fix: increase test timeout

Signed-off-by: Dr. Carsten Leue <carsten.leue@de.ibm.com>

context7.json

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+{
+  "url": "https://context7.com/ibm/fp-go",
+  "public_key": "pk_7wJdJRn8zGHxvIYu7eh9h"
+}

skills/fp-go-http/SKILL.md

@@ -0,0 +1,318 @@
+# fp-go HTTP Requests
+
+## Overview
+
+fp-go wraps `net/http` in the `ReaderIOResult` monad, giving you composable, context-aware HTTP operations with automatic error propagation. The core package is:
+
+```
+github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult/http
+```
+
+All HTTP operations are lazy — they describe what to do but do not execute until you call the resulting function with a `context.Context`.
+
+## Core Types
+
+```go
+// Requester builds an *http.Request given a context.
+type Requester = ReaderIOResult[*http.Request]  // func(context.Context) func() result.Result[*http.Request]
+
+// Client executes a Requester and returns the response wrapped in ReaderIOResult.
+type Client interface {
+    Do(Requester) ReaderIOResult[*http.Response]
+}
+```
+
+## Basic Usage
+
+### 1. Create a Client
+
+```go
+import (
+    HTTP "net/http"
+    H    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult/http"
+)
+
+client := H.MakeClient(HTTP.DefaultClient)
+
+// Or with a custom client:
+custom := &HTTP.Client{Timeout: 10 * time.Second}
+client := H.MakeClient(custom)
+```
+
+### 2. Build a Request
+
+```go
+// GET request (most common)
+req := H.MakeGetRequest("https://api.example.com/users/1")
+
+// Arbitrary method + body
+req := H.MakeRequest("POST", "https://api.example.com/users", bodyReader)
+```
+
+### 3. Execute and Parse
+
+```go
+import (
+    "context"
+    H "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult/http"
+)
+
+type User struct {
+    ID   int    `json:"id"`
+    Name string `json:"name"`
+}
+
+client := H.MakeClient(HTTP.DefaultClient)
+
+// ReadJSON validates status, Content-Type, then unmarshals JSON
+result := H.ReadJSON[User](client)(H.MakeGetRequest("https://api.example.com/users/1"))
+
+// Execute — provide context once
+user, err := result(context.Background())()
+```
+
+## Response Readers
+
+All accept a `Client` and return a function `Requester → ReaderIOResult[A]`:
+
+| Function | Returns | Notes |
+|----------|---------|-------|
+| `ReadJSON[A](client)` | `ReaderIOResult[A]` | Validates status + Content-Type, unmarshals JSON |
+| `ReadText(client)` | `ReaderIOResult[string]` | Validates status, reads body as UTF-8 string |
+| `ReadAll(client)` | `ReaderIOResult[[]byte]` | Validates status, returns raw body bytes |
+| `ReadFullResponse(client)` | `ReaderIOResult[FullResponse]` | Returns `Pair[*http.Response, []byte]` |
+
+`FullResponse = Pair[*http.Response, []byte]` — use `pair.First` / `pair.Second` to access components.
+
+## Composing Requests in Pipelines
+
+```go
+import (
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    H   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult/http"
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    IO  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
+)
+
+client     := H.MakeClient(HTTP.DefaultClient)
+readPost   := H.ReadJSON[Post](client)
+
+pipeline := F.Pipe2(
+    H.MakeGetRequest("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1"),
+    readPost,
+    RIO.ChainFirstIOK(IO.Logf[Post]("Got post: %v")),
+)
+
+post, err := pipeline(context.Background())()
+```
+
+## Parallel Requests — Homogeneous Types
+
+Use `RIO.TraverseArray` when all requests return the same type:
+
+```go
+import (
+    A   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/array"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    H   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult/http"
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    IO  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
+)
+
+type PostItem struct {
+    UserID uint   `json:"userId"`
+    ID     uint   `json:"id"`
+    Title  string `json:"title"`
+}
+
+client     := H.MakeClient(HTTP.DefaultClient)
+readPost   := H.ReadJSON[PostItem](client)
+
+// Fetch 10 posts in parallel
+data := F.Pipe3(
+    A.MakeBy(10, func(i int) string {
+        return fmt.Sprintf("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/%d", i+1)
+    }),
+    RIO.TraverseArray(F.Flow3(
+        H.MakeGetRequest,
+        readPost,
+        RIO.ChainFirstIOK(IO.Logf[PostItem]("Post: %v")),
+    )),
+    RIO.ChainFirstIOK(IO.Logf[[]PostItem]("All posts: %v")),
+    RIO.Map(A.Size[PostItem]),
+)
+
+count, err := data(context.Background())()
+```
+
+## Parallel Requests — Heterogeneous Types
+
+Use `RIO.TraverseTuple2` (or `Tuple3`, etc.) when requests return different types:
+
+```go
+import (
+    T   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/tuple"
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    H   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult/http"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+)
+
+type CatFact struct {
+    Fact string `json:"fact"`
+}
+
+client         := H.MakeClient(HTTP.DefaultClient)
+readPost       := H.ReadJSON[PostItem](client)
+readCatFact    := H.ReadJSON[CatFact](client)
+
+// Execute both requests in parallel with different response types
+data := F.Pipe3(
+    T.MakeTuple2(
+        "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/1",
+        "https://catfact.ninja/fact",
+    ),
+    T.Map2(H.MakeGetRequest, H.MakeGetRequest), // build both requesters
+    RIO.TraverseTuple2(readPost, readCatFact),  // run in parallel, typed
+    RIO.ChainFirstIOK(IO.Logf[T.Tuple2[PostItem, CatFact]]("Result: %v")),
+)
+
+both, err := data(context.Background())()
+// both.F1 is PostItem, both.F2 is CatFact
+```
+
+## Building Requests with the Builder API
+
+For complex requests (custom headers, query params, JSON body), use the builder:
+
+```go
+import (
+    B  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/http/builder"
+    RB "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult/http/builder"
+    F  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+)
+
+// GET with query parameters
+req := F.Pipe2(
+    B.Default,
+    B.WithURL("https://api.example.com/items?page=1"),
+    B.WithQueryArg("limit")("50"),
+)
+requester := RB.Requester(req)
+
+// POST with JSON body
+req := F.Pipe3(
+    B.Default,
+    B.WithURL("https://api.example.com/users"),
+    B.WithMethod("POST"),
+    B.WithJSON(map[string]string{"name": "Alice"}),
+    // sets Content-Type: application/json automatically
+)
+requester := RB.Requester(req)
+
+// With authentication and custom headers
+req := F.Pipe3(
+    B.Default,
+    B.WithURL("https://api.example.com/protected"),
+    B.WithBearer("my-token"),           // sets Authorization: Bearer my-token
+    B.WithHeader("X-Request-ID")("123"),
+)
+requester := RB.Requester(req)
+
+// Execute
+result := H.ReadJSON[Response](client)(requester)
+data, err := result(ctx)()
+```
+
+### Builder Functions
+
+| Function | Effect |
+|----------|--------|
+| `B.WithURL(url)` | Set the target URL |
+| `B.WithMethod(method)` | Set HTTP method (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, …) |
+| `B.WithJSON(v)` | Marshal `v` as JSON body, set `Content-Type: application/json` |
+| `B.WithBytes(data)` | Set raw bytes body, set `Content-Length` automatically |
+| `B.WithHeader(key)(value)` | Add a request header |
+| `B.WithBearer(token)` | Set `Authorization: Bearer <token>` |
+| `B.WithQueryArg(key)(value)` | Append a query parameter |
+
+## Error Handling
+
+Errors from request creation, HTTP status codes, Content-Type validation, and JSON parsing all propagate automatically through the `Result` monad. You only handle errors at the call site:
+
+```go
+// Pattern 1: direct extraction
+value, err := pipeline(ctx)()
+if err != nil { /* handle */ }
+
+// Pattern 2: Fold for clean HTTP handler
+RIO.Fold(
+    func(err error) { http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError) },
+    func(data MyType) { json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(data) },
+)(pipeline)(ctx)()
+```
+
+## Full HTTP Handler Example
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+    "context"
+    "encoding/json"
+    "net/http"
+    HTTP "net/http"
+    "fmt"
+
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    H   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult/http"
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    IO  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
+)
+
+type Post struct {
+    ID    int    `json:"id"`
+    Title string `json:"title"`
+}
+
+var client = H.MakeClient(HTTP.DefaultClient)
+
+func fetchPost(id int) RIO.ReaderIOResult[Post] {
+    url := fmt.Sprintf("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts/%d", id)
+    return F.Pipe2(
+        H.MakeGetRequest(url),
+        H.ReadJSON[Post](client),
+        RIO.ChainFirstIOK(IO.Logf[Post]("fetched: %v")),
+    )
+}
+
+func handler(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+    RIO.Fold(
+        func(err error) {
+            http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusBadGateway)
+        },
+        func(post Post) {
+            w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+            json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(post)
+        },
+    )(fetchPost(1))(r.Context())()
+}
+```
+
+## Import Reference
+
+```go
+import (
+    HTTP "net/http"
+
+    H   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult/http"
+    RB  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult/http/builder"
+    B   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/http/builder"
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    A   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/array"
+    T   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/tuple"
+    IO  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
+)
+```
+
+Requires Go 1.24+.

