti gli spazi. Rifiuta il numero con meno di due cifre.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Spostandoti da destra a sinistra, raddoppia ogni seconda cifra: per il numero `1234`,\n"
|
|
" raddoppiamo \"3\" e \"1\".\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Dopo aver raddoppiato una cifra, somma le cifre. Quindi raddoppiando \"7\" diventa \"14\" which\n"
|
|
" diventa \"5\".\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Somma tutte le cifre non raddoppiate e raddoppiate.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Il numero della carta di credito è valido se la somma termina con `0`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the following code to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the\n"
|
|
"function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copia il seguente codice in <https://play.rust-lang.org/> e implementa il file\n"
|
|
"funzione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[allow(dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Strings and Iterators"
|
|
msgstr "# Stringhe e iteratori"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. The\n"
|
|
"server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched against\n"
|
|
"_request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character which\n"
|
|
"matches a full segment. See the unit tests below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"In questo esercizio, implementerai un componente di instradamento di un server web. IL\n"
|
|
"il server è configurato con un numero di _prefissi di percorso_ che vengono confrontati\n"
|
|
"_percorsi di richiesta_. I prefissi di percorso possono contenere un carattere jolly che\n"
|
|
"corrisponde a un segmento completo. Vedere i test unitari di seguito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the following code to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and make the tests\n"
|
|
"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copia il seguente codice in <https://play.rust-lang.org/> ed esegui i test\n"
|
|
"passaggio. Prova a evitare di assegnare un `Vec` per i tuoi risultati intermedi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc-123\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/books\"));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Day 3"
|
|
msgstr "# Benvenuto al giorno 3"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Oggi tratteremo alcuni argomenti più avanzati di Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library\n"
|
|
" traits.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and trait\n"
|
|
" objects.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern\n"
|
|
" functions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Tratti: tratti derivati, metodi predefiniti e importante libreria standard\n"
|
|
" tratti.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Generici: tipi di dati generici, metodi generici, monomorfizzazione e tratto\n"
|
|
" oggetti.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Gestione degli errori: panic, `Result` e l'operatore try `?`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Test: unit test, test di documentazione e test di integrazione.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Unsafe Rust: puntatori grezzi, variabili statiche, funzioni non sicure ed extern\n"
|
|
" funzioni."
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Generics"
|
|
msgstr "# Generici"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract an algorithm (such as sorting)\n"
|
|
"over the types used in the algorithm."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust supporta i generici, che ti consentono di astrarre un algoritmo (come l'ordinamento)\n"
|
|
"sui tipi utilizzati nell'algoritmo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Generic Data Types"
|
|
msgstr "# Tipi di dati generici"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi utilizzare i generici per astrarre sul tipo di campo concreto:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point<T> {\n"
|
|
" x: T,\n"
|
|
" y: T,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n"
|
|
" let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Generic Methods"
|
|
msgstr "# Metodi generici"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi dichiarare un tipo generico sul tuo blocco `impl`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point<T>(T, T);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl<T> Point<T> {\n"
|
|
" fn x(&self) -> &T {\n"
|
|
" &self.0 // + 10\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(5, 10);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* *Q:* Why `T` is specified twice in `impl<T> Point<T> {}`? Isn't that redundant?\n"
|
|
" * This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic type. They are "
|
|
"independently generic.\n"
|
|
" * It means these methods are defined for any `T`.\n"
|
|
" * It is possible to write `impl Point<u32> { .. }`. \n"
|
|
" * `Point` is still generic and you can use `Point<f64>`, but methods in this block will only "
|
|
"be available for `Point<u32>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* *D:* Perché `T` è specificato due volte in `impl<T> Point<T> {}`? Non è ridondante?\n"
|
|
" * Questo perché si tratta di una sezione di implementazione generica per un tipo generico. "
|
|
"Sono indipendentemente generici.\n"
|
|
" * Significa che questi metodi sono definiti per qualsiasi `T`.\n"
|
|
" * È possibile scrivere `impl Point<u32> { .. }`.\n"
|
|
" * `Point` è ancora generico e puoi usare `Point<f64>`, ma i metodi in questo blocco saranno "
|
|
"disponibili solo per `Point<u32>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Monomorphization"
|
|
msgstr "# Monomorfizzazione"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:"
|
|
msgstr "Il codice generico viene trasformato in codice non generico in base ai siti di chiamata:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let integer = Some(5);\n"
|
|
" let float = Some(5.0);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "behaves as if you wrote"
|
|
msgstr "si comporta come se scrivessi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum Option_i32 {\n"
|
|
" Some(i32),\n"
|
|
" None,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"enum Option_f64 {\n"
|
|
" Some(f64),\n"
|
|
" None,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);\n"
|
|
" let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you had\n"
|
|
"hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questa è un'astrazione a costo zero: ottieni esattamente lo stesso risultato che se avessi\n"
|
|
"codificato a mano le strutture dati senza l'astrazione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Traits"
|
|
msgstr "# Tratti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust ti consente di astrarre sui tipi con tratti. Sono simili alle interfacce:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"trait Pet {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Dog {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Cat;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Pet for Dog {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
|
|
" self.name.clone()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Pet for Cat {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
|
|
" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it anyway.\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn greet<P: Pet>(pet: &P) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\", pet.name());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let fido = Dog { name: \"Fido\".into() };\n"
|
|
" greet(&fido);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let captain_floof = Cat;\n"
|
|
" greet(&captain_floof);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Trait Objects"
|
|
msgstr "# Oggetti tratto"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a collection:"
|
|
msgstr "Gli oggetti tratto consentono valori di tipi diversi, ad esempio in una raccolta:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"trait Pet {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Dog {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Cat;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Pet for Dog {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
|
|
" self.name.clone()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Pet for Cat {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
|
|
" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it anyway.\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let pets: Vec<Box<dyn Pet>> = vec![\n"
|
|
" Box::new(Cat),\n"
|
|
" Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" for pet in pets {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello {}!\", pet.name());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:40
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:"
|
|
msgstr "Layout della memoria dopo l'allocazione di \"animali domestici\":"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": pets : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------+ :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" | :\n"
|
|
": : : | | | +---------------+ :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | | :\n"
|
|
" : | | | +----------------------+ : \n"
|
|
" : | | '---->| \"<Dog as Pet>::name\" | :\n"
|
|
" : | | +----------------------+ : \n"
|
|
" : | | : \n"
|
|
" : | | +-+ : \n"
|
|
" : | '-->|\\| : \n"
|
|
" : | +-+ : \n"
|
|
" : | : \n"
|
|
" : | +----------------------+ : \n"
|
|
" : '---->| \"<Cat as Pet>::name\" | : \n"
|
|
" : +----------------------+ :\n"
|
|
" : :\n"
|
|
" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes it impossible to have "
|
|
"things like `Vec<Pet>` in the example above.\n"
|
|
"* `dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type that implements `Pet`.\n"
|
|
"* In the example, `pets` holds *fat pointers* to objects that implement `Pet`. The fat pointer "
|
|
"consists of two components, a pointer to the actual object and a pointer to the virtual method "
|
|
"table for the `Pet` implementation of that particular object.\n"
|
|
"* Compare these outputs in the above example:\n"
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::<Cat>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::<&Cat>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Pet>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Pet>>());\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Deriving Traits"
|
|
msgstr "# Tratti derivati"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi lasciare che il compilatore derivi una serie di tratti:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct Player {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" strength: u8,\n"
|
|
" hit_points: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Player::default();\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1.clone();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n"
|
|
" if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Default Methods"
|
|
msgstr "# Metodi predefiniti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:"
|
|
msgstr "I tratti possono implementare il comportamento in termini di altri metodi di tratto:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"trait Equals {\n"
|
|
" fn equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n"
|
|
" fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" !self.equal(other)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Centimeter(i16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Equals for Centimeter {\n"
|
|
" fn equal(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" self.0 == other.0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = Centimeter(10);\n"
|
|
" let b = Centimeter(20);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equal(&b));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equal(&b));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that users are required to\n"
|
|
" implement themselves. Methods with default implementations can rely on required methods.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Move method `not_equal` to a new trait `NotEqual`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Make `NotEqual` a super trait for `Equal`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEqual` for `Equal`.\n"
|
|
" * With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `NotEqual` as a super trait for `Equal`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* I tratti possono specificare metodi pre-implementati (predefiniti) e metodi richiesti agli "
|
|
"utenti\n"
|
|
" implementare se stessi. I metodi con implementazioni predefinite possono fare affidamento sui "
|
|
"metodi richiesti.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Sposta il metodo `not_equal` in un nuovo tratto `NotEqual`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rendi `NotEqual` un super tratto per `Equal`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Fornire un'implementazione globale di \"NotEqual\" per \"Equal\".\n"
|
|
" * Con l'implementazione coperta, non hai più bisogno di \"NotEqual\" come super tratto per "
|
|
"\"Equal\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Trait Bounds"
|
|
msgstr "# Limiti dei tratti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to implement\n"
|
|
"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Quando si lavora con i generici, spesso si desidera richiedere i tipi da implementare\n"
|
|
"qualche tratto, in modo da poter chiamare i metodi di questo tratto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi farlo con `T: Trait` o `impl Trait`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn duplicate<T: Clone>(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n"
|
|
" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Syntactic sugar for:\n"
|
|
"// fn add_42_millions<T: Into<i32>>(x: T) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
"fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into<i32>) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" x.into() + 42_000_000\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// struct NotClonable;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let foo = String::from(\"foo\");\n"
|
|
" let pair = duplicate(foo);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{pair:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{many}\");\n"
|
|
" let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{many_more}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code."
|
|
msgstr "Mostra una clausola `where`, gli studenti la incontreranno durante la lettura del codice."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"fn duplicate<T>(a: T) -> (T, T)\n"
|
|
"where\n"
|
|
" T: Clone,\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters.\n"
|
|
"* It has additional features making it more powerful.\n"
|
|
" * If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":\" can be arbitrary, "
|
|
"like `Option<T>`.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Riordina la firma della funzione se hai molti parametri.\n"
|
|
"* Ha funzionalità aggiuntive che lo rendono più potente.\n"
|
|
" * Se qualcuno lo chiede, la caratteristica extra è che il tipo a sinistra di \":\" può essere "
|
|
"arbitrario, come `Option<T>`.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `impl Trait`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Impl Tratto`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function\n"
|
|
"arguments and return values:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Simile ai limiti dei tratti, in funzione può essere utilizzata una sintassi `impl Trait`\n"
|
|
"argomenti e valori restituiti:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::Display;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = get_x(\"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "* `impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name."
|
|
msgstr "* `impl Trait` ti permette di lavorare con tipi che non puoi nominare."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions."
|
|
msgstr "Il significato di \"impl Trait\" è leggermente diverso nelle diverse posizioni."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with a trait bound.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type that implements the "
|
|
"trait,\n"
|
|
" without naming the type. This can be useful when you don't want to expose the concrete type in "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" public API.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` picks\n"
|
|
" the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A function\n"
|
|
" returning a generic type like `collect<B>() -> B` can return any type\n"
|
|
" satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with `let x:\n"
|
|
" Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::<Vec<_>>()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Per un parametro, `impl Trait` è come un parametro generico anonimo con un tratto associato.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Per un tipo restituito, significa che il tipo restituito è un tipo concreto che implementa il "
|
|
"tratto,\n"
|
|
" senza nominare il tipo. Questo può essere utile quando non vuoi esporre il tipo concreto in a\n"
|
|
" API pubblica.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" L'inferenza è difficile nella posizione di ritorno. Una funzione che restituisce le scelte `impl "
|
|
"Foo`\n"
|
|
" il tipo concreto che restituisce, senza scriverlo nella fonte. Una funzione\n"
|
|
" restituire un tipo generico come `collect<B>() -> B` può restituire qualsiasi tipo\n"
|
|
" soddisfacente `B`, e il chiamante potrebbe aver bisogno di sceglierne uno, come con `let x:\n"
|
|
" Vec<_> = foo.collect()` o con il turbofish, `foo.collect::<Vec<_>>()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to explain that\n"
|
|
"nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` type. If we used a single \n"
|
|
"`T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint that input `T` and return `T` type are the same "
|
|
"type.\n"
|
|
"It would not work for this particular function, as the type we expect as input is likely not\n"
|
|
"what `format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, we'd need two\n"
|
|
"independent generic parameters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questo esempio è fantastico, perché utilizza `impl Display` due volte. Aiuta a spiegarlo\n"
|
|
"nulla qui impone che sia _lo stesso_ tipo `impl Display`. Se usiamo un singolo\n"
|
|
"`T: Display`, imporrebbe il vincolo secondo cui l'input `T` e il tipo restituito `T` sono dello "
|
|
"stesso tipo.\n"
|
|
"Non funzionerebbe per questa particolare funzione, poiché probabilmente non lo è il tipo che ci "
|
|
"aspettiamo come input\n"
|
|
"quale `formato!` restituisce. Se volessimo fare lo stesso tramite la sintassi `: Display`, ne "
|
|
"avremmo bisogno di due\n"
|
|
"parametri generici indipendenti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Important Traits"
|
|
msgstr "# Tratti importanti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard library:"
|
|
msgstr "Vedremo ora alcuni dei tratti più comuni della libreria standard di Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`Iterator`][1] and [`IntoIterator`][2] used in `for` loops,\n"
|
|
"* [`From`][3] and [`Into`][4] used to convert values,\n"
|
|
"* [`Read`][5] and [`Write`][6] used for IO,\n"
|
|
"* [`Add`][7], [`Mul`][8], ... used for operator overloading, and\n"
|
|
"* [`Drop`][9] used for defining destructors.\n"
|
|
"* [`Default`][10] used to construct a default instance of a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [`Iterator`][1] e [`IntoIterator`][2] usati nei cicli `for`,\n"
|
|
"* [`From`][3] e [`Into`][4] utilizzati per convertire i valori,\n"
|
|
"* [`Read`][5] e [`Write`][6] usati per IO,\n"
|
|
"* [`Add`][7], [`Mul`][8], ... utilizzato per l'overload degli operatori e\n"
|
|
"* [`Drop`][9] usato per definire i distruttori.\n"
|
|
"* [`Default`][10] utilizzato per costruire un'istanza predefinita di un tipo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Iterators"
|
|
msgstr "# Iteratori"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can implement the [`Iterator`][1] trait on your own types:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi implementare il tratto [`Iterator`][1] sui tuoi tipi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Fibonacci {\n"
|
|
" curr: u32,\n"
|
|
" next: u32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n"
|
|
" type Item = u32;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {\n"
|
|
" let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n"
|
|
" self.curr = self.next;\n"
|
|
" self.next = new_next;\n"
|
|
" Some(self.curr)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n"
|
|
" for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming operations over collections \n"
|
|
" (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is the trait where you can find all the "
|
|
"documentation\n"
|
|
" about them. In Rust these functions should produce the code as efficient as equivalent "
|
|
"imperative\n"
|
|
" implementations.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* `IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented by collection types "
|
|
"such as\n"
|
|
" `Vec<T>` and references to them such as `&Vec<T>` and `&[T]`. Ranges also implement it. This is "
|
|
"why\n"
|
|
" you can iterate over a vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but\n"
|
|
" `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Il tratto `Iterator` implementa molte comuni operazioni di programmazione funzionale sulle "
|
|
"raccolte\n"
|
|
" (ad es. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, ecc.). Questo è il tratto in cui puoi trovare tutta la "
|
|
"documentazione\n"
|
|
" su di loro. In Rust queste funzioni dovrebbero produrre il codice tanto efficiente quanto "
|
|
"imperativo equivalente\n"
|
|
" implementazioni.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* `IntoIterator` è la caratteristica che fa funzionare i cicli for. È implementato da tipi di "
|
|
"raccolta come\n"
|
|
" `Vec<T>` e riferimenti ad essi come `&Vec<T>` e `&[T]`. Anche le gamme lo implementano. Ecco "
|
|
"perché\n"
|
|
" puoi iterare su un vettore con `for i in some_vec { .. }` ma\n"
|
|
" `some_vec.next()` non esiste."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# FromIterator"
|
|
msgstr "# FromIterator"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "[`FromIterator`][1] lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`][2]."
|
|
msgstr "[`FromIterator`][1] consente di creare una raccolta da un [`Iterator`][2]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n"
|
|
" let prime_squares = primes\n"
|
|
" .into_iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Iterator` implements\n"
|
|
"`fn collect<B>(self) -> B\n"
|
|
"where\n"
|
|
" B: FromIterator<Self::Item>,\n"
|
|
" Self: Sized`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Implementa `Iterator`\n"
|
|
"`fn collect<B>(self) -> B\n"
|
|
"Dove\n"
|
|
" B: FromIterator<Self::Item>,\n"
|
|
" Sé: dimensionato`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an\n"
|
|
"`Iterator<Item = Result<V, E>>` into a `Result<Vec<V>, E>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ci sono anche implementazioni che ti permettono di fare cose interessanti come convertire un file\n"
|
|
"`Iterator<Item = Result<V, E>>` in un `Result<Vec<V>, E>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `From` and `Into`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Da` e `Into`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Types implement [`From`][1] and [`Into`][2] to facilitate type conversions:"
|
|
msgstr "I tipi implementano [`From`][1] e [`Into`][2] per facilitare le conversioni di tipo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n"
|
|
" let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n"
|
|
" let one = i16::from(true);\n"
|
|
" let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:15
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "[`Into`][2] is automatically implemented when [`From`][1] is implemented:"
|
|
msgstr "[`Into`][2] viene implementato automaticamente quando [`From`][1] è implementato:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n"
|
|
" let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n"
|
|
" let one: i16 = true.into();\n"
|
|
" let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get `Into` implementation "
|
|
"too.\n"
|
|
"* When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be converted into a "
|
|
"`String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`.\n"
|
|
" Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that _only_ implement `Into`.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Ecco perché è comune implementare solo `From`, poiché anche il tuo tipo otterrà "
|
|
"l'implementazione di `Into`.\n"
|
|
"* Quando si dichiara un tipo di input per l'argomento di una funzione come \"qualsiasi cosa che "
|
|
"può essere convertita in una `Stringa`\", la regola è opposta, si dovrebbe usare `Into`.\n"
|
|
" La tua funzione accetterà tipi che implementano `From` e quelli che _solo_ implementano `Into`.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Read` and `Write`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Leggi` e `Scrivi`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Using [`Read`][1] and [`BufRead`][2], you can abstract over `u8` sources:"
|
|
msgstr "Usando [`Read`][1] e [`BufRead`][2], puoi astrarre su fonti `u8`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn count_lines<R: Read>(reader: R) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n"
|
|
" buf_reader.lines().count()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Similarly, [`Write`][3] lets you abstract over `u8` sinks:"
|
|
msgstr "Allo stesso modo, [`Write`][3] ti consente di astrarre sui sink `u8`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{Result, Write};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn log<W: Write>(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n"
|
|
" writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n"
|
|
" log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# The `Drop` Trait"
|
|
msgstr "# Il tratto `Drop`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Values which implement [`Drop`][1] can specify code to run when they go out of scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I valori che implementano [`Drop`][1] possono specificare il codice da eseguire quando escono "
|
|
"dall'ambito:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Droppable {\n"
|
|
" name: &'static str,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Drop for Droppable {\n"
|
|
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n"
|
|
" let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" drop(a);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Exiting main\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:34 src/traits/operators.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Discussion points:"
|
|
msgstr "Punti di discussione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:36
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?\n"
|
|
" * Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end of\n"
|
|
" the block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack\n"
|
|
" overflow!\n"
|
|
"* Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Perché `Drop::drop` non accetta `self`?\n"
|
|
" * Risposta breve: se così fosse, `std::mem::drop` verrebbe chiamato alla fine di\n"
|
|
" il blocco, risultando in un'altra chiamata a `Drop::drop` e uno stack\n"
|
|
" traboccare!\n"
|
|
"* Prova a sostituire `drop(a)` con `a.drop()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# The `Default` Trait"
|
|
msgstr "# Il tratto `Predefinito`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "[`Default`][1] trait provides a default implementation of a trait."
|
|
msgstr "Il tratto [`Default`][1] fornisce un'implementazione predefinita di un tratto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct Derived {\n"
|
|
" x: u32,\n"
|
|
" y: String,\n"
|
|
" z: Implemented,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Implemented(String);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Default for Implemented {\n"
|
|
" fn default() -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let default_struct: Derived = Default::default();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n"
|
|
" y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n"
|
|
" ..Default::default()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let nothing: Option<Derived> = None;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:40
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via `#[derive(Default)]`.\n"
|
|
" * Derived implementation will produce an instance where all fields are set to their default "
|
|
"values.\n"
|
|
" * This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too.\n"
|
|
" * Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e.g. `0`, `\"\"`, etc).\n"
|
|
" * The partial struct copy works nicely with default.\n"
|
|
" * Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and provides convenience "
|
|
"methods that use it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Può essere implementato direttamente o può essere derivato tramite `#[derive(Default)]`.\n"
|
|
" * L'implementazione derivata produrrà un'istanza in cui tutti i campi sono impostati sui valori "
|
|
"predefiniti.\n"
|
|
" * Ciò significa che anche tutti i tipi nella struttura devono implementare `Default`.\n"
|
|
" * I tipi Rust standard spesso implementano `Default` con valori ragionevoli (ad esempio `0`, "
|
|
"`\"\"`, ecc.).\n"
|
|
" * La copia parziale della struttura funziona bene con default.\n"
|
|
" * La libreria standard di Rust sa che i tipi possono implementare `Default` e fornisce comodi "
|
|
"metodi che lo utilizzano."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Add`, `Mul`, ..."
|
|
msgstr "# `Aggiungi`, `Mul`, ..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`][1]:"
|
|
msgstr "L'overload degli operatori è implementato tramite i tratti in [`std::ops`][1]:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n"
|
|
" type Output = Self;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that useful? \n"
|
|
" * Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are\n"
|
|
" overloading the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider overloading\n"
|
|
" the operator for `&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on the\n"
|
|
" call site.\n"
|
|
"* Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter?\n"
|
|
" * Short answer: Type parameters are controlled by the caller, but\n"
|
|
" associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor of a\n"
|
|
" trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Puoi implementare `Aggiungi` per `&Punto`. In quali situazioni è utile?\n"
|
|
" * Risposta: `Add:add` consuma `self`. Se digita \"T\" per cui sei\n"
|
|
" l'overloading dell'operatore non è `Copy`, dovresti considerare l'overloading\n"
|
|
" anche l'operatore per `&T`. Ciò evita inutili clonazioni sul file\n"
|
|
" sito di chiamata.\n"
|
|
"* Perché `Output` è un tipo associato? Potrebbe essere reso un parametro di tipo?\n"
|
|
" * Risposta breve: i parametri di tipo sono controllati dal chiamante, ma\n"
|
|
" i tipi associati (come `Output`) sono controllati dall'implementatore di a\n"
|
|
" tratto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Closures"
|
|
msgstr "# Chiusure"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, they\n"
|
|
"implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html),\n"
|
|
"[`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and\n"
|
|
"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le chiusure o le espressioni lambda hanno tipi che non possono essere nominati. Tuttavia, loro\n"
|
|
"implementare speciali [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html),\n"
|
|
"[`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html) e\n"
|
|
"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) caratteristiche:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n"
|
|
" func(input)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n"
|
|
" let mul_5 = |x| x * 5;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"mul_5: {}\", apply_with_log(mul_5, 20));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "If you have an `FnOnce`, you may only call it once. It might consume captured values."
|
|
msgstr "Se hai un `FnOnce`, puoi chiamarlo solo una volta. Potrebbe consumare i valori acquisiti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An `FnMut` might mutate captured values, so you can call it multiple times but not concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un `FnMut` potrebbe mutare i valori catturati, quindi puoi chiamarlo più volte ma non "
|
|
"contemporaneamente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An `Fn` neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or perhaps captures nothing at all, so it "
|
|
"can\n"
|
|
"be called multiple times concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un \"Fn\" non consuma né muta i valori acquisiti, o forse non cattura nulla, quindi può farlo\n"
|
|
"essere chiamato più volte contemporaneamente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. I.e. you can use an\n"
|
|
"`FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can use an `Fn` wherever an `FnMut` or "
|
|
"`FnOnce`\n"
|
|
"is called for."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"\"FnMut\" è un sottotipo di \"FnOnce\". \"Fn\" è un sottotipo di \"FnMut\" e \"FnOnce\". Cioè. "
|
|
"puoi usare un\n"
|
|
"`FnMut` ovunque sia richiesto un `FnOnce` e puoi usare un `Fn` ovunque sia `FnMut` o `FnOnce`\n"
|
|
"è richiesto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:36
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`move` closures only implement `FnOnce`."
|
|
msgstr "Le chiusure `move` implementano solo `FnOnce`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 3: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Giorno 3: Esercizi mattutini"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will design a classical GUI library traits and trait objects."
|
|
msgstr "Progetteremo una libreria GUI classica di tratti e oggetti di tratto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# A Simple GUI Library"
|
|
msgstr "# Una semplice libreria GUI"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and\n"
|
|
"trait objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Progettiamo una libreria GUI classica utilizzando la nostra nuova conoscenza dei tratti e\n"
|
|
"oggetti di tratto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:"
|
|
msgstr "Avremo una serie di widget nella nostra libreria:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets.\n"
|
|
"* `Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the\n"
|
|
" button is pressed.\n"
|
|
"* `Label`: has a `label`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Window`: ha un `title` e contiene altri widget.\n"
|
|
"* `Button`: ha una `label` e una funzione di callback che viene richiamata quando il\n"
|
|
" pulsante viene premuto.\n"
|
|
"* `Etichetta`: ha una `etichetta`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below."
