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270 lines
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270 lines
11 KiB
Plaintext
Filter design
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=============
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This document explains guidelines that should be observed (or ignored with
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good reason) when writing filters for libavfilter.
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In this document, the word “frame” indicates either a video frame or a group
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of audio samples, as stored in an AVFilterBuffer structure.
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Format negotiation
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==================
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The query_formats method should set, for each input and each output links,
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the list of supported formats.
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For video links, that means pixel format. For audio links, that means
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channel layout, and sample format (the sample packing is implied by the
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sample format).
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The lists are not just lists, they are references to shared objects. When
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the negotiation mechanism computes the intersection of the formats
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supported at each ends of a link, all references to both lists are
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replaced with a reference to the intersection. And when a single format is
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eventually chosen for a link amongst the remaining list, again, all
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references to the list are updated.
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That means that if a filter requires that its input and output have the
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same format amongst a supported list, all it has to do is use a reference
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to the same list of formats.
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Buffer references ownership and permissions
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===========================================
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Principle
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---------
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Audio and video data are voluminous; the buffer and buffer reference
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mechanism is intended to avoid, as much as possible, expensive copies of
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that data while still allowing the filters to produce correct results.
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The data is stored in buffers represented by AVFilterBuffer structures.
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They must not be accessed directly, but through references stored in
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AVFilterBufferRef structures. Several references can point to the
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same buffer; the buffer is automatically deallocated once all
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corresponding references have been destroyed.
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The characteristics of the data (resolution, sample rate, etc.) are
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stored in the reference; different references for the same buffer can
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show different characteristics. In particular, a video reference can
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point to only a part of a video buffer.
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A reference is usually obtained as input to the start_frame or
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filter_frame method or requested using the ff_get_video_buffer or
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ff_get_audio_buffer functions. A new reference on an existing buffer can
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be created with the avfilter_ref_buffer. A reference is destroyed using
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the avfilter_unref_bufferp function.
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Reference ownership
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-------------------
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At any time, a reference “belongs” to a particular piece of code,
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usually a filter. With a few caveats that will be explained below, only
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that piece of code is allowed to access it. It is also responsible for
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destroying it, although this is sometimes done automatically (see the
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section on link reference fields).
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Here are the (fairly obvious) rules for reference ownership:
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* A reference received by the start_frame or filter_frame method
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belong to the corresponding filter.
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Special exception: for video references: the reference may be used
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internally for automatic copying and must not be destroyed before
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end_frame; it can be given away to ff_start_frame.
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* A reference passed to ff_start_frame or ff_filter_frame is given
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away and must no longer be used.
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* A reference created with avfilter_ref_buffer belongs to the code that
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created it.
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* A reference obtained with ff_get_video_buffer or ff_get_audio_buffer
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belongs to the code that requested it.
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* A reference given as return value by the get_video_buffer or
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get_audio_buffer method is given away and must no longer be used.
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Link reference fields
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---------------------
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The AVFilterLink structure has a few AVFilterBufferRef fields. Here are
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the rules to handle them:
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* cur_buf is set before the start_frame and filter_frame methods to
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the same reference given as argument to the methods and belongs to the
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destination filter of the link. If it has not been cleared after
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end_frame or filter_frame, libavfilter will automatically destroy
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the reference; therefore, any filter that needs to keep the reference
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for longer must set cur_buf to NULL.
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* out_buf belongs to the source filter of the link and can be used to
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store a reference to the buffer that has been sent to the destination.
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If it is not NULL after end_frame or filter_frame, libavfilter will
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automatically destroy the reference.
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If a video input pad does not have a start_frame method, the default
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method will request a buffer on the first output of the filter, store
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the reference in out_buf and push a second reference to the output.
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* src_buf, cur_buf_copy and partial_buf are used by libavfilter
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internally and must not be accessed by filters.
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Reference permissions
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---------------------
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The AVFilterBufferRef structure has a perms field that describes what
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the code that owns the reference is allowed to do to the buffer data.
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Different references for the same buffer can have different permissions.
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For video filters, the permissions only apply to the parts of the buffer
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that have already been covered by the draw_slice method.
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The value is a binary OR of the following constants:
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* AV_PERM_READ: the owner can read the buffer data; this is essentially
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always true and is there for self-documentation.
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* AV_PERM_WRITE: the owner can modify the buffer data.
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* AV_PERM_PRESERVE: the owner can rely on the fact that the buffer data
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will not be modified by previous filters.