skills/fp-go-logging/SKILL.md

@@ -0,0 +1,410 @@
+# fp-go Logging
+
+## Overview
+
+fp-go provides logging utilities that integrate naturally with functional pipelines. Logging is always a **side effect** — it should not change the value being processed. The library achieves this through `ChainFirst`-style combinators that thread the original value through unchanged while performing the log.
+
+## Packages
+
+| Package | Purpose |
+|---------|---------|
+| `github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/logging` | Global logger, context-embedded logger, `LoggingCallbacks` |
+| `github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io` | `Logf`, `Logger`, `LogGo`, `Printf`, `PrintGo` — IO-level logging helpers |
+| `github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/readerio` | `SLog`, `SLogWithCallback` — structured logging for ReaderIO |
+| `github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerio` | `SLog`, `SLogWithCallback` — structured logging for context ReaderIO |
+| `github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerresult` | `SLog`, `TapSLog`, `SLogWithCallback` — structured logging for ReaderResult |
+| `github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult` | `SLog`, `TapSLog`, `SLogWithCallback`, `LogEntryExit`, `LogEntryExitWithCallback` — full suite for ReaderIOResult |
+
+## Logging Inside Pipelines
+
+The idiomatic way to log inside a monadic pipeline is `ChainFirstIOK` (or `ChainFirst` where the monad is already IO). These combinators execute a side-effecting function and pass the **original value** downstream unchanged.
+
+### With `IOResult` / `ReaderIOResult` — printf-style
+
+```go
+import (
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    IO  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+)
+
+pipeline := F.Pipe3(
+    fetchUser(42),
+    RIO.ChainEitherK(validateUser),
+    // Log after validation — value flows through unchanged
+    RIO.ChainFirstIOK(IO.Logf[User]("Validated user: %v")),
+    RIO.Map(enrichUser),
+)
+```
+
+`IO.Logf[A](format string) func(A) IO[A]` logs using `log.Printf` and returns the value unchanged. It's a Kleisli arrow suitable for `ChainFirst` and `ChainFirstIOK`.
+
+### With `IOEither` / plain `IO`
+
+```go
+import (
+    IOE "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/ioeither"
+    IO  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+)
+
+pipeline := F.Pipe3(
+    file.ReadFile("config.json"),
+    IOE.ChainEitherK(J.Unmarshal[Config]),
+    IOE.ChainFirstIOK(IO.Logf[Config]("Loaded config: %v")),
+    IOE.Map[error](processConfig),
+)
+```
+
+### Logging Arrays in TraverseArray
+
+```go
+import (
+    A   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/array"
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    IO  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+)
+
+// Log each item individually, then log the final slice
+pipeline := F.Pipe2(
+    A.MakeBy(3, idxToFilename),
+    RIO.TraverseArray(F.Flow3(
+        file.ReadFile,
+        RIO.ChainEitherK(J.Unmarshal[Record]),
+        RIO.ChainFirstIOK(IO.Logf[Record]("Parsed record: %v")),
+    )),
+    RIO.ChainFirstIOK(IO.Logf[[]Record]("All records: %v")),
+)
+```
+
+## IO Logging Functions
+
+All live in `github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io`:
+
+### `Logf` — printf-style
+
+```go
+IO.Logf[A any](format string) func(A) IO[A]
+```
+
+Uses `log.Printf`. The format string works like `fmt.Sprintf`.
+
+```go
+IO.Logf[User]("Processing user: %+v")
+IO.Logf[int]("Count: %d")
+```
+
+### `Logger` — with custom `*log.Logger`
+
+```go
+IO.Logger[A any](loggers ...*log.Logger) func(prefix string) func(A) IO[A]
+```
+
+Uses `logger.Printf(prefix+": %v", value)`. Pass your own `*log.Logger` instance.
+
+```go
+customLog := log.New(os.Stderr, "APP ", log.LstdFlags)
+logUser := IO.Logger[User](customLog)("user")
+// logs: "APP user: {ID:42 Name:Alice}"
+```
+
+### `LogGo` — Go template syntax
+
+```go
+IO.LogGo[A any](tmpl string) func(A) IO[A]
+```
+
+Uses Go's `text/template`. The template receives the value as `.`.
+
+```go
+type User struct{ Name string; Age int }
+IO.LogGo[User]("User {{.Name}} is {{.Age}} years old")
+```
+
+### `Printf` / `PrintGo` — stdout instead of log
+
+Same signatures as `Logf` / `LogGo` but use `fmt.Printf`/`fmt.Println` (no log prefix, no timestamp).
+
+```go
+IO.Printf[Result]("Result: %v\n")
+IO.PrintGo[User]("Name: {{.Name}}")
+```
+
+## Structured Logging in the `context` Package
+
+The `context/readerioresult`, `context/readerresult`, and `context/readerio` packages provide structured `slog`-based logging functions that are context-aware: they retrieve the logger from the context (via `logging.GetLoggerFromContext`) rather than using a fixed logger instance.
+
+### `TapSLog` — inline structured logging in a ReaderIOResult pipeline
+
+`TapSLog` is an **Operator** (`func(ReaderIOResult[A]) ReaderIOResult[A]`). It sits directly in a `F.Pipe` call on a `ReaderIOResult`, logs the current value or error using `slog`, and passes the result through unchanged.
+
+```go
+import (
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+)
+
+pipeline := F.Pipe4(
+    fetchOrder(orderID),
+    RIO.TapSLog[Order]("Order fetched"),        // logs value=<Order> or error=<err>
+    RIO.Chain(validateOrder),
+    RIO.TapSLog[Order]("Order validated"),
+    RIO.Chain(processPayment),
+)
+
+result, err := pipeline(ctx)()
+```
+
+- Logs **both** success values (`value=<A>`) and errors (`error=<err>`) using `slog` structured attributes.
+- Respects the logger level — if the logger is configured to discard Info-level logs, nothing is written.
+- Available in both `context/readerioresult` and `context/readerresult`.
+
+### `SLog` — Kleisli-style structured logging
+
+`SLog` is a **Kleisli arrow** (`func(Result[A]) ReaderResult[A]` / `func(Result[A]) ReaderIOResult[A]`). It is used with `Chain` when you want to intercept the raw `Result` directly.
+
+```go
+import (
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+)
+
+pipeline := F.Pipe3(
+    fetchData(id),
+    RIO.Chain(RIO.SLog[Data]("Data fetched")),    // log raw Result, pass it through
+    RIO.Chain(validateData),
+    RIO.Chain(RIO.SLog[Data]("Data validated")),
+    RIO.Chain(processData),
+)
+```
+
+**Difference from `TapSLog`:**
+- `TapSLog[A](msg)` is an `Operator[A, A]` — used directly in `F.Pipe` on a `ReaderIOResult[A]`.
+- `SLog[A](msg)` is a `Kleisli[Result[A], A]` — used with `Chain`, giving access to the raw `Result[A]`.
+
+Both log in the same format. `TapSLog` is more ergonomic in most pipelines.
+
+### `SLogWithCallback` — custom log level and logger source
+
+```go
+import (
+    RIO  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    "log/slog"
+)
+
+// Log at DEBUG level with a custom logger extracted from context
+debugLog := RIO.SLogWithCallback[User](
+    slog.LevelDebug,
+    logging.GetLoggerFromContext, // or any func(context.Context) *slog.Logger
+    "Fetched user",
+)
+
+pipeline := F.Pipe2(
+    fetchUser(123),
+    RIO.Chain(debugLog),
+    RIO.Map(func(u User) string { return u.Name }),
+)
+```
+
+### `LogEntryExit` — automatic entry/exit timing with correlation IDs
+
+`LogEntryExit` wraps a `ReaderIOResult` computation with structured entry and exit log messages. It assigns a unique **correlation ID** (`ID=<n>`) to each invocation so concurrent or nested operations can be correlated in logs.
+
+```go
+import (
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+)
+
+pipeline := F.Pipe3(
+    fetchUser(123),
+    RIO.LogEntryExit[User]("fetchUser"),   // wraps the operation
+    RIO.Chain(func(user User) RIO.ReaderIOResult[[]Order] {
+        return F.Pipe1(
+            fetchOrders(user.ID),
+            RIO.LogEntryExit[[]Order]("fetchOrders"),
+        )
+    }),
+)
+
+result, err := pipeline(ctx)()
+// Logs:
+// level=INFO msg="[entering]" name=fetchUser ID=1
+// level=INFO msg="[exiting ]" name=fetchUser ID=1 duration=42ms
+// level=INFO msg="[entering]" name=fetchOrders ID=2
+// level=INFO msg="[exiting ]" name=fetchOrders ID=2 duration=18ms
+```
+
+On error, the exit log changes to `[throwing]` and includes the error:
+
+```
+level=INFO msg="[throwing]" name=fetchUser ID=3 duration=5ms error="user not found"
+```
+
+Key properties:
+- **Correlation ID** (`ID=`) is unique per operation, monotonically increasing, and stored in the context so nested operations can access the parent's ID.
+- **Duration** (`duration=`) is measured from entry to exit.
+- **Logger is taken from the context** — embed a request-scoped logger with `logging.WithLogger` before executing the pipeline and `LogEntryExit` picks it up automatically.
+- **Level-aware** — if the logger does not have the log level enabled, the entire entry/exit instrumentation is skipped (zero overhead).
+- The original `ReaderIOResult[A]` value flows through **unchanged**.
+
+```go
+// Use a context logger so all log messages carry request metadata
+cancelFn, ctxWithLogger := pair.Unpack(
+    logging.WithLogger(
+        slog.Default().With("requestID", r.Header.Get("X-Request-ID")),
+    )(r.Context()),
+)
+defer cancelFn()
+
+result, err := pipeline(ctxWithLogger)()
+```
+
+### `LogEntryExitWithCallback` — custom log level
+
+```go
+import (
+    RIO  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    "log/slog"
+)
+
+// Log at DEBUG level instead of INFO
+debugPipeline := F.Pipe1(
+    expensiveComputation(),
+    RIO.LogEntryExitWithCallback[Result](
+        slog.LevelDebug,
+        logging.GetLoggerFromContext,
+        "expensiveComputation",
+    ),
+)
+```
+
+### `SLog` / `SLogWithCallback` in `context/readerresult`
+
+The same `SLog` and `TapSLog` functions are also available in `context/readerresult` for use with the synchronous `ReaderResult[A] = func(context.Context) (A, error)` monad:
+
+```go
+import RR "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerresult"
+
+pipeline := F.Pipe3(
+    queryDB(id),
+    RR.TapSLog[Row]("Row fetched"),
+    RR.Chain(parseRow),
+    RR.TapSLog[Record]("Record parsed"),
+)
+```
+
+## Global Logger (`logging` package)
+
+The `logging` package manages a global `*slog.Logger` (structured logging, Go 1.21+).
+
+```go
+import "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/logging"
+
+// Get the current global logger (defaults to slog.Default())
+logger := logging.GetLogger()
+logger.Info("application started", "version", "1.0")
+
+// Replace the global logger; returns the old one for deferred restore
+old := logging.SetLogger(slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(os.Stdout, nil)))
+defer logging.SetLogger(old)
+```
+
+## Context-Embedded Logger
+
+Embed a `*slog.Logger` in a `context.Context` to carry request-scoped loggers across the call stack. All context-package logging functions (`TapSLog`, `SLog`, `LogEntryExit`) pick up this logger automatically.
+
+```go
+import (
+    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/logging"
+    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
+    "log/slog"
+)
+
+// Create a request-scoped logger
+reqLogger := slog.Default().With("requestID", "abc-123")
+
+// Embed it into a context using the Kleisli arrow WithLogger
+cancelFn, ctxWithLogger := pair.Unpack(logging.WithLogger(reqLogger)(ctx))
+defer cancelFn()
+
+// All downstream logging (TapSLog, LogEntryExit, etc.) uses reqLogger
+result, err := pipeline(ctxWithLogger)()
+```
+
+`WithLogger` returns a `ContextCancel = Pair[context.CancelFunc, context.Context]`. The cancel function is a no-op — the context is only enriched, not made cancellable.
+
+`GetLoggerFromContext` falls back to the global logger if no logger is found in the context.
+
+## `LoggingCallbacks` — Dual-Logger Pattern
+
+```go
+import "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/logging"
+
+// Returns (infoCallback, errorCallback) — both are func(string, ...any)
+infoLog, errLog := logging.LoggingCallbacks()                    // use log.Default() for both
+infoLog, errLog := logging.LoggingCallbacks(myLogger)            // same logger for both
+infoLog, errLog := logging.LoggingCallbacks(infoLog, errorLog)   // separate loggers
+```
+
+Used internally by `io.Logger` and by packages that need separate info/error sinks.
+
+## Choosing the Right Logging Function
+
+| Situation | Use |
+|-----------|-----|
+| Quick printf logging mid-pipeline | `IO.Logf[A]("fmt")` with `ChainFirstIOK` |
+| Go template formatting mid-pipeline | `IO.LogGo[A]("tmpl")` with `ChainFirstIOK` |
+| Print to stdout (no log prefix) | `IO.Printf[A]("fmt")` with `ChainFirstIOK` |
+| Structured slog — log value or error inline | `RIO.TapSLog[A]("msg")` (Operator, used in Pipe) |
+| Structured slog — intercept raw Result | `RIO.Chain(RIO.SLog[A]("msg"))` (Kleisli) |
+| Structured slog — custom log level | `RIO.SLogWithCallback[A](level, cb, "msg")` |
+| Entry/exit timing + correlation IDs | `RIO.LogEntryExit[A]("name")` |
+| Entry/exit at custom log level | `RIO.LogEntryExitWithCallback[A](level, cb, "name")` |
+| Structured logging globally | `logging.GetLogger()` / `logging.SetLogger()` |
+| Request-scoped logger in context | `logging.WithLogger(logger)` + `logging.GetLoggerFromContext(ctx)` |
+| Custom `*log.Logger` in pipeline | `IO.Logger[A](logger)("prefix")` with `ChainFirstIOK` |
+
+## Complete Example
+
+```go
+package main
+
+import (
+    "context"
+    "log/slog"
+    "os"
+
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    IO  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
+    L   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/logging"
+    P   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+)
+
+func main() {
+    // Configure JSON structured logging globally
+    L.SetLogger(slog.New(slog.NewJSONHandler(os.Stdout, nil)))
+
+    // Embed a request-scoped logger into the context
+    _, ctx := P.Unpack(L.WithLogger(
+        L.GetLogger().With("requestID", "req-001"),
+    )(context.Background()))
+
+    pipeline := F.Pipe5(
+        fetchData(42),
+        RIO.LogEntryExit[Data]("fetchData"),              // entry/exit with timing + ID
+        RIO.TapSLog[Data]("raw data"),                    // inline structured value log
+        RIO.ChainEitherK(transformData),
+        RIO.LogEntryExit[Result]("transformData"),
+        RIO.ChainFirstIOK(IO.LogGo[Result]("result: {{.Value}}")), // template log
+    )
+
+    value, err := pipeline(ctx)()
+    if err != nil {
+        L.GetLogger().Error("pipeline failed", "error", err)
+    }
+    _ = value
+}
+```