|
|
msgstr "I widget implementeranno un tratto `Widget`, vedi sotto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/>, fill in the missing\n"
|
|
"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copia il codice qui sotto in <https://play.rust-lang.org/>, inserisci i campi mancanti\n"
|
|
"metodi `draw_into` in modo da implementare il tratto `Widget`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub trait Widget {\n"
|
|
" /// Natural width of `self`.\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n"
|
|
" fn draw(&self) {\n"
|
|
" let mut buffer = String::new();\n"
|
|
" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Label {\n"
|
|
" label: String,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Label {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n"
|
|
" Label {\n"
|
|
" label: label.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label,\n"
|
|
" callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Button {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>) -> Button {\n"
|
|
" Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label::new(label),\n"
|
|
" callback,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Window {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec<Box<dyn Widget>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Window {\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n"
|
|
" Window {\n"
|
|
" title: title.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec::new(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn Widget>) {\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.push(widget);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" std::cmp::max(\n"
|
|
" self.title.chars().count(),\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Label {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Button {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Window {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo.\")));\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n"
|
|
" \"Click me!\",\n"
|
|
" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n"
|
|
" )));\n"
|
|
" window.draw();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:"
|
|
msgstr "L'output del programma sopra può essere qualcosa di semplice come questo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:132
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"========\n"
|
|
"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n"
|
|
"========\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"This is a small text GUI demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"| Click me! |\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:142
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the\n"
|
|
"[fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment)\n"
|
|
"formatting operators. In particular, notice how you can pad with different\n"
|
|
"characters (here a `'/'`) and how you can control alignment:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se vuoi disegnare un testo allineato, puoi usare il\n"
|
|
"[fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index.html#fillalignment)\n"
|
|
"operatori di formattazione. In particolare, nota come puoi riempire con diversi\n"
|
|
"caratteri (qui un `'/'`) e come puoi controllare l'allineamento:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:147
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let width = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left aligned: |{:/<width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"centered: |{:/^width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"right aligned: |{:/>width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:156
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Usando tali trucchi di allineamento, puoi ad esempio produrre un output come questo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:158
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"+--------------------------------+\n"
|
|
"| Rust GUI Demo 1.23 |\n"
|
|
"+================================+\n"
|
|
"| This is a small text GUI demo. |\n"
|
|
"| +-----------+ |\n"
|
|
"| | Click me! | |\n"
|
|
"| +-----------+ |\n"
|
|
"+--------------------------------+\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Error Handling"
|
|
msgstr "# Gestione degli errori"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La gestione degli errori in Rust viene eseguita utilizzando un flusso di controllo esplicito:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Functions that can have errors list this in their return type,\n"
|
|
"* There are no exceptions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le funzioni che possono avere errori lo elencano nel loro tipo di ritorno,\n"
|
|
"* Non ci sono eccezioni."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Panics"
|
|
msgstr "# Panico"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust attiverà un panico se si verifica un errore fatale in fase di esecuzione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,should_panic\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors.\n"
|
|
" * Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program.\n"
|
|
"* Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* I panico sono per errori irrecuperabili e imprevisti.\n"
|
|
" * I panici sono sintomi di bug nel programma.\n"
|
|
"* Usa API senza panico (come `Vec::get`) se il crash non è accettabile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Catching the Stack Unwinding"
|
|
msgstr "# Catturare lo srotolamento della pila"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be caught:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Per impostazione predefinita, un panico causerà lo srotolamento dello stack. Lo svolgimento può "
|
|
"essere catturato:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::panic;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"hello!\");\n"
|
|
"});\n"
|
|
"assert!(result.is_ok());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n"
|
|
" panic!(\"oh no!\");\n"
|
|
"});\n"
|
|
"assert!(result.is_err());\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single\n"
|
|
" request crashes.\n"
|
|
"* This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Questo può essere utile nei server che dovrebbero continuare a funzionare anche se un singolo\n"
|
|
" la richiesta va in crash.\n"
|
|
"* Questo non funziona se `panic = 'abort'` è impostato nel tuo `Cargo.toml`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Structured Error Handling with `Result`"
|
|
msgstr "# Gestione strutturata degli errori con `Result`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors are\n"
|
|
"expected as part of normal operation:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Abbiamo già visto l'enumerazione `Result`. Questo è usato in modo pervasivo quando ci sono errori\n"
|
|
"previsto come parte del normale funzionamento:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::fs::File;\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let file = File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n"
|
|
" match file {\n"
|
|
" Ok(mut file) => {\n"
|
|
" let mut contents = String::new();\n"
|
|
" file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing the developer to\n"
|
|
" explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the case where an error should never "
|
|
"happen,\n"
|
|
" `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be called, and this is a signal of the developer intent too. \n"
|
|
" * `Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but it is worth "
|
|
"mentioning. \n"
|
|
" It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions that help functional-style "
|
|
"programming. \n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Come con `Option`, il valore riuscito si trova all'interno di `Result`, costringendo lo "
|
|
"sviluppatore a farlo\n"
|
|
" estrarlo esplicitamente. Questo incoraggia il controllo degli errori. Nel caso in cui non "
|
|
"dovesse mai verificarsi un errore,\n"
|
|
" È possibile chiamare `unwrap()` o `expect()`, e anche questo è un segnale dell'intenzione "
|
|
"dello sviluppatore.\n"
|
|
" * La documentazione `Result` è una lettura consigliata. Non durante il corso, ma vale la pena "
|
|
"menzionarlo.\n"
|
|
" Contiene molti metodi e funzioni utili che aiutano la programmazione in stile funzionale.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Propagating Errors with `?`"
|
|
msgstr "# Propagazione degli errori con `?`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you turn\n"
|
|
"the common"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'operatore try `?` viene utilizzato per restituire errori al chiamante. Ti fa girare\n"
|
|
"il comune"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"match some_expression {\n"
|
|
" Ok(value) => value,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "into the much simpler"
|
|
msgstr "nel molto più semplice"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"some_expression?\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handing code:"
|
|
msgstr "Possiamo usarlo per semplificare il nostro codice di gestione degli errori:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::fs;\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{self, Read};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, io::Error> {\n"
|
|
" let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n"
|
|
" let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n"
|
|
" Ok(file) => file,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::new();\n"
|
|
" match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => Err(err),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50 src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`.\n"
|
|
"* Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, empty file, file with "
|
|
"username."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La variabile `username` può essere `Ok(string)` o `Err(error)`.\n"
|
|
"* Usa la chiamata `fs::write` per testare i diversi scenari: nessun file, file vuoto, file con "
|
|
"nome utente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Converting Error Types"
|
|
msgstr "# Conversione dei tipi di errore"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously indicated:"
|
|
msgstr "L'effettiva espansione di `?` è un po' più complicata di quanto precedentemente indicato:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"expression?\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "works the same as"
|
|
msgstr "funziona allo stesso modo di"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"match expression {\n"
|
|
" Ok(value) => value,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to the\n"
|
|
"type returned by the function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La chiamata `From::from` qui significa che tentiamo di convertire il tipo di errore in\n"
|
|
"tipo restituito dalla funzione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n"
|
|
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{self, Read};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" IoError(io::Error),\n"
|
|
" EmptyUsername(String),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n"
|
|
" match self {\n"
|
|
" Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n"
|
|
" Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username in {filename}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl From<io::Error> for ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, ReadUsernameError> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
|
|
" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is good practice for all error types to implement `std::error::Error`, which requires `Debug` "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
"`Display`. It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too where possible, to "
|
|
"make\n"
|
|
"life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In this case we can't easily do so, because\n"
|
|
"`io::Error` doesn't implement them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"È buona pratica per tutti i tipi di errore implementare `std::error::Error`, che richiede `Debug` "
|
|
"e\n"
|
|
"`Display`. In genere è utile per loro implementare anche `Clone` e `Eq`, ove possibile, per fare\n"
|
|
"vita più facile per i test e i consumatori della tua libreria. In questo caso non possiamo farlo "
|
|
"facilmente, perché\n"
|
|
"`io::Error` non li implementa."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Deriving Error Enums"
|
|
msgstr "# Derivazione delle enumerazioni degli errori"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create an\n"
|
|
"error enum like we did on the previous page:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il crate [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) è un modo popolare per creare un\n"
|
|
"error enum come abbiamo fatto nella pagina precedente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n"
|
|
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" EmptyUsername(String),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, ReadUsernameError> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
|
|
" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
|
|
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and optionally `Display`\n"
|
|
"(if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and `From` (if the `#[from]` attribute is "
|
|
"added).\n"
|
|
"It also works for structs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La macro deriva di `thiserror` implementa automaticamente `std::error::Error` e facoltativamente "
|
|
"`Display`\n"
|
|
"(se vengono forniti gli attributi `#[error(...)]`) e `From` (se viene aggiunto l'attributo "
|
|
"`#[from]`).\n"
|
|
"Funziona anche per le strutture."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries."
|
|
msgstr "Non influisce sulla tua API pubblica, il che lo rende utile per le librerie."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Dynamic Error Types"
|
|
msgstr "# Tipi di errori dinamici"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing our own enum covering\n"
|
|
"all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` makes this easy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A volte vogliamo consentire la restituzione di qualsiasi tipo di errore senza scrivere la nostra "
|
|
"copertura enum\n"
|
|
"tutte le diverse possibilità. `std::error::Error` lo rende facile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
"#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
|
|
"struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
|
|
" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
|
|
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different error cases differently "
|
|
"in\n"
|
|
"the program. As such it's generally not a good idea to use `Box<dyn Error>` in the public API of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
"library, but it can be a good option in a program where you just want to display the error "
|
|
"message\n"
|
|
"somewhere."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ciò consente di risparmiare sul codice, ma rinuncia alla possibilità di gestire in modo pulito "
|
|
"diversi casi di errore in modo diverso\n"
|
|
"il programma. Pertanto, generalmente non è una buona idea utilizzare `Box<dyn Error>` nell'API "
|
|
"pubblica di a\n"
|
|
"library, ma può essere una buona opzione in un programma in cui si desidera solo visualizzare il "
|
|
"messaggio di errore\n"
|
|
"in qualche luogo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Adding Context to Errors"
|
|
msgstr "# Aggiunta di contesto agli errori"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add\n"
|
|
"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer\n"
|
|
"custom error types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La cassa ampiamente utilizzata [comunque](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) può aiutarti ad aggiungere\n"
|
|
"informazioni contestuali ai tuoi errori e ti permette di averne meno\n"
|
|
"tipi di errore personalizzati:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
|
|
" fs::File::open(path)\n"
|
|
" .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n"
|
|
" .read_to_string(&mut username)\n"
|
|
" .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
|
|
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `anyhow::Result<V>` is a type alias for `Result<V, anyhow::Error>`.\n"
|
|
"* `anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box<dyn Error>`. As such it's again generally "
|
|
"not\n"
|
|
" a good choice for the public API of a library, but is widely used in applications.\n"
|
|
"* Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if necessary.\n"
|
|
"* Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result<T>` may be familiar to Go developers, as it provides\n"
|
|
" similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, error)` from Go."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `comunque::Risultato<V>` è un alias di tipo per `Risultato<V, comunque::Errore>`.\n"
|
|
"* `anyhow::Error` è essenzialmente un wrapper attorno a `Box<dyn Error>`. In quanto tale, "
|
|
"generalmente non lo è\n"
|
|
" una buona scelta per l'API pubblica di una libreria, ma è ampiamente utilizzata nelle "
|
|
"applicazioni.\n"
|
|
"* Il tipo di errore effettivo all'interno di esso può essere estratto per l'esame, se necessario.\n"
|
|
"* La funzionalità fornita da `anyhow::Result<T>` potrebbe essere familiare agli sviluppatori Go, "
|
|
"in quanto fornisce\n"
|
|
" modelli di utilizzo ed ergonomia simili a `(T, errore)` di Go."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Testing"
|
|
msgstr "# Test"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust e Cargo sono dotati di un semplice framework di unit test:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Unit tests are supported throughout your code.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* I test unitari sono supportati in tutto il codice.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* I test di integrazione sono supportati tramite la directory `tests/`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Unit Tests"
|
|
msgstr "# Test unitari"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:"
|
|
msgstr "Contrassegna i test unitari con `#[test]`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,ignore\n"
|
|
"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" match text.find(' ') {\n"
|
|
" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n"
|
|
" None => &text,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_word() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_multiple_words() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests."
|
|
msgstr "Usa `cargo test` per trovare ed eseguire i test unitari."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Test Modules"
|
|
msgstr "# Moduli di prova"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the\n"
|
|
"[Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I test unitari vengono spesso inseriti in un modulo nidificato (esegui test sul file\n"
|
|
"[Parco giochi](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_helper() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* This lets you unit test private helpers.\n"
|
|
"* The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Questo ti consente di testare unitamente gli aiutanti privati.\n"
|
|
"* L'attributo `#[cfg(test)]` è attivo solo quando esegui `cargo test`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Documentation Tests"
|
|
msgstr "# Test di documentazione"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust ha il supporto integrato per i test di documentazione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// ```\n"
|
|
"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n"
|
|
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n"
|
|
"/// ```\n"
|
|
"pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code.\n"
|
|
"* The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`.\n"
|
|
"* Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
|
|
"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* I blocchi di codice nei commenti `///` sono visti automaticamente come codice Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Il codice verrà compilato ed eseguito come parte di `cargo test`.\n"
|
|
"* Prova il codice precedente su [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
|
|
"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Integration Tests"
|
|
msgstr "# Test di integrazione"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test."
|
|
msgstr "Se desideri testare la tua libreria come client, utilizza un test di integrazione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:"
|
|
msgstr "Crea un file `.rs` in `tests/`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"use my_library::init;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_init() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(init().is_ok());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate."
|
|
msgstr "Questi test hanno accesso solo all'API pubblica del tuo crate."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Useful crates for writing tests"
|
|
msgstr "# Casse utili"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests."
|
|
msgstr "Rust ha il supporto integrato per i test di documentazione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:5
|
|
msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion library in the tradition "
|
|
"of GoogleTest for C++.\n"
|
|
"* [proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust.\n"
|
|
"* [rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Unsafe Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Ruggine non sicura"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The Rust language has two parts:"
|
|
msgstr "Il linguaggio Rust ha due parti:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* **Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible.\n"
|
|
"* **Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are violated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* **Safe Rust:** memoria sicura, nessun comportamento indefinito possibile.\n"
|
|
"* **Unsafe Rust:** può attivare un comportamento indefinito se vengono violate le precondizioni."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to know\n"
|
|
"what Unsafe Rust is."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vedremo Rust per lo più sicuro in questo corso, ma è importante saperlo\n"
|
|
"cos'è Unsafe Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be carefully\n"
|
|
"documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il codice non sicuro è solitamente piccolo e isolato e la sua correttezza dovrebbe essere "
|
|
"attentamente\n"
|
|
"documentato. Di solito è racchiuso in uno strato di astrazione sicuro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:"
|
|
msgstr "Unsafe Rust ti dà accesso a cinque nuove funzionalità:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Dereference raw pointers.\n"
|
|
"* Access or modify mutable static variables.\n"
|
|
"* Access `union` fields.\n"
|
|
"* Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions.\n"
|
|
"* Implement `unsafe` traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Dereferenzia i puntatori grezzi.\n"
|
|
"* Accedi o modifica variabili statiche mutabili.\n"
|
|
"* Accedi ai campi `union`.\n"
|
|
"* Richiama funzioni `non sicure`, comprese le funzioni `extern`.\n"
|
|
"* Implementa i tratti \"non sicuri\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please see\n"
|
|
"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html)\n"
|
|
"and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Tratteremo brevemente le capacità non sicure in seguito. Per tutti i dettagli, vedere\n"
|
|
"[Capitolo 19.1 nel Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-rust.html)\n"
|
|
"e il [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers have\n"
|
|
"turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code by\n"
|
|
"themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety rules."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Unsafe Rust non significa che il codice non sia corretto. Significa che gli sviluppatori hanno\n"
|
|
"ha disattivato le funzionalità di sicurezza del compilatore e deve scrivere il codice corretto\n"
|
|
"loro stessi. Significa che il compilatore non applica più le regole di sicurezza della memoria di "
|
|
"Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Dereferencing Raw Pointers"
|
|
msgstr "# Dereferenziazione dei puntatori grezzi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:"
|
|
msgstr "La creazione di puntatori è sicura, ma la loro dereferenziazione richiede `unsafe`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut num = 5;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n"
|
|
" let r2 = r1 as *const i32;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n"
|
|
" // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects underlying\n"
|
|
" // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n"
|
|
" // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n"
|
|
" // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n"
|
|
" *r1 = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write a comment for each\n"
|
|
"`unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it satisfies the safety requirements of the unsafe\n"
|
|
"operations it is doing."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"È buona norma (e richiesto dalla guida allo stile di Android Rust) scrivere un commento per "
|
|
"ciascuno\n"
|
|
"Blocco `unsafe` che spiega come il codice al suo interno soddisfi i requisiti di sicurezza "
|
|
"dell'unsafe\n"
|
|
"operazioni che sta compiendo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be\n"
|
|
"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nel caso di dereferenze puntatore, ciò significa che i puntatori devono essere\n"
|
|
"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), ovvero:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * The pointer must be non-null.\n"
|
|
" * The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single allocated object).\n"
|
|
" * The object must not have been deallocated.\n"
|
|
" * There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location.\n"
|
|
" * If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object must be live and no\n"
|
|
" reference may be used to access the memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Il puntatore deve essere diverso da null.\n"
|
|
" * Il puntatore deve essere _dereferenceable_ (entro i limiti di un singolo oggetto allocato).\n"
|
|
" * L'oggetto non deve essere stato deallocato.\n"
|
|
" * Non devono esserci accessi contemporanei alla stessa posizione.\n"
|
|
" * Se il puntatore è stato ottenuto lanciando un riferimento, l'oggetto sottostante deve essere "
|
|
"live e no\n"
|
|
" riferimento può essere utilizzato per accedere alla memoria."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned."
|
|
msgstr "Nella maggior parte dei casi anche il puntatore deve essere correttamente allineato."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Mutable Static Variables"
|
|
msgstr "# Variabili statiche mutabili"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:"
|
|
msgstr "È sicuro leggere una variabile statica immutabile:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable\n"
|
|
"static variables:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Tuttavia, poiché possono verificarsi corse di dati, non è sicuro leggere e scrivere mutabili\n"
|
|
"variabili statiche:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n"
|
|
" unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" add_to_counter(42);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases where it might make "
|
|
"sense\n"
|
|
"in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a heap allocator or working with some C APIs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'uso di una statica mutabile è generalmente una cattiva idea, ma ci sono alcuni casi in cui "
|
|
"potrebbe avere senso\n"
|
|
"nel codice `no_std` di basso livello, come implementare un allocatore di heap o lavorare con "
|
|
"alcune API C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Unions"
|
|
msgstr "# Sindacati"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:"
|
|
msgstr "Le unioni sono come le enum, ma devi monitorare tu stesso il campo attivo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
"union MyUnion {\n"
|
|
" i: u8,\n"
|
|
" b: bool,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n"
|
|
" println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They are occasionally "
|
|
"needed\n"
|
|
"for interacting with C library APIs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le unioni sono molto raramente necessarie in Rust poiché di solito puoi usare un enum. "
|
|
"Occasionalmente sono necessari\n"
|
|
"per interagire con le API della libreria C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably want\n"
|
|
"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn.transmute.html) or a safe\n"
|
|
"wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy) crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Se vuoi solo reinterpretare i byte come un tipo diverso, probabilmente lo vuoi\n"
|
|
"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn.transmute.html) o una "
|
|
"cassaforte\n"
|
|
"wrapper come la cassa [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Calling Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr "# Chiamata di funzioni non sicure"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions you\n"
|
|
"must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Una funzione o un metodo può essere contrassegnato come \"non sicuro\" se ha precondizioni "
|
|
"aggiuntive\n"
|
|
"deve sostenere per evitare comportamenti indefiniti:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds of\n"
|
|
" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Writing Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr "# Scrittura di funzioni non sicure"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular conditions to avoid "
|
|
"undefined\n"
|
|
"behaviour."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puoi contrassegnare le tue funzioni come \"non sicure\" se richiedono condizioni particolari per "
|
|
"evitare undefined\n"
|
|
"comportamento."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// # Safety\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n"
|
|
"unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n"
|
|
" let temp = *a;\n"
|
|
" *a = *b;\n"
|
|
" *b = temp;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a = 42;\n"
|
|
" let mut b = 66;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because ...\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely with references."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"In realtà non useremmo i puntatori per questo perché può essere fatto in sicurezza con i "
|
|
"riferimenti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an `unsafe` block. We can\n"
|
|
"prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Try adding it and see what happens."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si noti che il codice non sicuro è consentito all'interno di una funzione non sicura senza un "
|
|
"blocco `unsafe`. Noi possiamo\n"
|
|
"proibiscilo con `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Prova ad aggiungerlo e guarda cosa succede."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Calling External Code"
|
|
msgstr "# Chiamata codice esterno"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. Calling\n"
|
|
"them is thus unsafe:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le funzioni di altri linguaggi potrebbero violare le garanzie di Rust. Chiamata\n"
|
|
"loro è quindi pericoloso:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with pointers which might\n"
|
|
"violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C function might have undefined behaviour under "
|
|
"any\n"
|
|
"arbitrary circumstances."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questo di solito è solo un problema per le funzioni esterne che fanno cose con i puntatori che "
|
|
"potrebbero\n"
|
|
"violare il modello di memoria di Rust, ma in generale qualsiasi funzione C potrebbe avere un "
|
|
"comportamento indefinito sotto qualsiasi\n"
|
|
"circostanze arbitrarie."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI;\n"
|
|
"[other ABIs are available too](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/external-blocks.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Implementing Unsafe Traits"
|
|
msgstr "# Implementazione di tratti non sicuri"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation must guarantee\n"
|
|
"particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Come con le funzioni, puoi contrassegnare un tratto come \"non sicuro\" se l'implementazione deve "
|
|
"garantire\n"
|
|
"condizioni particolari per evitare comportamenti indefiniti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks\n"
|
|
"[something like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ad esempio, la cassa \"zerocopy\" ha un tratto non sicuro che sembra\n"
|
|
"[qualcosa del genere](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes.html):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::size_of_val;\n"
|
|
"use std::slice;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// ...\n"
|
|
"/// # Safety\n"
|
|
"/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n"
|
|
"pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n"
|
|
" fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, size_of_val(self))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n"
|
|
"unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining the requirements for\n"
|
|
"the trait to be safely implemented."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dovrebbe esserci una sezione `# Safety` su Rustdoc per il tratto che spiega i requisiti per\n"
|
|
"il tratto da implementare in modo sicuro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more complicated."
|
|
msgstr "L'attuale sezione sulla sicurezza per `AsBytes` è piuttosto lunga e complicata."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe."
|
|
msgstr "I tratti incorporati \"Invia\" e \"Sincronizza\" non sono sicuri."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 3: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Giorno 3: Esercizi pomeridiani"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!"
|
|
msgstr "Costruiamo un wrapper sicuro per leggere il contenuto della directory!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution] provided."
|
|
msgstr "Dopo aver esaminato l'esercizio, puoi esaminare la [soluzione] fornita."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Safe FFI Wrapper"
|
|
msgstr "# Wrapper FFI sicuro"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function\n"
|
|
"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc`\n"
|
|
"functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust ha un ottimo supporto per le funzioni di chiamata attraverso una funzione _foreign\n"
|
|
"interfaccia_ (FFI). Lo useremo per costruire un wrapper sicuro per `libc`\n"
|
|
"funzioni che useresti da C per leggere i nomi dei file di una directory."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:"
|
|
msgstr "Ti consigliamo di consultare le pagine di manuale:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)\n"
|
|
"* [`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)\n"
|
|
"* [`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)\n"
|
|
"* [`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)\n"
|
|
"* [`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`] module. There you find a number of\n"
|
|
"string types which you need for the exercise:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dovrai anche sfogliare il modulo [`std::ffi`]. Lì trovi un numero di\n"
|
|
"tipi di stringa necessari per l'esercizio:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| Types | Encoding | Use |\n"
|
|
"|----------------------------|----------------|--------------------------------|\n"
|
|
"| [`str`] and [`String`] | UTF-8 | Text processing in Rust |\n"
|
|
"| [`CStr`] and [`CString`] | NUL-terminated | Communicating with C functions |\n"
|
|
"| [`OsStr`] and [`OsString`] | OS-specific | Communicating with the OS |"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"| Tipi | Codifica | Usa |\n"
|
|
"|----------------------------|----------------|--- -----------------------------|\n"
|
|
"| [`str`] e [`String`] | UTF-8 | Elaborazione del testo in Rust |\n"
|
|
"| [`CStr`] e [`CString`] | con terminazione NUL | Comunicare con le funzioni C |\n"
|
|
"| [`OsStr`] e [`OsString`] | specifico del sistema operativo | Comunicazione con il sistema "
|
|
"operativo |"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You will convert between all these types:"
|
|
msgstr "Potrai convertire tra tutti questi tipi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- `&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` character,\n"
|
|
"- `CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions,\n"
|
|
"- `*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing `\\0` character,\n"
|
|
"- `&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some unknow data\",\n"
|
|
"- `&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use\n"
|
|
" [`OsStrExt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html)\n"
|
|
" to create it,\n"
|
|
"- `&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able to return it and call\n"
|
|
" `readdir` again."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"- Da `&str` a `CString`: è necessario allocare spazio per un carattere finale `\\0`,\n"
|
|
"- Da `CString` a `*const i8`: è necessario un puntatore per chiamare le funzioni C,\n"
|
|
"- Da `*const i8` a `&CStr`: hai bisogno di qualcosa che possa trovare il carattere finale `\\0`,\n"
|
|
"- da `&CStr` a `&[u8]`: una fetta di byte è l'interfaccia universale per \"alcuni dati "
|
|
"sconosciuti\",\n"
|
|
"- Da `&[u8]` a `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` è un passo verso `OsString`, usa\n"
|
|
" [`OsStrExt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt.html)\n"
|
|
" per crearlo,\n"
|
|
"- `&OsStr` a `OsString`: è necessario clonare i dati in `&OsStr` per poterlo restituire e "
|
|
"chiamare\n"
|
|
" `readdir` di nuovo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The [Nomicon] also has a very useful chapter about FFI."
|
|
msgstr "Il [Nomicon] ha anche un capitolo molto utile su FFI."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing\n"
|
|
"functions and methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copia il codice qui sotto in <https://play.rust-lang.org/> e inserisci quello mancante\n"
|
|
"funzioni e metodi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod ffi {\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct DIR {\n"
|
|
" _data: [u8; 0],\n"
|
|
" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::PhantomPinned)>,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Layout as per readdir(3) and definitions in /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu.\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_ino: c_long,\n"
|
|
" pub d_off: c_ulong,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: c_char,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Layout as per man entry for dirent\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(target_os = \"macos\")]\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_ino: u64,\n"
|
|
" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: u16,\n"
|
|
" pub d_namlen: u16,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: u8,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n"
|
|
" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
|
|
" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n"
|
|
"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" path: CString,\n"
|
|
" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn new(path: &str) -> Result<DirectoryIterator, String> {\n"
|
|
" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
|
|
" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item = OsString;\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<OsString> {\n"
|
|
" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" // Call closedir as needed.\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::<Vec<_>>());\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Rust in Android"
|
|
msgstr "# Benvenuto in Rust su Android"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means that\n"
|
|
"you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as extending\n"
|
|
"existing services."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust è supportato per lo sviluppo della piattaforma nativa su Android. Ciò significa che\n"
|
|
"puoi scrivere nuovi servizi del sistema operativo in Rust, oltre ad estenderli\n"
|
|
"servizi esistenti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try to\n"
|
|
"> find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of code to\n"
|
|
"> Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something that\n"
|
|
"> parses some raw bytes would be ideal."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Oggi tenteremo di chiamare Rust da uno dei tuoi progetti. Quindi prova a\n"
|
|
"> trova un piccolo angolo della tua base di codice in cui possiamo spostare alcune righe di "
|
|
"codice\n"
|
|
"> Ruggine. Minori sono le dipendenze e i tipi \"esotici\", meglio è. Qualcosa che\n"
|
|
"> analizza alcuni byte grezzi sarebbe l'ideale."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Setup"
|
|
msgstr "# Impostare"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you have\n"
|
|
"access to one or create a new one with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Useremo un dispositivo virtuale Android per testare il nostro codice. Assicurati di avere\n"
|
|
"accedi a uno o creane uno nuovo con:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ source build/envsetup.sh\n"
|
|
"$ lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n"
|
|
"$ acloud create\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please see the [Android Developer\n"
|
|
"Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/start) for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si prega di consultare il [Sviluppatore Android\n"
|
|
"Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/start) per i dettagli."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Build Rules"
|
|
msgstr "# Crea regole"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:"
|
|
msgstr "Il sistema di compilazione Android (Soong) supporta Rust tramite una serie di moduli:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| Module Type | "
|
|
"Description "
|
|
"|\n"
|
|
"|-------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n"
|
|
"| `rust_binary` | Produces a Rust "
|
|
"binary. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_library` | Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and `dylib` "
|
|
"variants. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_ffi` | Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and provides both static "
|
|
"and shared variants. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_proc_macro` | Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are analogous to compiler "
|
|
"plugins. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_test` | Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard Rust test "
|
|
"harness. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_fuzz` | Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging "
|
|
"`libfuzzer`. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_protobuf` | Generates source and produces a Rust library that provides an interface for "
|
|
"a particular protobuf. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_bindgen` | Generates source and produces a Rust library containing Rust bindings to C "
|
|
"libraries. |"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"| Tipo di modulo | Descrizione |\n"
|
|
"|-------------------|-------------------------------------- "
|
|
"-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------|\n"
|
|
"| `binario_ruggine` | Produce un binario Rust. |\n"
|
|
"| `libreria_ruggine` | Produce una libreria Rust e fornisce entrambe le varianti `rlib` e `dylib`. "
|
|
"|\n"
|
|
"| `ruggine_ffi` | Produce una libreria Rust C utilizzabile dai moduli `cc` e fornisce varianti sia "
|
|
"statiche che condivise. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_proc_macro` | Produce una libreria Rust `proc-macro`. Questi sono analoghi ai plugin del "
|
|
"compilatore. |\n"
|
|
"| `test_ruggine` | Produce un file binario di test Rust che utilizza il cablaggio di test Rust "
|
|
"standard. |\n"
|
|
"| `ruggine_fuzz` | Produce un binario fuzz di Rust sfruttando `libfuzzer`. |\n"
|
|
"| `protobuf_ruggine` | Genera il codice sorgente e produce una libreria Rust che fornisce "
|
|
"un'interfaccia per un particolare protobuf. |\n"
|
|
"| `ruggine_bindgen` | Genera il codice sorgente e produce una libreria Rust contenente "
|
|
"collegamenti Rust alle librerie C. |"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next."
|
|
msgstr "Vedremo successivamente `rust_binary` e `rust_library`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Rust Binaries"
|
|
msgstr "# Binari Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, create\n"
|
|
"the following files:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Iniziamo con una semplice applicazione. Alla radice di un checkout AOSP, create\n"
|
|
"i seguenti file:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_ciao_rust/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_ciao_rust/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"//! Rust demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello from Rust!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:"
|
|
msgstr "Ora puoi creare, inviare ed eseguire il binario:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m hello_rust\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n"
|
|
"Hello from Rust!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Rust Libraries"
|
|
msgstr "# Librerie ruggine"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android."
