diff --git a/libavcodec/eatgv.c b/libavcodec/eatgv.c
index 6664cdb0f4..9344b0ff9f 100644
--- a/libavcodec/eatgv.c
+++ b/libavcodec/eatgv.c
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 
 typedef struct TgvContext {
     AVCodecContext *avctx;
-    AVFrame last_frame;
+    AVFrame *last_frame;
     uint8_t *frame_buffer;
     int width,height;
     uint32_t palette[AVPALETTE_COUNT];
@@ -57,7 +57,11 @@ static av_cold int tgv_decode_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
     s->avctx         = avctx;
     avctx->time_base = (AVRational){1, 15};
     avctx->pix_fmt   = AV_PIX_FMT_PAL8;
-    avcodec_get_frame_defaults(&s->last_frame);
+
+    s->last_frame = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (!s->last_frame)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -232,8 +236,8 @@ static int tgv_decode_inter(TgvContext *s, AVFrame *frame,
                     continue;
                 }
 
-                src = s->last_frame.data[0] + mx + my * s->last_frame.linesize[0];
-                src_stride = s->last_frame.linesize[0];
+                src = s->last_frame->data[0] + mx + my * s->last_frame->linesize[0];
+                src_stride = s->last_frame->linesize[0];
             } else {
                 int offset = vector - num_mvs;
                 if (offset < num_blocks_raw)
@@ -282,7 +286,7 @@ static int tgv_decode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx,
         s->height = AV_RL16(&buf[2]);
         if (s->avctx->width != s->width || s->avctx->height != s->height) {
             av_freep(&s->frame_buffer);
-            av_frame_unref(&s->last_frame);
+            av_frame_unref(s->last_frame);
             if ((ret = ff_set_dimensions(s->avctx, s->width, s->height)) < 0)
                 return ret;
         }
@@ -318,7 +322,7 @@ static int tgv_decode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx,
                    s->frame_buffer + y * s->width,
                    s->width);
     } else {
-        if (!s->last_frame.data[0]) {
+        if (!s->last_frame->data[0]) {
             av_log(avctx, AV_LOG_WARNING, "inter frame without corresponding intra frame\n");
             return buf_size;
         }
@@ -330,8 +334,8 @@ static int tgv_decode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx,
         }
     }
 
-    av_frame_unref(&s->last_frame);
-    if ((ret = av_frame_ref(&s->last_frame, frame)) < 0)
+    av_frame_unref(s->last_frame);
+    if ((ret = av_frame_ref(s->last_frame, frame)) < 0)
         return ret;
 
     *got_frame = 1;
@@ -342,7 +346,7 @@ static int tgv_decode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx,
 static av_cold int tgv_decode_end(AVCodecContext *avctx)
 {
     TgvContext *s = avctx->priv_data;
-    av_frame_unref(&s->last_frame);
+    av_frame_free(&s->last_frame);
     av_freep(&s->frame_buffer);
     av_free(s->mv_codebook);
     av_free(s->block_codebook);
diff --git a/libavcodec/flashsvenc.c b/libavcodec/flashsvenc.c
index ee67652eba..7ad15f118f 100644
--- a/libavcodec/flashsvenc.c
+++ b/libavcodec/flashsvenc.c
@@ -57,7 +57,6 @@
 typedef struct FlashSVContext {
     AVCodecContext *avctx;
     uint8_t        *previous_frame;
-    AVFrame         frame;
     int             image_width, image_height;
     int             block_width, block_height;
     uint8_t        *tmpblock;
@@ -89,6 +88,21 @@ static int copy_region_enc(uint8_t *sptr, uint8_t *dptr, int dx, int dy,
     return 0;
 }
 
+static av_cold int flashsv_encode_end(AVCodecContext *avctx)
+{
+    FlashSVContext *s = avctx->priv_data;
+
+    deflateEnd(&s->zstream);
+
+    av_free(s->encbuffer);
+    av_free(s->previous_frame);
+    av_free(s->tmpblock);
+
+    av_frame_free(&avctx->coded_frame);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
 static av_cold int flashsv_encode_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
 {
     FlashSVContext *s = avctx->priv_data;
@@ -117,11 +131,17 @@ static av_cold int flashsv_encode_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
         return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
     }
 
+    avctx->coded_frame = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (!avctx->coded_frame) {
+        flashsv_encode_end(avctx);
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+    }
+
     return 0;
 }
 
 
-static int encode_bitstream(FlashSVContext *s, AVFrame *p, uint8_t *buf,
+static int encode_bitstream(FlashSVContext *s, const AVFrame *p, uint8_t *buf,
                             int buf_size, int block_width, int block_height,
                             uint8_t *previous_frame, int *I_frame)
 {
@@ -199,14 +219,12 @@ static int flashsv_encode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *pkt,
                                 const AVFrame *pict, int *got_packet)
 {
     FlashSVContext * const s = avctx->priv_data;
-    AVFrame * const p = &s->frame;
+    const AVFrame * const p = pict;
     uint8_t *pfptr;
     int res;
     int I_frame = 0;
     int opt_w = 4, opt_h = 4;
 