skills/fp-go-monadic-operations/SKILL.md

@@ -0,0 +1,520 @@
+# fp-go Monadic Operations
+
+## Overview
+
+`fp-go` (import path `github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2`) brings type-safe functional programming to Go using generics. Every monad follows a **consistent interface**: once you know the pattern in one monad, it transfers to all others.
+
+All functions use the **data-last** principle: the data being transformed is always the last argument, enabling partial application and pipeline composition.
+
+## Core Types
+
+| Type | Package | Represents |
+|------|---------|------------|
+| `Option[A]` | `option` | A value that may or may not be present (replaces nil) |
+| `Either[E, A]` | `either` | A value that is either a left error `E` or a right success `A` |
+| `Result[A]` | `result` | `Either[error, A]` — shorthand for the common case |
+| `IO[A]` | `io` | A lazy computation that produces `A` (possibly with side effects) |
+| `IOResult[A]` | `ioresult` | `IO[Result[A]]` — lazy computation that can fail |
+| `ReaderIOResult[A]` | `context/readerioresult` | `func(context.Context) IOResult[A]` — context-aware IO with errors |
+| `Effect[C, A]` | `effect` | `func(C) ReaderIOResult[A]` — typed dependency injection + IO + errors |
+
+Idiomatic (high-performance, tuple-based) equivalents live in `idiomatic/`:
+- `idiomatic/option` — `(A, bool)` tuples
+- `idiomatic/result` — `(A, error)` tuples
+- `idiomatic/ioresult` — `func() (A, error)`
+- `idiomatic/context/readerresult` — `func(context.Context) (A, error)`
+
+## Standard Operations
+
+Every monad exports these operations (PascalCase for exported Go names):
+
+| fp-go | fp-ts / Haskell | Description |
+|-------|----------------|-------------|
+| `Of` | `of` / `pure` | Lift a pure value into the monad |
+| `Map` | `map` / `fmap` | Transform the value inside without changing the context |
+| `Chain` | `chain` / `>>=` | Sequence a computation that itself returns a monadic value |
+| `Ap` | `ap` / `<*>` | Apply a wrapped function to a wrapped value |
+| `Fold` | `fold` / `either` | Eliminate the context — handle every case and extract a plain value |
+| `GetOrElse` | `getOrElse` / `fromMaybe` | Extract the value or use a default (Option/Result) |
+| `Filter` | `filter` / `mfilter` | Keep only values satisfying a predicate |
+| `Flatten` | `flatten` / `join` | Remove one level of nesting (`M[M[A]]` → `M[A]`) |
+| `ChainFirst` | `chainFirst` / `>>` | Sequence for side effects; keeps the original value |
+| `Alt` | `alt` / `<\|>` | Provide an alternative when the first computation fails |
+| `FromPredicate` | `fromPredicate` / `guard` | Build a monadic value from a predicate |
+| `Sequence` | `sequence` | Turn `[]M[A]` into `M[[]A]` |
+| `Traverse` | `traverse` | Map and sequence in one step |
+
+Curried (composable) vs. monadic (direct) form:
+
+```go
+// Curried — data last, returns a transformer function
+option.Map(strings.ToUpper)              // func(Option[string]) Option[string]
+
+// Monadic — data first, immediate execution
+option.MonadMap(option.Some("hello"), strings.ToUpper)
+```
+
+Use curried form for pipelines; use `Monad*` form when you already have all arguments.
+
+## Key Type Aliases (defined per monad)
+
+```go
+// A Kleisli arrow: a function from A to a monadic B
+type Kleisli[A, B any] = func(A) M[B]
+
+// An operator: transforms one monadic value into another
+type Operator[A, B any] = func(M[A]) M[B]
+```
+
+`Chain` takes a `Kleisli`, `Map` returns an `Operator`. The naming is consistent across all monads.
+
+## Examples
+
+### Option — nullable values without nil
+
+```go
+import (
+    O "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/option"
+    F "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    "strconv"
+)
+
+parseAndDouble := F.Flow2(
+    O.FromPredicate(func(s string) bool { return s != "" }),
+    O.Chain(func(s string) O.Option[int] {
+        n, err := strconv.Atoi(s)
+        if err != nil {
+            return O.None[int]()
+        }
+        return O.Some(n * 2)
+    }),
+)
+
+parseAndDouble("21")  // Some(42)
+parseAndDouble("")    // None
+parseAndDouble("abc") // None
+```
+
+### Result — error handling without if-err boilerplate
+
+```go
+import (
+    R  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/result"
+    F  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    "strconv"
+    "errors"
+)
+
+parse := R.Eitherize1(strconv.Atoi)  // lifts (int, error) → Result[int]
+
+validate := func(n int) R.Result[int] {
+    if n < 0 {
+        return R.Error[int](errors.New("must be non-negative"))
+    }
+    return R.Of(n)
+}
+
+pipeline := F.Flow2(parse, R.Chain(validate))
+
+pipeline("42")   // Ok(42)
+pipeline("-1")   // Error("must be non-negative")
+pipeline("abc")  // Error(strconv parse error)
+```
+
+### IOResult — lazy IO with error handling
+
+```go
+import (
+    IOE "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/ioresult"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    J   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/json"
+    "os"
+)
+
+readConfig := F.Flow2(
+    IOE.Eitherize1(os.ReadFile),           // func(string) IOResult[[]byte]
+    IOE.ChainEitherK(J.Unmarshal[Config]), // parse JSON, propagate errors
+)
+
+result := readConfig("config.json")() // execute lazily
+```
+
+### ReaderIOResult — context-aware pipelines (recommended for services)
+
+```go
+import (
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    "context"
+)
+
+// type ReaderIOResult[A any] = func(context.Context) func() result.Result[A]
+
+fetchUser := func(id int) RIO.ReaderIOResult[User] {
+    return func(ctx context.Context) func() result.Result[User] {
+        return func() result.Result[User] {
+            // perform IO here
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pipeline := F.Pipe3(
+    fetchUser(42),
+    RIO.ChainEitherK(validateUser),    // lift pure (User, error) function
+    RIO.Map(enrichUser),               // lift pure User → User function
+    RIO.ChainFirstIOK(IO.Logf[User]("Fetched: %v")), // side-effect logging
+)
+
+user, err := pipeline(ctx)() // provide context once, execute
+```
+
+### Traversal — process slices monadically
+
+```go
+import (
+    A   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/array"
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+)
+
+// Fetch all users, stop on first error
+fetchAll := F.Pipe1(
+    A.MakeBy(10, userID),
+    RIO.TraverseArray(fetchUser),  // []ReaderIOResult[User] → ReaderIOResult[[]User]
+)
+```
+
+## Function Composition with Flow and Pipe
+
+```go
+import F "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+
+// Flow: compose functions left-to-right, returns a new function
+transform := F.Flow3(
+    option.Map(strings.TrimSpace),
+    option.Filter(func(s string) bool { return s != "" }),
+    option.GetOrElse(func() string { return "default" }),
+)
+result := transform(option.Some("  hello  ")) // "hello"
+
+// Pipe: apply a value through a pipeline immediately
+result := F.Pipe3(
+    option.Some("  hello  "),
+    option.Map(strings.TrimSpace),
+    option.Filter(func(s string) bool { return s != "" }),
+    option.GetOrElse(func() string { return "default" }),
+)
+```
+
+## Lifting Pure Functions into Monadic Context
+
+fp-go provides helpers to promote non-monadic functions:
+
+| Helper | Lifts |
+|--------|-------|
+| `ChainEitherK` | `func(A) (B, error)` → works inside the monad |
+| `ChainOptionK` | `func(A) Option[B]` → works inside the monad |
+| `ChainFirstIOK` | `func(A) IO[B]` for side effects, keeps original value |
+| `Eitherize1..N` | `func(A) (B, error)` → `func(A) Result[B]` |
+| `FromPredicate` | `func(A) bool` + error builder → `func(A) Result[A]` |
+
+## Type Parameter Ordering Rule (V2)
+
+Non-inferrable type parameters come **first**, so the compiler can infer the rest:
+
+```go
+// B cannot be inferred from the argument — it comes first
+result := either.Ap[string](value)(funcInEither)
+
+// All types inferrable — no explicit params needed
+result := either.Map(transform)(value)
+result := either.Chain(validator)(value)
+```
+
+## When to Use Which Monad
+
+| Situation | Use |
+|-----------|-----|
+| Value that might be absent | `Option[A]` |
+| Operation that can fail with custom error type | `Either[E, A]` |
+| Operation that can fail with `error` | `Result[A]` |
+| Lazy IO, side effects | `IO[A]` |
+| IO that can fail | `IOResult[A]` |
+| IO + context (cancellation, deadlines) | `ReaderIOResult[A]` from `context/readerioresult` |
+| IO + context + typed dependencies | `Effect[C, A]` |
+| High-performance services | Idiomatic packages in `idiomatic/` |
+
+## Do-Notation: Accumulating State with `Bind` and `ApS`
+
+When a pipeline needs to carry **multiple intermediate results** forward — not just a single value — the `Chain`/`Map` style becomes unwieldy because each step only threads one value and prior results are lost. Do-notation solves this by accumulating results into a growing struct (the "state") at each step.
+
+Every monad that supports do-notation exports the same family of functions. The examples below use `context/readerioresult` (`RIO`), but the identical API is available in `result`, `option`, `ioresult`, `readerioresult`, and others.
+
+### The Function Family
+
+| Function | Kind | What it does |
+|----------|------|-------------|
+| `Do(empty S)` | — | Lift an empty struct into the monad; starting point |
+| `BindTo(setter)` | monadic | Convert an existing `M[T]` into `M[S]`; alternative start |
+| `Bind(setter, f)` | monadic | Add a result; `f` receives the **current state** and returns `M[T]` |
+| `ApS(setter, fa)` | applicative | Add a result; `fa` is **independent** of the current state |
+| `Let(setter, f)` | pure | Add a value computed by a **pure function** of the state |
+| `LetTo(setter, value)` | pure | Add a **constant** value |
+
+Lens variants (`BindL`, `ApSL`, `LetL`, `LetToL`) accept a `Lens[S, T]` instead of a manual setter, integrating naturally with the optics system.
+
+### `Bind` — Sequential, Dependent Steps
+
+`Bind` sequences two monadic computations. The function `f` receives the **full accumulated state** so it can read anything gathered so far. Errors short-circuit automatically.
+
+```go
+import (
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    L   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/optics/lens"
+    "context"
+)
+
+type Pipeline struct {
+    User   User
+    Config Config
+    Posts  []Post
+}
+
+// Lenses — focus on individual fields; .Set is already func(T) func(S) S
+var (
+    userLens   = L.MakeLens(func(s Pipeline) User   { return s.User },   func(s Pipeline, u User)   Pipeline { s.User = u; return s })
+    configLens = L.MakeLens(func(s Pipeline) Config { return s.Config }, func(s Pipeline, c Config) Pipeline { s.Config = c; return s })
+    postsLens  = L.MakeLens(func(s Pipeline) []Post { return s.Posts },  func(s Pipeline, p []Post) Pipeline { s.Posts = p; return s })
+)
+
+result := F.Pipe3(
+    RIO.Do(Pipeline{}),                                                   // lift empty struct
+    RIO.Bind(userLens.Set,   func(_ Pipeline) RIO.ReaderIOResult[User] { return fetchUser(42) }),
+    RIO.Bind(configLens.Set, F.Flow2(userLens.Get, fetchConfigForUser)), // read s.User, pass to fetcher
+    RIO.Bind(postsLens.Set,  F.Flow2(userLens.Get, fetchPostsForUser)),  // read s.User, pass to fetcher
+)
+
+pipeline, err := result(context.Background())()
+// pipeline.User, pipeline.Config, pipeline.Posts are all populated
+```
+
+The setter signature is `func(T) func(S1) S2` — it takes the new value and returns a state transformer. `lens.Set` already has this shape, so no manual setter functions are needed. `F.Flow2(lens.Get, f)` composes the field getter with any Kleisli arrow `f` point-free.
+
+### `ApS` — Independent, Applicative Steps
+
+`ApS` uses **applicative** semantics: `fa` is evaluated without any access to the current state. Use it when steps have no dependency on each other — the library can choose to execute them concurrently.
+
+```go
+import (
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    L   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/optics/lens"
+)
+
+type Summary struct {
+    User    User
+    Weather Weather
+}
+
+var (
+    userLens    = L.MakeLens(func(s Summary) User    { return s.User },    func(s Summary, u User)    Summary { s.User = u; return s })
+    weatherLens = L.MakeLens(func(s Summary) Weather { return s.Weather }, func(s Summary, w Weather) Summary { s.Weather = w; return s })
+)
+
+// Both are independent — neither needs the other's result
+result := F.Pipe2(
+    RIO.Do(Summary{}),
+    RIO.ApS(userLens.Set,    fetchUser(42)),
+    RIO.ApS(weatherLens.Set, fetchWeather("NYC")),
+)
+```
+
+**Key difference from `Bind`:**
+
+| | `Bind(setter, f)` | `ApS(setter, fa)` |
+|-|---|---|
+| Second argument | `func(S1) M[T]` — a **function** of state | `M[T]` — a **fixed** monadic value |
+| Can read prior state? | Yes — receives `S1` | No — no access to state |
+| Semantics | Monadic (sequential) | Applicative (independent) |
+
+### `Let` and `LetTo` — Pure Additions
+
+`Let` adds a value computed by a **pure function** of the current state (no monad, cannot fail):
+
+```go
+import (
+    RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    F   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    L   "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/optics/lens"
+)
+
+type Enriched struct {
+    User     User
+    FullName string
+}
+
+var (
+    userLens     = L.MakeLens(func(s Enriched) User   { return s.User },     func(s Enriched, u User)   Enriched { s.User = u; return s })
+    fullNameLens  = L.MakeLens(func(s Enriched) string { return s.FullName }, func(s Enriched, n string) Enriched { s.FullName = n; return s })
+)
+
+fullName := func(u User) string { return u.FirstName + " " + u.LastName }
+
+result := F.Pipe2(
+    RIO.Do(Enriched{}),
+    RIO.Bind(userLens.Set,     func(_ Enriched) RIO.ReaderIOResult[User] { return fetchUser(42) }),
+    RIO.Let(fullNameLens.Set,  F.Flow2(userLens.Get, fullName)), // read s.User, compute pure string
+)
+```
+
+`LetTo` adds a **constant** with no computation:
+
+```go
+RIO.LetTo(setVersion, "v1.2.3")
+```
+
+### `BindTo` — Starting from an Existing Value
+
+When you have an existing `M[T]` and want to project it into a state struct rather than starting from `Do(empty)`:
+
+```go
+type State struct{ User User }
+
+result := F.Pipe1(
+    fetchUser(42),                                           // ReaderIOResult[User]
+    RIO.BindTo(func(u User) State { return State{User: u} }),// ReaderIOResult[State]
+)
+```
+
+### Lens Variants (`ApSL`, `BindL`, `LetL`, `LetToL`)
+
+If you have a `Lens[S, T]` (from the optics system or code generation), you can skip writing the setter function entirely:
+
+```go
+import (
+    RO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/readeroption"
+    F  "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+)
+
+// Lenses generated by go:generate (see optics/README.md)
+// personLenses.Name : Lens[*Person, Name]
+// personLenses.Age  : Lens[*Person, Age]
+
+makePerson := F.Pipe2(
+    RO.Do[*PartialPerson](emptyPerson),
+    RO.ApSL(personLenses.Name, maybeName), // replaces: ApS(personLenses.Name.Set, maybeName)
+    RO.ApSL(personLenses.Age,  maybeAge),
+)
+```
+
+This exact pattern is used in [`samples/builder`](samples/builder/builder.go) to validate and construct a `Person` from an unvalidated `PartialPerson`.
+
+### Lifted Variants for Mixed Monads
+
+`context/readerioresult` provides `Bind*K` helpers that lift simpler computations directly into the do-chain:
+
+| Helper | Lifts |
+|--------|-------|
+| `BindResultK` / `BindEitherK` | `func(S1) (T, error)` — pure result |
+| `BindIOResultK` / `BindIOEitherK` | `func(S1) func() (T, error)` — lazy IO result |
+| `BindIOK` | `func(S1) func() T` — infallible IO |
+| `BindReaderK` | `func(S1) func(ctx) T` — context reader |
+
+```go
+RIO.BindResultK(setUser, func(s Pipeline) (User, error) {
+    return validateAndBuild(s)   // plain (value, error) function, no wrapping needed
+})
+```
+
+### Decision Guide
+
+```
+Does the new step need to read prior accumulated state?
+    YES  →  Bind   (monadic, sequential; f receives current S)
+    NO   →  ApS    (applicative, independent; fa is a fixed M[T])
+
+Is the new value derived purely from state, with no monad?
+    YES  →  Let    (pure function of S)
+
+Is the new value a compile-time or runtime constant?
+    YES  →  LetTo
+
+Starting from an existing M[T] rather than an empty struct?
+    YES  →  BindTo
+```
+
+### Complete Example — `result` Monad
+
+The same pattern works with simpler monads. Here with `result.Result[A]`:
+
+`Eitherize1` converts any standard `func(A) (B, error)` into `func(A) Result[B]`. Define these lifted functions once as variables. Then use lenses to focus on individual struct fields and compose with `F.Flow2(lens.Get, f)` — no inline lambdas, no manual error handling.
+
+```go
+import (
+    R    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/result"
+    F    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    L    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/optics/lens"
+    N    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/number"
+    "strconv"
+)
+
+type Parsed struct {
+    Raw    string
+    Number int
+    Double int
+}
+
+// Lenses — focus on individual fields of Parsed.
+var (
+    rawLens    = L.MakeLens(
+        func(s Parsed) string { return s.Raw },
+        func(s Parsed, v string) Parsed { s.Raw = v; return s },
+    )
+    numberLens = L.MakeLens(
+        func(s Parsed) int { return s.Number },
+        func(s Parsed, v int) Parsed { s.Number = v; return s },
+    )
+    doubleLens = L.MakeLens(
+        func(s Parsed) int { return s.Double },
+        func(s Parsed, v int) Parsed { s.Double = v; return s },
+    )
+)
+
+// Lifted functions — convert standard (value, error) functions into Result-returning ones.
+var (
+    atoi = R.Eitherize1(strconv.Atoi) // func(string) Result[int]
+)
+
+parse := func(input string) R.Result[Parsed] {
+    return F.Pipe3(
+        R.Do(Parsed{}),
+        R.LetTo(rawLens.Set, input),                      // set Raw to constant input
+        R.Bind(numberLens.Set, F.Flow2(rawLens.Get, atoi)),           // get Raw, parse → Result[int]
+        R.Let(doubleLens.Set, F.Flow2(numberLens.Get, N.Mul(2))),   // get Number, multiply → int
+    )
+}
+
+parse("21")  // Ok(Parsed{Raw:"21", Number:21, Double:42})
+parse("abc") // Error(strconv parse error)
+```
+
+`rawLens.Set` is already `func(string) func(Parsed) Parsed`, matching the setter signature `Bind` and `LetTo` expect — no manual setter functions to write. `F.Flow2(rawLens.Get, atoi)` composes the field getter with the eitherized parse function into a `Kleisli[Parsed, int]` without any intermediate lambda.
+
+## Import Paths
+
+```go
+import (
+    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/option"
+    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/result"
+    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/either"
+    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
+    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/ioresult"
+    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
+    "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/effect"
+    F "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+    A "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/array"
+)
+```
+
+Requires Go 1.24+ (generic type aliases).