|
|
msgstr "Usa `rust_library` per creare una nuova libreria Rust per Android."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:"
|
|
msgstr "Qui dichiariamo una dipendenza da due librerie:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `libgreeting`, which we define below,\n"
|
|
"* `libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in\n"
|
|
" [`external/rust/crates/`][crates]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `libgreeting`, che definiamo di seguito,\n"
|
|
"* `libtextwrap`, che è una cassa già venduta\n"
|
|
" [`external/rust/crates/`][crates]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libgreetings\",\n"
|
|
" \"libtextwrap\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"rust_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libgreetings\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"greetings\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Rust demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use greetings::greeting;\n"
|
|
"use textwrap::fill;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_ciao_rust/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Greeting library.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Greet `name`.\n"
|
|
"pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:"
|
|
msgstr "Costruisci, spingi ed esegui il binario come prima:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"Hello Bob, it is very\n"
|
|
"nice to meet you!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# AIDL"
|
|
msgstr "#AIDL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Android Interface Definition Language\n"
|
|
"(AIDL)](https://developer.android.com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il [linguaggio di definizione dell'interfaccia Android\n"
|
|
"(AIDL)](https://developer.android.com/guide/components/aidl) è supportato in Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust code can call existing AIDL servers,\n"
|
|
"* You can create new AIDL servers in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Il codice Rust può chiamare i server AIDL esistenti,\n"
|
|
"* Puoi creare nuovi server AIDL in Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# AIDL Interfaces"
|
|
msgstr "# Interfacce AIDL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:"
|
|
msgstr "Dichiari l'API del tuo servizio utilizzando un'interfaccia AIDL:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl*:"
|
|
msgstr "*birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl*:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/** Birthday service interface. */\n"
|
|
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
|
|
" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n"
|
|
" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp*:"
|
|
msgstr "*servizio_compleanno/aidl/Android.bp*:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"aidl_interface {\n"
|
|
" name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n"
|
|
" unstable: true,\n"
|
|
" backend: {\n"
|
|
" rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n"
|
|
" enabled: true,\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the vendor\n"
|
|
"partition."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aggiungi \"vendor_available: true\" se il tuo file AIDL è utilizzato da un file binario nel "
|
|
"fornitore\n"
|
|
"partizione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Service Implementation"
|
|
msgstr "# Implementazione del servizio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:"
|
|
msgstr "Ora possiamo implementare il servizio AIDL:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/src/lib.rs*:"
|
|
msgstr "*servizio_compleanno/src/lib.rs*:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::IBirthdayService::"
|
|
"IBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n"
|
|
"pub struct BirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService {\n"
|
|
" fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::Result<String> {\n"
|
|
" Ok(format!(\n"
|
|
" \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!\"\n"
|
|
" ))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28 src/android/aidl/client.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/Android.bp*:"
|
|
msgstr "*servizio_compleanno/Android.bp*:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# AIDL Server"
|
|
msgstr "# Server AIDL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:"
|
|
msgstr "Infine, possiamo creare un server che espone il servizio:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/src/server.rs*:"
|
|
msgstr "*servizio_compleanno/src/server.rs*:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Birthday service.\n"
|
|
"use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::IBirthdayService::"
|
|
"BnBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Entry point for birthday service.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let birthday_service = BirthdayService;\n"
|
|
" let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::new_binder(\n"
|
|
" birthday_service,\n"
|
|
" binder::BinderFeatures::default(),\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" binder::add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder.as_binder())\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to register service\");\n"
|
|
" binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Deploy"
|
|
msgstr "# Distribuisci"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:"
|
|
msgstr "Ora possiamo creare, inviare e avviare il servizio:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m birthday_server\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:"
|
|
msgstr "In un altro terminale, controlla che il servizio sia in esecuzione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell service check birthdayservice\n"
|
|
"Service birthdayservice: found\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi anche chiamare il servizio con `service call`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ $ adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n"
|
|
"Result: Parcel(\n"
|
|
" 0x00000000: 00000000 00000036 00610048 00700070 '....6...H.a.p.p.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000010: 00200079 00690042 00740072 00640068 'y. .B.i.r.t.h.d.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000020: 00790061 00420020 0062006f 0020002c 'a.y. .B.o.b.,. .'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000030: 006f0063 0067006e 00610072 00750074 'c.o.n.g.r.a.t.u.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000040: 0061006c 00690074 006e006f 00200073 'l.a.t.i.o.n.s. .'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000050: 00690077 00680074 00740020 00650068 'w.i.t.h. .t.h.e.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000060: 00320020 00200034 00650079 00720061 ' .2.4. .y.e.a.r.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000070: 00210073 00000000 's.!..... ')\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# AIDL Client"
|
|
msgstr "# Cliente AIDL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service."
|
|
msgstr "Infine, possiamo creare un client Rust per il nostro nuovo servizio."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/src/client.rs*:"
|
|
msgstr "*servizio_compleanno/src/client.rs*:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Birthday service.\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::IBirthdayService::"
|
|
"IBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n"
|
|
"pub fn connect() -> Result<binder::Strong<dyn IBirthdayService>, binder::StatusCode> {\n"
|
|
" binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Call the birthday service.\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<(), binder::Status> {\n"
|
|
" let name = std::env::args()\n"
|
|
" .nth(1)\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from(\"Bob\"));\n"
|
|
" let years = std::env::args()\n"
|
|
" .nth(2)\n"
|
|
" .and_then(|arg| arg.parse::<i32>().ok())\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or(42);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n"
|
|
" let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to BirthdayService\");\n"
|
|
" let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{msg}\");\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:52
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`."
|
|
msgstr "Si noti che il client non dipende da `libbirthdayservice`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:54
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:"
|
|
msgstr "Crea, invia ed esegui il client sul tuo dispositivo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m birthday_client\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n"
|
|
"Happy Birthday Charlie, congratulations with the 60 years!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Changing API"
|
|
msgstr "# Modifica dell'API"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients specify a\n"
|
|
"list of lines for the birthday card:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Estendiamo l'API con più funzionalità: vogliamo consentire ai client di specificare a\n"
|
|
"elenco delle righe per il biglietto d'auguri:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/** Birthday service interface. */\n"
|
|
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
|
|
" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n"
|
|
" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:1 src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Logging"
|
|
msgstr "# Registrazione"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) or\n"
|
|
"`stdout` (on-host):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dovresti usare la cassa `log` per accedere automaticamente a `logcat` (sul dispositivo) o\n"
|
|
"`stdout` (sull'host):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_ciao_rust_logs/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"liblog_rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"liblogger\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
" host_supported: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_ciao_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Rust logging demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use log::{debug, error, info};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Logs a greeting.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" logger::init(\n"
|
|
" logger::Config::default()\n"
|
|
" .with_tag_on_device(\"rust\")\n"
|
|
" .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" debug!(\"Starting program.\");\n"
|
|
" info!(\"Things are going fine.\");\n"
|
|
" error!(\"Something went wrong!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:"
|
|
msgstr "Crea, invia ed esegui il file binario sul tuo dispositivo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:50
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:"
|
|
msgstr "I log vengono visualizzati in `adb logcat`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ adb logcat -s rust\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 D rust: hello_rust_logs: Starting program.\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 I rust: hello_rust_logs: Things are going fine.\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 E rust: hello_rust_logs: Something went wrong!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Interoperability"
|
|
msgstr "# Interoperabilità"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This means\n"
|
|
"that you can:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust ha un eccellente supporto per l'interoperabilità con altri linguaggi. Questo significa\n"
|
|
"che tu puoi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Call Rust functions from other languages.\n"
|
|
"* Call functions written in other languages from Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Richiama le funzioni di Rust da altre lingue.\n"
|
|
"* Funzioni di chiamata scritte in altri linguaggi da Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a\n"
|
|
"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Quando chiami funzioni in una lingua straniera diciamo che stai usando a\n"
|
|
"_interfaccia funzione straniera_, nota anche come FFI."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Interoperability with C"
|
|
msgstr "# Interoperabilità con C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention.\n"
|
|
"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust ha il pieno supporto per il collegamento di file oggetto con una convenzione di chiamata C.\n"
|
|
"Allo stesso modo, puoi esportare le funzioni di Rust e chiamarle da C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi farlo a mano se vuoi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = -42;\n"
|
|
" let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{x}, {abs_x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper\n"
|
|
"exercise](../../exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lo abbiamo già visto nel [Safe FFI Wrapper\n"
|
|
"esercizio](../../exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for\n"
|
|
"> production."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Ciò presuppone la piena conoscenza della piattaforma di destinazione. Non consigliato per\n"
|
|
"> produzione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will look at better options next."
|
|
msgstr "Vedremo le opzioni migliori in seguito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Using Bindgen"
|
|
msgstr "# Utilizzo di Bindgen"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) tool\n"
|
|
"can auto-generate bindings from a C header file."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lo strumento [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html)\n"
|
|
"può generare automaticamente collegamenti da un file di intestazione C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "First create a small C library:"
|
|
msgstr "Per prima cosa crea una piccola libreria C:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"typedef struct card {\n"
|
|
" const char* name;\n"
|
|
" int years;\n"
|
|
"} card;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"void print_card(const card* card);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include <stdio.h>\n"
|
|
"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"void print_card(const card* card) {\n"
|
|
" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n"
|
|
" printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name);\n"
|
|
" printf(\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\", card->years);\n"
|
|
" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:"
|
|
msgstr "Aggiungi questo al tuo file `Android.bp`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"cc_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this\n"
|
|
"example):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Crea un file di intestazione wrapper per la libreria (non strettamente necessario in questo\n"
|
|
"esempio):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:"
|
|
msgstr "Ora puoi generare automaticamente le associazioni:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_bindgen {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n"
|
|
" wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n"
|
|
" source_stem: \"bindings\",\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:"
|
|
msgstr "Infine, possiamo usare i binding nel nostro programma Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperabilità/bindgen/main.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! Bindgen demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let card = card {\n"
|
|
" name: name.as_ptr(),\n"
|
|
" years: 42,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" print_card(&card as *const card);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Infine, possiamo eseguire test generati automaticamente per garantire che i binding funzionino:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_test {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
|
|
" test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n"
|
|
" auto_gen_config: true,\n"
|
|
" clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n"
|
|
" lints: \"none\",\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:122
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Calling Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Calling Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:"
|
|
msgstr "Esportare le funzioni e i tipi di Rust in C è facile:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperabilità/ruggine/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"//! Rust FFI demo.\n"
|
|
"#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use std::os::raw::c_int;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Analyze the numbers.\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"pub extern \"C\" fn analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) {\n"
|
|
" if x < y {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x ({x}) is smallest!\");\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperabilità/ruggine/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n"
|
|
"#define ANALYSE_H\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
"void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#endif\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperabilità/ruggine/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" include_dirs: [\".\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:"
|
|
msgstr "Ora possiamo chiamarlo da un binario C:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperabilità/rust/analyze/main.c_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include \"analyze.h\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"int main() {\n"
|
|
" analyze_numbers(10, 20);\n"
|
|
" analyze_numbers(123, 123);\n"
|
|
" return 0;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperabilità/ruggine/analisi/Android.bp_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"cc_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"$ adb push $ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/tmp\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol will just be the name "
|
|
"of\n"
|
|
"the function. You can also use `#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` to specify whatever name you want."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`#[no_mangle]` disabilita la solita alterazione del nome di Rust, quindi il simbolo esportato sarà "
|
|
"solo il nome di\n"
|
|
"la funzione. Puoi anche usare `#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` per specificare il nome che "
|
|
"desideri."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# With C++"
|
|
msgstr "# Con C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [CXX crate][1] makes it possible to do safe interoperability between Rust\n"
|
|
"and C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il [CXX crate][1] rende possibile l'interoperabilità sicura tra Rust\n"
|
|
"e C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The overall approach looks like this:"
|
|
msgstr "L'approccio generale è simile al seguente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<img src=\"cpp/overview.svg\">"
|
|
msgstr "<img src=\"cpp/overview.svg\">"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "See the [CXX tutorial][2] for an full example of using this."
|
|
msgstr "Vedere il [tutorial CXX][2] per un esempio completo di utilizzo di questo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Interoperability with Java"
|
|
msgstr "# Interoperabilità con Java"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface\n"
|
|
"(JNI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni`\n"
|
|
"crate](https://docs.rs/jni/) allows you to create a compatible library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Java può caricare oggetti condivisi tramite [Java Native Interface\n"
|
|
"(JNI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). Il [`jni`\n"
|
|
"crate](https://docs.rs/jni/) consente di creare una libreria compatibile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:"
|
|
msgstr "Innanzitutto, creiamo una funzione Rust da esportare in Java:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperabilità/java/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n"
|
|
"use jni::sys::jstring;\n"
|
|
"use jni::JNIEnv;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n"
|
|
" env: JNIEnv,\n"
|
|
" _class: JClass,\n"
|
|
" name: JString,\n"
|
|
") -> jstring {\n"
|
|
" let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n"
|
|
" let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n"
|
|
" let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" output.into_inner()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32 src/android/interoperability/java.md:62
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperabilità/java/Android.bp_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi_shared {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libhello_jni\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:"
|
|
msgstr "Infine, possiamo chiamare questa funzione da Java:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperabilità/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"class HelloWorld {\n"
|
|
" private static native String hello(String name);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" static {\n"
|
|
" System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" public static void main(String[] args) {\n"
|
|
" String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n"
|
|
" System.out.println(output);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"java_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n"
|
|
" main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n"
|
|
" required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:"
|
|
msgstr "Infine, puoi creare, sincronizzare ed eseguire il binario:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m helloworld_jni\n"
|
|
"$ adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1 src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Esercizi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with and\n"
|
|
"try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questo è un esercizio di gruppo: esamineremo uno dei progetti con cui lavori e\n"
|
|
"prova a integrarci un po' di ruggine. Alcuni suggerimenti:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Move a function from your project to Rust and call it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Chiama il tuo servizio AIDL con un client scritto in Rust.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Sposta una funzione dal tuo progetto a Rust e chiamala."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone in\n"
|
|
"the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nessuna soluzione viene fornita qui poiché questo è a tempo indeterminato: si basa su qualcuno "
|
|
"dentro\n"
|
|
"la classe ha un pezzo di codice che puoi consegnare a Rust al volo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Bare Metal Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Benvenuto in Bare Metal Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people who are familiar with "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the Comprehensive Rust course), and ideally also have "
|
|
"some\n"
|
|
"experience with bare-metal programming in some other language such as C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questo è un corso autonomo di un giorno sul bare metal Rust, rivolto a persone che hanno "
|
|
"familiarità con il\n"
|
|
"nozioni di base di Rust (forse completando il corso completo di Rust), e idealmente anche averne "
|
|
"alcune\n"
|
|
"esperienza con la programmazione bare metal in qualche altro linguaggio come C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS underneath us. This "
|
|
"will\n"
|
|
"be divided into several parts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Oggi parleremo di Rust 'bare-metal': eseguire il codice Rust senza un sistema operativo sotto di "
|
|
"noi. Questo sarà\n"
|
|
"essere suddiviso in più parti:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- What is `no_std` Rust?\n"
|
|
"- Writing firmware for microcontrollers.\n"
|
|
"- Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors.\n"
|
|
"- Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"- Cos'è \"no_std\" Rust?\n"
|
|
"- Scrittura firmware per microcontrollori.\n"
|
|
"- Scrittura del codice bootloader/kernel per i processori delle applicazioni.\n"
|
|
"- Alcune casse utili per lo sviluppo di ruggine a metallo nudo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:15
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) "
|
|
"v2\n"
|
|
"as an example. It's a [development board](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/) based on the "
|
|
"Nordic\n"
|
|
"nRF51822 microcontroller with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected accelerometer and compass, "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
"an on-board SWD debugger."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Per la parte del corso sui microcontrollori utilizzeremo la [BBC micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) "
|
|
"v2\n"
|
|
"come esempio. È una [scheda di sviluppo](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/) basata sul Nordic\n"
|
|
"microcontrollore nRF51822 con alcuni LED e pulsanti, un accelerometro e una bussola collegati a "
|
|
"I2C e\n"
|
|
"un debugger SWD integrato."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:"
|
|
msgstr "Per iniziare, installa alcuni strumenti che ci serviranno in seguito. Su gLinux o Debian:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bash\n"
|
|
"sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom pkg-config qemu-system-"
|
|
"arm\n"
|
|
"rustup update\n"
|
|
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
|
|
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
|
|
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:30
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:"
|
|
msgstr "E dai agli utenti del gruppo `plugdev` l'accesso al programmatore micro:bit:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bash\n"
|
|
"echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n"
|
|
" sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n"
|
|
"sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:38
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "On MacOS:"
|
|
msgstr "Su macOS:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bash\n"
|
|
"xcode-select --install\n"
|
|
"brew install gdb picocom qemu\n"
|
|
"brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n"
|
|
"rustup update\n"
|
|
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
|
|
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
|
|
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `no_std`"
|
|
msgstr "# `no_std`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<table>\n"
|
|
"<tr>\n"
|
|
"<th>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"<tabella>\n"
|
|
"<tr>\n"
|
|
"<th>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`core`"
|
|
msgstr "`nucleo`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:9 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"</th>\n"
|
|
"<th>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"</th>\n"
|
|
"<th>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`alloc`"
|
|
msgstr "`alloc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`std`"
|
|
msgstr "`std`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"</th>\n"
|
|
"</tr>\n"
|
|
"<tr valign=\"top\">\n"
|
|
"<td>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"</th>\n"
|
|
"</tr>\n"
|
|
"<tr valign=\"top\">\n"
|
|
"<td>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Slices, `&str`, `CStr`\n"
|
|
"* `NonZeroU8`...\n"
|
|
"* `Option`, `Result`\n"
|
|
"* `Display`, `Debug`, `write!`...\n"
|
|
"* `Iterator`\n"
|
|
"* `panic!`, `assert_eq!`...\n"
|
|
"* `NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions\n"
|
|
"* `Future` and `async`/`await`\n"
|
|
"* `fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`...\n"
|
|
"* `Duration`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Fette, `&str`, `CStr`\n"
|
|
"* `NonZeroU8`...\n"
|
|
"* `Opzione`, `Risultato`\n"
|
|
"* `Display`, `Debug`, `write!`...\n"
|
|
"* `Iteratore`\n"
|
|
"* `panico!`, `assert_eq!`...\n"
|
|
"* `NonNull` e tutte le solite funzioni relative ai puntatori\n"
|
|
"* `Future` e `async`/`await`\n"
|
|
"* `fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`...\n"
|
|
"* `Durata`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:35 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:42
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"</td>\n"
|
|
"<td>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"</td>\n"
|
|
"<td>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:38
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`\n"
|
|
"* `Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`\n"
|
|
"* `String`, `CString`, `format!`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Scatola`, `Mucca`, `Arco`, `Rc`\n"
|
|
"* `Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`\n"
|
|
"* `Stringa`, `CStringa`, `formato!`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:45
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Error`\n"
|
|
"* `HashMap`\n"
|
|
"* `Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`\n"
|
|
"* `File` and the rest of `fs`\n"
|
|
"* `println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`\n"
|
|
"* `Path`, `OsString`\n"
|
|
"* `net`\n"
|
|
"* `Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`\n"
|
|
"* `spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`\n"
|
|
"* `SystemTime`, `Instant`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Errore`\n"
|
|
"* `Mappa hash`\n"
|
|
"* `Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`\n"
|
|
"* `File` e il resto di `fs`\n"
|
|
"* `println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` e il resto di `io`\n"
|
|
"* `Percorso`, `OsString`\n"
|
|
"* `rete`\n"
|
|
"* `Comando`, `Figlio`, `CodiceUscita`\n"
|
|
"* `spawn`, `sleep` e il resto di `thread`\n"
|
|
"* `SystemTime`, `Instant`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:56
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"</td>\n"
|
|
"</tr>\n"
|
|
"</table>\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"<details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"</td>\n"
|
|
"</tr>\n"
|
|
"</table>\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"<dettagli>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:62
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `HashMap` depends on RNG.\n"
|
|
"* `std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `HashMap` dipende da RNG.\n"
|
|
"* `std` riesporta il contenuto sia di `core` che di `alloc`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# A minimal `no_std` program"
|
|
msgstr "# Un programma `no_std` minimo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[panic_handler]\n"
|
|
"fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* This will compile to an empty binary.\n"
|
|
"* `std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own.\n"
|
|
"* It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`.\n"
|
|
"* Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` to avoid an error "
|
|
"about\n"
|
|
" `eh_personality`.\n"
|
|
"* Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to define your own entry\n"
|
|
" point. This will typically involve a linker script and some assembly code to set things up "
|
|
"ready\n"
|
|
" for Rust code to run."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `alloc`"
|
|
msgstr "# `alloc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To use `alloc` you must implement a\n"
|
|
"[global (heap) allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Per usare `alloc` devi implementare a\n"
|
|
"[allocatore globale (heap)](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait.GlobalAlloc.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate alloc;\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use alloc::string::ToString;\n"
|
|
"use alloc::vec::Vec;\n"
|
|
"use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[global_allocator]\n"
|
|
"static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn entry() {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called once.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n"
|
|
" HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n"
|
|
" .lock()\n"
|
|
" .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n"
|
|
" let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator. "
|
|
"Other\n"
|
|
" crates are available, or you can write your own or hook into your existing allocator.\n"
|
|
"* The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i.e. in this case it can\n"
|
|
" allocate regions of up to 2**32 bytes.\n"
|
|
"* If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have exactly one global\n"
|
|
" allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in the top-level binary crate.\n"
|
|
"* `extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the `panic_halt` crate is linked in "
|
|
"so\n"
|
|
" we get its panic handler.\n"
|
|
"* This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Microcontrollers"
|
|
msgstr "# Microcontrollori"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for Cortex M "
|
|
"microcontrollers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il crate `cortex_m_rt` fornisce (tra le altre cose) un gestore di reset per i microcontrollori "
|
|
"Cortex M."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod interrupts;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of abstraction."
|
|
msgstr "Successivamente vedremo come accedere alle periferiche, con livelli crescenti di astrazione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -> !`, because "
|
|
"returning\n"
|
|
" to the reset handler doesn't make sense.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La macro `cortex_m_rt::entry` richiede che la funzione abbia il tipo `fn() -> !`, perché "
|
|
"restituisce\n"
|
|
" al gestore di ripristino non ha senso.\n"
|
|
"* Esegui l'esempio con `cargo embed --bin minimal`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Raw MMIO"
|
|
msgstr "# MMIO grezzo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try turning on an LED on our\n"
|
|
"micro:bit:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La maggior parte dei microcontrollori accede alle periferiche tramite IO mappato in memoria. "
|
|
"Proviamo ad accendere un LED sul nostro\n"
|
|
"micro:bit:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod interrupts;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::mem::size_of;\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n"
|
|
"const GPIO_P0: usize = 0x5000_0000;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// GPIO peripheral offsets\n"
|
|
"const PIN_CNF: usize = 0x700;\n"
|
|
"const OUTSET: usize = 0x508;\n"
|
|
"const OUTCLR: usize = 0x50c;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// PIN_CNF fields\n"
|
|
"const DIR_OUTPUT: u32 = 0x1;\n"
|
|
"const INPUT_DISCONNECT: u32 = 0x1 << 1;\n"
|
|
"const PULL_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 2;\n"
|
|
"const DRIVE_S0S1: u32 = 0x0 << 8;\n"
|
|
"const SENSE_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 16;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
|
|
" let pin_cnf_21 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 21 * size_of::<u32>()) as *mut u32;\n"
|
|
" let pin_cnf_28 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 28 * size_of::<u32>()) as *mut u32;\n"
|
|
" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n"
|
|
" // no aliases exist.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" pin_cnf_21.write_volatile(\n"
|
|
" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | SENSE_DISABLED,\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" pin_cnf_28.write_volatile(\n"
|
|
" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | SENSE_DISABLED,\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
|
|
" let gpio0_outset = (GPIO_P0 + OUTSET) as *mut u32;\n"
|
|
" let gpio0_outclr = (GPIO_P0 + OUTCLR) as *mut u32;\n"
|
|
" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, and\n"
|
|
" // no aliases exist.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" gpio0_outclr.write_volatile(1 << 28);\n"
|
|
" gpio0_outset.write_volatile(1 << 21);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:64
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin 28 to the first row."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Il pin 21 di GPIO 0 è collegato alla prima colonna della matrice LED e il pin 28 alla prima riga."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:66 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:59
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:43 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Run the example with:"
|
|
msgstr "Esegui l'esempio con:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin mmio\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Peripheral Access Crates"
|
|
msgstr "# Casse di accesso periferico"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust wrappers for\n"
|
|
"memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index."
|
|
"html)\n"
|
|
"files."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) genera wrapper Rust per lo più sicuri per\n"
|
|
"periferiche mappate in memoria da [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/pack/doc/CMSIS/SVD/html/index."