-    *p = *pict;
-
     /* First frame needs to be a keyframe */
     if (avctx->frame_number == 0) {
         s->previous_frame = av_mallocz(FFABS(p->linesize[0]) * s->image_height);
@@ -244,37 +262,22 @@ static int flashsv_encode_frame(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *pkt,
 
     //mark the frame type so the muxer can mux it correctly
     if (I_frame) {
-        p->pict_type      = AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I;
-        p->key_frame      = 1;
+        avctx->coded_frame->pict_type      = AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I;
+        avctx->coded_frame->key_frame      = 1;
         s->last_key_frame = avctx->frame_number;
         av_dlog(avctx, "Inserting keyframe at frame %d\n", avctx->frame_number);
     } else {
-        p->pict_type = AV_PICTURE_TYPE_P;
-        p->key_frame = 0;
+        avctx->coded_frame->pict_type = AV_PICTURE_TYPE_P;
+        avctx->coded_frame->key_frame = 0;
     }
 
-    avctx->coded_frame = p;
-
-    if (p->key_frame)
+    if (avctx->coded_frame->key_frame)
         pkt->flags |= AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY;
     *got_packet = 1;
 
     return 0;
 }
 
-static av_cold int flashsv_encode_end(AVCodecContext *avctx)
-{
-    FlashSVContext *s = avctx->priv_data;
-
-    deflateEnd(&s->zstream);
-
-    av_free(s->encbuffer);
-    av_free(s->previous_frame);
-    av_free(s->tmpblock);
-
-    return 0;
-}
-
 AVCodec ff_flashsv_encoder = {
     .name           = "flashsv",
     .long_name      = NULL_IF_CONFIG_SMALL("Flash Screen Video"),
diff --git a/libavcodec/libxavs.c b/libavcodec/libxavs.c
index f7b99e0bcd..1b72194573 100644
--- a/libavcodec/libxavs.c
+++ b/libavcodec/libxavs.c
@@ -45,7 +45,6 @@ typedef struct XavsContext {
     xavs_picture_t  pic;
     uint8_t        *sei;
     int             sei_size;
-    AVFrame         out_pic;
     int             end_of_stream;
     float crf;
     int cqp;
@@ -159,7 +158,7 @@ static int XAVS_frame(AVCodecContext *ctx, AVPacket *pkt,
         return 0;
     }
 
-    x4->out_pic.pts = pic_out.i_pts;
+    avctx->coded_frame->pts = pic_out.i_pts;
     pkt->pts = pic_out.i_pts;
     if (ctx->has_b_frames) {
         if (!x4->out_frame_count)
@@ -172,25 +171,25 @@ static int XAVS_frame(AVCodecContext *ctx, AVPacket *pkt,
     switch (pic_out.i_type) {
     case XAVS_TYPE_IDR:
     case XAVS_TYPE_I:
-        x4->out_pic.pict_type = AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I;
+        avctx->coded_frame->pict_type = AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I;
         break;
     case XAVS_TYPE_P:
-        x4->out_pic.pict_type = AV_PICTURE_TYPE_P;
+        avctx->coded_frame->pict_type = AV_PICTURE_TYPE_P;
         break;
     case XAVS_TYPE_B:
     case XAVS_TYPE_BREF:
-        x4->out_pic.pict_type = AV_PICTURE_TYPE_B;
+        avctx->coded_frame->pict_type = AV_PICTURE_TYPE_B;
         break;
     }
 
     /* There is no IDR frame in AVS JiZhun */
     /* Sequence header is used as a flag */
     if (pic_out.i_type == XAVS_TYPE_I) {
-        x4->out_pic.key_frame = 1;
+        avctx->coded_frame->key_frame = 1;
         pkt->flags |= AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY;
     }
 
-    x4->out_pic.quality   = (pic_out.i_qpplus1 - 1) * FF_QP2LAMBDA;
+    avctx->coded_frame->quality = (pic_out.i_qpplus1 - 1) * FF_QP2LAMBDA;
 
     x4->out_frame_count++;
     *got_packet = ret;
@@ -208,6 +207,8 @@ static av_cold int XAVS_close(AVCodecContext *avctx)
     if (x4->enc)
         xavs_encoder_close(x4->enc);
 
+    av_frame_free(&avctx->coded_frame);
+
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -355,7 +356,10 @@ static av_cold int XAVS_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
     if (!(x4->pts_buffer = av_mallocz((avctx->max_b_frames+1) * sizeof(*x4->pts_buffer))))
         return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
 