v2/README.md

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 [![Go Reference](https://pkg.go.dev/badge/github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2.svg)](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2)
 [![Coverage Status](https://coveralls.io/repos/github/IBM/fp-go/badge.svg?branch=main&flag=v2)](https://coveralls.io/github/IBM/fp-go?branch=main)
 [![Go Report Card](https://goreportcard.com/badge/github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2)](https://goreportcard.com/report/github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2)
+[![Context7](https://img.shields.io/badge/context7-docs-blue)](https://context7.com/ibm/fp-go)
 
 **fp-go** is a comprehensive functional programming library for Go, bringing type-safe functional patterns inspired by [fp-ts](https://gcanti.github.io/fp-ts/) to the Go ecosystem. Version 2 leverages [generic type aliases](https://github.com/golang/go/issues/46477) introduced in Go 1.24, providing a more ergonomic and streamlined API.
 

v2/array/array_nil_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023 - 2025 IBM Corp.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package array
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	O "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/option"
+	P "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
+	S "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/string"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+// TestNilSlice_IsEmpty verifies that IsEmpty handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_IsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	assert.True(t, IsEmpty(nilSlice), "nil slice should be empty")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_IsNonEmpty verifies that IsNonEmpty handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_IsNonEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	assert.False(t, IsNonEmpty(nilSlice), "nil slice should not be non-empty")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_MonadMap verifies that MonadMap handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_MonadMap(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := MonadMap(nilSlice, func(v int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", v)
+	})
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MonadMap should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MonadMap should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_MonadMapRef verifies that MonadMapRef handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_MonadMapRef(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := MonadMapRef(nilSlice, func(v *int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", *v)
+	})
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MonadMapRef should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MonadMapRef should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Map verifies that Map handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Map(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	mapper := Map(func(v int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", v)
+	})
+	result := mapper(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Map should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Map should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_MapRef verifies that MapRef handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_MapRef(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	mapper := MapRef(func(v *int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", *v)
+	})
+	result := mapper(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MapRef should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MapRef should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_MapWithIndex verifies that MapWithIndex handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_MapWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	mapper := MapWithIndex(func(i int, v int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d:%d", i, v)
+	})
+	result := mapper(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MapWithIndex should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MapWithIndex should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Filter verifies that Filter handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Filter(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	filter := Filter(func(v int) bool {
+		return v > 0
+	})
+	result := filter(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Filter should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Filter should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_FilterWithIndex verifies that FilterWithIndex handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_FilterWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	filter := FilterWithIndex(func(i int, v int) bool {
+		return v > 0
+	})
+	result := filter(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "FilterWithIndex should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "FilterWithIndex should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_FilterRef verifies that FilterRef handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_FilterRef(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	filter := FilterRef(func(v *int) bool {
+		return *v > 0
+	})
+	result := filter(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "FilterRef should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "FilterRef should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_MonadFilterMap verifies that MonadFilterMap handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_MonadFilterMap(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := MonadFilterMap(nilSlice, func(v int) O.Option[string] {
+		return O.Some(fmt.Sprintf("%d", v))
+	})
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MonadFilterMap should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MonadFilterMap should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_MonadFilterMapWithIndex verifies that MonadFilterMapWithIndex handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_MonadFilterMapWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := MonadFilterMapWithIndex(nilSlice, func(i int, v int) O.Option[string] {
+		return O.Some(fmt.Sprintf("%d:%d", i, v))
+	})
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MonadFilterMapWithIndex should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MonadFilterMapWithIndex should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_FilterMap verifies that FilterMap handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_FilterMap(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	filter := FilterMap(func(v int) O.Option[string] {
+		return O.Some(fmt.Sprintf("%d", v))
+	})
+	result := filter(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "FilterMap should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "FilterMap should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_FilterMapWithIndex verifies that FilterMapWithIndex handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_FilterMapWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	filter := FilterMapWithIndex(func(i int, v int) O.Option[string] {
+		return O.Some(fmt.Sprintf("%d:%d", i, v))
+	})
+	result := filter(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "FilterMapWithIndex should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "FilterMapWithIndex should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_MonadReduce verifies that MonadReduce handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_MonadReduce(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := MonadReduce(nilSlice, func(acc int, v int) int {
+		return acc + v
+	}, 10)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10, result, "MonadReduce should return initial value for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_MonadReduceWithIndex verifies that MonadReduceWithIndex handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_MonadReduceWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := MonadReduceWithIndex(nilSlice, func(i int, acc int, v int) int {
+		return acc + v
+	}, 10)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10, result, "MonadReduceWithIndex should return initial value for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Reduce verifies that Reduce handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Reduce(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	reducer := Reduce(func(acc int, v int) int {
+		return acc + v
+	}, 10)
+	result := reducer(nilSlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10, result, "Reduce should return initial value for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_ReduceWithIndex verifies that ReduceWithIndex handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_ReduceWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	reducer := ReduceWithIndex(func(i int, acc int, v int) int {
+		return acc + v
+	}, 10)
+	result := reducer(nilSlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10, result, "ReduceWithIndex should return initial value for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_ReduceRight verifies that ReduceRight handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_ReduceRight(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	reducer := ReduceRight(func(v int, acc int) int {
+		return acc + v
+	}, 10)
+	result := reducer(nilSlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10, result, "ReduceRight should return initial value for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_ReduceRightWithIndex verifies that ReduceRightWithIndex handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_ReduceRightWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	reducer := ReduceRightWithIndex(func(i int, v int, acc int) int {
+		return acc + v
+	}, 10)
+	result := reducer(nilSlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10, result, "ReduceRightWithIndex should return initial value for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_ReduceRef verifies that ReduceRef handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_ReduceRef(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	reducer := ReduceRef(func(acc int, v *int) int {
+		return acc + *v
+	}, 10)
+	result := reducer(nilSlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10, result, "ReduceRef should return initial value for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Append verifies that Append handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Append(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := Append(nilSlice, 42)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Append should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(result), "Append should create slice with one element")
+	assert.Equal(t, 42, result[0], "Append should add element correctly")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_MonadChain verifies that MonadChain handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_MonadChain(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := MonadChain(nilSlice, func(v int) []string {
+		return []string{fmt.Sprintf("%d", v)}
+	})
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MonadChain should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MonadChain should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Chain verifies that Chain handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Chain(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	chain := Chain(func(v int) []string {
+		return []string{fmt.Sprintf("%d", v)}
+	})
+	result := chain(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Chain should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Chain should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_MonadAp verifies that MonadAp handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_MonadAp(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilFuncs []func(int) string
+	var nilValues []int
+
+	// nil functions, nil values
+	result1 := MonadAp(nilFuncs, nilValues)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result1, "MonadAp should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result1), "MonadAp should return empty slice for nil inputs")
+
+	// nil functions, non-nil values
+	nonNilValues := []int{1, 2, 3}
+	result2 := MonadAp(nilFuncs, nonNilValues)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result2, "MonadAp should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result2), "MonadAp should return empty slice when functions are nil")
+
+	// non-nil functions, nil values
+	nonNilFuncs := []func(int) string{func(v int) string { return fmt.Sprintf("%d", v) }}
+	result3 := MonadAp(nonNilFuncs, nilValues)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result3, "MonadAp should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result3), "MonadAp should return empty slice when values are nil")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Ap verifies that Ap handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Ap(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilValues []int
+	ap := Ap[string](nilValues)
+
+	var nilFuncs []func(int) string
+	result := ap(nilFuncs)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Ap should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Ap should return empty slice for nil inputs")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Head verifies that Head handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Head(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := Head(nilSlice)
+	assert.True(t, O.IsNone(result), "Head should return None for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_First verifies that First handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_First(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := First(nilSlice)
+	assert.True(t, O.IsNone(result), "First should return None for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Last verifies that Last handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Last(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := Last(nilSlice)
+	assert.True(t, O.IsNone(result), "Last should return None for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Tail verifies that Tail handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Tail(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := Tail(nilSlice)
+	assert.True(t, O.IsNone(result), "Tail should return None for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Flatten verifies that Flatten handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Flatten(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice [][]int
+	result := Flatten(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Flatten should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Flatten should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Lookup verifies that Lookup handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Lookup(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	lookup := Lookup[int](0)
+	result := lookup(nilSlice)
+	assert.True(t, O.IsNone(result), "Lookup should return None for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Size verifies that Size handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Size(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := Size(nilSlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, result, "Size should return 0 for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_MonadPartition verifies that MonadPartition handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_MonadPartition(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := MonadPartition(nilSlice, func(v int) bool {
+		return v > 0
+	})
+	left := P.Head(result)
+	right := P.Tail(result)
+	assert.NotNil(t, left, "MonadPartition left should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.NotNil(t, right, "MonadPartition right should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(left), "MonadPartition left should be empty for nil input")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(right), "MonadPartition right should be empty for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Partition verifies that Partition handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Partition(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	partition := Partition(func(v int) bool {
+		return v > 0
+	})
+	result := partition(nilSlice)
+	left := P.Head(result)
+	right := P.Tail(result)
+	assert.NotNil(t, left, "Partition left should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.NotNil(t, right, "Partition right should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(left), "Partition left should be empty for nil input")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(right), "Partition right should be empty for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_IsNil verifies that IsNil handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_IsNil(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	assert.True(t, IsNil(nilSlice), "IsNil should return true for nil slice")
+
+	nonNilSlice := []int{}
+	assert.False(t, IsNil(nonNilSlice), "IsNil should return false for non-nil empty slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_IsNonNil verifies that IsNonNil handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_IsNonNil(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	assert.False(t, IsNonNil(nilSlice), "IsNonNil should return false for nil slice")
+
+	nonNilSlice := []int{}
+	assert.True(t, IsNonNil(nonNilSlice), "IsNonNil should return true for non-nil empty slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Copy verifies that Copy handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Copy(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := Copy(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Copy should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Copy should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_FoldMap verifies that FoldMap handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_FoldMap(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	monoid := S.Monoid
+	foldMap := FoldMap[int](monoid)(func(v int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", v)
+	})
+	result := foldMap(nilSlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", result, "FoldMap should return empty value for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_FoldMapWithIndex verifies that FoldMapWithIndex handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_FoldMapWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	monoid := S.Monoid
+	foldMap := FoldMapWithIndex[int](monoid)(func(i int, v int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d:%d", i, v)
+	})
+	result := foldMap(nilSlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", result, "FoldMapWithIndex should return empty value for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Fold verifies that Fold handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Fold(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []string
+	monoid := S.Monoid
+	fold := Fold[string](monoid)
+	result := fold(nilSlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", result, "Fold should return empty value for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Concat verifies that Concat handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Concat(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	nonNilSlice := []int{1, 2, 3}
+
+	// nil concat non-nil
+	concat1 := Concat(nonNilSlice)
+	result1 := concat1(nilSlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, nonNilSlice, result1, "nil concat non-nil should return non-nil slice")
+
+	// non-nil concat nil
+	concat2 := Concat(nilSlice)
+	result2 := concat2(nonNilSlice)
+	assert.Equal(t, nonNilSlice, result2, "non-nil concat nil should return non-nil slice")
+
+	// nil concat nil
+	concat3 := Concat(nilSlice)
+	result3 := concat3(nilSlice)
+	assert.Nil(t, result3, "nil concat nil should return nil")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_MonadFlap verifies that MonadFlap handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_MonadFlap(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []func(int) string
+	result := MonadFlap(nilSlice, 42)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MonadFlap should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MonadFlap should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Flap verifies that Flap handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Flap(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []func(int) string
+	flap := Flap[string, int](42)
+	result := flap(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Flap should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Flap should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Reverse verifies that Reverse handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Reverse(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	result := Reverse(nilSlice)
+	assert.Nil(t, result, "Reverse should return nil for nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Extend verifies that Extend handles nil slices correctly
+func TestNilSlice_Extend(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilSlice []int
+	extend := Extend(func(as []int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%v", as)
+	})
+	result := extend(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Extend should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Extend should return empty slice for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Empty verifies that Empty creates an empty non-nil slice
+func TestNilSlice_Empty(t *testing.T) {
+	result := Empty[int]()
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Empty should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Empty should return empty slice")
+	assert.False(t, IsNil(result), "Empty should not return nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Zero verifies that Zero creates an empty non-nil slice
+func TestNilSlice_Zero(t *testing.T) {
+	result := Zero[int]()
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Zero should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Zero should return empty slice")
+	assert.False(t, IsNil(result), "Zero should not return nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_ConstNil verifies that ConstNil returns a nil slice
+func TestNilSlice_ConstNil(t *testing.T) {
+	result := ConstNil[int]()
+	assert.Nil(t, result, "ConstNil should return nil slice")
+	assert.True(t, IsNil(result), "ConstNil should return nil slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilSlice_Of verifies that Of creates a proper singleton slice
+func TestNilSlice_Of(t *testing.T) {
+	result := Of(42)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Of should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(result), "Of should create slice with one element")
+	assert.Equal(t, 42, result[0], "Of should set value correctly")
+}