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* AV_PERM_REUSE: the owner can output the buffer several times, without
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modifying the data in between.
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* AV_PERM_REUSE2: the owner can output the buffer several times and
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modify the data in between (useless without the WRITE permissions).
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* AV_PERM_ALIGN: the owner can access the data using fast operations
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that require data alignment.
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The READ, WRITE and PRESERVE permissions are about sharing the same
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buffer between several filters to avoid expensive copies without them
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doing conflicting changes on the data.
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The REUSE and REUSE2 permissions are about special memory for direct
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rendering. For example a buffer directly allocated in video memory must
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not modified once it is displayed on screen, or it will cause tearing;
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it will therefore not have the REUSE2 permission.
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The ALIGN permission is about extracting part of the buffer, for
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copy-less padding or cropping for example.
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References received on input pads are guaranteed to have all the
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permissions stated in the min_perms field and none of the permissions
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stated in the rej_perms.
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References obtained by ff_get_video_buffer and ff_get_audio_buffer are
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guaranteed to have at least all the permissions requested as argument.
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References created by avfilter_ref_buffer have the same permissions as
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the original reference minus the ones explicitly masked; the mask is
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usually ~0 to keep the same permissions.
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Filters should remove permissions on reference they give to output
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whenever necessary. It can be automatically done by setting the
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rej_perms field on the output pad.
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Here are a few guidelines corresponding to common situations:
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* Filters that modify and forward their frame (like drawtext) need the
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WRITE permission.
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* Filters that read their input to produce a new frame on output (like
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scale) need the READ permission on input and and must request a buffer
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with the WRITE permission.
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* Filters that intend to keep a reference after the filtering process
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is finished (after end_frame or filter_frame returns) must have the
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PRESERVE permission on it and remove the WRITE permission if they
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create a new reference to give it away.
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* Filters that intend to modify a reference they have kept after the end
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of the filtering process need the REUSE2 permission and must remove
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the PRESERVE permission if they create a new reference to give it
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away.
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Frame scheduling
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================
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The purpose of these rules is to ensure that frames flow in the filter
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graph without getting stuck and accumulating somewhere.
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Simple filters that output one frame for each input frame should not have
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to worry about it.
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start_frame / filter_frame
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----------------------------
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These methods are called when a frame is pushed to the filter's input.
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They can be called at any time except in a reentrant way.
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If the input frame is enough to produce output, then the filter should
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push the output frames on the output link immediately.
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As an exception to the previous rule, if the input frame is enough to
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produce several output frames, then the filter needs output only at
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least one per link. The additional frames can be left buffered in the
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filter; these buffered frames must be flushed immediately if a new input
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produces new output.
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(Example: framerate-doubling filter: start_frame must (1) flush the
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second copy of the previous frame, if it is still there, (2) push the
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first copy of the incoming frame, (3) keep the second copy for later.)
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If the input frame is not enough to produce output, the filter must not
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call request_frame to get more. It must just process the frame or queue
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it. The task of requesting more frames is left to the filter's
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request_frame method or the application.
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If a filter has several inputs, the filter must be ready for frames
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arriving randomly on any input. Therefore, any filter with several inputs
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will most likely require some kind of queuing mechanism. It is perfectly
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acceptable to have a limited queue and to drop frames when the inputs
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are too unbalanced.
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request_frame
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-------------
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This method is called when a frame is wanted on an output.
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For an input, it should directly call start_frame or filter_frame on
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the corresponding output.
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For a filter, if there are queued frames already ready, one of these
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frames should be pushed. If not, the filter should request a frame on
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one of its inputs, repeatedly until at least one frame has been pushed.
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Return values:
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if request_frame could produce a frame, it should return 0;
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if it could not for temporary reasons, it should return AVERROR(EAGAIN);
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if it could not because there are no more frames, it should return
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AVERROR_EOF.
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The typical implementation of request_frame for a filter with several
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inputs will look like that:
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if (frames_queued) {
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push_one_frame();
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return 0;
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}
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while (!frame_pushed) {
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input = input_where_a_frame_is_most_needed();
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ret = avfilter_request_frame(input);
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if (ret == AVERROR_EOF) {
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process_eof_on_input();
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} else if (ret < 0) {
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return ret;
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}
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}
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return 0;
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Note that, except for filters that can have queued frames, request_frame
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does not push frames: it requests them to its input, and as a reaction,
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the start_frame / filter_frame method will be called and do the work.
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