|
|
"html)\n"
|
|
"File."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"use nrf52833_pac::Peripherals;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let gpio0 = p.P0;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
|
|
" gpio0.pin_cnf[21].write(|w| {\n"
|
|
" w.dir().output();\n"
|
|
" w.input().disconnect();\n"
|
|
" w.pull().disabled();\n"
|
|
" w.drive().s0s1();\n"
|
|
" w.sense().disabled();\n"
|
|
" w\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" gpio0.pin_cnf[28].write(|w| {\n"
|
|
" w.dir().output();\n"
|
|
" w.input().disconnect();\n"
|
|
" w.pull().disabled();\n"
|
|
" w.drive().s0s1();\n"
|
|
" w.sense().disabled();\n"
|
|
" w\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
|
|
" gpio0.outclr.write(|w| w.pin28().clear());\n"
|
|
" gpio0.outset.write(|w| w.pin21().set());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by silicon vendors which\n"
|
|
" describe the memory map of the device.\n"
|
|
" * They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, descriptions, "
|
|
"addresses\n"
|
|
" and so on.\n"
|
|
" * SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects which patch the\n"
|
|
" mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated crates.\n"
|
|
"* `cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things.\n"
|
|
"* If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run\n"
|
|
" `cargo objdump --bin pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting binary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* I file SVD (System View Description) sono file XML generalmente forniti da fornitori di silicio "
|
|
"che\n"
|
|
" descrivere la mappa di memoria del dispositivo.\n"
|
|
" * Sono organizzati per periferica, registro, campo e valore, con nomi, descrizioni, indirizzi\n"
|
|
" e così via.\n"
|
|
" * I file SVD sono spesso difettosi e incompleti, quindi ci sono vari progetti che correggono il "
|
|
"file\n"
|
|
" errori, aggiungere i dettagli mancanti e pubblicare le casse generate.\n"
|
|
"* `cortex-m-rt` fornisce la tabella dei vettori, tra le altre cose.\n"
|
|
"* Se `cargo installi cargo-binutils` allora puoi eseguire\n"
|
|
" `cargo objdump --bin pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` per vedere il binario risultante."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin pac\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# HAL crates"
|
|
msgstr "# casse HAL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-implementation-crates) "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
"many microcontrollers provide wrappers around various peripherals. These generally implement "
|
|
"traits\n"
|
|
"from [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Casse HAL](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-implementation-crates) per\n"
|
|
"molti microcontrollori forniscono wrapper attorno a varie periferiche. Questi generalmente "
|
|
"implementano i tratti\n"
|
|
"da [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"use nrf52833_hal::gpio::{p0, Level};\n"
|
|
"use nrf52833_hal::pac::Peripherals;\n"
|
|
"use nrf52833_hal::prelude::*;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n"
|
|
" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
|
|
" let mut col1 = gpio0.p0_28.into_push_pull_output(Level::High);\n"
|
|
" let mut row1 = gpio0.p0_21.into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
|
|
" col1.set_low().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" row1.set_high().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:39
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * `set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` trait.\n"
|
|
" * HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various STM32, GD32, nRF, "
|
|
"NXP,\n"
|
|
" MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * `set_low` e `set_high` sono metodi sul tratto `embedded_hal` `OutputPin`.\n"
|
|
" * Esistono casse HAL per molti dispositivi Cortex-M e RISC-V, inclusi vari STM32, GD32, nRF, "
|
|
"NXP,\n"
|
|
" Microcontrollori MSP430, AVR e PIC."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin hal\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Board support crates"
|
|
msgstr "# Casse di supporto della scheda"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific board for convenience."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le casse di supporto della tavola forniscono un ulteriore livello di avvolgimento per una tavola "
|
|
"specifica per comodità."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::Board;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let mut board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" board.display_pins.col1.set_low().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" board.display_pins.row1.set_high().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, and a bit of\n"
|
|
" initialisation.\n"
|
|
" * The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of the microcontroller\n"
|
|
" itself.\n"
|
|
" * `microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * In questo caso la cassa di supporto della scheda fornisce solo nomi più utili e un po' di\n"
|
|
" inizializzazione.\n"
|
|
" * Il crate può anche includere driver per alcuni dispositivi integrati al di fuori del "
|
|
"microcontrollore\n"
|
|
" si.\n"
|
|
" * `microbit-v2` include un semplice driver per la matrice LED."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin board_support\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# The type state pattern"
|
|
msgstr "# Il modello di stato del tipo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let pin: P0_01<Disconnected> = gpio0.p0_01;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n"
|
|
" let pin_input: P0_01<Input<Floating>> = pin.into_floating_input();\n"
|
|
" if pin_input.is_high().unwrap() {\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" let mut pin_output: P0_01<Output<OpenDrain>> = pin_input\n"
|
|
" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, Level::Low);\n"
|
|
" pin_output.set_high().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" // pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let _pin2: P0_02<Output<OpenDrain>> = gpio0\n"
|
|
" .p0_02\n"
|
|
" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, Level::Low);\n"
|
|
" let _pin3: P0_03<Output<PushPull>> = gpio0.p0_03.into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can exist. Once a pin is\n"
|
|
" moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it.\n"
|
|
" * Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you can’t keep use the "
|
|
"old\n"
|
|
" instance afterwards.\n"
|
|
" * The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, the configuration "
|
|
"state\n"
|
|
" of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into the type system, and ensures that you don't\n"
|
|
" try to use a pin in a certain way without properly configuring it first. Illegal state\n"
|
|
" transitions are caught at compile time.\n"
|
|
" * You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, but not vice-versa.\n"
|
|
" * Many HAL crates follow this pattern."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * I pin non implementano `Copy` o `Clone`, quindi può esistere solo un'istanza di ciascuno. Una "
|
|
"volta che uno spillo è\n"
|
|
" spostato fuori dalla struttura portuale nessun altro può prenderlo.\n"
|
|
" * La modifica della configurazione di un pin consuma la vecchia istanza del pin, quindi non puoi "
|
|
"continuare a utilizzare il vecchio\n"
|
|
" esempio dopo.\n"
|
|
" * Il tipo di un valore indica lo stato in cui si trova: ad es. in questo caso, lo stato di "
|
|
"configurazione\n"
|
|
" di un pin GPIO. Questo codifica la macchina a stati nel sistema di tipi e garantisce che non lo "
|
|
"fai\n"
|
|
" provare a utilizzare un pin in un certo modo senza prima configurarlo correttamente. Stato "
|
|
"illegale\n"
|
|
" le transizioni vengono rilevate in fase di compilazione.\n"
|
|
" * Puoi chiamare `is_high` su un pin di input e `set_high` su un pin di output, ma non viceversa.\n"
|
|
" * Molte casse HAL seguono questo schema."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `embedded-hal`"
|
|
msgstr "# `hal incorporato`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a number of traits\n"
|
|
"covering common microcontroller peripherals."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il crate [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) fornisce una serie di "
|
|
"caratteristiche\n"
|
|
"che copre le comuni periferiche del microcontrollore."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * GPIO\n"
|
|
" * ADC\n"
|
|
" * I2C, SPI, UART, CAN\n"
|
|
" * RNG\n"
|
|
" * Timers\n"
|
|
" * Watchdogs"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * GPIO\n"
|
|
" *ADC\n"
|
|
" * I2C, SPI, UART, PUÒ\n"
|
|
" * RNG\n"
|
|
" * Timer\n"
|
|
" * Cani da guardia"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Other crates then implement\n"
|
|
"[drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in terms of these\n"
|
|
"traits, e.g. an accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Altre casse quindi implementano\n"
|
|
"[driver](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#driver-crates) in termini di "
|
|
"questi\n"
|
|
"tratti, ad es. un driver dell'accelerometro potrebbe richiedere un'implementazione del bus I2C o "
|
|
"SPI."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other platforms such as Linux "
|
|
"on\n"
|
|
"Raspberry Pi.\n"
|
|
" * There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it isn't stable yet."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Ci sono implementazioni per molti microcontrollori, così come altre piattaforme come Linux su\n"
|
|
"Lampone Pi.\n"
|
|
" * C'è lavoro in corso su una versione `async` di `embedded-hal`, ma non è ancora stabile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`"
|
|
msgstr "# `probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, like OpenOCD but better\n"
|
|
"integrated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) è un utile set di strumenti per il debug integrato, come OpenOCD ma "
|
|
"migliore\n"
|
|
"integrato."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* <abbr title=\"Serial Wire Debug\">SWD</abbr> and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link and J-Link probes\n"
|
|
"* GDB stub and Microsoft <abbr title=\"Debug Adapter Protocol\">DAP</abbr> server\n"
|
|
"* Cargo integration"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* <abbr title=\"Serial Wire Debug\">SWD</abbr> e JTAG tramite sonde CMSIS-DAP, ST-Link e J-Link\n"
|
|
"* GDB stub e server Microsoft <abbr title=\"Debug Adapter Protocol\">DAP</abbr>\n"
|
|
"* Integrazione del carico"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log\n"
|
|
"<abbr title=\"Real Time Transfers\">RTT</abbr> output and connect GDB. It's configured by an\n"
|
|
"`Embed.toml` file in your project directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`cargo-embed` è un sottocomando cargo per compilare e aggiornare binari, log\n"
|
|
"<abbr title=\"Real Time Transfers\">RTT</abbr> emette e collega GDB. È configurato da un\n"
|
|
"\"Embed.toml\" nella directory del progetto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is an Arm standard\n"
|
|
" protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the CoreSight Debug Access Port of "
|
|
"various\n"
|
|
" Arm Cortex processors. It's what the on-board debugger on the BBC micro:bit uses.\n"
|
|
"* ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-Link is a range from\n"
|
|
" SEGGER.\n"
|
|
"* The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin Serial Wire Debug.\n"
|
|
"* probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you want to.\n"
|
|
"* The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-adapter-protocol/) "
|
|
"lets\n"
|
|
" VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any supported microcontroller.\n"
|
|
"* cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library.\n"
|
|
"* RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the debug host and the target\n"
|
|
" through a number of ringbuffers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) è uno standard Arm\n"
|
|
" protocollo su USB per un debugger in-circuit per accedere alla porta di accesso di debug "
|
|
"CoreSight di vari\n"
|
|
" Processori Arm Cortex. È ciò che utilizza il debugger integrato sul micro: bit della BBC.\n"
|
|
"* ST-Link è una gamma di debugger in-circuit di ST Microelectronics, J-Link è una gamma di\n"
|
|
" SEGGER.\n"
|
|
"* La porta di accesso al debug è in genere un'interfaccia JTAG a 5 pin o un cavo di debug seriale "
|
|
"a 2 pin.\n"
|
|
"* probe-rs è una libreria che puoi integrare nei tuoi strumenti se lo desideri.\n"
|
|
"* Il [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-adapter-protocol/) "
|
|
"consente\n"
|
|
" VSCode e altri IDE eseguono il debug del codice in esecuzione su qualsiasi microcontrollore "
|
|
"supportato.\n"
|
|
"* cargo-embed è un binario creato utilizzando la libreria probe-rs.\n"
|
|
"* RTT (Real Time Transfers) è un meccanismo per trasferire i dati tra l'host di debug e il target\n"
|
|
" attraverso una serie di ringbuffer."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Debugging"
|
|
msgstr "# Debug"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Embed.toml:"
|
|
msgstr "Incorpora.toml:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[default.general]\n"
|
|
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.gdb]\n"
|
|
"enabled = true\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:"
|
|
msgstr "In un terminale sotto `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin board_support debug\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:"
|
|
msgstr "In un altro terminale nella stessa directory:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"gdb-multiarch target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/board_support --eval-command=\"target "
|
|
"remote :1337\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In GDB, try running:"
|
|
msgstr "In GDB, prova a eseguire:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```gdb\n"
|
|
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:29\n"
|
|
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:30\n"
|
|
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:32\n"
|
|
"c\n"
|
|
"c\n"
|
|
"c\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1 src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Other projects"
|
|
msgstr "# Altri progetti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * [RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)\n"
|
|
" * \"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\"\n"
|
|
" * Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer queue\n"
|
|
" * [Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)\n"
|
|
" * `async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB\n"
|
|
" * [TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)\n"
|
|
" * Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection Unit support\n"
|
|
" * [Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)\n"
|
|
" * Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, unprivileged drivers, "
|
|
"IPC\n"
|
|
" * [Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)\n"
|
|
" * Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g.\n"
|
|
" [esp-idf](https://esp-rs.github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * [RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)\n"
|
|
" * \"Concorrenza basata su interrupt in tempo reale\"\n"
|
|
" * Gestione delle risorse condivise, passaggio di messaggi, pianificazione delle attività, coda "
|
|
"del timer\n"
|
|
" * [Ambasciata](https://embassy.dev/)\n"
|
|
" * Esecutori `async` con priorità, timer, networking, USB\n"
|
|
" * [TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)\n"
|
|
" * RTOS incentrato sulla sicurezza con pianificazione preventiva e supporto dell'unità di "
|
|
"protezione della memoria\n"
|
|
" * [Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)\n"
|
|
" * Microkernel RTOS di Oxide Computer Company con protezione della memoria, driver non "
|
|
"privilegiati, IPC\n"
|
|
" * [Binding per FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)\n"
|
|
" * Alcune piattaforme hanno implementazioni `std`, ad es.\n"
|
|
" [esp-idf](https://esp-rs.github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-library.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework.\n"
|
|
" * It doesn't include any HALs.\n"
|
|
" * It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for scheduling rather than a\n"
|
|
" proper kernel.\n"
|
|
" * Cortex-M only.\n"
|
|
" * Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys.\n"
|
|
" * FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing applications."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * RTIC può essere considerato un RTOS o un framework di concorrenza.\n"
|
|
" * Non include nessun HAL.\n"
|
|
" * Utilizza Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) per la pianificazione piuttosto "
|
|
"che un\n"
|
|
" kernel corretto.\n"
|
|
" * Solo Cortex-M.\n"
|
|
" * Google utilizza TockOS sul microcontrollore Haven per le chiavi di sicurezza Titan.\n"
|
|
" * FreeRTOS è principalmente scritto in C, ma ci sono collegamenti Rust per la scrittura di "
|
|
"applicazioni."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a serial port."
|
|
msgstr "Leggeremo la direzione da una bussola I2C e registreremo le letture su una porta seriale."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Compass"
|
|
msgstr "# Bussola"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a serial port. If you "
|
|
"have\n"
|
|
"time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or use the buttons somehow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Leggeremo la direzione da una bussola I2C e registreremo le letture su una porta seriale. Se hai\n"
|
|
"tempo, prova a visualizzarlo in qualche modo anche sui LED o usa i pulsanti in qualche modo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Hints:"
|
|
msgstr "Suggerimenti:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/latest/lsm303agr/) and\n"
|
|
" [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/) crates, as well as the\n"
|
|
" [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/).\n"
|
|
"- The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C bus.\n"
|
|
"- TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM.\n"
|
|
"- The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::blocking::i2c::WriteRead`\n"
|
|
" trait. The\n"
|
|
" [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) "
|
|
"struct\n"
|
|
" implements this.\n"
|
|
"- You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/struct.Board.html)\n"
|
|
" struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals.\n"
|
|
"- You can also look at the\n"
|
|
" [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, "
|
|
"but\n"
|
|
" it shouldn't be necessary for this exercise."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"- Controlla la documentazione per [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/latest/lsm303agr/) e\n"
|
|
" [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/) e le\n"
|
|
" [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/).\n"
|
|
"- L'unità di misura inerziale LSM303AGR è collegata al bus I2C interno.\n"
|
|
"- TWI è un altro nome per I2C, quindi la periferica master I2C si chiama TWIM.\n"
|
|
"- Il driver LSM303AGR necessita di qualcosa che implementi `embedded_hal::blocking::i2c::"
|
|
"WriteRead`\n"
|
|
" tratto. IL\n"
|
|
" [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/struct.Twim.html) "
|
|
"struttura\n"
|
|
" implementa questo.\n"
|
|
"- Hai un [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/struct.Board.html)\n"
|
|
" struct con campi per i vari pin e periferiche.\n"
|
|
"- Puoi anche guardare il\n"
|
|
" [scheda tecnica nRF52833](https://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) se vuoi, "
|
|
"ma\n"
|
|
" non dovrebbe essere necessario per questo esercizio."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and look in the "
|
|
"`compass`\n"
|
|
"directory for the following files."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Scarica il [modello di esercizio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) e guarda nella "
|
|
"`bussola`\n"
|
|
"directory per i seguenti file."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`src/main.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`src/principale.rs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:28 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:21
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:17 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:55
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:11 src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File src/main.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File src/main.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::{hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte}, Board};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Configure serial port.\n"
|
|
" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n"
|
|
" board.UARTE0,\n"
|
|
" board.uart.into(),\n"
|
|
" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n"
|
|
" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n"
|
|
" // TODO\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n"
|
|
" // TODO\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:365
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`Cargo.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`Cargo.toml` (non dovrebbe essere necessario modificarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:66 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:387
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:63 src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:35
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:60
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:367
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File Cargo.toml -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File Cargo.toml -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[workspace]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"compass\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"cortex-m-rt = \"0.7.3\"\n"
|
|
"embedded-hal = \"0.2.6\"\n"
|
|
"lsm303agr = \"0.2.2\"\n"
|
|
"microbit-v2 = \"0.13.0\"\n"
|
|
"panic-halt = \"0.2.0\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`Embed.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`Embed.toml` (non dovrebbe essere necessario modificarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:87
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File Embed.toml -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File Incorpora.toml -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[default.general]\n"
|
|
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.gdb]\n"
|
|
"enabled = true\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.reset]\n"
|
|
"halt_afterwards = true\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`.cargo/config.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`.cargo/config.toml` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:102 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:987
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File .cargo/config.toml -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File .cargo/config.toml -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:104
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[build]\n"
|
|
"target = \"thumbv7em-none-eabihf\" # Cortex-M4F\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))']\n"
|
|
"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tlink.x\"]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:"
|
|
msgstr "Guarda l'output seriale su Linux con:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:114
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/ttyACM0\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"O su Mac OS qualcosa di simile (il nome del dispositivo potrebbe essere leggermente diverso):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:120
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/tty.usbmodem14502\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom."
|
|
msgstr "Usa Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q per uscire da picocom."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Application processors"
|
|
msgstr "# Processori di applicazioni"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. Now let's try "
|
|
"writing\n"
|
|
"something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work with QEMU's aarch64\n"
|
|
"['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/virt.html) board."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Finora abbiamo parlato di microcontrollori, come la serie Arm Cortex-M. Ora proviamo a scrivere\n"
|
|
"qualcosa per Cortex-A. Per semplicità lavoreremo solo con aarch64 di QEMU\n"
|
|
"['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/virt.html) scheda."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of privilege (exception\n"
|
|
" levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application processors do.\n"
|
|
"* QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for each architecture. The\n"
|
|
" 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real hardware, but is designed purely for\n"
|
|
" virtual machines."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* In generale, i microcontrollori non hanno una MMU o più livelli di privilegio (eccezione\n"
|
|
" livelli su CPU Arm, anelli su x86), mentre i processori delle applicazioni lo fanno.\n"
|
|
"* QEMU supporta l'emulazione di diverse macchine o modelli di scheda per ciascuna architettura. "
|
|
"IL\n"
|
|
" La scheda 'virt' non corrisponde a nessun particolare hardware reale, ma è progettata "
|
|
"esclusivamente per\n"
|
|
" macchine virtuali."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Inline assembly"
|
|
msgstr "# Assemblaggio in linea"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with Rust code. For example,\n"
|
|
"to make an <abbr title=\"hypervisor call\">HVC</abbr> to tell the firmware to power off the system:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A volte abbiamo bisogno di usare l'assembly per fare cose che non sono possibili con il codice "
|
|
"Rust. Per esempio,\n"
|
|
"per effettuare un <abbr title=\"hypervisor call\">HVC</abbr> per dire al firmware di spegnere il "
|
|
"sistema:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::arch::asm;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF: u32 = 0x84000008;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(_x0: u64, _x1: u64, _x2: u64, _x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n"
|
|
" // anything with memory.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" asm!(\"hvc #0\",\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w0\") PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w1\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w2\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w3\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w4\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w5\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w6\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w7\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" options(nomem, nostack)\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`][1] crate which has wrappers for all these "
|
|
"functions.)"
|
|
msgstr "(Se vuoi davvero farlo, usa la cassa [`smccc`][1] che ha wrapper per tutte queste funzioni.)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of functions to manage "
|
|
"system\n"
|
|
" and CPU power states, among other things. It is implemented by EL3 firmware and hypervisors on\n"
|
|
" many systems.\n"
|
|
"* The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the inline assembly code,\n"
|
|
" and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use `inout` rather than `in` because the call "
|
|
"could\n"
|
|
" potentially clobber the contents of the registers.\n"
|
|
"* This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because it is called from "
|
|
"our\n"
|
|
" entry point in `entry.S`.\n"
|
|
"* `_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are conventionally used by the "
|
|
"bootloader\n"
|
|
" to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. According to the standard aarch64 calling\n"
|
|
" convention (which is what `extern \"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–`x7` are used for "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" first 8 arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do anything special except\n"
|
|
" make sure it doesn't change these registers.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* PSCI è l'Arm Power State Coordination Interface, un insieme standard di funzioni per gestire il "
|
|
"sistema\n"
|
|
" e gli stati di alimentazione della CPU, tra le altre cose. È implementato dal firmware EL3 e "
|
|
"dagli hypervisor su\n"
|
|
" molti sistemi.\n"
|
|
"* La sintassi `0 => _` significa inizializzare il registro a 0 prima di eseguire il codice "
|
|
"assembly inline,\n"
|
|
" e ignorarne il contenuto in seguito. Dobbiamo usare \"inout\" piuttosto che \"in\" perché la "
|
|
"chiamata potrebbe\n"
|
|
" potenzialmente intasare il contenuto dei registri.\n"
|
|
"* Questa funzione `main` deve essere `#[no_mangle]` e `extern \"C\"` perché viene chiamata dal "
|
|
"nostro\n"
|
|
" punto di ingresso in \"entry.S\".\n"
|
|
"* `_x0`–`_x3` sono i valori dei registri `x0`–`x3`, che sono convenzionalmente utilizzati dal "
|
|
"bootloader\n"
|
|
" per passare cose come un puntatore all'albero dei dispositivi. Secondo la chiamata standard "
|
|
"aarch64\n"
|
|
" convenzione (che è ciò che `extern \"C\"` specifica di usare), i registri `x0`–`x7` sono usati "
|
|
"per\n"
|
|
" primi 8 argomenti passati a una funzione, quindi `entry.S` non ha bisogno di fare niente di "
|
|
"speciale tranne\n"
|
|
" assicurati che non modifichi questi registri.\n"
|
|
"* Eseguire l'esempio in QEMU con `make qemu_psci` in `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Volatile memory access for MMIO"
|
|
msgstr "# Accesso alla memoria volatile per MMIO"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`.\n"
|
|
" * Never hold a reference.\n"
|
|
" * `addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an intermediate reference."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Usa `pointer::read_volatile` e `pointer::write_volatile`.\n"
|
|
" * Non tenere mai un riferimento.\n"
|
|
" * `addr_of!` consente di ottenere campi di struct senza creare un riferimento intermedio."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so prevent the compiler or\n"
|
|
" hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them.\n"
|
|
" * Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the compiler may assume "
|
|
"that\n"
|
|
" the value read is the same as the value just written, and not bother actually reading "
|
|
"memory.\n"
|
|
" * Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, but this is unsound.\n"
|
|
" Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to dereference it.\n"
|
|
" * Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to the struct."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Accesso volatile: le operazioni di lettura o scrittura possono avere effetti collaterali, "
|
|
"quindi impedisci al compilatore o\n"
|
|
" hardware dal riordinarli, duplicarli o eliminarli.\n"
|
|
" * Di solito se scrivi e poi leggi, ad es. tramite un riferimento mutabile, il compilatore può "
|
|
"assumerlo\n"
|
|
" il valore letto è uguale al valore appena scritto, e non disturba effettivamente la lettura "
|
|
"della memoria.\n"
|
|
" * Alcuni crate esistenti per l'accesso volatile all'hardware contengono riferimenti, ma questo "
|
|
"non è corretto.\n"
|
|
" Ogni volta che esiste un riferimento, il compilatore può scegliere di dereferenziarlo.\n"
|
|
" * Usa la macro `addr_of!` per ottenere i puntatori di campo struct da un puntatore alla struct."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Let's write a UART driver"
|
|
msgstr "# Scriviamo un driver UART"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011][1] UART, so let's write a driver for that."
|
|
msgstr "La macchina QEMU 'virt' ha un [PL011][1] UART, quindi scriviamo un driver per quello."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"const FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET: usize = 0x18;\n"
|
|
"const FR_BUSY: u8 = 1 << 3;\n"
|
|
"const FR_TXFF: u8 = 1 << 5;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct Uart {\n"
|
|
" base_address: *mut u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Uart {\n"
|
|
" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of a\n"
|
|
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u8) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self { base_address }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
|
|
" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
|
|
" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_TXFF != 0 {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" self.base_address.write_volatile(byte);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_BUSY != 0 {}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> u8 {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { self.base_address.add(FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET).read_volatile() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is because as long as "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety requirements are met (i.e. that there is only\n"
|
|
" ever one instance of the driver for a given UART, and nothing else aliasing its address space),\n"
|
|
" then it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume the necessary\n"
|
|
" preconditions.\n"
|
|
"* We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but `write_byte` unsafe), but "
|
|
"that\n"
|
|
" would be much less convenient to use as every place that calls `write_byte` would need to "
|
|
"reason\n"
|
|
" about the safety\n"
|
|
"* This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving the burden of proof "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
" soundness from a large number of places to a smaller number of places."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Nota che `Uart::new` non è sicuro mentre gli altri metodi sono sicuri. Questo perché finché il\n"
|
|
" chiamante di `Uart::new` garantisce che i suoi requisiti di sicurezza siano soddisfatti (cioè "
|
|
"che ci sia solo\n"
|
|
" mai un'istanza del driver per un dato UART, e nient'altro che alias il suo spazio degli "
|
|
"indirizzi),\n"
|
|
" quindi è sempre sicuro chiamare `write_byte` in seguito perché possiamo assumere il necessario\n"
|
|
" precondizioni.\n"
|
|
"* Avremmo potuto fare il contrario (rendere `new` sicuro ma `write_byte` non sicuro), ma quello\n"
|
|
" sarebbe molto meno conveniente da usare poiché ogni posto che chiama `write_byte` dovrebbe "
|
|
"ragionare\n"
|
|
" sulla sicurezza\n"
|
|
"* Questo è un modello comune per scrivere wrapper sicuri di codice non sicuro: spostare l'onere "
|
|
"della prova per\n"
|
|
" solidità da un gran numero di posti a un numero minore di posti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:66
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "</detais>"
|
|
msgstr "</detais>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# More traits"
|
|
msgstr "# Altri tratti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more traits too."
|
|
msgstr "Abbiamo derivato il tratto `Debug`. Sarebbe utile implementare anche qualche altro tratto."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Write for Uart {\n"
|
|
" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n"
|
|
" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n"
|
|
" self.write_byte(*c);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
|
|
"// accessed from any context.\n"
|
|
"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with our `Uart` type.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* L'implementazione di `Write` ci permette di usare le macro `write!` e `writeln!` con il nostro "
|
|
"tipo `Uart`.\n"
|
|
"* Esegui l'esempio in QEMU con `make qemu_minimal` sotto `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# A better UART driver"
|
|
msgstr "# Un driver UART migliore"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers][1], and adding offsets to construct pointers to "
|
|
"access\n"
|
|
"them is error-prone and hard to read. Plus, some of them are bit fields which would be nice to\n"
|
|
"access in a structured way."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il PL011 in realtà ha [un mucchio di registri in più][1] e aggiunge offset per costruire puntatori "
|
|
"a cui accedere\n"
|
|
"è soggetto a errori e difficile da leggere. Inoltre, alcuni di loro sono campi di bit che "
|
|
"sarebbero carini\n"
|
|
"accedere in modo strutturato."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| Offset | Register name | Width |\n"
|
|
"| ------ | ------------- | ----- |\n"
|
|
"| 0x00 | DR | 12 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x04 | RSR | 4 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x18 | FR | 9 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x20 | ILPR | 8 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x24 | IBRD | 16 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x28 | FBRD | 6 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x2c | LCR_H | 8 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x30 | CR | 16 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x34 | IFLS | 6 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x38 | IMSC | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x3c | RIS | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x40 | MIS | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x44 | ICR | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x48 | DMACR | 3 |"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"| Compensazione | Registra nome | Larghezza |\n"
|
|
"| ------ | ------------- | ----- |\n"
|
|
"| 0x00 | DR | 12 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x04 | RSR | 4 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x18 | FR | 9 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x20 | ILPR | 8 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x24 | BIRS | 16 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x28 | FBRD | 6 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x2c | LCR_H | 8 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x30 | CR | 16 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x34 | IFL | 6 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x38 | IMSC | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x3c | RIS| 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x40 | MIS | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x44 | CRI | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x48 | DMACR | 3 |"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "- There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity."
|
|
msgstr "- Sono inoltre presenti alcuni registri identificativi che per brevità sono stati omessi."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Bitflags"
|
|
msgstr "# Bitflag"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for working with bitflags."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il crate [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) è utile per lavorare con i bitflags."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use bitflags::bitflags;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"bitflags! {\n"
|
|
" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(transparent)]\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
" struct Flags: u16 {\n"
|
|
" /// Clear to send.\n"
|
|
" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n"
|
|
" /// Data set ready.\n"
|
|
" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n"
|
|
" /// Data carrier detect.\n"
|
|
" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n"
|
|
" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n"
|
|
" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n"
|
|
" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n"
|
|
" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n"
|
|
" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n"
|
|
" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n"
|
|
" /// Ring indicator.\n"
|
|
" const RI = 1 << 8;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along with a bunch of "
|
|
"method\n"
|
|
" implementations to get and set flags."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La macro `bitflags!` crea un nuovo tipo qualcosa come `Flags(u16)`, insieme a una serie di "
|
|
"metodi\n"
|
|
" implementazioni per ottenere e impostare flag."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Multiple registers"
|
|
msgstr "# Più registri"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers."
|
|
msgstr "Possiamo usare una struct per rappresentare il layout di memoria dei registri dell'UART."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
|
|
"struct Registers {\n"
|
|
" dr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n"
|
|
" _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n"
|
|
" fr: Flags,\n"
|
|
" _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n"
|
|
" ilpr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" ibrd: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" fbrd: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" lcr_h: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" cr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" ifls: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" imsc: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" ris: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" mis: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" icr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" dmacr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:41
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-representation) tells\n"
|
|
" the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, following the same rules as C. This is\n"
|
|
" necessary for our struct to have a predictable layout, as default Rust representation allows "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" compiler to (among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-representation) "
|
|
"indica\n"
|
|
" il compilatore per disporre i campi struct in ordine, seguendo le stesse regole di C. Questo è\n"
|
|
" necessario affinché la nostra struttura abbia un layout prevedibile, poiché la rappresentazione "
|
|
"predefinita di Rust lo consente\n"
|
|
" compilatore per (tra le altre cose) riordinare i campi come meglio crede."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Driver"
|
|
msgstr "# Autista"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver."
|
|
msgstr "Ora usiamo la nuova struttura `Registers` nel nostro driver."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct Uart {\n"
|
|
" registers: *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Uart {\n"
|
|
" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of a\n"
|
|
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
|
|
" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
|
|
" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been received.\n"
|
|
" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option<u8> {\n"
|
|
" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n"
|
|
" None\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() };\n"
|
|
" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n"
|
|
" Some(data as u8)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:64
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual fields without "
|
|
"creating\n"
|
|
" an intermediate reference, which would be unsound."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Notare l'uso di `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` per ottenere puntatori a singoli campi senza creare\n"
|
|
" un riferimento intermedio, che sarebbe errato."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:1 src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Using it"
|
|
msgstr "# Usandolo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, and echo incoming\n"
|
|
"bytes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Scriviamo un piccolo programma usando il nostro driver per scrivere sulla console seriale ed echo "
|
|
"in entrata\n"
|
|
"byte."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"mod pl011;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"use log::error;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let mut uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" writeln!(uart, \"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" if let Some(b) = uart.read_byte() {\n"
|
|
" uart.write_byte(b);\n"
|
|
" match b {\n"
|
|
" b'\\r' => {\n"
|
|
" uart.write_byte(b'\\n');\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" b'q' => break,\n"
|
|
" _ => {}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" writeln!(uart, \"Bye!\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` function is called from "
|
|
"our\n"
|
|
" entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker notes there for details.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Come nell'esempio [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md), questa funzione `main` è chiamata "
|
|
"dal nostro\n"
|
|
" codice del punto di ingresso in \"entry.S\". Vedi le note del relatore lì per i dettagli.\n"
|
|
"* Esegui l'esempio in QEMU con `make qemu` sotto `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`][1] crate. We can do this "
|
|
"by\n"
|
|
"implementing the `Log` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sarebbe bello poter usare le macro di registrazione dalla cassa [`log`][1]. Possiamo farlo con\n"
|
|
"implementando il tratto `Log`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n"
|
|
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n"
|
|
" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n"
|
|
"};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Logger {\n"
|
|
" uart: SpinMutex<Option<Uart>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Log for Logger {\n"
|
|
" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" true\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(\n"
|
|
" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n"
|
|
" \"[{}] {}\",\n"
|
|
" record.level(),\n"
|
|
" record.args()\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn flush(&self) {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Initialises UART logger.\n"
|
|
"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), SetLoggerError> {\n"
|
|
" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n"
|
|
" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:50
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "* The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling `set_logger`."
|
|
msgstr "* L'unwrap in `log` è sicuro perché inizializziamo `LOGGER` prima di chiamare `set_logger`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it."