v2/context/reader/reader.go

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023 - 2025 IBM Corp.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+// Package reader provides a specialization of the Reader monad for [context.Context].
+//
+// This package offers a context-aware Reader monad that simplifies working with
+// Go's [context.Context] in a functional programming style. It eliminates the need
+// to explicitly thread context through function calls while maintaining type safety
+// and composability.
+//
+// # Core Concept
+//
+// The Reader monad represents computations that depend on a shared environment.
+// In this package, that environment is fixed to [context.Context], making it
+// particularly useful for:
+//
+//   - Request-scoped data propagation
+//   - Cancellation and timeout handling
+//   - Dependency injection via context values
+//   - Avoiding explicit context parameter threading
+//
+// # Type Definitions
+//
+//   - Reader[A]: A computation that depends on context.Context and produces A
+//   - Kleisli[A, B]: A function from A to Reader[B] for composing computations
+//   - Operator[A, B]: A transformation from Reader[A] to Reader[B]
+//
+// # Usage Pattern
+//
+// Instead of passing context explicitly through every function:
+//
+//	func processUser(ctx context.Context, userID string) (User, error) {
+//	    user := fetchUser(ctx, userID)
+//	    profile := fetchProfile(ctx, user.ProfileID)
+//	    return enrichUser(ctx, user, profile), nil
+//	}
+//
+// You can use Reader to compose context-dependent operations:
+//
+//	fetchUser := func(userID string) Reader[User] {
+//	    return func(ctx context.Context) User {
+//	        // Use ctx for database access, cancellation, etc.
+//	        return queryDatabase(ctx, userID)
+//	    }
+//	}
+//
+//	processUser := func(userID string) Reader[User] {
+//	    return F.Pipe2(
+//	        fetchUser(userID),
+//	        reader.Chain(func(user User) Reader[Profile] {
+//	            return fetchProfile(user.ProfileID)
+//	        }),
+//	        reader.Map(func(profile Profile) User {
+//	            return enrichUser(user, profile)
+//	        }),
+//	    )
+//	}
+//
+//	// Execute with context
+//	ctx := context.Background()
+//	user := processUser("user123")(ctx)
+//
+// # Integration with Standard Library
+//
+// This package works seamlessly with Go's standard [context] package:
+//
+//   - Context cancellation and deadlines are preserved
+//   - Context values can be accessed within Reader computations
+//   - Readers can be composed with context-aware libraries
+//
+// # Relationship to Other Packages
+//
+// This package is a specialization of [github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/reader] where
+// the environment type R is fixed to [context.Context]. For more general
+// Reader operations, see the base reader package.
+//
+// For combining Reader with other monads:
+//   - [github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerio]: Reader + IO effects
+//   - [github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/readeroption]: Reader + Option
+//   - [github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/readerresult]: Reader + Result (Either)
+//
+// # Example: HTTP Request Handler
+//
+//	type RequestContext struct {
+//	    UserID    string
+//	    RequestID string
+//	}
+//
+//	// Extract request context from context.Context
+//	getRequestContext := func(ctx context.Context) RequestContext {
+//	    return RequestContext{
+//	        UserID:    ctx.Value("userID").(string),
+//	        RequestID: ctx.Value("requestID").(string),
+//	    }
+//	}
+//
+//	// A Reader that logs with request context
+//	logInfo := func(message string) Reader[function.Void] {
+//	    return func(ctx context.Context) function.Void {
+//	        reqCtx := getRequestContext(ctx)
+//	        log.Printf("[%s] User %s: %s", reqCtx.RequestID, reqCtx.UserID, message)
+//	        return function.VOID
+//	    }
+//	}
+//
+//	// Compose operations
+//	handleRequest := func(data string) Reader[Response] {
+//	    return F.Pipe2(
+//	        logInfo("Processing request"),
+//	        reader.Chain(func(_ function.Void) Reader[Result] {
+//	            return processData(data)
+//	        }),
+//	        reader.Map(func(result Result) Response {
+//	            return Response{Data: result}
+//	        }),
+//	    )
+//	}
+package reader

v2/context/reader/types.go

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023 - 2025 IBM Corp.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package reader
+
+import (
+	"context"
+
+	R "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/reader"
+)
+
+type (
+	// Reader represents a computation that depends on a [context.Context] and produces a value of type A.
+	//
+	// This is a specialization of the generic Reader monad where the environment type is fixed
+	// to [context.Context]. This is particularly useful for Go applications that need to thread
+	// context through computations for cancellation, deadlines, and request-scoped values.
+	//
+	// Type Parameters:
+	//   - A: The result type produced by the computation
+	//
+	// Reader[A] is equivalent to func(context.Context) A
+	//
+	// The Reader monad enables:
+	//   - Dependency injection using context values
+	//   - Cancellation and timeout handling
+	//   - Request-scoped data propagation
+	//   - Avoiding explicit context parameter threading
+	//
+	// Example:
+	//
+	//	// A Reader that extracts a user ID from context
+	//	getUserID := func(ctx context.Context) string {
+	//	    if userID, ok := ctx.Value("userID").(string); ok {
+	//	        return userID
+	//	    }
+	//	    return "anonymous"
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	// A Reader that checks if context is cancelled
+	//	isCancelled := func(ctx context.Context) bool {
+	//	    select {
+	//	    case <-ctx.Done():
+	//	        return true
+	//	    default:
+	//	        return false
+	//	    }
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	// Use the readers with a context
+	//	ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), "userID", "user123")
+	//	userID := getUserID(ctx)      // "user123"
+	//	cancelled := isCancelled(ctx) // false
+	Reader[A any] = R.Reader[context.Context, A]
+
+	// Kleisli represents a Kleisli arrow for the context-based Reader monad.
+	//
+	// It's a function from A to Reader[B], used for composing Reader computations
+	// that all depend on the same [context.Context].
+	//
+	// Type Parameters:
+	//   - A: The input type
+	//   - B: The output type wrapped in Reader
+	//
+	// Kleisli[A, B] is equivalent to func(A) func(context.Context) B
+	//
+	// Kleisli arrows are fundamental for monadic composition, allowing you to chain
+	// operations that depend on context without explicitly passing the context through
+	// each function call.
+	//
+	// Example:
+	//
+	//	// A Kleisli arrow that creates a greeting Reader from a name
+	//	greet := func(name string) Reader[string] {
+	//	    return func(ctx context.Context) string {
+	//	        if deadline, ok := ctx.Deadline(); ok {
+	//	            return fmt.Sprintf("Hello %s (deadline: %v)", name, deadline)
+	//	        }
+	//	        return fmt.Sprintf("Hello %s", name)
+	//	    }
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	// Use the Kleisli arrow
+	//	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+	//	defer cancel()
+	//	greeting := greet("Alice")(ctx) // "Hello Alice (deadline: ...)"
+	Kleisli[A, B any] = R.Reader[A, Reader[B]]
+
+	// Operator represents a transformation from one Reader to another.
+	//
+	// It takes a Reader[A] and produces a Reader[B], where both readers depend on
+	// the same [context.Context]. This type is commonly used for operations like
+	// Map, Chain, and other transformations that convert readers while preserving
+	// the context dependency.
+	//
+	// Type Parameters:
+	//   - A: The input Reader's result type
+	//   - B: The output Reader's result type
+	//
+	// Operator[A, B] is equivalent to func(Reader[A]) func(context.Context) B
+	//
+	// Operators enable building pipelines of context-dependent computations where
+	// each step can transform the result of the previous computation while maintaining
+	// access to the shared context.
+	//
+	// Example:
+	//
+	//	// An operator that transforms int readers to string readers
+	//	intToString := func(r Reader[int]) Reader[string] {
+	//	    return func(ctx context.Context) string {
+	//	        value := r(ctx)
+	//	        return strconv.Itoa(value)
+	//	    }
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	// A Reader that extracts a timeout value from context
+	//	getTimeout := func(ctx context.Context) int {
+	//	    if deadline, ok := ctx.Deadline(); ok {
+	//	        return int(time.Until(deadline).Seconds())
+	//	    }
+	//	    return 0
+	//	}
+	//
+	//	// Transform the Reader
+	//	getTimeoutStr := intToString(getTimeout)
+	//	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 30*time.Second)
+	//	defer cancel()
+	//	result := getTimeoutStr(ctx) // "30" (approximately)
+	Operator[A, B any] = Kleisli[Reader[A], B]
+)

v2/context/readerio/bracket.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package readerio
 
 import (
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
 	RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/readerio"
 )
 
@@ -73,3 +74,117 @@ func Bracket[
 ) ReaderIO[B] {
 	return RIO.Bracket(acquire, use, release)
 }
+
+// WithResource creates a higher-order function that manages a resource lifecycle for any operation.
+// It returns a Kleisli arrow that takes a use function and automatically handles resource
+// acquisition and cleanup using the bracket pattern.
+//
+// This is a more composable alternative to Bracket, allowing you to define resource management
+// once and reuse it with different use functions. The resource is acquired when the returned
+// Kleisli arrow is invoked, used by the provided function, and then released regardless of
+// success or failure.
+//
+// Type Parameters:
+//   - A: The type of the resource to be managed
+//   - B: The type of the result produced by the use function
+//   - ANY: The type returned by the release function (typically ignored)
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - onCreate: A ReaderIO that acquires/creates the resource
+//   - onRelease: A Kleisli arrow that releases/cleans up the resource
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - A Kleisli arrow that takes a use function and returns a ReaderIO managing the full lifecycle
+//
+// Example with database connection:
+//
+//	// Define resource management once
+//	withDB := WithResource(
+//	    // Acquire connection
+//	    func(ctx context.Context) IO[*sql.DB] {
+//	        return func() *sql.DB {
+//	            db, _ := sql.Open("postgres", "connection-string")
+//	            return db
+//	        }
+//	    },
+//	    // Release connection
+//	    func(db *sql.DB) ReaderIO[any] {
+//	        return func(ctx context.Context) IO[any] {
+//	            return func() any {
+//	                db.Close()
+//	                return nil
+//	            }
+//	        }
+//	    },
+//	)
+//
+//	// Reuse with different operations
+//	queryUsers := withDB(func(db *sql.DB) ReaderIO[[]User] {
+//	    return func(ctx context.Context) IO[[]User] {
+//	        return func() []User {
+//	            // Query users from db
+//	            return users
+//	        }
+//	    }
+//	})
+//
+//	insertUser := withDB(func(db *sql.DB) ReaderIO[int64] {
+//	    return func(ctx context.Context) IO[int64] {
+//	        return func() int64 {
+//	            // Insert user into db
+//	            return userID
+//	        }
+//	    }
+//	})
+//
+// Example with file handling:
+//
+//	withFile := WithResource(
+//	    func(ctx context.Context) IO[*os.File] {
+//	        return func() *os.File {
+//	            f, _ := os.Open("data.txt")
+//	            return f
+//	        }
+//	    },
+//	    func(f *os.File) ReaderIO[any] {
+//	        return func(ctx context.Context) IO[any] {
+//	            return func() any {
+//	                f.Close()
+//	                return nil
+//	            }
+//	        }
+//	    },
+//	)
+//
+//	// Use for reading
+//	readContent := withFile(func(f *os.File) ReaderIO[string] {
+//	    return func(ctx context.Context) IO[string] {
+//	        return func() string {
+//	            data, _ := io.ReadAll(f)
+//	            return string(data)
+//	        }
+//	    }
+//	})
+//
+//	// Use for getting file info
+//	getSize := withFile(func(f *os.File) ReaderIO[int64] {
+//	    return func(ctx context.Context) IO[int64] {
+//	        return func() int64 {
+//	            info, _ := f.Stat()
+//	            return info.Size()
+//	        }
+//	    }
+//	})
+//
+// Use Cases:
+//   - Database connections: Acquire connection, execute queries, close connection
+//   - File handles: Open file, read/write, close file
+//   - Network connections: Establish connection, transfer data, close connection
+//   - Locks: Acquire lock, perform critical section, release lock
+//   - Temporary resources: Create temp file/directory, use it, clean up
+//
+//go:inline
+func WithResource[A, B, ANY any](
+	onCreate ReaderIO[A], onRelease Kleisli[A, ANY]) Kleisli[Kleisli[A, B], B] {
+	return function.Bind13of3(Bracket[A, B, ANY])(onCreate, function.Ignore2of2[B](onRelease))
+}