-    avctx->coded_frame = &x4->out_pic;
+    avctx->coded_frame = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (!avctx->coded_frame)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
     /* TAG: Do we have GLOBAL HEADER in AVS */
     /* We Have PPS and SPS in AVS */
     if (avctx->flags & CODEC_FLAG_GLOBAL_HEADER) {
diff --git a/libavcodec/nuv.c b/libavcodec/nuv.c
index bfbf802777..d4d9318bf7 100644
--- a/libavcodec/nuv.c
+++ b/libavcodec/nuv.c
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@
 #include "rtjpeg.h"
 
 typedef struct {
-    AVFrame pic;
+    AVFrame *pic;
     int codec_frameheader;
     int quality;
     int width, height;
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ static int codec_reinit(AVCodecContext *avctx, int width, int height,
         }
         ff_rtjpeg_decode_init(&c->rtj, &c->dsp, c->width, c->height,
                               c->lq, c->cq);
-        av_frame_unref(&c->pic);
+        av_frame_unref(c->pic);
         return 1;
     } else if (quality != c->quality)
         ff_rtjpeg_decode_init(&c->rtj, &c->dsp, c->width, c->height,
@@ -248,20 +248,20 @@ retry:
     }
 
     if (size_change || keyframe) {
-        av_frame_unref(&c->pic);
+        av_frame_unref(c->pic);
         init_frame = 1;
     }
 
-    if ((result = ff_reget_buffer(avctx, &c->pic)) < 0)
+    if ((result = ff_reget_buffer(avctx, c->pic)) < 0)
         return result;
     if (init_frame) {
-        memset(c->pic.data[0], 0,    avctx->height * c->pic.linesize[0]);
-        memset(c->pic.data[1], 0x80, avctx->height * c->pic.linesize[1] / 2);
-        memset(c->pic.data[2], 0x80, avctx->height * c->pic.linesize[2] / 2);
+        memset(c->pic->data[0], 0,    avctx->height * c->pic->linesize[0]);
+        memset(c->pic->data[1], 0x80, avctx->height * c->pic->linesize[1] / 2);
+        memset(c->pic->data[2], 0x80, avctx->height * c->pic->linesize[2] / 2);
     }
 
-    c->pic.pict_type = keyframe ? AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I : AV_PICTURE_TYPE_P;
-    c->pic.key_frame = keyframe;
+    c->pic->pict_type = keyframe ? AV_PICTURE_TYPE_I : AV_PICTURE_TYPE_P;
+    c->pic->key_frame = keyframe;
     // decompress/copy/whatever data
     switch (comptype) {
     case NUV_LZO:
@@ -272,19 +272,19 @@ retry:
             height = buf_size / c->width / 3 * 2;
         }
         if(height > 0)
-            copy_frame(&c->pic, buf, c->width, height);
+            copy_frame(c->pic, buf, c->width, height);
         break;
     }
     case NUV_RTJPEG_IN_LZO:
     case NUV_RTJPEG:
-        ret = ff_rtjpeg_decode_frame_yuv420(&c->rtj, &c->pic, buf, buf_size);
+        ret = ff_rtjpeg_decode_frame_yuv420(&c->rtj, c->pic, buf, buf_size);
         if (ret < 0)
             return ret;
         break;
     case NUV_BLACK:
-        memset(c->pic.data[0], 0, c->width * c->height);
-        memset(c->pic.data[1], 128, c->width * c->height / 4);
-        memset(c->pic.data[2], 128, c->width * c->height / 4);
+        memset(c->pic->data[0], 0, c->width * c->height);
+        memset(c->pic->data[1], 128, c->width * c->height / 4);
+        memset(c->pic->data[2], 128, c->width * c->height / 4);
         break;
     case NUV_COPY_LAST:
         /* nothing more to do here */
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ retry:
         return AVERROR_INVALIDDATA;
     }
 
-    if ((result = av_frame_ref(picture, &c->pic)) < 0)
+    if ((result = av_frame_ref(picture, c->pic)) < 0)
         return result;
 
     *got_frame = 1;
@@ -306,8 +306,11 @@ static av_cold int decode_init(AVCodecContext *avctx)
     NuvContext *c  = avctx->priv_data;
     int ret;
 
+    c->pic = av_frame_alloc();
+    if (!c->pic)
+        return AVERROR(ENOMEM);
+
     avctx->pix_fmt = AV_PIX_FMT_YUV420P;
-    c->pic.data[0] = NULL;
     c->decomp_buf  = NULL;
     c->quality     = -1;
     c->width       = 0;
@@ -331,7 +334,7 @@ static av_cold int decode_end(AVCodecContext *avctx)
     NuvContext *c = avctx->priv_data;
 
     av_freep(&c->decomp_buf);
-    av_frame_unref(&c->pic);
+    av_frame_free(&c->pic);
 
     return 0;
 }