|
|
msgstr "Dobbiamo inizializzare il logger prima di usarlo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"mod logger;\n"
|
|
"mod pl011;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" info!(\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(x1, 42);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[panic_handler]\n"
|
|
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"{info}\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Nota che il nostro gestore del panico ora può registrare i dettagli dei panico.\n"
|
|
"* Eseguire l'esempio in QEMU con `make qemu_logger` in `src/bare-metal/aps/examples`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * [oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)\n"
|
|
" * \"coreboot without the C\"\n"
|
|
" * Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V.\n"
|
|
" * Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself.\n"
|
|
" * [Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)\n"
|
|
" * Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, exception handling, "
|
|
"page tables\n"
|
|
" * Not all very well written, so beware.\n"
|
|
" * [`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)\n"
|
|
" * Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * [oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)\n"
|
|
" * \"coreboot senza la C\"\n"
|
|
" * Supporta x86, aarch64 e RISC-V.\n"
|
|
" * Si basa su LinuxBoot piuttosto che avere molti driver.\n"
|
|
" * [Tutorial sul sistema operativo Rust RaspberryPi](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-"
|
|
"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)\n"
|
|
" * Inizializzazione, driver UART, bootloader semplice, JTAG, livelli di eccezione, gestione "
|
|
"delle eccezioni, tabelle delle pagine\n"
|
|
" * Non tutto molto ben scritto, quindi attenzione.\n"
|
|
" * [`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)\n"
|
|
" * Analisi statica per determinare l'utilizzo massimo dello stack."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Useful crates"
|
|
msgstr "# Casse utili"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal programming."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Esamineremo alcune casse che risolvono alcuni problemi comuni nella programmazione bare-metal."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `zerocopy`"
|
|
msgstr "# `zerocopia`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`zerocopy`][1] crate (from Fuchsia) provides traits and macros for safely converting between\n"
|
|
"byte sequences and other types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La cassa [`zerocopy`][1] (da Fuchsia) fornisce tratti e macro per la conversione sicura tra\n"
|
|
"sequenze di byte e altri tipi."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use zerocopy::AsBytes;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[repr(u32)]\n"
|
|
"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n"
|
|
"enum RequestType {\n"
|
|
" #[default]\n"
|
|
" In = 0,\n"
|
|
" Out = 1,\n"
|
|
" Flush = 4,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct VirtioBlockRequest {\n"
|
|
" request_type: RequestType,\n"
|
|
" reserved: u32,\n"
|
|
" sector: u64,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let request = VirtioBlockRequest {\n"
|
|
" request_type: RequestType::Flush,\n"
|
|
" sector: 42,\n"
|
|
" ..Default::default()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" request.as_bytes(),\n"
|
|
" &[4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:40
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), but can be useful "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
"working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by DMA, or sent over some external interface."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questo non è adatto per MMIO (poiché non utilizza letture e scritture volatili), ma può essere "
|
|
"utile per\n"
|
|
"lavorare con strutture condivise con l'hardware, ad es. tramite DMA o inviato tramite "
|
|
"un'interfaccia esterna."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:45
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is valid, and so can safely "
|
|
"be\n"
|
|
" converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes.\n"
|
|
"* Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because `RequestType` doesn't use "
|
|
"all\n"
|
|
" possible u32 values as discriminants, so not all byte patterns are valid.\n"
|
|
"* `zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy-example/`. (It "
|
|
"won't\n"
|
|
" run in the Playground because of the crate dependency.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `FromBytes` può essere implementato per i tipi per i quali qualsiasi modello di byte è valido, e "
|
|
"quindi può tranquillamente esserlo\n"
|
|
" convertito da una sequenza di byte non attendibile.\n"
|
|
"* Il tentativo di derivare `FromBytes` per questi tipi fallirebbe, perché `RequestType` non usa "
|
|
"tutti\n"
|
|
" possibili valori u32 come discriminanti, quindi non tutti i modelli di byte sono validi.\n"
|
|
"* `zerocopy::byteorder` ha tipi per primitive numeriche che riconoscono l'ordine dei byte.\n"
|
|
"* Esegui l'esempio con `cargo run` sotto `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy-example/`. (Non lo "
|
|
"farà\n"
|
|
" eseguito nel Parco giochi a causa della dipendenza dalla cassa.)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `aarch64-paging`"
|
|
msgstr "# `aarch64-paging`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`aarch64-paging`][1] crate lets you create page tables according to the AArch64 Virtual "
|
|
"Memory\n"
|
|
"System Architecture."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il crate [`aarch64-paging`][1] consente di creare tabelle di pagine in base alla memoria virtuale "
|
|
"AArch64\n"
|
|
"Architettura di sistema."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use aarch64_paging::{\n"
|
|
" idmap::IdMap,\n"
|
|
" paging::{Attributes, MemoryRegion},\n"
|
|
"};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const ASID: usize = 1;\n"
|
|
"const ROOT_LEVEL: usize = 1;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n"
|
|
"let mut idmap = IdMap::new(ASID, ROOT_LEVEL);\n"
|
|
"// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n"
|
|
"idmap.map_range(\n"
|
|
" &MemoryRegion::new(0x80200000, 0x80400000),\n"
|
|
" Attributes::NORMAL | Attributes::NON_GLOBAL | Attributes::READ_ONLY,\n"
|
|
").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n"
|
|
"idmap.activate();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels should be straightforward "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
" add.\n"
|
|
"* This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware][2].\n"
|
|
"* There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real hardware or under QEMU."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Per ora supporta solo EL1, ma il supporto per altri livelli di eccezione dovrebbe essere "
|
|
"semplice\n"
|
|
" aggiungere.\n"
|
|
"* Viene utilizzato in Android per il [Firmware VM protetto][2].\n"
|
|
"* Non esiste un modo semplice per eseguire questo esempio, poiché deve essere eseguito su hardware "
|
|
"reale o sotto QEMU."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `buddy_system_allocator`"
|
|
msgstr "# `buddy_system_allocator`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`buddy_system_allocator`][1] is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy system allocator.\n"
|
|
"It can be used both for [`LockedHeap`][2] implementing [`GlobalAlloc`][3] so you can use the\n"
|
|
"standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before][4]), or for allocating other address space. For "
|
|
"example,\n"
|
|
"we might want to allocate MMIO space for PCI BARs:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`buddy_system_allocator`][1] è un crate di terze parti che implementa un allocatore di sistema "
|
|
"buddy di base.\n"
|
|
"Può essere utilizzato sia per [`LockedHeap`][2] che implementa [`GlobalAlloc`][3] in modo da poter "
|
|
"utilizzare il\n"
|
|
"crate standard `alloc` (come abbiamo visto [prima][4]), o per allocare altro spazio di indirizzi. "
|
|
"Per esempio,\n"
|
|
"potremmo voler allocare spazio MMIO per PCI BAR:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use buddy_system_allocator::FrameAllocator;\n"
|
|
"use core::alloc::Layout;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut allocator = FrameAllocator::<32>::new();\n"
|
|
" allocator.add_frame(0x200_0000, 0x400_0000);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let layout = Layout::from_size_align(0x100, 0x100).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let bar = allocator\n"
|
|
" .alloc_aligned(layout)\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to allocate 0x100 byte MMIO region\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Allocated 0x100 byte MMIO region at {:#x}\", bar);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/allocator-example/`. (It "
|
|
"won't\n"
|
|
" run in the Playground because of the crate dependency.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le barre PCI hanno sempre un allineamento uguale alla loro dimensione.\n"
|
|
"* Esegui l'esempio con `cargo run` sotto `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/allocator-example/`. (Non "
|
|
"lo farà\n"
|
|
" eseguito nel Parco giochi a causa della dipendenza dalla cassa.)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `tinyvec`"
|
|
msgstr "# `tinyvec`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without heap allocation.\n"
|
|
"[`tinyvec`][1] provides this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which could be statically\n"
|
|
"allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used and panics if you try "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
"use more than are allocated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"A volte vuoi qualcosa che possa essere ridimensionato come un `Vec`, ma senza allocazione "
|
|
"dell'heap.\n"
|
|
"[`tinyvec`][1] fornisce questo: un vettore supportato da un array o da una slice, che potrebbe "
|
|
"essere staticamente\n"
|
|
"allocato o in pila, che tiene traccia di quanti elementi vengono utilizzati e va in panico se ci "
|
|
"provi\n"
|
|
"utilizzare più di quanto assegnato."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tinyvec::{array_vec, ArrayVec};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut numbers: ArrayVec<[u32; 5]> = array_vec!(42, 66);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
|
|
" numbers.push(7);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
|
|
" numbers.remove(1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for initialisation.\n"
|
|
"* The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine inline."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `tinyvec` richiede che il tipo di elemento implementi `Default` per l'inizializzazione.\n"
|
|
"* Rust Playground include `tinyvec`, quindi questo esempio funzionerà correttamente in linea."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `spin`"
|
|
msgstr "# `gira`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` are not available in\n"
|
|
"`core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or interior mutability, such as for sharing\n"
|
|
"state between different CPUs?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`std::sync::Mutex` e le altre primitive di sincronizzazione da `std::sync` non sono disponibili "
|
|
"in\n"
|
|
"`core` o `alloc`. Come gestire la sincronizzazione o la mutevolezza interiore, ad esempio per la "
|
|
"condivisione\n"
|
|
"stato tra diverse CPU?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The [`spin`][1] crate provides spinlock-based equivalents of many of these primitives."
|
|
msgstr "La cassa [`spin`][1] fornisce equivalenti basati su spinlock di molte di queste primitive."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static counter: SpinMutex<u32> = SpinMutex::new(0);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n"
|
|
" *counter.lock() += 2;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers.\n"
|
|
"* `spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of `RwLock`, `Barrier` and "
|
|
"`Once`\n"
|
|
" from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation.\n"
|
|
"* The [`once_cell`][2] crate also has some useful types for late initialisation with a slightly\n"
|
|
" different approach to `spin::once::Once`.\n"
|
|
"* The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Android"
|
|
msgstr "#Androide"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a `rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to "
|
|
"build\n"
|
|
"your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` with a linker script to produce the binary itself, and then a\n"
|
|
"`raw_binary` to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Per costruire un binario Rust bare-metal in AOSP, devi usare una regola `rust_ffi_static` Soong "
|
|
"per costruire\n"
|
|
"il tuo codice Rust, poi un `cc_binary` con uno script linker per produrre il binario stesso, e poi "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
"`raw_binary` per convertire l'ELF in un binario grezzo pronto per essere eseguito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```soong\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi_static {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libvmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" defaults: [\"vmbase_ffi_defaults\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"vmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libvmbase\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"cc_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"vmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" defaults: [\"vmbase_elf_defaults\"],\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\n"
|
|
" \"idmap.S\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libvmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" linker_scripts: [\n"
|
|
" \"image.ld\",\n"
|
|
" \":vmbase_sections\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"raw_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"vmbase_example_bin\",\n"
|
|
" stem: \"vmbase_example.bin\",\n"
|
|
" src: \":vmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" enabled: false,\n"
|
|
" target: {\n"
|
|
" android_arm64: {\n"
|
|
" enabled: true,\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# vmbase"
|
|
msgstr "# vbase"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase][1] library provides a linker script and "
|
|
"useful\n"
|
|
"defaults for the build rules, along with an entry point, UART console logging and more."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Per le VM in esecuzione in crosvm su aarch64, la libreria [vmbase][1] fornisce uno script linker e "
|
|
"utili\n"
|
|
"impostazioni predefinite per le regole di compilazione, insieme a un punto di ingresso, la "
|
|
"registrazione della console UART e altro ancora."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use vmbase::{main, println};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"main!(main);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn main(arg0: u64, arg1: u64, arg2: u64, arg3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello world\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` entry point.\n"
|
|
"* The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to "
|
|
"shutdown\n"
|
|
" the VM if your main function returns."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La macro `main!` contrassegna la tua funzione principale, da chiamare dal punto di ingresso "
|
|
"`vmbase`.\n"
|
|
"* Il punto di ingresso `vmbase` gestisce l'inizializzazione della console ed emette un "
|
|
"PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF per l'arresto\n"
|
|
" la VM se la tua funzione principale ritorna."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device."
|
|
msgstr "Scriveremo un driver per il dispositivo orologio in tempo reale PL031."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# RTC driver"
|
|
msgstr "# Driver RTC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031][1] real-time clock at 0x9010000. For this exercise, "
|
|
"you\n"
|
|
"should write a driver for it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La macchina QEMU aarch64 virt ha un orologio in tempo reale [PL031][1] a 0x9010000. Per questo "
|
|
"esercizio, tu\n"
|
|
"dovrebbe scrivere un driver per esso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"1. Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the [`chrono`][2] crate "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
" date/time formatting.\n"
|
|
"2. Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a given time, e.g. 3 "
|
|
"seconds\n"
|
|
" in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`][3] inside the loop.)\n"
|
|
"3. _Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated by the RTC match. You "
|
|
"can\n"
|
|
" use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`][4] crate to configure the Arm Generic Interrupt "
|
|
"Controller.\n"
|
|
" - Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`.\n"
|
|
" - Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via `arm_gic::wfi()`, which will "
|
|
"cause the core to sleep until it receives an interrupt.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"1. Usalo per stampare l'ora corrente sulla console seriale. Puoi usare la cassa [`chrono`][2] per\n"
|
|
" formattazione data/ora.\n"
|
|
"2. Utilizzare il registro delle corrispondenze e lo stato di interrupt non elaborato per attendere "
|
|
"occupato fino a un determinato momento, ad es. 3 secondi\n"
|
|
" in futuro. (Chiama [`core::hint::spin_loop`][3] all'interno del ciclo.)\n"
|
|
"3. _Estensione se hai tempo:_ Abilita e gestisci l'interrupt generato dalla corrispondenza RTC. "
|
|
"Puoi\n"
|
|
" utilizzare il driver fornito nella cassa [`arm-gic`][4] per configurare Arm Generic Interrupt "
|
|
"Controller.\n"
|
|
" - Usa l'interrupt RTC, che è cablato al GIC come `IntId::spi(2)`.\n"
|
|
" - Una volta abilitato l'interrupt, puoi mettere il core in sleep tramite `arm_gic::wfi()`, che "
|
|
"farà dormire il core finché non riceve un interrupt.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and look in the `rtc`\n"
|
|
"directory for the following files."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Scarica il [modello di esercizio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) e cerca in `rtc`\n"
|
|
"directory per i seguenti file."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"mod logger;\n"
|
|
"mod pl011;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n"
|
|
"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n"
|
|
" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n"
|
|
" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n"
|
|
" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" gic.setup();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[panic_handler]\n"
|
|
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"{info}\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`src/exceptions.rs` (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of the exercise):"
|
|
msgstr "`src/exceptions.rs` (dovresti solo cambiarlo per la terza parte dell'esercizio):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:77
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File src/exceptions.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File src/exception.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:79
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
|
|
"use log::{error, info, trace};\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" trace!(\"irq_current\");\n"
|
|
" let intid = GicV3::get_and_acknowledge_interrupt().expect(\"No pending interrupt\");\n"
|
|
" info!(\"IRQ {intid:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"fiq_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"serr_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"sync_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"irq_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"serr_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`src/logger.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`src/logger.rs` (non dovrebbe essere necessario modificarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:151
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File src/logger.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File src/logger.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:153
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n"
|
|
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n"
|
|
" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n"
|
|
"};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Logger {\n"
|
|
" uart: SpinMutex<Option<Uart>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Log for Logger {\n"
|
|
" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" true\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(\n"
|
|
" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n"
|
|
" \"[{}] {}\",\n"
|
|
" record.level(),\n"
|
|
" record.args()\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn flush(&self) {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Initialises UART logger.\n"
|
|
"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), SetLoggerError> {\n"
|
|
" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n"
|
|
" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`src/pl011.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`src/pl011.rs` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:212
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File src/pl011.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File src/pl011.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:214
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n"
|
|
"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Flags\n"
|
|
"use bitflags::bitflags;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"bitflags! {\n"
|
|
" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(transparent)]\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
" struct Flags: u16 {\n"
|
|
" /// Clear to send.\n"
|
|
" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n"
|
|
" /// Data set ready.\n"
|
|
" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n"
|
|
" /// Data carrier detect.\n"
|
|
" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n"
|
|
" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n"
|
|
" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n"
|
|
" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n"
|
|
" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n"
|
|
" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n"
|
|
" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n"
|
|
" /// Ring indicator.\n"
|
|
" const RI = 1 << 8;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"bitflags! {\n"
|
|
" /// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(transparent)]\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
" struct ReceiveStatus: u16 {\n"
|
|
" /// Framing error.\n"
|
|
" const FE = 1 << 0;\n"
|
|
" /// Parity error.\n"
|
|
" const PE = 1 << 1;\n"
|
|
" /// Break error.\n"
|
|
" const BE = 1 << 2;\n"
|
|
" /// Overrun error.\n"
|
|
" const OE = 1 << 3;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Registers\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
|
|
"struct Registers {\n"
|
|
" dr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n"
|
|
" _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n"
|
|
" fr: Flags,\n"
|
|
" _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n"
|
|
" ilpr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" ibrd: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" fbrd: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" lcr_h: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" cr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" ifls: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" imsc: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" ris: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" mis: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" icr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" dmacr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Uart\n"
|
|
"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct Uart {\n"
|
|
" registers: *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Uart {\n"
|
|
" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of a\n"
|
|
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
|
|
" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
|
|
" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been received.\n"
|
|
" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option<u8> {\n"
|
|
" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n"
|
|
" None\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() };\n"
|
|
" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n"
|
|
" Some(data as u8)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Write for Uart {\n"
|
|
" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n"
|
|
" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n"
|
|
" self.write_byte(*c);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
|
|
"// accessed from any context.\n"
|
|
"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:389
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[workspace]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"rtc\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"arm-gic = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"bitflags = \"2.0.0\"\n"
|
|
"chrono = { version = \"0.4.24\", default-features = false }\n"
|
|
"log = \"0.4.17\"\n"
|
|
"smccc = \"0.1.1\"\n"
|
|
"spin = \"0.9.8\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[build-dependencies]\n"
|
|
"cc = \"1.0.73\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`build.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`build.rs` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:412
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File build.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File build.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:414
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cc::Build;\n"
|
|
"use std::env;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(target_os = \"linux\")]\n"
|
|
" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-linux-gnu\");\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"linux\"))]\n"
|
|
" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-none-elf\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Build::new()\n"
|
|
" .file(\"entry.S\")\n"
|
|
" .file(\"exceptions.S\")\n"
|
|
" .file(\"idmap.S\")\n"
|
|
" .compile(\"empty\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`entry.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`entry.S` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:448
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File entry.S -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Voce file.S -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n"
|
|
"\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n"
|
|
"\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n"
|
|
"\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n"
|
|
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n"
|
|
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n"
|
|
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n"
|
|
".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n"
|
|
".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n"
|
|
"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n"
|
|
"/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation fault instead. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n"
|
|
"/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate write-allocate\n"
|
|
" * cacheable.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate write-allocate\n"
|
|
" * cacheable.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n"
|
|
"/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n"
|
|
".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | .L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n"
|
|
".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | .L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n"
|
|
"/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n"
|
|
"/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n"
|
|
"/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n"
|
|
"/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n"
|
|
"/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n"
|
|
"/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << 28) | (0x1 << 29)\n"
|
|
".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | ."
|
|
"L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n"
|
|
".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations required to prepare "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using registers x25 and above,\n"
|
|
" * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception vector. It preserves x0-"
|
|
"x3\n"
|
|
" * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n"
|
|
".global entry\n"
|
|
"entry:\n"
|
|
"\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable MMU and caches. */\n"
|
|
"\tadrp x30, idmap\n"
|
|
"\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n"
|
|
"\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n"
|
|
"\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n"
|
|
"\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any potentially stale\n"
|
|
"\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\ttlbi vmalle1\n"
|
|
"\tic iallu\n"
|
|
"\tdsb nsh\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until this has completed.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n"
|
|
"\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n"
|
|
"\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n"
|
|
"\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n"
|
|
"\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n"
|
|
"0:\tcmp x29, x30\n"
|
|
"\tb.hs 1f\n"
|
|
"\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n"
|
|
"\tb 0b\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n"
|
|
"\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n"
|
|
"\tmov sp, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n"
|
|
"\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n"
|
|
"\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n"
|
|
"\tbl main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n"
|
|
"2:\twfi\n"
|
|
"\tb 2b\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`exceptions.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`eccezioni.S` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:597
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File exceptions.S -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File eccezioni.S -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n"
|
|
" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 instructions\n"
|
|
" * left.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 respectively,\n"
|
|
" * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent call.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n"
|
|
"\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n"
|
|
"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n"
|
|
"\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n"
|
|
"\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested exception\n"
|
|
"\t * and still be able to unwind.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n"
|
|
"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes 14\n"
|
|
" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still leaving 18\n"
|
|
" * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n"
|
|
" * instructions to spare.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n"
|
|
"\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n"
|
|
"\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n"
|
|
"\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n"
|
|
"\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n"
|
|
"\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n"
|
|
"\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n"
|
|
"\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while using\n"
|
|
" * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, doing\n"
|
|
" * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. To\n"
|
|
" * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can implement\n"
|
|
" * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n"
|
|
"\tmsr spsel, #1\n"
|
|
"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n"
|
|
"\tbl \\handler\n"
|
|
"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n"
|
|
"\tmsr spsel, #0\n"
|
|
"\teret\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while using\n"
|
|
" * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores volatile\n"
|
|
" * registers, then returns.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n"
|
|
" * non-volatile registers.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, and\n"
|
|
" * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the whole\n"
|
|
" * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n"
|
|
"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n"
|
|
"\tbl \\handler\n"
|
|
"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n"
|
|
"\teret\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n"
|
|
".global vector_table_el1\n"
|
|
".balign 0x800\n"
|
|
"vector_table_el1:\n"
|
|
"sync_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"sync_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"sync_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"sync_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`idmap.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`idmap.S` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:782
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File idmap.S -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File idmap.S -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/* Access flag. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n"
|
|
"/* Not global. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner shareable\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n"
|
|
".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n"
|
|
".global idmap\n"
|
|
".align 12\n"
|
|
"idmap:\n"
|
|
"\t/* level 1 */\n"
|
|
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n"
|
|
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n"
|
|
"\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n"
|
|
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n"
|
|
"\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`image.ld` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`image.ld` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:831
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File image.ld -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File image.ld -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```ld\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of the\n"
|
|
" * image.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"ENTRY(entry)\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"MEMORY\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
"\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"SECTIONS\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Collect together the code.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\ttext_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.init.entry)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.init.*)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\t.text : {\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.text.*)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\ttext_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Collect together read-only data.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\trodata_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\t.got : {\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.got)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\trodata_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which\n"
|
|
"\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\tdata_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.data.*)\n"
|
|
"\t\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n"
|
|
"\t\t * bytes long.\n"
|
|
"\t\t */\n"
|
|
"\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n"
|
|
"\t\tdata_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n"
|
|
"\tbin_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n"
|
|
"\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n"
|
|
"\t\tbss_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.bss.*)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(COMMON)\n"
|
|
"\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n"
|
|
"\t\tbss_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n"
|
|
"\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n"
|
|
"\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n"
|
|
"\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t/DISCARD/ : {\n"
|
|
"\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.hash)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.interp)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n"
|
|
"\t}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`Makefile` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`Makefile` (non dovresti aver bisogno di cambiarlo):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:942
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File Makefile -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File Makefile -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:944
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```makefile\n"
|
|
"# Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"#\n"
|
|
"# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"#\n"
|
|
"# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"#\n"
|
|
"# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"# limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"UNAME := $(shell uname -s)\n"
|
|
"ifeq ($(UNAME),Linux)\n"
|
|
"\tTARGET = aarch64-linux-gnu\n"
|
|
"else\n"
|
|
"\tTARGET = aarch64-none-elf\n"
|
|
"endif\n"
|
|
"OBJCOPY = $(TARGET)-objcopy\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".PHONY: build qemu_minimal qemu qemu_logger\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"all: rtc.bin\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"build:\n"
|
|
"\tcargo build\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"rtc.bin: build\n"
|
|
"\t$(OBJCOPY) -O binary target/aarch64-unknown-none/debug/rtc $@\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"qemu: rtc.bin\n"
|
|
"\tqemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,gic-version=3 -cpu max -serial mon:stdio -display none -kernel "
|
|
"$< -s\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"clean:\n"
|
|
"\tcargo clean\n"
|
|
"\trm -f *.bin\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:989
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[build]\n"
|
|
"target = \"aarch64-unknown-none\"\n"
|
|
"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Timage.ld\"]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`."
|
|
msgstr "Esegui il codice in QEMU con `make qemu`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Concurrency in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "Benvenuti a Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and\n"
|
|
"channels."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust ha il pieno supporto per la concorrenza utilizzando i thread del sistema operativo con mutex "
|
|
"e\n"
|
|
"canali."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency bugs\n"
|
|
"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since you\n"
|
|
"can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il sistema di tipo Rust gioca un ruolo importante nella creazione di molti bug di concorrenza\n"
|
|
"bug in fase di compilazione. Questo è spesso indicato come _concorrenza senza paura_ da quando tu\n"
|
|
"può fare affidamento sul compilatore per garantire la correttezza in fase di esecuzione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Threads"
|
|
msgstr "# Discussioni"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:"
|
|
msgstr "I thread Rust funzionano in modo simile ai thread in altre lingue:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..5 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them.\n"
|
|
"* Thread panics are independent of each other.\n"
|
|
" * Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* I thread sono tutti thread demoni, il thread principale non li aspetta.\n"
|
|
"* I thread panic sono indipendenti l'uno dall'altro.\n"
|
|
" * Panics può trasportare un payload, che può essere decompresso con `downcast_ref`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread is\n"
|
|
" not waiting.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait for\n"
|
|
" the thread to finish.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the panic\n"
|
|
" payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Si noti che il thread viene interrotto prima che raggiunga 10 — il thread principale lo è\n"
|
|
" non aspettare.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Usa `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` e successivamente `handle.join()` per aspettare\n"
|
|
" il filo per finire.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Attivare un panico nel thread, notare come questo non influisca su `main`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Usa il valore di ritorno `Result` da `handle.join()` per ottenere l'accesso al panico\n"
|
|
" carico utile. Questo è un buon momento per parlare di [`Any`]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Scoped Threads"
|
|
msgstr "# Thread con ambito"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:"
|
|
msgstr "I thread normali non possono prendere in prestito dal loro ambiente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "However, you can use a [scoped thread][1] for this:"
|
|
msgstr "Tuttavia, puoi utilizzare un [thread con ambito][1] per questo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::scope(|scope| {\n"
|
|
" scope.spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, all the threads are "
|
|
"guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed data.\n"
|
|
"* Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one thread, or immutably by "
|
|
"any number of threads.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La ragione di ciò è che quando la funzione `thread::scope` viene completata, è garantito che "
|
|
"tutti i thread vengano uniti, in modo che possano restituire dati presi in prestito.\n"
|
|
"* Si applicano le normali regole di prestito di Rust: puoi prendere in prestito in modo mutabile "
|
|
"da un thread o immutabile da un numero qualsiasi di thread.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Channels"
|
|
msgstr "# Canali"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender<T>` and a `Receiver<T>`. The two parts\n"
|
|
"are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I canali Rust hanno due parti: un `Sender<T>` e un `Receiver<T>`. Le due parti\n"
|
|
"sono collegati tramite il canale, ma vedi solo i punti finali."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" tx.send(10).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" tx.send(20).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let tx2 = tx.clone();\n"
|
|
" tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and `SyncSender` implement `Clone` "
|
|
"(so\n"
|
|
" you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does not.\n"
|
|
"* `send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the counterpart `Sender` "
|
|
"or\n"
|
|
" `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `mpsc` sta per Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` e `SyncSender` implementano `Clone` "
|
|
"(quindi\n"
|
|
" puoi creare più produttori) ma `Receiver` no.\n"
|
|
"* `send()` e `recv()` restituiscono `Risultato`. Se restituiscono \"Err\", significa che la "
|
|
"controparte \"Mittente\" o\n"
|
|
" `Receiver` viene eliminato e il canale viene chiuso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Unbounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "# Canali illimitati"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:"
|
|
msgstr "Ottieni un canale illimitato e asincrono con `mpsc::channel()`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
|
|
" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main: got {}\", msg);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Bounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "# Canali delimitati"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Bounded and synchronous channels make `send` block the current thread:"
|
|
msgstr "I canali limitati e sincroni fanno in modo che `send` blocchi il thread corrente:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
|
|
" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Send` and `Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Invia` e `Sincronizza`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in two traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Come fa Rust a sapere di vietare l'accesso condiviso attraverso il thread? La risposta è in due "
|
|
"tratti:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`Send`][1]: a type `T` is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a thread\n"
|
|
" boundary.\n"
|
|
"* [`Sync`][2]: a type `T` is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a thread\n"
|
|
" boundary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [`Send`][1]: un tipo `T` è `Send` se è sicuro spostare una `T` attraverso un thread\n"
|
|
" confine.\n"
|
|
"* [`Sync`][2]: un tipo `T` è `Sync` se è sicuro spostare una `&T` attraverso un thread\n"
|
|
" confine."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits][3]. The compiler will automatically derive them for your "
|
|
"types\n"
|
|
"as long as they only contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement them manually when "
|
|
"you\n"
|
|
"know it is valid."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"\"Send\" e \"Sync\" sono [tratti non sicuri][3]. Il compilatore li deriverà automaticamente per i "
|
|
"tuoi tipi\n"
|
|
"purché contengano solo i tipi \"Send\" e \"Sync\". Puoi anche implementarli manualmente quando tu\n"
|
|
"sapere che è valido."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-safety properties.\n"
|
|
"* They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Si può pensare a questi tratti come indicatori che il tipo ha determinate proprietà di sicurezza "
|
|
"del thread.\n"
|
|
"* Possono essere usati nei vincoli generici come tratti normali.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Send`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Invia`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "> A type `T` is [`Send`][1] if it is safe to move a `T` value to another thread."