v2/context/readerio/bracket_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,454 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023 - 2025 IBM Corp.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package readerio
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+// mockResource simulates a resource that tracks its lifecycle
+type mockResource struct {
+	id       int
+	acquired bool
+	released bool
+	used     bool
+}
+
+// TestBracket_Success tests that Bracket properly manages resource lifecycle on success
+func TestBracket_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	resource := &mockResource{id: 1}
+
+	// Acquire resource
+	acquire := func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[*mockResource] {
+		return func() *mockResource {
+			resource.acquired = true
+			return resource
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Use resource
+	use := func(r *mockResource) ReaderIO[string] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[string] {
+			return func() string {
+				r.used = true
+				return "success"
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Release resource
+	release := func(r *mockResource, result string) ReaderIO[any] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[any] {
+			return func() any {
+				r.released = true
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Execute bracket
+	operation := Bracket(acquire, use, release)
+	result := operation(context.Background())()
+
+	// Verify lifecycle
+	assert.True(t, resource.acquired, "Resource should be acquired")
+	assert.True(t, resource.used, "Resource should be used")
+	assert.True(t, resource.released, "Resource should be released")
+	assert.Equal(t, "success", result)
+}
+
+// TestBracket_MultipleResources tests managing multiple resources
+func TestBracket_MultipleResources(t *testing.T) {
+	resource1 := &mockResource{id: 1}
+	resource2 := &mockResource{id: 2}
+
+	acquire1 := func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[*mockResource] {
+		return func() *mockResource {
+			resource1.acquired = true
+			return resource1
+		}
+	}
+
+	use1 := func(r1 *mockResource) ReaderIO[*mockResource] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[*mockResource] {
+			return func() *mockResource {
+				r1.used = true
+				resource2.acquired = true
+				return resource2
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	release1 := func(r1 *mockResource, result string) ReaderIO[any] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[any] {
+			return func() any {
+				r1.released = true
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Nested bracket for second resource
+	use2 := func(r2 *mockResource) ReaderIO[string] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[string] {
+			return func() string {
+				r2.used = true
+				return "both used"
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	release2 := func(r2 *mockResource, result string) ReaderIO[any] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[any] {
+			return func() any {
+				r2.released = true
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Compose brackets
+	operation := Bracket(acquire1, func(r1 *mockResource) ReaderIO[string] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[string] {
+			r2 := use1(r1)(ctx)()
+			return Bracket(
+				func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[*mockResource] {
+					return func() *mockResource { return r2 }
+				},
+				use2,
+				release2,
+			)(ctx)
+		}
+	}, release1)
+
+	result := operation(context.Background())()
+
+	assert.True(t, resource1.acquired)
+	assert.True(t, resource1.used)
+	assert.True(t, resource1.released)
+	assert.True(t, resource2.acquired)
+	assert.True(t, resource2.used)
+	assert.True(t, resource2.released)
+	assert.Equal(t, "both used", result)
+}
+
+// TestWithResource_Success tests WithResource with successful operation
+func TestWithResource_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	resource := &mockResource{id: 1}
+
+	// Define resource management
+	withResource := WithResource[*mockResource, string, any](
+		func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[*mockResource] {
+			return func() *mockResource {
+				resource.acquired = true
+				return resource
+			}
+		},
+		func(r *mockResource) ReaderIO[any] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[any] {
+				return func() any {
+					r.released = true
+					return nil
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	)
+
+	// Use resource
+	operation := withResource(func(r *mockResource) ReaderIO[string] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[string] {
+			return func() string {
+				r.used = true
+				return "result"
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	result := operation(context.Background())()
+
+	assert.True(t, resource.acquired)
+	assert.True(t, resource.used)
+	assert.True(t, resource.released)
+	assert.Equal(t, "result", result)
+}
+
+// TestWithResource_Reusability tests that WithResource can be reused with different operations
+func TestWithResource_Reusability(t *testing.T) {
+	callCount := 0
+
+	withResource := WithResource[*mockResource, int, any](
+		func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[*mockResource] {
+			return func() *mockResource {
+				callCount++
+				return &mockResource{id: callCount, acquired: true}
+			}
+		},
+		func(r *mockResource) ReaderIO[any] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[any] {
+				return func() any {
+					r.released = true
+					return nil
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	)
+
+	// First operation
+	op1 := withResource(func(r *mockResource) ReaderIO[int] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[int] {
+			return func() int {
+				r.used = true
+				return r.id * 2
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	result1 := op1(context.Background())()
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, result1)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, callCount)
+
+	// Second operation (should create new resource)
+	op2 := withResource(func(r *mockResource) ReaderIO[int] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[int] {
+			return func() int {
+				r.used = true
+				return r.id * 3
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	result2 := op2(context.Background())()
+	assert.Equal(t, 6, result2)
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, callCount)
+}
+
+// TestWithResource_DifferentResultTypes tests WithResource with different result types
+func TestWithResource_DifferentResultTypes(t *testing.T) {
+	resource := &mockResource{id: 42}
+
+	withResourceInt := WithResource[*mockResource, int, any](
+		func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[*mockResource] {
+			return func() *mockResource {
+				resource.acquired = true
+				return resource
+			}
+		},
+		func(r *mockResource) ReaderIO[any] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[any] {
+				return func() any {
+					r.released = true
+					return nil
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	)
+
+	// Operation returning int
+	opInt := withResourceInt(func(r *mockResource) ReaderIO[int] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[int] {
+			return func() int {
+				return r.id
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	resultInt := opInt(context.Background())()
+	assert.Equal(t, 42, resultInt)
+
+	// Reset resource state
+	resource.acquired = false
+	resource.released = false
+
+	// Create new WithResource for string type
+	withResourceString := WithResource[*mockResource, string, any](
+		func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[*mockResource] {
+			return func() *mockResource {
+				resource.acquired = true
+				return resource
+			}
+		},
+		func(r *mockResource) ReaderIO[any] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[any] {
+				return func() any {
+					r.released = true
+					return nil
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	)
+
+	// Operation returning string
+	opString := withResourceString(func(r *mockResource) ReaderIO[string] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[string] {
+			return func() string {
+				return "value"
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	resultString := opString(context.Background())()
+	assert.Equal(t, "value", resultString)
+	assert.True(t, resource.released)
+}
+
+// TestWithResource_ContextPropagation tests that context is properly propagated
+func TestWithResource_ContextPropagation(t *testing.T) {
+	type contextKey string
+	const key contextKey = "test-key"
+
+	withResource := WithResource[string, string, any](
+		func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[string] {
+			return func() string {
+				value := ctx.Value(key)
+				if value != nil {
+					return value.(string)
+				}
+				return "no-value"
+			}
+		},
+		func(r string) ReaderIO[any] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[any] {
+				return func() any {
+					return nil
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	)
+
+	operation := withResource(func(r string) ReaderIO[string] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[string] {
+			return func() string {
+				return r + "-processed"
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), key, "test-value")
+	result := operation(ctx)()
+
+	assert.Equal(t, "test-value-processed", result)
+}
+
+// TestWithResource_ErrorInRelease tests behavior when release function encounters an error
+func TestWithResource_ErrorInRelease(t *testing.T) {
+	resource := &mockResource{id: 1}
+	releaseError := errors.New("release failed")
+
+	withResource := WithResource[*mockResource, string, error](
+		func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[*mockResource] {
+			return func() *mockResource {
+				resource.acquired = true
+				return resource
+			}
+		},
+		func(r *mockResource) ReaderIO[error] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[error] {
+				return func() error {
+					r.released = true
+					return releaseError
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	)
+
+	operation := withResource(func(r *mockResource) ReaderIO[string] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[string] {
+			return func() string {
+				r.used = true
+				return "success"
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	result := operation(context.Background())()
+
+	// Operation should succeed even if release returns error
+	assert.Equal(t, "success", result)
+	assert.True(t, resource.acquired)
+	assert.True(t, resource.used)
+	assert.True(t, resource.released)
+}
+
+// BenchmarkBracket benchmarks the Bracket function
+func BenchmarkBracket(b *testing.B) {
+	acquire := func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[int] {
+		return func() int {
+			return 42
+		}
+	}
+
+	use := func(n int) ReaderIO[int] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[int] {
+			return func() int {
+				return n * 2
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	release := func(n int, result int) ReaderIO[any] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[any] {
+			return func() any {
+				return nil
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	operation := Bracket(acquire, use, release)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		operation(ctx)()
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkWithResource benchmarks the WithResource function
+func BenchmarkWithResource(b *testing.B) {
+	withResource := WithResource[int, int, any](
+		func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[int] {
+			return func() int {
+				return 42
+			}
+		},
+		func(n int) ReaderIO[any] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[any] {
+				return func() any {
+					return nil
+				}
+			}
+		},
+	)
+
+	operation := withResource(func(n int) ReaderIO[int] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[int] {
+			return func() int {
+				return n * 2
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		operation(ctx)()
+	}
+}

v2/context/readerio/profunctor.go

@@ -19,6 +19,9 @@ import (
 	"context"
 
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
+	RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/readerio"
 )
 
 // Promap is the profunctor map operation that transforms both the input and output of a context-based ReaderIO.
@@ -33,21 +36,24 @@ import (
 // The function f returns both a new context and a CancelFunc that should be called to release resources.
 //
 // Type Parameters:
+//   - R: The input environment type that f transforms into context.Context
 //   - A: The original result type produced by the ReaderIO
 //   - B: The new output result type
 //
 // Parameters:
-//   - f: Function to transform the input context (contravariant)
+//   - f: Function to transform the input environment R into context.Context (contravariant)
 //   - g: Function to transform the output value from A to B (covariant)
 //
 // Returns:
-//   - An Operator that takes a ReaderIO[A] and returns a ReaderIO[B]
+//   - A Kleisli arrow that takes a ReaderIO[A] and returns a function from R to B
+//
+// Note: When R is context.Context, this simplifies to an Operator[A, B]
 //
 //go:inline
-func Promap[A, B any](f func(context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc), g func(A) B) Operator[A, B] {
+func Promap[R, A, B any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, R, context.Context], g func(A) B) RIO.Kleisli[R, ReaderIO[A], B] {
 	return function.Flow2(
 		Local[A](f),
-		Map(g),
+		RIO.Map[R](g),
 	)
 }
 
@@ -61,14 +67,87 @@ func Promap[A, B any](f func(context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFu
 //
 // Type Parameters:
 //   - A: The result type (unchanged)
+//   - R: The input environment type that f transforms into context.Context
 //
 // Parameters:
-//   - f: Function to transform the context, returning a new context and CancelFunc
+//   - f: Function to transform the input environment R into context.Context, returning a new context and CancelFunc
 //
 // Returns:
-//   - An Operator that takes a ReaderIO[A] and returns a ReaderIO[A]
+//   - A Kleisli arrow that takes a ReaderIO[A] and returns a function from R to A
+//
+// Note: When R is context.Context, this simplifies to an Operator[A, A]
 //
 //go:inline
-func Contramap[A any](f func(context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc)) Operator[A, A] {
+func Contramap[A, R any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, R, context.Context]) RIO.Kleisli[R, ReaderIO[A], A] {
 	return Local[A](f)
 }
+
+// LocalIOK transforms the context using an IO effect before passing it to a ReaderIO computation.
+//
+// This is similar to Local, but the context transformation itself is wrapped in an IO effect,
+// allowing for side-effectful context transformations. The transformation function receives
+// the current context and returns an IO effect that produces a new context along with a
+// cancel function. The cancel function is automatically called when the computation completes
+// (via defer), ensuring proper cleanup of resources.
+//
+// This is useful for:
+//   - Context transformations that require side effects (e.g., loading configuration)
+//   - Lazy initialization of context values
+//   - Context transformations that may fail or need to perform I/O
+//   - Composing effectful context setup with computations
+//
+// Type Parameters:
+//   - A: The value type of the ReaderIO
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - f: An IO Kleisli arrow that transforms the context with side effects
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - An Operator that runs the computation with the effectfully transformed context
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//	import (
+//	    "context"
+//	    G "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
+//	    F "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+//	)
+//
+//	// Context transformation with side effects (e.g., loading config)
+//	loadConfig := func(ctx context.Context) G.IO[ContextCancel] {
+//	    return func() ContextCancel {
+//	        // Simulate loading configuration
+//	        config := loadConfigFromFile()
+//	        newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "config", config)
+//	        return pair.MakePair[context.CancelFunc](func() {}, newCtx)
+//	    }
+//	}
+//
+//	getValue := readerio.FromReader(func(ctx context.Context) string {
+//	    if cfg := ctx.Value("config"); cfg != nil {
+//	        return cfg.(string)
+//	    }
+//	    return "default"
+//	})
+//
+//	result := F.Pipe1(
+//	    getValue,
+//	    readerio.LocalIOK[string](loadConfig),
+//	)
+//	value := result(t.Context())()  // Loads config and uses it
+//
+// Comparison with Local:
+//   - Local: Takes a pure function that transforms the context
+//   - LocalIOK: Takes an IO effect that transforms the context, allowing side effects
+func LocalIOK[A any](f io.Kleisli[context.Context, ContextCancel]) Operator[A, A] {
+	return func(r ReaderIO[A]) ReaderIO[A] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) IO[A] {
+			p := f(ctx)
+			return func() A {
+				otherCancel, otherCtx := pair.Unpack(p())
+				defer otherCancel()
+				return r(otherCtx)()
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}

v2/context/readerio/profunctor_test.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
 
@@ -38,9 +39,9 @@ func TestPromapBasic(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		// Transform context and result
-		addKey := func(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
+		addKey := func(ctx context.Context) ContextCancel {
 			newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "key", 42)
-			return newCtx, func() {}
+			return pair.MakePair[context.CancelFunc](func() {}, newCtx)
 		}
 		toString := strconv.Itoa
 
@@ -63,9 +64,9 @@ func TestContramapBasic(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		}
 
-		addKey := func(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
+		addKey := func(ctx context.Context) ContextCancel {
 			newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "key", 100)
-			return newCtx, func() {}
+			return pair.MakePair[context.CancelFunc](func() {}, newCtx)
 		}
 
 		adapted := Contramap[int](addKey)(getValue)
@@ -85,8 +86,9 @@ func TestLocalBasic(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 		}
 