|
|
msgstr "> Un tipo `T` è [`Send`][1] se è sicuro spostare un valore `T` in un altro thread."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will run\n"
|
|
"in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one thread\n"
|
|
"and deallocate it in another."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'effetto dello spostamento della proprietà su un altro thread è che i _destructors_ verranno "
|
|
"eseguiti\n"
|
|
"in quel filo. Quindi la domanda è quando puoi allocare un valore in un thread\n"
|
|
"e deallocarlo in un altro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from a\n"
|
|
"single thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Sincronizza`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> A type `T` is [`Sync`][1] if it is safe to access a `T` value from multiple\n"
|
|
"> threads at the same time."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Un tipo `T` è [`Sync`][1] se è sicuro accedere a un valore `T` da più\n"
|
|
"> thread contemporaneamente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "More precisely, the definition is:"
|
|
msgstr "Più precisamente la definizione è:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "> `T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`"
|
|
msgstr "> `T` è `Sync` se e solo se `&T` è `Send`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is thread-safe for shared "
|
|
"use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it across threads."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questa affermazione è essenzialmente un modo abbreviato per dire che se un tipo è thread-safe per "
|
|
"l'uso condiviso, è anche thread-safe per passarne i riferimenti attraverso i thread."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across multiple threads without "
|
|
"the risk of data races or other synchronization issues, so it is safe to move it to another "
|
|
"thread. A reference to the type is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it "
|
|
"references can be accessed from any thread safely."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questo perché se un tipo è Sync significa che può essere condiviso tra più thread senza il rischio "
|
|
"di corse di dati o altri problemi di sincronizzazione, quindi è sicuro spostarlo su un altro "
|
|
"thread. Un riferimento al tipo è anche sicuro da spostare in un altro thread, perché è possibile "
|
|
"accedere ai dati a cui fa riferimento da qualsiasi thread in modo sicuro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Examples"
|
|
msgstr "# Esempi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `Send + Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "## \"Invia + Sincronizza\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:"
|
|
msgstr "La maggior parte dei tipi che incontri sono \"Invia + sincronizzazione\":"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ...\n"
|
|
"* `(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ...\n"
|
|
"* `String`, `Option<T>`, `Vec<T>`, `Box<T>`, ...\n"
|
|
"* `Arc<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count.\n"
|
|
"* `Mutex<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking.\n"
|
|
"* `AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are\n"
|
|
"`Send + Sync`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I tipi generici sono in genere \"Send + Sync\" quando i parametri di tipo lo sono\n"
|
|
"\"Invia + Sincronizza\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `Send + !Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "## \"Invia + !Sincronizza\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe.\n"
|
|
"Typically because of interior mutability:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Questi tipi possono essere spostati in altri thread, ma non sono thread-safe.\n"
|
|
"Tipicamente a causa della mutevolezza interna:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `mpsc::Sender<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `mpsc::Receiver<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `Cell<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `RefCell<T>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `mpsc::Sender<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `mpsc::Ricevitore<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `Cella<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `RefCella<T>`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `!Send + Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "## `!Invia + Sincronizza`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:"
|
|
msgstr "Questi tipi sono thread-safe, ma non possono essere spostati in un altro thread:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `MutexGuard<T>`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on the\n"
|
|
" thread which created them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `MutexGuard<T>`: utilizza primitive a livello di sistema operativo che devono essere deallocate "
|
|
"su\n"
|
|
" thread che li ha creati."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `!Send + !Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "## `!Invia + !Sync`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:"
|
|
msgstr "Questi tipi non sono thread-safe e non possono essere spostati in altri thread:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Rc<T>`: each `Rc<T>` has a reference to an `RcBox<T>`, which contains a\n"
|
|
" non-atomic reference count.\n"
|
|
"* `*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special\n"
|
|
" concurrency considerations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Rc<T>`: ogni `Rc<T>` ha un riferimento a un `RcBox<T>`, che contiene un\n"
|
|
" conteggio dei riferimenti non atomici.\n"
|
|
"* `*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust presuppone che i puntatori grezzi possano avere caratteri speciali\n"
|
|
" considerazioni sulla concorrenza"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Shared State"
|
|
msgstr "# Stato condiviso"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This is\n"
|
|
"primarily done via two types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust utilizza il sistema dei tipi per imporre la sincronizzazione dei dati condivisi. Questo è\n"
|
|
"fatto principalmente tramite due tipi:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`Arc<T>`][1], atomic reference counted `T`: handles sharing between threads and\n"
|
|
" takes care to deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped,\n"
|
|
"* [`Mutex<T>`][2]: ensures mutually exclusive access to the `T` value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [`Arc<T>`][1], riferimento atomico contato `T`: gestisce la condivisione tra thread e\n"
|
|
" si occupa di deallocare `T` quando viene eliminato l'ultimo riferimento,\n"
|
|
"* [`Mutex<T>`][2]: garantisce l'accesso mutuamente esclusivo al valore `T`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Arc`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Arco`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "[`Arc<T>`][1] allows shared read-only access via `Arc::clone`:"
|
|
msgstr "[`Arc<T>`][1] consente l'accesso condiviso in sola lettura tramite `Arc::clone`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
|
|
" let mut handles = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" for _ in 1..5 {\n"
|
|
" let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
|
|
" handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of `Rc` that uses atomic\n"
|
|
" operations.\n"
|
|
"* `Arc<T>` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` and `Sync` iff `T`\n"
|
|
" implements them both.\n"
|
|
"* `Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but after that the use of "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" `T` is free.\n"
|
|
"* Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to detect them.\n"
|
|
" * `std::sync::Weak` can help."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Arc` sta per \"Atomic Reference Counted\", una versione thread-safe di `Rc` che usa atomic\n"
|
|
" operazioni.\n"
|
|
"* `Arc<T>` implementa `Clone` indipendentemente dal fatto che `T` lo faccia. Implementa `Send` e "
|
|
"`Sync` se e solo `T`\n"
|
|
" li implementa entrambi.\n"
|
|
"* `Arc::clone()` ha il costo delle operazioni atomiche che vengono eseguite, ma dopo ciò l'uso di\n"
|
|
" `T` è gratuito.\n"
|
|
"* Attenzione ai cicli di riferimento, `Arc` non usa un garbage collector per rilevarli.\n"
|
|
" * `std::sync::Weak` può aiutare."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Mutex`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Mutex`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Mutex<T>`][1] ensures mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T`\n"
|
|
"behind a read-only interface:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Mutex<T>`][1] garantisce l'esclusione reciproca _e_ consente l'accesso mutabile a `T`\n"
|
|
"dietro un'interfaccia di sola lettura:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Mutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" guard.push(40);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Notice how we have a [`impl<T: Send> Sync for Mutex<T>`][2] blanket\n"
|
|
"implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nota come abbiamo una coperta [`impl<T: Send> Sync per Mutex<T>`][2].\n"
|
|
"implementazione."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the protected data.\n"
|
|
" * It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the protected data.\n"
|
|
"* You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex<T>` by taking the lock. The `MutexGuard` ensures that "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held.\n"
|
|
"* `Mutex<T>` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff `T` implements `Send`.\n"
|
|
"* A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`.\n"
|
|
"* Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? \n"
|
|
" * If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes \"poisoned\" to signal "
|
|
"that\n"
|
|
" the data it protected might be in an inconsistent state. Calling `lock()` on a poisoned "
|
|
"mutex\n"
|
|
" fails with a [`PoisonError`]. You can call `into_inner()` on the error to recover the data\n"
|
|
" regardless."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Mutex` in Rust sembra una raccolta con un solo elemento: i dati protetti.\n"
|
|
" * Non è possibile dimenticare di acquisire il mutex prima di accedere ai dati protetti.\n"
|
|
"* Puoi ottenere un `&mut T` da un `&Mutex<T>` prendendo il lock. Il `MutexGuard` assicura che il "
|
|
"file\n"
|
|
" `&mut T` non sopravvive al blocco mantenuto.\n"
|
|
"* `Mutex<T>` implementa sia `Send` che `Sync` se `T` implementa `Send`.\n"
|
|
"* Una controparte del blocco lettura-scrittura - `RwLock`.\n"
|
|
"* Perché `lock()` restituisce un `Risultato`?\n"
|
|
" * Se il thread che conteneva il `Mutex` va nel panico, il `Mutex` diventa \"avvelenato\" per "
|
|
"segnalare che\n"
|
|
" i dati protetti potrebbero trovarsi in uno stato incoerente. Chiamare `lock()` su un mutex "
|
|
"avvelenato\n"
|
|
" fallisce con un [`PoisonError`]. Puoi chiamare `into_inner()` sull'errore per recuperare i "
|
|
"dati\n"
|
|
" indipendentemente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:"
|
|
msgstr "Vediamo `Arc` e `Mutex` in azione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" v.push(10);\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" v.push(1000);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" handle.join().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Possible solution:"
|
|
msgstr "Possibile soluzione:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
|
|
" let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" v2.push(10);\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" v.push(1000);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" handle.join().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Notable parts:"
|
|
msgstr "Parti notevoli:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are orthogonal.\n"
|
|
" * Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable state between threads.\n"
|
|
"* `v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another thread. Note `move` "
|
|
"was added to the lambda signature.\n"
|
|
"* Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as possible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `v` è racchiuso sia in `Arc` che in `Mutex`, perché i loro interessi sono ortogonali.\n"
|
|
" * Avvolgere un `Mutex` in un `Arc` è un modello comune per condividere lo stato mutabile tra i "
|
|
"thread.\n"
|
|
"* `v: Arc<_>` deve essere clonato come `v2` prima di poter essere spostato in un altro thread. "
|
|
"Nota che \"move\" è stato aggiunto alla firma lambda.\n"
|
|
"* I blocchi vengono introdotti per restringere il più possibile l'ambito di `LockGuard`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with"
|
|
msgstr "Mettiamo in pratica le nostre nuove abilità di concorrenza con"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to\n"
|
|
" download dependencies and then check links in parallel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Filosofi a tavola: un classico problema in concorrenza.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Verifica link multi-thread: un progetto più ampio in cui utilizzerai Cargo\n"
|
|
" scaricare le dipendenze e quindi controllare i collegamenti in parallelo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Dining Philosophers"
|
|
msgstr "# Filosofi da pranzo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:"
|
|
msgstr "Il problema dei filosofi da pranzo è un classico problema in concorrenza:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has their\n"
|
|
"> own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish served is\n"
|
|
"> a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each philosopher can\n"
|
|
"> only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can only eat their\n"
|
|
"> spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two forks will only\n"
|
|
"> be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, not eating. After\n"
|
|
"> an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put down both forks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Cinque filosofi cenano insieme alla stessa tavola. Ogni filosofo ha il suo\n"
|
|
"> proprio posto a tavola. C'è una forchetta tra ogni piatto. Il piatto servito è\n"
|
|
"> una specie di spaghetto che si mangia con due forchette. Ogni filosofo può\n"
|
|
"> solo alternativamente pensa e mangia. Inoltre, un filosofo può solo mangiare il loro\n"
|
|
"> gli spaghetti quando hanno sia la forchetta destra che quella sinistra. Quindi solo due "
|
|
"forchette\n"
|
|
"> essere disponibile quando i loro due vicini più vicini stanno pensando, non mangiando. Dopo\n"
|
|
"> un singolo filosofo finisce di mangiare, metteranno giù entrambe le forchette."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) for\n"
|
|
"this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill out the\n"
|
|
"blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Avrai bisogno di un'[installazione Cargo](../../cargo/running-locally.md) locale per\n"
|
|
"questo esercizio. Copia il codice qui sotto in un file chiamato `src/main.rs`, compila il file\n"
|
|
"spazi vuoti e verificare che `cargo run` non vada in stallo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Fork;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // left_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // right_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // thoughts: ...\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // Pick up forks...\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
|
|
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // Create forks\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Create philosophers\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Make them think and eat\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Output their thoughts\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:"
|
|
msgstr "Puoi usare il seguente `Cargo.toml`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:65
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Multi-threaded Link Checker"
|
|
msgstr "# Verifica link multi-thread"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It should\n"
|
|
"start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It should\n"
|
|
"recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this until all\n"
|
|
"pages have been validated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Usiamo le nostre nuove conoscenze per creare un verificatore di collegamenti multi-thread. "
|
|
"Dovrebbe\n"
|
|
"iniziare da una pagina Web e verificare che i collegamenti sulla pagina siano validi. Dovrebbe\n"
|
|
"controlla ricorsivamente altre pagine sullo stesso dominio e continua a farlo fino a quando all\n"
|
|
"le pagine sono state convalidate."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`][1]. Create a new\n"
|
|
"Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Per questo, avrai bisogno di un client HTTP come [`reqwest`][1]. Crea un nuovo\n"
|
|
"Progetto Cargo e `richiedilo` come dipendenza con:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo new link-checker\n"
|
|
"$ cd link-checker\n"
|
|
"$ cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit the\n"
|
|
"> `Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Se `cargo add` fallisce con `error: no such subcommand`, modifica il file\n"
|
|
"> File `Cargo.toml` a mano. Aggiungere le dipendenze elencate di seguito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`][2] for that:"
|
|
msgstr "Avrai anche bisogno di un modo per trovare i link. Possiamo usare [`scraper`][2] per questo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo add scraper\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`][3] for\n"
|
|
"that:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Infine, avremo bisogno di un modo per gestire gli errori. Usiamo [`thiserror`][3] per\n"
|
|
"Quello:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo add thiserror\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Le chiamate `cargo add` aggiorneranno il file `Cargo.toml` in questo modo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"link-checker\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-tls\"] }\n"
|
|
"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n"
|
|
"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:50
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as\n"
|
|
"`https://www.google.org/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ora puoi scaricare la pagina iniziale. Prova con un piccolo sito come\n"
|
|
"`https://www.google.org/`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:53
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Il tuo file `src/main.rs` dovrebbe assomigliare a questo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use reqwest::blocking::{get, Response};\n"
|
|
"use reqwest::Url;\n"
|
|
"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum Error {\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn extract_links(response: Response) -> Result<Vec<Url>, Error> {\n"
|
|
" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n"
|
|
" let document = response.text()?;\n"
|
|
" let html = Html::parse_document(&document);\n"
|
|
" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut valid_urls = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" for element in html.select(&selector) {\n"
|
|
" if let Some(href) = element.value().attr(\"href\") {\n"
|
|
" match base_url.join(href) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(url) => valid_urls.push(url),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"On {base_url}: could not parse {href:?}: {err} (ignored)\",);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Ok(valid_urls)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let response = get(start_url).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match extract_links(response) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:100
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with"
|
|
msgstr "Esegui il codice in `src/main.rs` con"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:102
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:106
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Tasks"
|
|
msgstr "## Compiti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:108
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to a\n"
|
|
" channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel.\n"
|
|
"* Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the\n"
|
|
" `www.google.org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that you\n"
|
|
" don't end up being blocked by the site."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Usa i thread per controllare i collegamenti in parallelo: invia gli URL da controllare a a\n"
|
|
" channel e lasciare che alcuni thread controllino gli URL in parallelo.\n"
|
|
"* Estendilo per estrarre in modo ricorsivo i collegamenti da tutte le pagine del file\n"
|
|
" dominio \"www.google.org\". Metti un limite massimo di 100 pagine o giù di lì in modo che tu\n"
|
|
" non finire per essere bloccato dal sito."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Async Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Ruggine asincrona"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed concurrently by\n"
|
|
"executing each task until it would block, then switching to another task that is\n"
|
|
"ready to make progress. The model allows running a larger number of tasks on a\n"
|
|
"limited number of threads. This is because the per-task overhead is typically\n"
|
|
"very low and operating systems provide primitives for efficiently identifying\n"
|
|
"I/O that is able to proceed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"\"Async\" è un modello di concorrenza in cui più attività vengono eseguite contemporaneamente da\n"
|
|
"eseguire ogni attività fino a quando non si bloccherebbe, quindi passare a un'altra attività che "
|
|
"è\n"
|
|
"pronto a fare progressi. Il modello consente di eseguire un numero maggiore di attività su a\n"
|
|
"numero limitato di thread. Questo perché il sovraccarico per attività è in genere\n"
|
|
"molto basso e i sistemi operativi forniscono primitive per l'identificazione efficiente\n"
|
|
"I/O che è in grado di procedere."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work that\n"
|
|
"may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they signal that\n"
|
|
"they are complete."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'operazione asincrona di Rust si basa sui \"futuri\", che rappresentano il lavoro che\n"
|
|
"potrebbe essere completata in futuro. I futures vengono \"interrogati\" fino a quando non lo "
|
|
"segnalano\n"
|
|
"sono completi."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are\n"
|
|
"available."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I futures vengono interrogati da un runtime asincrono e diversi runtime lo sono\n"
|
|
"disponibile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Comparisons"
|
|
msgstr "Comparazione"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type is\n"
|
|
" callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a \"loop\",\n"
|
|
" similar to a runtime in Rust.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The language\n"
|
|
" runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise\n"
|
|
" resolution are hidden."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Python ha un modello simile nel suo `asyncio`. Tuttavia, il suo tipo \"Futuro\" è\n"
|
|
" basato su callback e non su polling. I programmi Python asincroni richiedono un \"loop\",\n"
|
|
" simile a un runtime in Rust.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * La \"promessa\" di JavaScript è simile, ma ancora una volta basata su callback. La lingua\n"
|
|
" runtime implementa il ciclo di eventi, tanti dei dettagli di Promise\n"
|
|
" risoluzione sono nascosti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `async`/`await`"
|
|
msgstr "# `asincrono`/`aspetta`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ad alto livello, il codice asincrono di Rust assomiglia molto al codice sequenziale \"normale\":"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use futures::executor::block_on;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..=count {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n"
|
|
" count_to(count).await;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" block_on(async_main(10));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no long\n"
|
|
" running operation or any real concurrency in it!\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* What is the return type of an async call?\n"
|
|
" * Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return type\n"
|
|
" with a future. \n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the compiler\n"
|
|
" on how to use the returned future.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current thread\n"
|
|
" until the provided future has run to completion. \n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. Unlike\n"
|
|
" `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are\n"
|
|
" introduced later). "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Futures"
|
|
msgstr "# Futuri"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html)\n"
|
|
"is a trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not be\n"
|
|
"complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a\n"
|
|
"[`Poll`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Futuro`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html)\n"
|
|
"è un tratto, implementato da oggetti che rappresentano un'operazione che potrebbe non essere\n"
|
|
"ancora completo. È possibile eseguire il polling di un futuro e `poll` restituisce a\n"
|
|
"[`Sondaggio`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"use std::pin::Pin;\n"
|
|
"use std::task::Context;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub trait Future {\n"
|
|
" type Output;\n"
|
|
" fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output>;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub enum Poll<T> {\n"
|
|
" Ready(T),\n"
|
|
" Pending,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but uncommon) to\n"
|
|
"implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the `JoinHandle` returned\n"
|
|
"from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow joining to it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Una funzione asincrona restituisce un `impl Future`. È anche possibile (ma non comune).\n"
|
|
"implementa `Future` per i tuoi tipi. Ad esempio, è stato restituito \"JoinHandle\".\n"
|
|
"da `tokio::spawn` implementa `Future` per consentire l'unione ad esso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function to\n"
|
|
"pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La parola chiave `.await`, applicata a un Future, fa sì che la funzione async corrente si attivi\n"
|
|
"mettere in pausa fino a quando Future non è pronto, quindi valuta il suo output."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the\n"
|
|
" links to show the implementations in the docs.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async\n"
|
|
" code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * `Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an\n"
|
|
" event occurs.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * `Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers into\n"
|
|
" that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to remain\n"
|
|
" valid after an `.await`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Runtimes"
|
|
msgstr "# Runtime"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A *runtime* provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a\n"
|
|
"*reactor*) and is responsible for executing futures (an *executor*). Rust does not have a\n"
|
|
"\"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un *runtime* fornisce supporto per l'esecuzione di operazioni in modo asincrono (a\n"
|
|
"*reattore*) ed è responsabile dell'esecuzione dei futures (un *esecutore*). La ruggine non ha un\n"
|
|
"runtime \"incorporato\", ma sono disponibili diverse opzioni:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * [Tokio](https://tokio.rs/) - performant, with a well-developed ecosystem of\n"
|
|
" functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or\n"
|
|
" [Tonic](https://github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC.\n"
|
|
" * [async-std](https://async.rs/) - aims to be a \"std for async\", and includes a\n"
|
|
" basic runtime in `async::task`.\n"
|
|
" * [smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/) - simple and lightweight"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * [Tokio](https://tokio.rs/) - performante, con un ecosistema ben sviluppato di\n"
|
|
" funzionalità come [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) per HTTP o\n"
|
|
" [Tonic](https://github.com/hyperium/tonic) per gRPC.\n"
|
|
" * [async-std](https://async.rs/) - mira a essere uno \"std per async\" e include un\n"
|
|
" runtime di base in `async::task`.\n"
|
|
" * [smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/) - semplice e leggero"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example,\n"
|
|
"[Fuchsia](https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-async/src/lib."
|
|
"rs)\n"
|
|
"already has one."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Diverse applicazioni più grandi hanno i propri tempi di esecuzione. Per esempio,\n"
|
|
"[Fucsia](https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/fuchsia-async/src/lib."
|
|
"rs)\n"
|
|
"ne ha già uno."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust\n"
|
|
" playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most interesting\n"
|
|
" async things can't run in the playground.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/O\n"
|
|
" operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS\n"
|
|
" Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are never\n"
|
|
" used."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Si noti che dei runtime elencati, solo Tokio è supportato in Rust\n"
|
|
" terreno di gioco. Anche il parco giochi non consente alcun I/O, quindi molto interessante\n"
|
|
" le cose asincrone non possono essere eseguite nel parco giochi.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* I futures sono \"inerti\" in quanto non fanno nulla (nemmeno avviano un I/O\n"
|
|
" operazione) a meno che non ci sia un esecutore che li interroga. Questo differisce da JS\n"
|
|
" Promesse, ad esempio, che andranno a buon fine anche se non lo saranno mai\n"
|
|
" usato."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Tokio"
|
|
msgstr "# Tokyo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:4
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Tokio provides: "
|
|
msgstr "Tokyo fornisce:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code.\n"
|
|
"* An asynchronous version of the standard library.\n"
|
|
"* A large ecosystem of libraries."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Un runtime multithread per l'esecuzione di codice asincrono.\n"
|
|
"* Una versione asincrona della libreria standard.\n"
|
|
"* Un grande ecosistema di biblioteche."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..=count {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Count in task: {i}!\");\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(count_to(10));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..5 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main task: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\".\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Con la macro `tokio::main` ora possiamo rendere `main` asincrono.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* La funzione `spawn` crea un nuovo \"task\" simultaneo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Nota: `spawn` prende un `Future`, non devi chiamare `.await` su `count_to`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:39
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "**Further exploration:**"
|
|
msgstr "**Ulteriori esplorazioni:**"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:41
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async\n"
|
|
" cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to wait\n"
|
|
" until it finishes.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Perché `count_to` non arriva (di solito) a 10? Questo è un esempio di async\n"
|
|
" cancellazione. `tokio::spawn` restituisce un handle che può essere atteso per attendere\n"
|
|
" finché non finisce.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Prova `count_to(10).await` invece di spawnare.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Prova ad attendere il task restituito da `tokio::spawn`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Tasks"
|
|
msgstr "# Compiti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Runtimes have the concept of a \"task\", similar to a thread but much\n"
|
|
"less resource-intensive."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I runtime hanno il concetto di \"attività\", simile a un thread ma molto\n"
|
|
"meno dispendioso in termini di risorse."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make progress.\n"
|
|
"That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` method polls,\n"
|
|
"corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a task is possible by\n"
|
|
"polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer and an I/O operation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un'attività ha un singolo futuro di primo livello che l'esecutore interroga per fare progressi.\n"
|
|
"Quel futuro può avere uno o più futuri nidificati che il suo metodo \"poll\" esegue il polling,\n"
|
|
"corrispondente vagamente a uno stack di chiamate. La concorrenza all'interno di un'attività è "
|
|
"possibile tramite\n"
|
|
"polling di più futuri figli, come correre un timer e un'operazione di I/O."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::net::TcpListener;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:6142\").await?;\n"
|
|
"\tprintln!(\"listening on port 6142\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" let (mut socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"connection from {addr:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(b\"Who are you?\\n\").await {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
|
|
" return;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut buf = vec![0; 1024];\n"
|
|
" let reply = match socket.read(&mut buf).await {\n"
|
|
" Ok(n) => {\n"
|
|
" let name = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..n]).unwrap().trim();\n"
|
|
" format!(\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\")\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Err(e) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
|
|
" return;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(reply.as_bytes()).await {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:53 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there."
|
|
msgstr "Copia questo esempio nel tuo `src/main.rs` preparato ed eseguilo da lì."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:55
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be with a\n"
|
|
" few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a\n"
|
|
" closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future,\n"
|
|
" similar to an `async fn`. \n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling using `?`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Chiedi agli studenti di visualizzare quale sarebbe lo stato del server di esempio con a\n"
|
|
" pochi client connessi. Quali compiti esistono? Quali sono i loro futuri?\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Questa è la prima volta che vediamo un blocco `async`. Questo è simile a a\n"
|
|
" chiusura, ma non accetta argomenti. Il suo valore di ritorno è un Futuro,\n"
|
|
" simile a un `async fn`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rifattorizzare il blocco asincrono in una funzione e migliorare la gestione degli errori "
|
|
"utilizzando `?`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Async Channels"
|
|
msgstr "# Canali asincroni"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Several crates have support for `async`/`await`. For instance `tokio` channels:"
|
|
msgstr "Diversi crate hanno il supporto per `async`/`await`. Ad esempio i canali `tokio`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn ping_handler(mut input: Receiver<()>) {\n"
|
|
" let mut count: usize = 0;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" while let Some(_) = input.recv().await {\n"
|
|
" count += 1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received {count} pings so far.\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ping_handler complete\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
|
|
" let ping_handler_task = tokio::spawn(ping_handler(receiver));\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..10 {\n"
|
|
" sender.send(()).await.expect(\"Failed to send ping.\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Sent {} pings so far.\", i + 1);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" std::mem::drop(sender);\n"
|
|
" ping_handler_task.await.expect(\"Something went wrong in ping handler task.\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the\n"
|
|
" [morning class](concurrency/channels.md).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that\n"
|
|
" implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be convenient\n"
|
|
" for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to combine\n"
|
|
" them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control flow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Cambia la dimensione del canale in \"3\" e guarda come influisce sull'esecuzione.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Nel complesso, l'interfaccia è simile ai canali `sync` come si vede nel file\n"
|
|
" [lezione mattutina](concurrency/channels.md).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Prova a rimuovere la chiamata `std::mem::drop`. Che succede? Perché?\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* La cassa [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) ha canali che\n"
|
|
" implementa sia `sync` che `async` `send` e `recv`. Questo può essere conveniente\n"
|
|
" per applicazioni complesse con attività di elaborazione di CPU e IO pesanti.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Ciò che rende preferibile lavorare con i canali `async` è la capacità di combinare\n"
|
|
" loro con altri `futuri` per combinarli e creare un flusso di controllo complesso."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Futures Control Flow"
|
|
msgstr "# Flusso di controllo dei futures"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. We\n"
|
|
"have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of execution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I futures possono essere combinati insieme per produrre grafici di flusso di calcolo simultanei. "
|
|
"Noi\n"
|
|
"ho già visto le attività, che funzionano come thread di esecuzione indipendenti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- [Join](control-flow/join.md)\n"
|
|
"- [Select](control-flow/select.md)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"- [Partecipa](control-flow/join.md)\n"
|
|
"- [Seleziona](control-flow/select.md)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Join"
|
|
msgstr "# Giuntura"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and\n"
|
|
"returns a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in\n"
|
|
"JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un'operazione di join attende fino a quando tutti i futures sono pronti e\n"
|
|
"restituisce una raccolta dei loro risultati. Questo è simile a \"Promise.all\" in\n"
|
|
"JavaScript o `asyncio.gather` in Python."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use anyhow::Result;\n"
|
|
"use futures::future;\n"
|
|
"use reqwest;\n"
|
|
"use std::collections::HashMap;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn size_of_page(url: &str) -> Result<usize> {\n"
|
|
" let resp = reqwest::get(url).await?;\n"
|
|
" Ok(resp.text().await?.len())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let urls: [&str; 4] = [\n"
|
|
" \"https://google.com\",\n"
|
|
" \"https://httpbin.org/ip\",\n"
|
|
" \"https://play.rust-lang.org/\",\n"
|
|
" \"BAD_URL\",\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let futures_iter = urls.into_iter().map(size_of_page);\n"
|
|
" let results = future::join_all(futures_iter).await;\n"
|
|
" let page_sizes_dict: HashMap<&str, Result<usize>> =\n"
|
|
" urls.into_iter().zip(results.into_iter()).collect();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", page_sizes_dict);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` but\n"
|
|
" you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is\n"
|
|
" currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this would\n"
|
|
" cause your program to stall. \n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all requests\n"
|
|
" to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a\n"
|
|
" `tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a\n"
|
|
" timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but demonstrates `join!`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Per future multiple di tipi disgiunti, puoi usare `std::future::join!` ma\n"
|
|
" devi sapere quanti futuri avrai al momento della compilazione. Questo è\n"
|
|
" attualmente nella cassa `futures`, presto sarà stabilizzata in `std::future`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Il rischio di \"unirsi\" è che uno dei futuri potrebbe non risolversi mai, questo sì\n"
|
|
" causare l'arresto del programma.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Puoi anche combinare `join_all` con `join!`, ad esempio per unire tutte le richieste\n"
|
|
" a un servizio http così come una query di database. Prova ad aggiungere un\n"
|
|
" `tokio::time::sleep` nel futuro, usando `futures::join!`. Questo non è un\n"
|
|
" timeout (che richiede `select!`, spiegato nel prossimo capitolo), ma dimostra `join!`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Select"
|
|
msgstr "# Selezionare"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and responds to\n"
|
|
"that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise.race`. In\n"
|
|
"Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set,\n"
|
|
"return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un'operazione di selezione attende fino a quando uno qualsiasi di un insieme di futures è pronto e "
|
|
"risponde a\n"
|
|
"il risultato di quel futuro. In JavaScript, è simile a `Promise.race`. In\n"
|
|
"Python, confronta con `asyncio.wait(task_set,\n"
|
|
"return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is usually a macro, similar to match, with each arm of the form `pattern =\n"
|
|
"future => statement`. When the future is ready, the statement is executed with the\n"
|
|
"variable bound to the future's result."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Di solito è una macro, simile a match, con ogni braccio della forma `pattern =\n"
|
|
"futuro => istruzione`. Quando il futuro è pronto, l'istruzione viene eseguita con il\n"
|
|
"variabile legata al risultato del futuro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
"enum Animal {\n"
|
|
" Cat { name: String },\n"
|
|
" Dog { name: String },\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn first_animal_to_finish_race(\n"
|
|
" mut cat_rcv: Receiver<String>,\n"
|
|
" mut dog_rcv: Receiver<String>,\n"
|
|
") -> Option<Animal> {\n"
|
|
" tokio::select! {\n"
|
|
" cat_name = cat_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Cat { name: cat_name? }),\n"
|
|
" dog_name = dog_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Dog { name: dog_name? })\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (cat_sender, cat_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
|
|
" let (dog_sender, dog_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;\n"
|
|
" cat_sender\n"
|
|
" .send(String::from(\"Felix\"))\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to send cat.\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;\n"
|
|
" dog_sender\n"
|
|
" .send(String::from(\"Rex\"))\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to send dog.\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let winner = first_animal_to_finish_race(cat_receiver, dog_receiver)\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to receive winner\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Winner is {winner:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:61
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog.\n"
|
|
" `first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick whichever\n"
|
|
" arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat that\n"
|
|
" take 500ms seconds.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are supposed to\n"
|
|
" receive only one `send`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts of\n"
|
|
" futures.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Note that `select!` moves the values it is given. It is easiest to use\n"
|
|
" when every execution of `select!` creates new futures. An alternative is to\n"
|
|
" pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, but this can lead to\n"
|
|
" issues, further discussed in the pinning slide."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* In questo esempio, abbiamo una gara tra un gatto e un cane.\n"
|
|
" `first_animal_to_finish_race` ascolta entrambi i canali e sceglierà quello che preferisci\n"
|
|
" arriva prima. Poiché il cane impiega 50 ms, vince contro il gatto\n"
|
|
" prendere 500 ms secondi.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* In questo esempio puoi usare i canali `oneshot` come dovrebbero\n"
|
|
" ricevere un solo \"invio\".\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Prova ad aggiungere una scadenza alla gara, dimostrando la selezione di diversi tipi di\n"
|
|
" futuri.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Nota che `select!` sposta i valori che gli vengono dati. È più facile da usare\n"
|
|
" quando ogni esecuzione di `select!` crea nuovi futuri. Un'alternativa è\n"
|
|
" passa `&mut future` invece del futuro stesso, ma questo può portare a\n"
|
|
" problemi, ulteriormente discussi nella diapositiva di blocco."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Pitfalls of async/await"
|
|
msgstr "# Insidie di async/await"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent asynchronous "
|
|
"programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes with its share of pitfalls and "
|
|
"footguns. We illustrate some of them in this chapter:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Async / await fornisce un'astrazione comoda ed efficiente per la programmazione asincrona "
|
|
"simultanea. Tuttavia, anche il modello async/await in Rust ha la sua parte di insidie e pistole. "
|
|
"Ne illustriamo alcuni in questo capitolo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- [Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)\n"
|
|
"- [Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)\n"
|
|
"- [Async Traits](pitfall/async-traits.md)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"- [Blocco dell'esecutore](trappole/blocking-executor.md)\n"
|
|
"- [Pin](trappole/pin.md)\n"
|
|
"- [Tratti asincroni](trapano/async-traits.md)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Blocking the executor"
|
|
msgstr "# Blocco dell'esecutore"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently.\n"
|
|
"This means that CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other tasks from being "
|
|
"executed.\n"
|
|
"An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where possible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La maggior parte dei runtime asincroni consente solo l'esecuzione simultanea delle attività di I/"
|
|
"O.\n"
|
|
"Ciò significa che le attività di blocco della CPU bloccheranno l'esecutore e impediranno "
|
|
"l'esecuzione di altre attività.\n"
|
|
"Una soluzione semplice consiste nell'usare metodi equivalenti asincroni ove possibile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use futures::future::join_all;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Instant;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn sleep_ms(start: &Instant, id: u64, duration_ms: u64) {\n"
|
|
" std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(duration_ms));\n"
|
|
" println!(\n"
|
|
" \"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\",\n"
|
|
" start.elapsed().as_millis()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main(flavor = \"current_thread\")]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let start = Instant::now();\n"
|
|
" let sleep_futures = (1..=10).map(|t| sleep_ms(&start, t, t * 10));\n"
|
|
" join_all(sleep_futures).await;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than\n"
|
|
" concurrently.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This makes the\n"
|
|
" effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-threaded\n"
|
|
" flavor.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its result.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an actual\n"
|
|
" thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the executor.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and most\n"
|
|
" executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is\n"
|
|
" particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, where\n"
|
|
" that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific OS\n"
|
|
" threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such situations.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause another\n"
|
|
" task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Esegui il codice e verifica che le interruzioni avvengano consecutivamente anziché\n"
|
|
" in concomitanza.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Il profilo `\"current_thread\"` pone tutte le attività su un singolo thread. Questo rende il\n"
|
|
" effetto più evidente, ma il bug è ancora presente nel multithread\n"
|
|
" gusto.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Passa da `std::thread::sleep` a `tokio::time::sleep` e attendi il risultato.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Un'altra soluzione potrebbe essere `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` che genera un file effettivo\n"
|
|
" thread e trasforma il suo handle in un futuro senza bloccare l'esecutore.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Non dovresti pensare alle attività come thread del sistema operativo. Non mappano 1 a 1 e la "
|
|
"maggior parte\n"
|
|
" gli esecutori consentiranno l'esecuzione di molte attività su un singolo thread del sistema "
|
|
"operativo. Questo è\n"
|
|
" particolarmente problematico quando si interagisce con altre biblioteche tramite FFI, dove\n"
|
|
" quella libreria potrebbe dipendere dall'archiviazione locale del thread o essere mappata su un "
|
|
"sistema operativo specifico\n"
|
|
" thread (ad esempio, CUDA). Preferisci `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in tali situazioni.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Usa i mutex di sincronizzazione con attenzione. Mantenere un mutex sopra un `.await` può "
|
|
"causarne un altro\n"
|
|
" attività da bloccare e tale attività potrebbe essere in esecuzione sullo stesso thread."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Pin"
|
|
msgstr "# Spillo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be stored on\n"
|
|
"a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current async block. If your\n"
|
|
"future has pointers to data on the stack, those pointers might get invalidated.\n"
|
|
"This is unsafe."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Quando aspetti un futuro, tutte le variabili locali (che normalmente sarebbero memorizzate su\n"
|
|
"uno stack frame) vengono invece archiviati in Future per il blocco asincrono corrente. Se tuo\n"
|
|
"future ha puntatori ai dati nello stack, quei puntatori potrebbero essere invalidati.\n"
|
|
"Questo non è sicuro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to don't\n"
|
|
"change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future repeatedly\n"
|
|
"in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pertanto, è necessario garantire che gli indirizzi futuri puntino a non farlo\n"
|
|
"modifica. Ecco perché dobbiamo \"bloccare\" i futuri. Usando ripetutamente lo stesso futuro\n"
|
|
"in un `select!` spesso porta a problemi con i valori bloccati."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::task::spawn;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n"
|
|
"// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Work {\n"
|
|
" input: u32,\n"
|
|
" respond_on: oneshot::Sender<u32>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n"
|
|
"async fn worker(mut work_queue: mpsc::Receiver<Work>) {\n"
|
|
" let mut iterations = 0;\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" tokio::select! {\n"
|
|
" Some(work) = work_queue.recv() => {\n"
|
|
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await; // Pretend to work.\n"
|
|
" work.respond_on\n"
|
|
" .send(work.input * 1000)\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"failed to send response\");\n"
|
|
" iterations += 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n"
|
|
"async fn do_work(work_queue: &mpsc::Sender<Work>, input: u32) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();\n"
|
|
" work_queue\n"
|
|
" .send(Work {\n"
|
|
" input,\n"
|
|
" respond_on: tx,\n"
|
|
" })\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"failed to send on work queue\");\n"
|
|
" rx.await.expect(\"failed waiting for response\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n"
|
|
" spawn(worker(rx));\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..100 {\n"
|
|
" let resp = do_work(&tx, i).await;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors\n"
|
|
" typically call `select!` in a loop.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your time\n"
|
|
" with it.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!(..) }`\n"
|
|
" to the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the `loop`:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
" let mut timeout_fut = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" select! {\n"
|
|
" ..,\n"
|
|
" _ = timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
" * This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to the\n"
|
|
" `timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using\n"
|
|
" `Box::pin`:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
" let mut timeout_fut = Box::pin(sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)));\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" select! {\n"
|
|
" ..,\n"
|
|
" _ = &mut timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on every\n"
|
|
" iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset\n"
|
|
" `timeout_fut` every time it expires.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently\n"
|
|
" stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, but\n"
|
|
" that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that will send to a "
|
|
"`oneshot` channel every 100ms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Async Traits"
|
|
msgstr "# Tratti asincroni"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An experimental feature "
|
|
"exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-"
|
|
"rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-nightly.html))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"I metodi asincroni nei tratti non sono ancora supportati nel canale stabile ([Esiste una "
|
|
"funzionalità sperimentale in nightly e dovrebbe essere stabilizzata a medio termine.](https://blog."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11 /17/async-fn-in-trait-nightly.html))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) provides a workaround "
|
|
"through a macro:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) fornisce una soluzione "
|
|
"tramite una macro:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use async_trait::async_trait;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Instant;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[async_trait]\n"
|
|
"trait Sleeper {\n"
|
|
" async fn sleep(&self);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct FixedSleeper {\n"
|
|
" sleep_ms: u64,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[async_trait]\n"
|
|
"impl Sleeper for FixedSleeper {\n"
|
|
" async fn sleep(&self) {\n"
|
|
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(self.sleep_ms)).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers: Vec<Box<dyn Sleeper>>, n_times: usize) {\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..n_times {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"running all sleepers..\");\n"
|
|
" for sleeper in &sleepers {\n"
|
|
" let start = Instant::now();\n"
|
|
" sleeper.sleep().await;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"slept for {}ms\", start.elapsed().as_millis());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let sleepers: Vec<Box<dyn Sleeper>> = vec![\n"
|
|
" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 50 }),\n"
|
|
" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 100 }),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers, 5).await;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:49
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<details> "
|
|
msgstr "<dettagli>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:51
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations to\n"
|
|
" achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and\n"
|
|
" probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of\n"
|
|
" explaining them in [this\n"
|
|
" post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/)\n"
|
|
" if you are interested in digging deeper.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of time\n"
|
|
" and adding it to the Vec."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `async_trait` è facile da usare, ma si noti che utilizza allocazioni di heap per\n"
|
|
" raggiungere questo obiettivo. Questa allocazione dell'heap comporta un sovraccarico delle "
|
|
"prestazioni.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Le sfide nel supporto del linguaggio per `async trait` sono il profondo Rust e\n"
|
|
" probabilmente non vale la pena descriverlo in modo approfondito. Niko Matsakis ha fatto un buon "
|
|
"lavoro\n"
|
|
" spiegandoli in [questo\n"
|
|
" post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-traits-are-hard/)\n"
|
|
" se sei interessato a scavare più a fondo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Prova a creare una nuova struttura dormiente che dormirà per un periodo di tempo casuale\n"
|
|
" e aggiungendolo al Vec."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid "To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This time\n"
|
|
" you are going to implement it with Async Rust.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The Elevator Problem: this is a larger project that allows you experiment\n"
|
|
" with more advanced Async Rust features and some of its pitfalls!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Dining Philosophers - Async"
|
|
msgstr "# Filosofi da pranzo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the\n"
|
|
"problem."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As before, you will need a local\n"
|
|
"[Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) for this exercise. Copy\n"
|
|
"the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and test\n"
|
|
"that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Avrai bisogno di un'[installazione Cargo](../../cargo/running-locally.md) locale per\n"
|
|
"questo esercizio. Copia il codice qui sotto in un file chiamato `src/main.rs`, compila il file\n"
|
|
"spazi vuoti e verificare che `cargo run` non vada in stallo:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Fork;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // left_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // right_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // thoughts: ...\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" async fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name)).await\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" async fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // Pick up forks...\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
|
|
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // Create forks\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Create philosophers\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Make them think and eat\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Output their thoughts\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency.\n"
|
|
"You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"tokio = {version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", \"rt-multi-thread\"]}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module\n"
|
|
"from the `tokio` crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:77
|
|
msgid "* Can you make your implementation single-threaded? "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Elevator Operation"
|
|
msgstr "# Funzionamento dell'ascensore"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Elevators seem simple. You press a button, doors open, you wait, and you're at\n"
|
|
"the floor you requested. But implementing an elevator controller is surprisingly\n"
|
|
"difficult! This exercise involves building a simple elevator control that\n"
|
|
"operates in a simple simulator."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Gli ascensori sembrano semplici. Premi un pulsante, le porte si aprono, aspetti e sei a\n"
|
|
"il pavimento che hai richiesto. Ma l'implementazione di un controller per ascensori è "
|
|
"sorprendente\n"
|
|
"difficile! Questo esercizio prevede la costruzione di un semplice controllo dell'ascensore\n"
|
|
"opera in un semplice simulatore."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The overall design of this elevator uses the actor pattern: you will implement a\n"
|
|
"controller task that communicates with other components of the elevator system\n"
|
|
"by sending and receiving messages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il progetto complessivo di questo ascensore utilizza il modello dell'attore: implementerai a\n"
|
|
"attività del controller che comunica con altri componenti del sistema di ascensori\n"
|
|
"inviando e ricevendo messaggi."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Getting Started"
|
|
msgstr "## Iniziare"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and look in the "
|
|
"`elevator`\n"
|
|
"directory for the following files."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Scarica il [modello di esercizio](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) e guarda "
|
|
"nell'\"ascensore\"\n"
|
|
"directory per i seguenti file."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use building::BuildingEvent;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::broadcast;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod building;\n"
|
|
"mod controller;\n"
|
|
"mod driver;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let building = driver::make_building();\n"
|
|
" let (building_task, events_rx, building_cmd_tx, driver_cmd_tx) = building.start();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(print_events(events_rx.resubscribe()));\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(driver::driver(events_rx.resubscribe(), driver_cmd_tx));\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(controller::controller(events_rx, building_cmd_tx));\n"
|
|
" building_task.await.unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn print_events(mut events_rx: broadcast::Receiver<BuildingEvent>) {\n"
|
|
" while let Ok(evt) = events_rx.recv().await {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"BuildingEvent::{:?}\", evt);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:47
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`src/building.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`src/edificio.rs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:49
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File src/building.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File src/building.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! The building simulates floors and elevators.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::{broadcast, mpsc};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::task;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n"
|
|
"pub enum Direction {\n"
|
|
" Up,\n"
|
|
" Down,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// A passenger is a person with a destination floor in mind.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Passenger {\n"
|
|
" destination: FloorId,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// FloorId identifies a floor. These are zero-based integers.\n"
|
|
"pub type FloorId = usize;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Floor represents the current status of a floor in the building.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Default, Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Floor {\n"
|
|
" passengers: Vec<Passenger>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// ElevatorId identifies an elevator in the building. These are zero-based integers.\n"
|
|
"pub type ElevatorId = usize;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Elevator represents the current status of an elevator in the building.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Default, Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Elevator {\n"
|
|
" /// Floor the elevator is currently on. In the simulation the elevator\n"
|
|
" /// transports instantaneously from one floor to the next in a single\n"
|
|
" /// simulation tick.\n"
|
|
" position: FloorId,\n"
|
|
" /// Destination floor for the elevator, if any. This can change at any time.\n"
|
|
" destination: Option<FloorId>,\n"
|
|
" /// Passengers currently on the elevator.\n"
|
|
" passengers: Vec<Passenger>,\n"
|
|
" /// True if the elevator is stopped with the doors open. The elevator\n"
|
|
" /// will not move with the doors open, but they will close at the next\n"
|
|
" /// tick of the simulation.\n"
|
|
" doors_open: bool,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// A BuildingEvent is an event that occurs in the building.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Clone)]\n"
|
|
"pub enum BuildingEvent {\n"
|
|
" /// A passenger has pressed a floor button in the elevator.\n"
|
|
" FloorButtonPressed(ElevatorId, FloorId),\n"
|
|
" /// A passenger on the given floor has pressed the call button.\n"
|
|
" CallButtonPressed(FloorId, Direction),\n"
|
|
" /// The elevator has arrived at the given floor. If this is the\n"
|
|
" /// elevator's destination, then it will stop open its doors.\n"
|
|
" AtFloor(ElevatorId, FloorId),\n"
|
|
" /// A passenger has been delivered to their desired floor.\n"
|
|
" PassengerDelivered(FloorId),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// A BuildingCommand tells the building what to do.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub enum BuildingCommand {\n"
|
|
" /// Set the elevator's destination. The elevator will close its doors\n"
|
|
" /// if necessary and then begin moving toward this floor.\n"
|
|
" GoToFloor(ElevatorId, FloorId),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// A DriverCommand is a message from the driver to change the state of\n"
|
|
"/// the building.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub enum DriverCommand {\n"
|
|
" /// A passenger has arrived and is waiting for an elevator. The passenger will automatically\n"
|
|
" /// press the relevant call button, board the elevator when it arrives, press their floor\n"
|
|
" /// button, and depart when the doors open on their destination floor.\n"
|
|
" PassengerArrived { at: FloorId, destination: FloorId },\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Halt all activity in the building and end the building task.\n"
|
|
" Halt,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Building manages the current status of the building.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct Building {\n"
|
|
" floors: Vec<Floor>,\n"
|
|
" elevators: Vec<Elevator>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Building {\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(num_floors: usize, num_elevators: usize) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" let mut floors = vec![];\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..num_floors {\n"
|
|
" floors.push(Floor::default());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" let mut elevators = vec![];\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..num_elevators {\n"
|
|
" elevators.push(Elevator::default());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Self { floors, elevators }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Start the building. The resulting channels are used to communicate\n"
|
|
" /// with the building\n"
|
|
" pub fn start(\n"
|
|
" self,\n"
|
|
" ) -> (\n"
|
|
" task::JoinHandle<()>,\n"
|
|
" broadcast::Receiver<BuildingEvent>,\n"
|
|
" mpsc::Sender<BuildingCommand>,\n"
|
|
" mpsc::Sender<DriverCommand>,\n"
|
|
" ) {\n"
|
|
" let (events_tx, events_rx) = broadcast::channel(10);\n"
|
|
" let (building_cmd_tx, building_cmd_rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n"
|
|
" let (driver_cmd_tx, driver_cmd_rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n"
|
|
" let task = tokio::spawn(self.run(events_tx, building_cmd_rx, driver_cmd_rx));\n"
|
|
" (task, events_rx, building_cmd_tx, driver_cmd_tx)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" async fn run(\n"
|
|
" mut self,\n"
|
|
" events_tx: broadcast::Sender<BuildingEvent>,\n"
|
|
" mut building_cmd_rx: mpsc::Receiver<BuildingCommand>,\n"
|
|
" mut driver_cmd_rx: mpsc::Receiver<DriverCommand>,\n"
|
|
" ) {\n"
|
|
" let mut ticker = time::interval(time::Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" tokio::select! {\n"
|
|
" Some(BuildingCommand::GoToFloor(el, fl)) = building_cmd_rx.recv() => {\n"
|
|
" self.elevators[el].destination = Some(fl);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Some(cmd) = driver_cmd_rx.recv() => {\n"
|
|
" match cmd {\n"
|
|
" DriverCommand::PassengerArrived{at, destination} => {\n"
|
|
" self.new_passenger(&events_tx, at, destination).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" DriverCommand::Halt => return,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" _ = ticker.tick() => self.move_elevators(&events_tx).await\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Move the elevators toward their destinations.\n"
|
|
" async fn move_elevators(&mut self, events_tx: &broadcast::Sender<BuildingEvent>) {\n"
|
|
" for el in 0..self.elevators.len() {\n"
|
|
" let elevator = &mut self.elevators[el];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // If the elevator's doors are open, close them and wait for the next tick.\n"
|
|
" if elevator.doors_open {\n"
|
|
" elevator.doors_open = false;\n"
|
|
" continue;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // If the elevator has somewhere to go, move toward it.\n"
|
|
" if let Some(dest) = elevator.destination {\n"
|
|
" if dest > elevator.position {\n"
|
|
" elevator.position += 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" if dest < elevator.position {\n"
|
|
" elevator.position -= 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" events_tx\n"
|
|
" .send(BuildingEvent::AtFloor(el, elevator.position))\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // If the elevator has reached its destination, open\n"
|
|
" // the doors and let passengers get on and off.\n"
|
|
" if elevator.position == dest {\n"
|
|
" elevator.destination = None;\n"
|
|
" elevator.doors_open = true;\n"
|
|
" self.exchange_passengers(&events_tx, el).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Handle a new passenger arriving at the given floor.\n"
|
|
" async fn new_passenger(\n"
|
|
" &mut self,\n"
|
|
" events_tx: &broadcast::Sender<BuildingEvent>,\n"
|
|
" at: FloorId,\n"
|
|
" destination: FloorId,\n"
|
|
" ) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Passenger arrived at {} going to {}\", at, destination);\n"
|
|
" if at == destination {\n"
|
|
" events_tx\n"
|
|
" .send(BuildingEvent::PassengerDelivered(destination))\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" return;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" self.floors[at].passengers.push(Passenger { destination });\n"
|
|
" let dir = if at < destination {\n"
|
|
" Direction::Up\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" Direction::Down\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" events_tx\n"
|
|
" .send(BuildingEvent::CallButtonPressed(at, dir))\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// The doors for the given elevator are open, so take on and discharge passengers.\n"
|
|
" async fn exchange_passengers(\n"
|
|
" &mut self,\n"
|
|
" events_tx: &broadcast::Sender<BuildingEvent>,\n"
|
|
" el: ElevatorId,\n"
|
|
" ) {\n"
|
|
" let elevator = &mut self.elevators[el];\n"
|
|
" let fl = elevator.position;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Handle passengers leaving the elevator at their floor.\n"
|
|
" let (this_floor, other_floors): (Vec<Passenger>, Vec<Passenger>) = elevator\n"
|
|
" .passengers\n"
|
|
" .drain(..)\n"
|
|
" .partition(|px| px.destination == fl);\n"
|
|
" for px in this_floor {\n"
|
|
" events_tx\n"
|
|
" .send(BuildingEvent::PassengerDelivered(px.destination))\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" elevator.passengers = other_floors;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Handle passengers entering the elevator.\n"
|
|
" for px in self.floors[fl].passengers.drain(..) {\n"
|
|
" events_tx\n"
|
|
" .send(BuildingEvent::FloorButtonPressed(el, px.destination))\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" elevator.passengers.push(px);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:288
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`src/driver.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`src/driver.rs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:290
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File src/driver.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File src/driver.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:292
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! The driver controls when and where passengers arrive.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::building::{Building, BuildingEvent, DriverCommand};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::{broadcast, mpsc};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Create a new building to be driven by this driver.\n"
|
|
"pub fn make_building() -> Building {\n"
|
|
" Building::new(3, 1)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Simulate people arriving at the ground floor and going to the first floor, one by one.\n"
|
|
"pub async fn driver(\n"
|
|
" mut events_rx: broadcast::Receiver<BuildingEvent>,\n"
|
|
" driver_cmd_tx: mpsc::Sender<DriverCommand>,\n"
|
|
") {\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" // A passenger has arrived..\n"
|
|
" driver_cmd_tx\n"
|
|
" .send(DriverCommand::PassengerArrived {\n"
|
|
" at: 0,\n"
|
|
" destination: 2,\n"
|
|
" })\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait until they are delivered..\n"
|
|
" while let Ok(evt) = events_rx.recv().await {\n"
|
|
" if let BuildingEvent::PassengerDelivered(_) = evt {\n"
|
|
" break;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" driver_cmd_tx.send(DriverCommand::Halt).await.unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:330
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`src/controller.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`src/controllore.rs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:332
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File src/controller.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- File src/controller.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:334
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! The controller directs the elevators to operate so that passengers\n"
|
|
"//! get to their destinations.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::building::{BuildingCommand, BuildingEvent};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::{broadcast, mpsc};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub async fn controller(\n"
|
|
" mut events_rx: broadcast::Receiver<BuildingEvent>,\n"
|
|
" building_cmd_tx: mpsc::Sender<BuildingCommand>,\n"
|
|
") {\n"
|
|
" while let Ok(evt) = events_rx.recv().await {\n"
|
|
" match evt {\n"
|
|
" BuildingEvent::CallButtonPressed(at, _) => {\n"
|
|
" building_cmd_tx\n"
|
|
" .send(BuildingCommand::GoToFloor(0, at))\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" BuildingEvent::FloorButtonPressed(_, destination) => {\n"
|
|
" building_cmd_tx\n"
|
|
" .send(BuildingCommand::GoToFloor(0, destination))\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" _ => {}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:369
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[workspace]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"elevator\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"tokio = { version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"full\"] }\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:381
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Use `cargo run` to run the elevator simulation."
|
|
msgstr "Usa `cargo run` per eseguire la simulazione dell'ascensore."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:383
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "Esercizi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:385
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Begin by implementing a controller that can transport the passengers provided by\n"
|
|
"the simple driver. There is only one elevator, and passengers always go from\n"
|
|
"floor 0 to floor 2, one-by-one."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Inizia implementando un controller in grado di trasportare i passeggeri forniti da\n"
|
|
"il semplice conducente. C'è solo un ascensore e i passeggeri vanno sempre da\n"
|
|
"piano 0 al piano 2, uno per uno."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:389
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Once you have this done, make the problem more complex. Suggested tasks:"
|
|
msgstr "Una volta fatto ciò, rendi il problema più complesso. Compiti suggeriti:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/elevator.md:391
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * Make the driver more complex, with passengers arriving at random floors with\n"
|
|
" random destinations at random times.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Create a building with more than one elevator, and adjust the controller to\n"
|
|
" handle this efficiently.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Add additional events and metadata to analyze your controller's efficiency.\n"
|
|
" What is the distribution of wait time for passengers? Is the result fair?\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Modify the building to support a maximum passenger capacity for each\n"
|
|
" elevator, and modify the controller to take this information into account.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Update the driver to simulate business traffic, with lots of passengers going\n"
|
|
" up from the ground floor at the same time, and those passengers returning to\n"
|
|
" the ground floor some time later. Can your controller adjust to these\n"
|
|
" circumstances?\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Modify the building to support \"destination dispatch\", where passengers\n"
|
|
" signal their destination floor in the elevator lobby, before boarding the\n"
|
|
" elevator.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * If you are taking the course with other students, trade controllers or\n"
|
|
" drivers with another student to see how robust your design is.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Build a textual or graphical display of the elevators as they run."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Rendi il conducente più complesso, con i passeggeri che arrivano a piani casuali\n"
|
|
" destinazioni casuali in orari casuali.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Crea un edificio con più di un ascensore e regola il controller su\n"
|
|
" gestirlo in modo efficiente.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Aggiungi ulteriori eventi e metadati per analizzare l'efficienza del tuo controller.\n"
|
|
" Qual è la distribuzione del tempo di attesa per i passeggeri? Il risultato è giusto?\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Modificare l'edificio per supportare una capacità massima di passeggeri per ciascuno\n"
|
|
" elevatore e modificare il controller per tenere conto di queste informazioni.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Aggiorna il conducente per simulare il traffico aziendale, con molti passeggeri in viaggio\n"
|
|
" dal piano terra allo stesso tempo, e quei passeggeri che tornano a\n"
|
|
" il piano terra qualche tempo dopo. Il tuo controller può adattarsi a questi\n"
|
|
" circostanze?\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Modificare l'edificio per supportare la \"spedizione di destinazione\", dove i passeggeri\n"
|
|
" segnala il piano di destinazione nella hall dell'ascensore, prima di salire a bordo\n"
|
|
" ascensore.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Se stai frequentando il corso con altri studenti, controllori commerciali o\n"
|
|
" driver con un altro studente per vedere quanto è robusto il tuo progetto.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Costruisci una visualizzazione testuale o grafica degli ascensori mentre corrono."