-		addTimeout := func(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
-			return context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Second)
+		addTimeout := func(ctx context.Context) ContextCancel {
+			newCtx, cancelFct := context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Second)
+			return pair.MakePair(cancelFct, newCtx)
 		}
 
 		adapted := Local[bool](addTimeout)(getValue)
@@ -95,3 +97,81 @@ func TestLocalBasic(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.True(t, result)
 	})
 }
+
+// TestLocalIOKBasic tests basic LocalIOK functionality
+func TestLocalIOKBasic(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("context transformation with IO effect", func(t *testing.T) {
+		getValue := func(ctx context.Context) IO[string] {
+			return func() string {
+				if v := ctx.Value("key"); v != nil {
+					return v.(string)
+				}
+				return "default"
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Context transformation wrapped in IO effect
+		addKeyIO := func(ctx context.Context) IO[ContextCancel] {
+			return func() ContextCancel {
+				// Simulate side effect (e.g., loading config)
+				newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "key", "loaded-value")
+				return pair.MakePair[context.CancelFunc](func() {}, newCtx)
+			}
+		}
+
+		adapted := LocalIOK[string](addKeyIO)(getValue)
+		result := adapted(t.Context())()
+
+		assert.Equal(t, "loaded-value", result)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("cleanup function is called", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cleanupCalled := false
+
+		getValue := func(ctx context.Context) IO[int] {
+			return func() int {
+				if v := ctx.Value("value"); v != nil {
+					return v.(int)
+				}
+				return 0
+			}
+		}
+
+		addValueIO := func(ctx context.Context) IO[ContextCancel] {
+			return func() ContextCancel {
+				newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "value", 42)
+				cleanup := context.CancelFunc(func() {
+					cleanupCalled = true
+				})
+				return pair.MakePair(cleanup, newCtx)
+			}
+		}
+
+		adapted := LocalIOK[int](addValueIO)(getValue)
+		result := adapted(t.Context())()
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 42, result)
+		assert.True(t, cleanupCalled, "cleanup function should be called")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("works with timeout context", func(t *testing.T) {
+		getValue := func(ctx context.Context) IO[bool] {
+			return func() bool {
+				_, hasDeadline := ctx.Deadline()
+				return hasDeadline
+			}
+		}
+
+		addTimeoutIO := func(ctx context.Context) IO[ContextCancel] {
+			return func() ContextCancel {
+				newCtx, cancelFct := context.WithTimeout(ctx, time.Second)
+				return pair.MakePair(cancelFct, newCtx)
+			}
+		}
+
+		adapted := LocalIOK[bool](addTimeoutIO)(getValue)
+		result := adapted(t.Context())()
+
+		assert.True(t, result, "context should have deadline")
+	})
+}

v2/context/readerio/reader.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/reader"
 	RIO "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/readerio"
 )
@@ -633,12 +634,15 @@ func ReadIO[A any](r IO[context.Context]) func(ReaderIO[A]) IO[A] {
 //
 // Type Parameters:
 //   - A: The value type of the ReaderIO
+//   - R: The input environment type that f transforms into context.Context
 //
 // Parameters:
-//   - f: A function that transforms the context and returns a cancel function
+//   - f: A function that transforms the input environment R into context.Context and returns a cancel function
 //
 // Returns:
-//   - An Operator that runs the computation with the transformed context
+//   - A Kleisli arrow that runs the computation with the transformed context
+//
+// Note: When R is context.Context, this simplifies to an Operator[A, A]
 //
 // Example:
 //
@@ -648,9 +652,9 @@ func ReadIO[A any](r IO[context.Context]) func(ReaderIO[A]) IO[A] {
 //	type key int
 //	const userKey key = 0
 //
-//	addUser := readerio.Local[string](func(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
+//	addUser := readerio.Local[string, context.Context](func(ctx context.Context) pair.Pair[context.CancelFunc, context.Context] {
 //	    newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, userKey, "Alice")
-//	    return newCtx, func() {} // No-op cancel
+//	    return pair.MakePair(func() {}, newCtx) // No-op cancel
 //	})
 //
 //	getUser := readerio.FromReader(func(ctx context.Context) string {
@@ -669,19 +673,20 @@ func ReadIO[A any](r IO[context.Context]) func(ReaderIO[A]) IO[A] {
 // Timeout Example:
 //
 //	// Add a 5-second timeout to a specific operation
-//	withTimeout := readerio.Local[Data](func(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
-//	    return context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second)
+//	withTimeout := readerio.Local[Data, context.Context](func(ctx context.Context) pair.Pair[context.CancelFunc, context.Context] {
+//	    newCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second)
+//	    return pair.MakePair(cancel, newCtx)
 //	})
 //
 //	result := F.Pipe1(
 //	    fetchData,
 //	    withTimeout,
 //	)
-func Local[A any](f func(context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc)) Operator[A, A] {
-	return func(rr ReaderIO[A]) ReaderIO[A] {
-		return func(ctx context.Context) IO[A] {
+func Local[A, R any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, R, context.Context]) RIO.Kleisli[R, ReaderIO[A], A] {
+	return func(rr ReaderIO[A]) RIO.ReaderIO[R, A] {
+		return func(r R) IO[A] {
 			return func() A {
-				otherCtx, otherCancel := f(ctx)
+				otherCancel, otherCtx := pair.Unpack(f(r))
 				defer otherCancel()
 				return rr(otherCtx)()
 			}
@@ -742,8 +747,9 @@ func Local[A any](f func(context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc))
 //	)
 //	data := result(t.Context())()  // Returns Data{Value: "quick"}
 func WithTimeout[A any](timeout time.Duration) Operator[A, A] {
-	return Local[A](func(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
-		return context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
+	return Local[A](func(ctx context.Context) ContextCancel {
+		newCtx, cancelFct := context.WithTimeout(ctx, timeout)
+		return pair.MakePair(cancelFct, newCtx)
 	})
 }
 
@@ -806,8 +812,9 @@ func WithTimeout[A any](timeout time.Duration) Operator[A, A] {
 //	)
 //	data := result(parentCtx)()  // Will use parent's 1-hour deadline
 func WithDeadline[A any](deadline time.Time) Operator[A, A] {
-	return Local[A](func(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
-		return context.WithDeadline(ctx, deadline)
+	return Local[A](func(ctx context.Context) ContextCancel {
+		newCtx, cancelFct := context.WithDeadline(ctx, deadline)
+		return pair.MakePair(cancelFct, newCtx)
 	})
 }
 

v2/context/readerio/type.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/lazy"
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/predicate"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/reader"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/readerio"
@@ -81,4 +82,15 @@ type (
 	Predicate[A any] = predicate.Predicate[A]
 
 	Void = function.Void
+
+	// Pair represents a tuple of two values of types A and B.
+	// It is used to group two related values together.
+	Pair[A, B any] = pair.Pair[A, B]
+
+	// ContextCancel represents a pair of a cancel function and a context.
+	// It is used in operations that create new contexts with cancellation capabilities.
+	//
+	// The first element is the CancelFunc that should be called to release resources.
+	// The second element is the new Context that was created.
+	ContextCancel = Pair[context.CancelFunc, context.Context]
 )

v2/context/readerioresult/logging.go

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/logging"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/option"
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/reader"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/result"
 )
@@ -90,132 +91,7 @@ func withLoggingContext(lctx loggingContext) Endomorphism[context.Context] {
 	return F.Bind2nd(withLoggingContextValue, any(lctx))
 }
 
-// LogEntryExitF creates a customizable operator that wraps a ReaderIOResult computation with entry/exit callbacks.
-//
-// This is a more flexible version of LogEntryExit that allows you to provide custom callbacks for
-// entry and exit events. The onEntry callback receives the current context and can return a modified
-// context (e.g., with additional logging information). The onExit callback receives the computation
-// result and can perform custom logging, metrics collection, or cleanup.
-//
-// The function uses the bracket pattern to ensure that:
-//   - The onEntry callback is executed before the computation starts
-//   - The computation runs with the context returned by onEntry
-//   - The onExit callback is executed after the computation completes (success or failure)
-//   - The original result is preserved and returned unchanged
-//   - Cleanup happens even if the computation fails
-//
-// Type Parameters:
-//   - A: The success type of the ReaderIOResult
-//   - ANY: The return type of the onExit callback (typically any)
-//
-// Parameters:
-//   - onEntry: A ReaderIO that receives the current context and returns a (possibly modified) context.
-//     This is executed before the computation starts. Use this for logging entry, adding context values,
-//     starting timers, or initialization logic.
-//   - onExit: A Kleisli function that receives the Result[A] and returns a ReaderIO[ANY].
-//     This is executed after the computation completes, regardless of success or failure.
-//     Use this for logging exit, recording metrics, cleanup, or finalization logic.
-//
-// Returns:
-//   - An Operator that wraps the ReaderIOResult computation with the custom entry/exit callbacks
-//
-// Example with custom context modification:
-//
-//	type RequestID string
-//
-//	logOp := LogEntryExitF[User, any](
-//	    func(ctx context.Context) IO[context.Context] {
-//	        return func() context.Context {
-//	            reqID := RequestID(uuid.New().String())
-//	            log.Printf("[%s] Starting operation", reqID)
-//	            return context.WithValue(ctx, "requestID", reqID)
-//	        }
-//	    },
-//	    func(res Result[User]) ReaderIO[any] {
-//	        return func(ctx context.Context) IO[any] {
-//	            return func() any {
-//	                reqID := ctx.Value("requestID").(RequestID)
-//	                return F.Pipe1(
-//	                    res,
-//	                    result.Fold(
-//	                        func(err error) any {
-//	                            log.Printf("[%s] Operation failed: %v", reqID, err)
-//	                            return nil
-//	                        },
-//	                        func(_ User) any {
-//	                            log.Printf("[%s] Operation succeeded", reqID)
-//	                            return nil
-//	                        },
-//	                    ),
-//	                )
-//	            }
-//	        }
-//	    },
-//	)
-//
-//	wrapped := logOp(fetchUser(123))
-//
-// Example with metrics collection:
-//
-//	import "github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
-//
-//	metricsOp := LogEntryExitF[Response, any](
-//	    func(ctx context.Context) IO[context.Context] {
-//	        return func() context.Context {
-//	            requestCount.WithLabelValues("api_call", "started").Inc()
-//	            return context.WithValue(ctx, "startTime", time.Now())
-//	        }
-//	    },
-//	    func(res Result[Response]) ReaderIO[any] {
-//	        return func(ctx context.Context) IO[any] {
-//	            return func() any {
-//	                startTime := ctx.Value("startTime").(time.Time)
-//	                duration := time.Since(startTime).Seconds()
-//
-//	                return F.Pipe1(
-//	                    res,
-//	                    result.Fold(
-//	                        func(err error) any {
-//	                            requestCount.WithLabelValues("api_call", "error").Inc()
-//	                            requestDuration.WithLabelValues("api_call", "error").Observe(duration)
-//	                            return nil
-//	                        },
-//	                        func(_ Response) any {
-//	                            requestCount.WithLabelValues("api_call", "success").Inc()
-//	                            requestDuration.WithLabelValues("api_call", "success").Observe(duration)
-//	                            return nil
-//	                        },
-//	                    ),
-//	                )
-//	            }
-//	        }
-//	    },
-//	)
-//
-// Use Cases:
-//   - Custom context modification: Adding request IDs, trace IDs, or other context values
-//   - Structured logging: Integration with zap, logrus, or other structured loggers
-//   - Metrics collection: Recording operation durations, success/failure rates
-//   - Distributed tracing: OpenTelemetry, Jaeger integration
-//   - Custom monitoring: Application-specific monitoring and alerting
-//
-// Note: LogEntryExit is implemented using LogEntryExitF with standard logging and context management.
-// Use LogEntryExitF when you need more control over the entry/exit behavior or context modification.
-func LogEntryExitF[A, ANY any](
-	onEntry ReaderIO[context.Context],
-	onExit readerio.Kleisli[Result[A], ANY],
-) Operator[A, A] {
-	bracket := F.Bind13of3(readerio.Bracket[context.Context, Result[A], ANY])(onEntry, func(newCtx context.Context, res Result[A]) ReaderIO[ANY] {
-		return readerio.FromIO(onExit(res)(newCtx)) // Get the exit callback for this result
-	})
-
-	return func(src ReaderIOResult[A]) ReaderIOResult[A] {
-		return bracket(F.Flow2(
-			src,
-			FromIOResult,
-		))
-	}
-}
+func noop() {}
 
 // onEntry creates a ReaderIO that handles the entry logging for an operation.
 // It generates a unique logging ID, captures the start time, and logs the entry message.
@@ -230,15 +106,15 @@ func LogEntryExitF[A, ANY any](
 //   - A ReaderIO that prepares the context with logging information and logs the entry
 func onEntry(
 	logLevel slog.Level,
-	cb func(context.Context) *slog.Logger,
+	cb Reader[context.Context, *slog.Logger],
 	nameAttr slog.Attr,
-) ReaderIO[context.Context] {
+) ReaderIO[ContextCancel] {
 
-	return func(ctx context.Context) IO[context.Context] {
+	return func(ctx context.Context) IO[ContextCancel] {
 		// logger
 		logger := cb(ctx)
 
-		return func() context.Context {
+		return func() ContextCancel {
 			// check if the logger is enabled
 			if logger.Enabled(ctx, logLevel) {
 				// Generate unique logging ID and capture start time
@@ -258,19 +134,23 @@ func onEntry(
 				})
 				withLogger := logging.WithLogger(newLogger)
 
-				return withCtx(withLogger(ctx))
+				return F.Pipe2(
+					ctx,
+					withLogger,
+					pair.Map[context.CancelFunc](withCtx),
+				)
 			}
 			// logging disabled
 			withCtx := withLoggingContext(loggingContext{
 				logger:    logger,
 				isEnabled: false,
 			})
-			return withCtx(ctx)
+			return pair.MakePair[context.CancelFunc](noop, withCtx(ctx))
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-// onExitAny creates a Kleisli function that handles exit logging for an operation.
+// onExitVoid creates a Kleisli function that handles exit logging for an operation.
 // It logs either success or error based on the Result, including the operation duration.
 // Only logs if logging was enabled during entry (checked via loggingContext.isEnabled).
 //
@@ -280,33 +160,33 @@ func onEntry(
 //
 // Returns:
 //   - A Kleisli function that logs the exit/error and returns nil
-func onExitAny(
+func onExitVoid(
 	logLevel slog.Level,
 	nameAttr slog.Attr,
-) readerio.Kleisli[Result[any], any] {
-	return func(res Result[any]) ReaderIO[any] {
-		return func(ctx context.Context) IO[any] {
+) readerio.Kleisli[Result[Void], Void] {
+	return func(res Result[Void]) ReaderIO[Void] {
+		return func(ctx context.Context) IO[Void] {
 			value := getLoggingContext(ctx)
 
 			if value.isEnabled {
 
-				return func() any {
+				return func() Void {
 					// Retrieve logging information from context
 					durationAttr := slog.Duration("duration", time.Since(value.startTime))
 
 					// Log error with ID and duration
-					onError := func(err error) any {
+					onError := func(err error) Void {
 						value.logger.LogAttrs(ctx, logLevel, "[throwing]",
 							nameAttr,
 							durationAttr,
 							slog.Any("error", err))
-						return nil
+						return F.VOID
 					}
 
 					// Log success with ID and duration
-					onSuccess := func(_ any) any {
+					onSuccess := func(v Void) Void {
 						value.logger.LogAttrs(ctx, logLevel, "[exiting ]", nameAttr, durationAttr)
-						return nil
+						return v
 					}
 
 					return F.Pipe1(
@@ -316,7 +196,7 @@ func onExitAny(
 				}
 			}
 			// nothing to do
-			return io.Of[any](nil)
+			return io.Of(F.VOID)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -374,13 +254,21 @@ func LogEntryExitWithCallback[A any](
 
 	nameAttr := slog.String("name", name)
 
-	return LogEntryExitF(
+	entry := F.Pipe1(
 		onEntry(logLevel, cb, nameAttr),
-		F.Flow2(
-			result.MapTo[A, any](nil),
-			onExitAny(logLevel, nameAttr),
-		),
+		readerio.LocalIOK[Result[A]],
 	)
+
+	exit := readerio.Tap(F.Flow2(
+		result.MapTo[A](F.VOID),
+		onExitVoid(logLevel, nameAttr),
+	))
+
+	return F.Flow2(
+		exit,
+		entry,
+	)
+
 }
 