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Thanks!"
|
|
msgstr "# Grazie!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and that it\n"
|
|
"was useful."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"_Grazie per aver preso Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ Ci auguriamo che ti sia piaciuto e che sia così\n"
|
|
"è stato utile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not perfect,\n"
|
|
"so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, please get in\n"
|
|
"[contact with us on\n"
|
|
"GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would love\n"
|
|
"to hear from you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ci siamo divertiti molto a mettere insieme il corso. Il corso non è perfetto,\n"
|
|
"quindi se hai individuato errori o hai idee per miglioramenti, entra\n"
|
|
"[contattaci su\n"
|
|
"GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Ci piacerebbe\n"
|
|
"avere tue notizie."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Other Rust Resources"
|
|
msgstr "# Altre risorse di ruggine"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources\n"
|
|
"online."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La community di Rust ha creato una vasta gamma di risorse gratuite e di alta qualità\n"
|
|
"in linea."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Official Documentation"
|
|
msgstr "## Documentazione ufficiale"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:"
|
|
msgstr "Il progetto Rust ospita molte risorse. Questi coprono Rust in generale:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the\n"
|
|
" canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes a\n"
|
|
" few projects for people to build.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the Rust\n"
|
|
" syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. Sometimes\n"
|
|
" includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code in the\n"
|
|
" examples.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full documentation of\n"
|
|
" the standard library for Rust.\n"
|
|
"* [The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete book\n"
|
|
" which describes the Rust grammar and memory model."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [Il linguaggio di programmazione Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the\n"
|
|
" canonico libro gratuito su Rust. Copre la lingua in dettaglio e include a\n"
|
|
" pochi progetti da costruire per le persone.\n"
|
|
"* [Ruggine per esempio](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): copre la Ruggine\n"
|
|
" sintassi attraverso una serie di esempi che mostrano diversi costrutti. A volte\n"
|
|
" include piccoli esercizi in cui ti viene chiesto di espandere il codice nel file\n"
|
|
" esempi.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): documentazione completa di\n"
|
|
" la libreria standard per Rust.\n"
|
|
"* [The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): un libro incompleto\n"
|
|
" che descrive la grammatica e il modello di memoria di Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:"
|
|
msgstr "Guide più specializzate ospitate sul sito ufficiale di Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe Rust,\n"
|
|
" including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages\n"
|
|
" (FFI).\n"
|
|
"* [Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/):\n"
|
|
" covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after the\n"
|
|
" Rust Book was written.\n"
|
|
"* [The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): an\n"
|
|
" introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating system."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): copre Rust non sicuro,\n"
|
|
" compreso il lavoro con puntatori grezzi e l'interfacciamento con altre lingue\n"
|
|
" (FFI).\n"
|
|
"* [Programmazione asincrona in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/):\n"
|
|
" copre il nuovo modello di programmazione asincrona che è stato introdotto dopo il\n"
|
|
" Rust Book è stato scritto.\n"
|
|
"* [The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): an\n"
|
|
" introduzione all'utilizzo di Rust su dispositivi embedded senza sistema operativo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Unofficial Learning Material"
|
|
msgstr "## Materiale didattico non ufficiale"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Una piccola selezione di altre guide e tutorial per Rust:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers Rust\n"
|
|
" from the perspective of low-level C programmers.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust for Embedded C\n"
|
|
" Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/rust_for_c/): covers Rust from\n"
|
|
" the perspective of developers who write firmware in C.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/):\n"
|
|
" covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other languages\n"
|
|
" such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to help\n"
|
|
" you learn Rust.\n"
|
|
"* [Ferrous Teaching\n"
|
|
" Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-material/index.html): a\n"
|
|
" series of small presentations covering both basic and advanced part of the\n"
|
|
" Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, and async/await are also\n"
|
|
" covered.\n"
|
|
"* [Beginner's Series to\n"
|
|
" Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-series-to-rust/) and\n"
|
|
" [Take your first steps with\n"
|
|
" Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): two\n"
|
|
" Rust guides aimed at new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and the\n"
|
|
" second is a set of 11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic constructs.\n"
|
|
"* [Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked\n"
|
|
" Lists](https://rust-unofficial.github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth\n"
|
|
" exploration of Rust's memory management rules, through implementing a few\n"
|
|
" different types of list structures."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [Impara la ruggine in modo pericoloso](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): copre Rust\n"
|
|
" dal punto di vista dei programmatori C di basso livello.\n"
|
|
"* [Ruggine per Embedded C\n"
|
|
" Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/rust_for_c/): copre Rust da\n"
|
|
" la prospettiva degli sviluppatori che scrivono firmware in C.\n"
|
|
"* [Ruggine per professionisti](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/):\n"
|
|
" copre la sintassi di Rust usando confronti fianco a fianco con altri linguaggi\n"
|
|
" come C, C++, Java, JavaScript e Python.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): oltre 100 esercizi per aiutarti\n"
|
|
" impari Ruggine.\n"
|
|
"* [Insegnamento ferroso\n"
|
|
" Materiale](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-material/index.html): a\n"
|
|
" serie di piccole presentazioni che coprono sia la parte di base che quella avanzata del\n"
|
|
" Linguaggio ruggine. Sono disponibili anche altri argomenti come WebAssembly e async/await\n"
|
|
" coperto.\n"
|
|
"* [Serie per principianti a\n"
|
|
" Ruggine](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-series-to-rust/) e\n"
|
|
" [Fai i tuoi primi passi con\n"
|
|
" Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): due\n"
|
|
" Guide Rust rivolte ai nuovi sviluppatori. Il primo è un set di 35 video e il\n"
|
|
" il secondo è un set di 11 moduli che copre la sintassi di Rust ei costrutti di base.\n"
|
|
"* [Impara la ruggine con troppi collegamenti\n"
|
|
" Liste](https://rust-unofficial.github.io/too-many-lists/): approfondimento\n"
|
|
" esplorazione delle regole di gestione della memoria di Rust, implementandone alcune\n"
|
|
" diversi tipi di strutture di elenchi."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:63
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) for\n"
|
|
"even more Rust books."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si prega di consultare il [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) per\n"
|
|
"ancora più libri di Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Credits"
|
|
msgstr "# Crediti"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust documentation.\n"
|
|
"See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a full list of useful\n"
|
|
"resources."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il materiale qui si basa sulle molte grandi fonti di documentazione di Rust.\n"
|
|
"Vedere la pagina su [altre risorse](other-resources.md) per un elenco completo di utili\n"
|
|
"risorse."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache 2.0\n"
|
|
"license, please see [`LICENSE`](../LICENSE) for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il materiale di Comprehensive Rust è concesso in licenza secondo i termini di Apache 2.0\n"
|
|
"licenza, vedere [`LICENSE`](../LICENSE) per i dettagli."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Rust by Example"
|
|
msgstr "## Ruggine con l'esempio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by\n"
|
|
"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the\n"
|
|
"`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license\n"
|
|
"terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Alcuni esempi ed esercizi sono stati copiati e adattati da [Rust by\n"
|
|
"Esempio](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Si prega di consultare il\n"
|
|
"directory `Third_party/rust-by-example/` per i dettagli, inclusa la licenza\n"
|
|
"termini."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Rust on Exercism"
|
|
msgstr "## Ruggine sull'esercizio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on\n"
|
|
"Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the\n"
|
|
"`third_party/rust-on-exercism/` directory for details, including the license\n"
|
|
"terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Alcuni esercizi sono stati copiati e adattati da [Rust on\n"
|
|
"Esercizio fisico](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust). Si prega di consultare il\n"
|
|
"directory `Third_party/rust-on-exercism/` per i dettagli, inclusa la licenza\n"
|
|
"termini."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## CXX"
|
|
msgstr "##CXX"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section uses an\n"
|
|
"image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` directory\n"
|
|
"for details, including the license terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La sezione [Interoperabilità con C++](android/interoperabilità/cpp.md) utilizza un file\n"
|
|
"immagine da [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Si prega di consultare la directory `Third_party/cxx/`\n"
|
|
"per i dettagli, inclusi i termini di licenza."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Solutions"
|
|
msgstr "# Soluzioni"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages."
|
|
msgstr "Troverai le soluzioni degli esercizi nelle pagine seguenti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on\n"
|
|
"GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us know\n"
|
|
"if you have a different or better solution than what is presented here."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sentiti libero di fare domande sulle soluzioni [on\n"
|
|
"GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Facci sapere\n"
|
|
"se hai una soluzione diversa o migliore di quella presentata qui."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> **Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label`\n"
|
|
"> comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to\n"
|
|
"> re-use parts of the solutions as the exercises."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> **Nota:** Si prega di ignorare `// ANCHOR: etichetta` e `// ANCHOR_END: etichetta`\n"
|
|
"> commenti che vedi nelle soluzioni. Sono lì per renderlo possibile\n"
|
|
"> riutilizzare parti delle soluzioni come esercizi."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 1 Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Giorno 1 Esercizi mattutini"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Arrays and `for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr "## Array e cicli `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](for-loops.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: transpose\n"
|
|
"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: transpose\n"
|
|
" let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" for j in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" return result;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n"
|
|
"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n"
|
|
" for row in matrix {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{row:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_transpose() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], //\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" transposed,\n"
|
|
" [\n"
|
|
" [101, 201, 301], //\n"
|
|
" [102, 202, 302],\n"
|
|
" [103, 203, 303],\n"
|
|
" ]\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"matrix:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&matrix);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"transposed:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&transposed);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:78
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "### Bonus question"
|
|
msgstr "### Domanda bonus"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-of-slices "
|
|
"(`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our function handle any size of matrix. "
|
|
"However, this quickly breaks down: the return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the "
|
|
"data you return."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Richiede concetti più avanzati. Potrebbe sembrare che potremmo usare uno slice-of-slice "
|
|
"(`&[&[i32]]`) come tipo di input da trasporre e quindi fare in modo che la nostra funzione "
|
|
"gestisca qualsiasi dimensione di matrice. Tuttavia, questo si interrompe rapidamente: il tipo "
|
|
"restituito non può essere `&[&[i32]]` poiché deve essere proprietario dei dati restituiti."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can attempt to use something like `Vec<Vec<i32>>`, but this doesn't work out-of-the-box "
|
|
"either: it's hard to convert from `Vec<Vec<i32>>` to `&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use "
|
|
"`pretty_print` either."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Puoi provare a usare qualcosa come `Vec<Vec<i32>>`, ma neanche questo funziona immediatamente: è "
|
|
"difficile convertire da `Vec<Vec<i32>>` a `&[ &[i32]]` quindi ora non puoi nemmeno usare "
|
|
"facilmente `pretty_print`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:84
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::AsRef`][1] trait to "
|
|
"abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Una volta arrivati ai tratti e ai generici, saremo in grado di usare il tratto [`std::convert::"
|
|
"AsRef`][1] per astrarre su tutto ciò che può essere referenziato come slice."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"use std::convert::AsRef;\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::Debug;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn pretty_print<T, Line, Matrix>(matrix: Matrix)\n"
|
|
"where\n"
|
|
" T: Debug,\n"
|
|
" // A line references a slice of items\n"
|
|
" Line: AsRef<[T]>,\n"
|
|
" // A matrix references a slice of lines\n"
|
|
" Matrix: AsRef<[Line]>\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" for row in matrix.as_ref() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // &[&[i32]]\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&[&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5, 6], &[7, 8, 9]]);\n"
|
|
" // [[&str; 2]; 2]\n"
|
|
" pretty_print([[\"a\", \"b\"], [\"c\", \"d\"]]);\n"
|
|
" // Vec<Vec<i32>>\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2], vec![3, 4]]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:113
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of the same length, so "
|
|
"such variable could contain an invalid matrix."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Inoltre, il tipo stesso non imporrebbe che le sezioni figlie abbiano la stessa lunghezza, quindi "
|
|
"tale variabile potrebbe contenere una matrice non valida."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 1 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Giorno 1 Esercizi pomeridiani"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Designing a Library"
|
|
msgstr "## Progettare una libreria"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](book-library.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
|
|
"struct Library {\n"
|
|
" books: Vec<Book>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" year: u16,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Book {\n"
|
|
" // This is a constructor, used below.\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n"
|
|
" Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String::from(title),\n"
|
|
" year,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n"
|
|
"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n"
|
|
"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n"
|
|
"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n"
|
|
"impl Library {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_new\n"
|
|
" fn new() -> Library {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_new\n"
|
|
" Library { books: Vec::new() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_len\n"
|
|
" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n"
|
|
" fn len(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" self.books.len()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n"
|
|
" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n"
|
|
" fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" self.books.is_empty()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n"
|
|
" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n"
|
|
" fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
" self.books.push(book)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n"
|
|
" //fn print_books(self) {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and year\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n"
|
|
" fn print_books(&self) {\n"
|
|
" for book in &self.books {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}, published in {}\", book.title, book.year);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n"
|
|
" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n"
|
|
" fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
" // Using a closure and a built-in method:\n"
|
|
" // self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Longer hand-written solution:\n"
|
|
" let mut oldest: Option<&Book> = None;\n"
|
|
" for book in self.books.iter() {\n"
|
|
" if oldest.is_none() || book.year < oldest.unwrap().year {\n"
|
|
" oldest = Some(book);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" oldest\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n"
|
|
"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n"
|
|
"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n"
|
|
"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library is empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: {}\", library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //match library.oldest_book() {\n"
|
|
" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n"
|
|
" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_len() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n"
|
|
" assert!(library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n"
|
|
" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" assert!(library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_print_books() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
|
|
" // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n"
|
|
" // method to start with.\n"
|
|
" library.print_books();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_oldest_book() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", 1865));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 2 Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Giorno 2 Esercizi mattutini"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Points and Polygons"
|
|
msgstr "## Punti e poligoni"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](points-polygons.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Point\n"
|
|
"pub struct Point {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Point\n"
|
|
" x: i32,\n"
|
|
" y: i32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Point-impl\n"
|
|
"impl Point {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Point-impl\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {\n"
|
|
" Point { x, y }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" (self - other).magnitude()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n"
|
|
" type Output = Self;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" x: self.x + other.x,\n"
|
|
" y: self.y + other.y,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl std::ops::Sub for Point {\n"
|
|
" type Output = Self;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" x: self.x - other.x,\n"
|
|
" y: self.y - other.y,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Polygon\n"
|
|
"pub struct Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon\n"
|
|
" points: Vec<Point>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Polygon-impl\n"
|
|
"impl Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon-impl\n"
|
|
" pub fn new() -> Polygon {\n"
|
|
" Polygon { points: Vec::new() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {\n"
|
|
" self.points.push(point);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option<Point> {\n"
|
|
" self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Point> {\n"
|
|
" self.points.iter()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" if self.points.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return 0.0;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut result = 0.0;\n"
|
|
" let mut last_point = self.points[0];\n"
|
|
" for point in &self.points[1..] {\n"
|
|
" result += last_point.dist(*point);\n"
|
|
" last_point = *point;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n"
|
|
" result\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Circle\n"
|
|
"pub struct Circle {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Circle\n"
|
|
" center: Point,\n"
|
|
" radius: i32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Circle-impl\n"
|
|
"impl Circle {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Circle-impl\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle {\n"
|
|
" Circle { center, radius }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" self.center.dist(other.center)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Shape\n"
|
|
"pub enum Shape {\n"
|
|
" Polygon(Polygon),\n"
|
|
" Circle(Circle),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Shape\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl From<Polygon> for Shape {\n"
|
|
" fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Shape::Polygon(poly)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl From<Circle> for Shape {\n"
|
|
" fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Shape::Circle(circle)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Shape {\n"
|
|
" pub fn perimeter(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" match self {\n"
|
|
" Shape::Polygon(poly) => poly.length(),\n"
|
|
" Shape::Circle(circle) => circle.circumference(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_dist() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_add() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n"
|
|
" let shapes = vec![\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(poly),\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let perimeters = shapes\n"
|
|
" .iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n"
|
|
" .map(round_two_digits)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 2 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Giorno 2 Esercizi pomeridiani"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Luhn Algorithm"
|
|
msgstr "## Algoritmo di Luhn"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](luhn.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: luhn\n"
|
|
"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: luhn\n"
|
|
" let mut digits_seen = 0;\n"
|
|
" let mut sum = 0;\n"
|
|
" for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ').enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" match ch.to_digit(10) {\n"
|
|
" Some(d) => {\n"
|
|
" sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n"
|
|
" let dd = d * 2;\n"
|
|
" dd / 10 + dd % 10\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" d\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" digits_seen += 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" None => return false,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" if digits_seen < 2 {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" sum % 10 == 0\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\n"
|
|
" \"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n"
|
|
" if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:97
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Strings and Iterators"
|
|
msgstr "## Stringhe e iteratori"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:99
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](strings-iterators.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:101
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n"
|
|
"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n"
|
|
" let prefixes = prefix.split('/');\n"
|
|
" let request_paths = request_path\n"
|
|
" .split('/')\n"
|
|
" .map(|p| Some(p))\n"
|
|
" .chain(std::iter::once(None));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for (prefix, request_path) in prefixes.zip(request_paths) {\n"
|
|
" match request_path {\n"
|
|
" Some(request_path) => {\n"
|
|
" if (prefix != \"*\") && (prefix != request_path) {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" None => return false,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" true\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc-123\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/books\"));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 3 Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "# Giorno 3 Esercizio mattutino"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## A Simple GUI Library"
|
|
msgstr "## Una semplice libreria GUI"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](simple-gui.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
|
|
"pub trait Widget {\n"
|
|
" /// Natural width of `self`.\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n"
|
|
" fn draw(&self) {\n"
|
|
" let mut buffer = String::new();\n"
|
|
" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Label {\n"
|
|
" label: String,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Label {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n"
|
|
" Label {\n"
|
|
" label: label.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label,\n"
|
|
" callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Button {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>) -> Button {\n"
|
|
" Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label::new(label),\n"
|
|
" callback,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Window {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec<Box<dyn Widget>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Window {\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n"
|
|
" Window {\n"
|
|
" title: title.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec::new(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn Widget>) {\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.push(widget);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" std::cmp::max(\n"
|
|
" self.title.chars().count(),\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Window-width\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Window {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n"
|
|
" // Add 4 paddings for borders\n"
|
|
" self.inner_width() + 4\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n"
|
|
" let mut inner = String::new();\n"
|
|
" for widget in &self.widgets {\n"
|
|
" widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let inner_width = self.inner_width();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n"
|
|
" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n"
|
|
" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:-<inner_width$}-+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"| {:^inner_width$} |\", &self.title).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+={:=<inner_width$}=+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" for line in inner.lines() {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"| {:inner_width$} |\", line).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:-<inner_width$}-+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Button-width\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Button {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n"
|
|
" self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n"
|
|
" let width = self.width();\n"
|
|
" let mut label = String::new();\n"
|
|
" self.label.draw_into(&mut label);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:-<width$}+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" for line in label.lines() {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"|{:^width$}|\", &line).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:-<width$}+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Label-width\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Label {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n"
|
|
" self.label\n"
|
|
" .lines()\n"
|
|
" .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n"
|
|
" .max()\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or(0)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo.\")));\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n"
|
|
" \"Click me!\",\n"
|
|
" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n"
|
|
" )));\n"
|
|
" window.draw();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 3 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Giorno 3 Esercizi pomeridiani"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Safe FFI Wrapper"
|
|
msgstr "## Involucro FFI sicuro"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: ffi\n"
|
|
"mod ffi {\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct DIR {\n"
|
|
" _data: [u8; 0],\n"
|
|
" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::PhantomPinned)>,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Layout as per readdir(3) and definitions in /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu.\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_ino: c_long,\n"
|
|
" pub d_off: c_ulong,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: c_char,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Layout as per man entry for dirent\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(target_os = \"macos\")]\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_ino: u64,\n"
|
|
" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: u16,\n"
|
|
" pub d_namlen: u16,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: u8,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n"
|
|
" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
|
|
" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n"
|
|
"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" path: CString,\n"
|
|
" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: ffi\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: DirectoryIterator\n"
|
|
"impl DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn new(path: &str) -> Result<DirectoryIterator, String> {\n"
|
|
" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
|
|
" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: DirectoryIterator\n"
|
|
" let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: {err}\"))?;\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n"
|
|
" let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n"
|
|
" if dir.is_null() {\n"
|
|
" Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Iterator\n"
|
|
"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item = OsString;\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<OsString> {\n"
|
|
" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Iterator\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n"
|
|
" let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n"
|
|
" if dirent.is_null() {\n"
|
|
" // We have reached the end of the directory.\n"
|
|
" return None;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n"
|
|
" // terminated.\n"
|
|
" let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n"
|
|
" let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n"
|
|
" Some(os_str.to_owned())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Drop\n"
|
|
"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" // Call closedir as needed.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Drop\n"
|
|
" if !self.dir.is_null() {\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n"
|
|
" if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n"
|
|
" panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::<Vec<_>>());\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;\n"
|
|
" use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_nonexisting_directory() {\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\"no-such-directory\");\n"
|
|
" assert!(iter.is_err());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_empty_directory() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
|
|
" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n"
|
|
" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n"
|
|
" )?;\n"
|
|
" let mut entries = iter.collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" entries.sort();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\"]);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_nonempty_directory() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
|
|
" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n"
|
|
" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"foo.txt\"), \"The Foo Diaries\\n\")?;\n"
|
|
" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"bar.png\"), \"<PNG>\\n\")?;\n"
|
|
" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"crab.rs\"), \"//! Crab\\n\")?;\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n"
|
|
" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n"
|
|
" )?;\n"
|
|
" let mut entries = iter.collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" entries.sort();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\", \"bar.png\", \"crab.rs\", \"foo.txt\"]);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "# Esercizio mattutino ruggine metallo nudo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Compass"
|
|
msgstr "## Bussola"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](compass.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: top\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: top\n"
|
|
"use core::cmp::{max, min};\n"
|
|
"use lsm303agr::{AccelOutputDataRate, Lsm303agr, MagOutputDataRate};\n"
|
|
"use microbit::display::blocking::Display;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::twim::Twim;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte};\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::Timer;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::pac::twim0::frequency::FREQUENCY_A;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::Board;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const COMPASS_SCALE: i32 = 30000;\n"
|
|
"const ACCELEROMETER_SCALE: i32 = 700;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Configure serial port.\n"
|
|
" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n"
|
|
" board.UARTE0,\n"
|
|
" board.uart.into(),\n"
|
|
" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n"
|
|
" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
" writeln!(serial, \"Setting up IMU...\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let i2c = Twim::new(board.TWIM0, board.i2c_internal.into(), FREQUENCY_A::K100);\n"
|
|
" let mut imu = Lsm303agr::new_with_i2c(i2c);\n"
|
|
" imu.init().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" imu.set_mag_odr(MagOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" imu.set_accel_odr(AccelOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let mut imu = imu.into_mag_continuous().ok().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set up display and timer.\n"
|
|
" let mut timer = Timer::new(board.TIMER0);\n"
|
|
" let mut display = Display::new(board.display_pins);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut mode = Mode::Compass;\n"
|
|
" let mut button_pressed = false;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: loop\n"
|
|
" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: loop\n"
|
|
" while !(imu.mag_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data\n"
|
|
" && imu.accel_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data)\n"
|
|
" {}\n"
|
|
" let compass_reading = imu.mag_data().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let accelerometer_reading = imu.accel_data().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" writeln!(\n"
|
|
" serial,\n"
|
|
" \"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\",\n"
|
|
" compass_reading.x,\n"
|
|
" compass_reading.y,\n"
|
|
" compass_reading.z,\n"
|
|
" accelerometer_reading.x,\n"
|
|
" accelerometer_reading.y,\n"
|
|
" accelerometer_reading.z,\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut image = [[0; 5]; 5];\n"
|
|
" let (x, y) = match mode {\n"
|
|
" Mode::Compass => (\n"
|
|
" scale(-compass_reading.x, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, 4) as usize,\n"
|
|
" scale(compass_reading.y, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, 4) as usize,\n"
|
|
" ),\n"
|
|
" Mode::Accelerometer => (\n"
|
|
" scale(\n"
|
|
" accelerometer_reading.x,\n"
|
|
" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
|
|
" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
|
|
" 0,\n"
|
|
" 4,\n"
|
|
" ) as usize,\n"
|
|
" scale(\n"
|
|
" -accelerometer_reading.y,\n"
|
|
" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
|
|
" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
|
|
" 0,\n"
|
|
" 4,\n"
|
|
" ) as usize,\n"
|
|
" ),\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" image[y][x] = 255;\n"
|
|
" display.show(&mut timer, image, 100);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink all LEDs on.\n"
|
|
" if board.buttons.button_a.is_low().unwrap() {\n"
|
|
" if !button_pressed {\n"
|
|
" mode = mode.next();\n"
|
|
" display.show(&mut timer, [[255; 5]; 5], 200);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" button_pressed = true;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" button_pressed = false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
"enum Mode {\n"
|
|
" Compass,\n"
|
|
" Accelerometer,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Mode {\n"
|
|
" fn next(self) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" match self {\n"
|
|
" Self::Compass => Self::Accelerometer,\n"
|
|
" Self::Accelerometer => Self::Compass,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn scale(value: i32, min_in: i32, max_in: i32, min_out: i32, max_out: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" let range_in = max_in - min_in;\n"
|
|
" let range_out = max_out - min_out;\n"
|
|
" cap(\n"
|
|
" min_out + range_out * (value - min_in) / range_in,\n"
|
|
" min_out,\n"
|
|
" max_out,\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn cap(value: i32, min_value: i32, max_value: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" max(min_value, min(value, max_value))\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Bare Metal Rust Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "# Bare Metal Ruggine Pomeriggio"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## RTC driver"
|
|
msgstr "## Driver RTC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](rtc.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`main.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`principale.rs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: top\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"mod logger;\n"
|
|
"mod pl011;\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: top\n"
|
|
"mod pl031;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl031::Rtc;\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::gicv3::{IntId, Trigger};\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::{irq_enable, wfi};\n"
|
|
"use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};\n"
|
|
"use core::hint::spin_loop;\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: imports\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n"
|
|
"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: imports\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n"
|
|
"const PL031_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x901_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n"
|
|
"const PL031_IRQ: IntId = IntId::spi(2);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the base\n"
|
|
" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n"
|
|
" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n"
|
|
" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" gic.setup();\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let mut rtc = unsafe { Rtc::new(PL031_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" let timestamp = rtc.read();\n"
|
|
" let time = Utc.timestamp_opt(timestamp.into(), 0).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" info!(\"RTC: {time}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" GicV3::set_priority_mask(0xff);\n"
|
|
" gic.set_interrupt_priority(PL031_IRQ, 0x80);\n"
|
|
" gic.set_trigger(PL031_IRQ, Trigger::Level);\n"
|
|
" irq_enable();\n"
|
|
" gic.enable_interrupt(PL031_IRQ, true);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n"
|
|
" let target = timestamp + 3;\n"
|
|
" rtc.set_match(target);\n"
|
|
" info!(\n"
|
|
" \"Waiting for {}\",\n"
|
|
" Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" trace!(\n"
|
|
" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
|
|
" rtc.matched(),\n"
|
|
" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" while !rtc.matched() {\n"
|
|
" spin_loop();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" trace!(\n"
|
|
" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
|
|
" rtc.matched(),\n"
|
|
" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n"
|
|
" let target = timestamp + 6;\n"
|
|
" info!(\n"
|
|
" \"Waiting for {}\",\n"
|
|
" Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" rtc.set_match(target);\n"
|
|
" rtc.clear_interrupt();\n"
|
|
" rtc.enable_interrupt(true);\n"
|
|
" trace!(\n"
|
|
" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
|
|
" rtc.matched(),\n"
|
|
" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" while !rtc.interrupt_pending() {\n"
|
|
" wfi();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" trace!(\n"
|
|
" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
|
|
" rtc.matched(),\n"
|
|
" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: main_end\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[panic_handler]\n"
|
|
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"{info}\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main_end\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:149
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`pl031.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`pl031.rs`:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:151
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
|
|
"struct Registers {\n"
|
|
" /// Data register\n"
|
|
" dr: u32,\n"
|
|
" /// Match register\n"
|
|
" mr: u32,\n"
|
|
" /// Load register\n"
|
|
" lr: u32,\n"
|
|
" /// Control register\n"
|
|
" cr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved0: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" /// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n"
|
|
" imsc: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved1: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" /// Raw Interrupt Status\n"
|
|
" ris: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved2: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" /// Masked Interrupt Status\n"
|
|
" mis: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" /// Interrupt Clear Register\n"
|
|
" icr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved4: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct Rtc {\n"
|
|
" registers: *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Rtc {\n"
|
|
" /// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of a\n"
|
|
" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Reads the current RTC value.\n"
|
|
" pub fn read(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an interrupt\n"
|
|
" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n"
|
|
" pub fn set_match(&mut self, value: u32) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).mr).write_volatile(value) }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or not\n"
|
|
" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n"
|
|
" pub fn matched(&self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).ris).read_volatile() };\n"
|
|
" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// This should be true iff `matched` returns true and the interrupt is\n"
|
|
" /// masked.\n"
|
|
" pub fn interrupt_pending(&self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).mis).read_volatile() };\n"
|
|
" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false the\n"
|
|
" /// interrupt is disabled.\n"
|
|
" pub fn enable_interrupt(&mut self, mask: bool) {\n"
|
|
" let imsc = if mask { 0x01 } else { 0x00 };\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).imsc).write_volatile(imsc) }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n"
|
|
" pub fn clear_interrupt(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).icr).write_volatile(0x01) }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
|
|
"// accessed from any context.\n"
|
|
"unsafe impl Send for Rtc {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Concurrency Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "# Esercizio mattutino in concorrenza"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Dining Philosophers"
|
|
msgstr "## Filosofi a tavola"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](dining-philosophers.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Fork;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n"
|
|
" left_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" right_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" thoughts: mpsc::SyncSender<String>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n"
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is trying to eat\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" let left = self.left_fork.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let right = self.right_fork.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
|
|
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(10);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let forks = (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len())\n"
|
|
" .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork)))\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..forks.len() {\n"
|
|
" let tx = tx.clone();\n"
|
|
" let mut left_fork = forks[i].clone();\n"
|
|
" let mut right_fork = forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()].clone();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n"
|
|
" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n"
|
|
" // either of them.\n"
|
|
" if i == forks.len() - 1 {\n"
|
|
" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let philosopher = Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: PHILOSOPHERS[i].to_string(),\n"
|
|
" thoughts: tx,\n"
|
|
" left_fork,\n"
|
|
" right_fork,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..100 {\n"
|
|
" philosopher.eat();\n"
|
|
" philosopher.think();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" drop(tx);\n"
|
|
" for thought in rx {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thought}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Concurrency Afternoon Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "# Esercizio mattutino in concorrenza"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Dining Philosophers - Async"
|
|
msgstr "## Filosofi a tavola"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([torna all'esercizio](dining-philosophers.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Fork;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n"
|
|
" left_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" right_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" thoughts: Sender<String>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n"
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" async fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name)).await\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" async fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // Pick up forks...\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" let _first_lock = self.left_fork.lock().await;\n"
|
|
" // Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the execution\n"
|
|
" // to transfer to another task\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await;\n"
|
|
" let _second_lock = self.right_fork.lock().await;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-body\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-body\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // The locks are dropped here\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
|
|
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" // Create forks\n"
|
|
" let mut forks = vec![];\n"
|
|
" (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len()).for_each(|_| forks.push(Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork))));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Create philosophers\n"
|
|
" let (philosophers, mut rx) = {\n"
|
|
" let mut philosophers = vec![];\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n"
|
|
" for (i, name) in PHILOSOPHERS.iter().enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" let left_fork = forks[i].clone();\n"
|
|
" let right_fork = forks[(i + 1) % PHILOSOPHERS.len()].clone();\n"
|
|
" philosophers.push(Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: name.to_string(),\n"
|
|
" left_fork: if i % 2 == 0 { left_fork.clone() } else { right_fork.clone() },\n"
|
|
" right_fork: if i % 2 == 0 { right_fork } else { left_fork },\n"
|
|
" thoughts: tx.clone(),\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" (philosophers, rx)\n"
|
|
" // tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Make them think and eat\n"
|
|
" for phil in philosophers {\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..100 {\n"
|
|
" phil.think().await;\n"
|
|
" phil.eat().await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Output their thoughts\n"
|
|
" while let Some(thought) = rx.recv().await {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Here is a thought: {thought}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid "</defails>"
|
|
#~ msgstr "</defail>"
|