 // LogEntryExit creates an operator that logs the entry and exit of a ReaderIOResult computation with timing and correlation IDs.

v2/context/readerioresult/logging_comprehensive_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,415 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023 - 2025 IBM Corp.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package readerioresult
+
+import (
+	"bytes"
+	"errors"
+	"log/slog"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	F "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/logging"
+	N "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/number"
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/result"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+// TestTapSLogComprehensive_Success verifies TapSLog logs successful values
+func TestTapSLogComprehensive_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, &slog.HandlerOptions{
+		Level: slog.LevelInfo,
+	}))
+	oldLogger := logging.SetLogger(logger)
+	defer logging.SetLogger(oldLogger)
+
+	t.Run("logs integer success value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		pipeline := F.Pipe2(
+			Of(42),
+			TapSLog[int]("Integer value"),
+			Map(N.Mul(2)),
+		)
+
+		res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+		// Verify result is correct
+		assert.Equal(t, 84, F.Pipe1(res, getOrZero))
+
+		// Verify logging occurred
+		logOutput := buf.String()
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Integer value", "Should log the message")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "value=42", "Should log the success value")
+		assert.NotContains(t, logOutput, "error", "Should not contain error keyword for success")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("logs string success value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		pipeline := F.Pipe1(
+			Of("hello world"),
+			TapSLog[string]("String value"),
+		)
+
+		res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+		// Verify result is correct
+		assert.True(t, F.Pipe1(res, isRight[string]))
+
+		// Verify logging occurred
+		logOutput := buf.String()
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "String value")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, `value="hello world"`)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("logs struct success value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		type User struct {
+			ID   int
+			Name string
+		}
+
+		user := User{ID: 123, Name: "Alice"}
+		pipeline := F.Pipe1(
+			Of(user),
+			TapSLog[User]("User struct"),
+		)
+
+		res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+		// Verify result is correct
+		assert.True(t, F.Pipe1(res, isRight[User]))
+
+		// Verify logging occurred with struct fields
+		logOutput := buf.String()
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "User struct")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "ID:123")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Name:Alice")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("logs multiple success values in pipeline", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		step1 := F.Pipe2(
+			Of(10),
+			TapSLog[int]("Initial value"),
+			Map(N.Mul(2)),
+		)
+
+		pipeline := F.Pipe2(
+			step1,
+			TapSLog[int]("After doubling"),
+			Map(N.Add(5)),
+		)
+
+		res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+		// Verify result is correct
+		assert.Equal(t, 25, getOrZero(res))
+
+		// Verify both log entries
+		logOutput := buf.String()
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Initial value")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "value=10")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "After doubling")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "value=20")
+	})
+}
+
+// TestTapSLogComprehensive_Error verifies TapSLog behavior with errors
+func TestTapSLogComprehensive_Error(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, &slog.HandlerOptions{
+		Level: slog.LevelInfo,
+	}))
+	oldLogger := logging.SetLogger(logger)
+	defer logging.SetLogger(oldLogger)
+
+	t.Run("logs error values", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		testErr := errors.New("test error")
+		pipeline := F.Pipe2(
+			Left[int](testErr),
+			TapSLog[int]("Error case"),
+			Map(N.Mul(2)),
+		)
+
+		res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+		// Verify error is preserved
+		assert.True(t, F.Pipe1(res, isLeft[int]))
+
+		// Verify logging occurred for error
+		logOutput := buf.String()
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Error case", "Should log the message")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "error", "Should contain error keyword")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "test error", "Should log the error message")
+		assert.NotContains(t, logOutput, "value=", "Should not log 'value=' for errors")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("preserves error through pipeline", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		originalErr := errors.New("original error")
+		step1 := F.Pipe2(
+			Left[int](originalErr),
+			TapSLog[int]("First tap"),
+			Map(N.Mul(2)),
+		)
+
+		pipeline := F.Pipe2(
+			step1,
+			TapSLog[int]("Second tap"),
+			Map(N.Add(5)),
+		)
+
+		res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+		// Verify error is preserved
+		assert.True(t, isLeft(res))
+
+		// Verify both taps logged the error
+		logOutput := buf.String()
+		errorCount := strings.Count(logOutput, "original error")
+		assert.Equal(t, 2, errorCount, "Both TapSLog calls should log the error")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "First tap")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Second tap")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("logs error after successful operation", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		pipeline := F.Pipe3(
+			Of(10),
+			TapSLog[int]("Before error"),
+			Chain(func(n int) ReaderIOResult[int] {
+				return Left[int](errors.New("chain error"))
+			}),
+			TapSLog[int]("After error"),
+		)
+
+		res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+		// Verify error is present
+		assert.True(t, F.Pipe1(res, isLeft[int]))
+
+		// Verify both logs
+		logOutput := buf.String()
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Before error")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "value=10")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "After error")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "chain error")
+	})
+}
+
+// TestTapSLogComprehensive_EdgeCases verifies TapSLog with edge cases
+func TestTapSLogComprehensive_EdgeCases(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, &slog.HandlerOptions{
+		Level: slog.LevelInfo,
+	}))
+	oldLogger := logging.SetLogger(logger)
+	defer logging.SetLogger(oldLogger)
+
+	t.Run("logs zero value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		pipeline := F.Pipe1(
+			Of(0),
+			TapSLog[int]("Zero value"),
+		)
+
+		res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, F.Pipe1(res, getOrZero))
+
+		logOutput := buf.String()
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Zero value")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "value=0")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("logs empty string", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		pipeline := F.Pipe1(
+			Of(""),
+			TapSLog[string]("Empty string"),
+		)
+
+		res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+		assert.True(t, F.Pipe1(res, isRight[string]))
+
+		logOutput := buf.String()
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Empty string")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, `value=""`)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("logs nil pointer", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		type Data struct {
+			Value string
+		}
+
+		var nilData *Data
+		pipeline := F.Pipe1(
+			Of(nilData),
+			TapSLog[*Data]("Nil pointer"),
+		)
+
+		res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+		assert.True(t, F.Pipe1(res, isRight[*Data]))
+
+		logOutput := buf.String()
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Nil pointer")
+		// Nil representation may vary, but should be logged
+		assert.NotEmpty(t, logOutput)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("respects logger level - disabled", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		// Create logger that only logs errors
+		errorLogger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, &slog.HandlerOptions{
+			Level: slog.LevelError,
+		}))
+		oldLogger := logging.SetLogger(errorLogger)
+		defer logging.SetLogger(oldLogger)
+
+		pipeline := F.Pipe1(
+			Of(42),
+			TapSLog[int]("Should not log"),
+		)
+
+		res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 42, F.Pipe1(res, getOrZero))
+
+		// Should have no logs since level is ERROR
+		logOutput := buf.String()
+		assert.Empty(t, logOutput, "Should not log when level is disabled")
+	})
+}
+
+// TestTapSLogComprehensive_Integration verifies TapSLog in realistic scenarios
+func TestTapSLogComprehensive_Integration(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, &slog.HandlerOptions{
+		Level: slog.LevelInfo,
+	}))
+	oldLogger := logging.SetLogger(logger)
+	defer logging.SetLogger(oldLogger)
+
+	t.Run("complex pipeline with mixed success and error", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		// Simulate a data processing pipeline
+		validatePositive := func(n int) ReaderIOResult[int] {
+			if n > 0 {
+				return Of(n)
+			}
+			return Left[int](errors.New("number must be positive"))
+		}
+
+		step1 := F.Pipe3(
+			Of(5),
+			TapSLog[int]("Input received"),
+			Map(N.Mul(2)),
+			TapSLog[int]("After multiplication"),
+		)
+
+		pipeline := F.Pipe2(
+			step1,
+			Chain(validatePositive),
+			TapSLog[int]("After validation"),
+		)
+
+		res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 10, getOrZero(res))
+
+		logOutput := buf.String()
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Input received")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "value=5")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "After multiplication")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "value=10")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "After validation")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "value=10")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("error propagation with logging", func(t *testing.T) {
+		buf.Reset()
+
+		validatePositive := func(n int) ReaderIOResult[int] {
+			if n > 0 {
+				return Of(n)
+			}
+			return Left[int](errors.New("number must be positive"))
+		}
+
+		step1 := F.Pipe3(
+			Of(-5),
+			TapSLog[int]("Input received"),
+			Map(N.Mul(2)),
+			TapSLog[int]("After multiplication"),
+		)
+
+		pipeline := F.Pipe2(
+			step1,
+			Chain(validatePositive),
+			TapSLog[int]("After validation"),
+		)
+
+		res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+		assert.True(t, isLeft(res))
+
+		logOutput := buf.String()
+		// First two taps should log success
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Input received")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "value=-5")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "After multiplication")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "value=-10")
+		// Last tap should log error
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "After validation")
+		assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "number must be positive")
+	})
+}
+
+// Helper functions for tests
+
+func getOrZero(res Result[int]) int {
+	val, err := result.Unwrap(res)
+	if err == nil {
+		return val
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func isRight[A any](res Result[A]) bool {
+	return result.IsRight(res)
+}
+
+func isLeft[A any](res Result[A]) bool {
+	return result.IsLeft(res)
+}

v2/context/readerioresult/logging_test.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	F "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/logging"
 	N "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/number"
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/result"
 	S "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/string"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -53,6 +54,11 @@ func TestLogEntryExitSuccess(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "TestOperation")
 	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "ID=")
 	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "duration=")
+
+	// Verify entry log appears before exit log
+	enteringIdx := strings.Index(logOutput, "[entering]")
+	exitingIdx := strings.Index(logOutput, "[exiting ]")
+	assert.Greater(t, exitingIdx, enteringIdx, "Exit log should appear after entry log")
 }
 
 // TestLogEntryExitError tests error operation logging
@@ -81,6 +87,11 @@ func TestLogEntryExitError(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "test error")
 	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "ID=")
 	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "duration=")
+
+	// Verify entry log appears before error log
+	enteringIdx := strings.Index(logOutput, "[entering]")
+	throwingIdx := strings.Index(logOutput, "[throwing]")
+	assert.Greater(t, throwingIdx, enteringIdx, "Error log should appear after entry log")
 }
 
 // TestLogEntryExitNested tests nested operations with different IDs
@@ -119,6 +130,48 @@ func TestLogEntryExitNested(t *testing.T) {
 	exitCount := strings.Count(logOutput, "[exiting ]")
 	assert.Equal(t, 2, enterCount, "Should have 2 entering logs")
 	assert.Equal(t, 2, exitCount, "Should have 2 exiting logs")
+
+	// Verify log ordering: Each operation logs entry before exit
+	// Note: Due to Chain semantics, OuterOp completes before InnerOp starts
+	lines := strings.Split(logOutput, "\n")
+	var logSequence []string
+	for _, line := range lines {
+		if strings.Contains(line, "OuterOp") && strings.Contains(line, "[entering]") {
+			logSequence = append(logSequence, "OuterOp-entering")
+		} else if strings.Contains(line, "OuterOp") && strings.Contains(line, "[exiting ]") {
+			logSequence = append(logSequence, "OuterOp-exiting")
+		} else if strings.Contains(line, "InnerOp") && strings.Contains(line, "[entering]") {
+			logSequence = append(logSequence, "InnerOp-entering")
+		} else if strings.Contains(line, "InnerOp") && strings.Contains(line, "[exiting ]") {
+			logSequence = append(logSequence, "InnerOp-exiting")
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Verify each operation's entry comes before its exit
+	assert.Equal(t, 4, len(logSequence), "Should have 4 log entries")
+
+	// Find indices
+	outerEnterIdx := -1
+	outerExitIdx := -1
+	innerEnterIdx := -1
+	innerExitIdx := -1
+
+	for i, log := range logSequence {
+		switch log {
+		case "OuterOp-entering":
+			outerEnterIdx = i
+		case "OuterOp-exiting":
+			outerExitIdx = i
+		case "InnerOp-entering":
+			innerEnterIdx = i
+		case "InnerOp-exiting":
+			innerExitIdx = i
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Verify entry before exit for each operation
+	assert.Greater(t, outerExitIdx, outerEnterIdx, "OuterOp exit should come after OuterOp entry")
+	assert.Greater(t, innerExitIdx, innerEnterIdx, "InnerOp exit should come after InnerOp entry")
 }
 
 // TestLogEntryExitWithCallback tests custom log level and callback
@@ -172,76 +225,6 @@ func TestLogEntryExitDisabled(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Empty(t, logOutput, "Should have no logs when logging is disabled")
 }
 
-// TestLogEntryExitF tests custom entry/exit callbacks
-func TestLogEntryExitF(t *testing.T) {
-	var entryCount, exitCount int
-
-	onEntry := func(ctx context.Context) IO[context.Context] {
-		return func() context.Context {
-			entryCount++
-			return ctx
-		}
-	}
-
-	onExit := func(res Result[string]) ReaderIO[any] {
-		return func(ctx context.Context) IO[any] {
-			return func() any {
-				exitCount++
-				return nil
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	operation := F.Pipe1(
-		Of("test"),
-		LogEntryExitF(onEntry, onExit),
-	)
-
-	res := operation(t.Context())()
-
-	assert.True(t, result.IsRight(res))
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, entryCount, "Entry callback should be called once")
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, exitCount, "Exit callback should be called once")
-}
-
-// TestLogEntryExitFWithError tests custom callbacks with error
-func TestLogEntryExitFWithError(t *testing.T) {
-	var entryCount, exitCount int
-	var capturedError error
-
-	onEntry := func(ctx context.Context) IO[context.Context] {
-		return func() context.Context {
-			entryCount++
-			return ctx
-		}
-	}
-
-	onExit := func(res Result[string]) ReaderIO[any] {
-		return func(ctx context.Context) IO[any] {
-			return func() any {
-				exitCount++
-				if result.IsLeft(res) {
-					_, capturedError = result.Unwrap(res)
-				}
-				return nil
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	testErr := errors.New("custom error")
-	operation := F.Pipe1(
-		Left[string](testErr),
-		LogEntryExitF(onEntry, onExit),
-	)
-
-	res := operation(t.Context())()
-
-	assert.True(t, result.IsLeft(res))
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, entryCount, "Entry callback should be called once")
-	assert.Equal(t, 1, exitCount, "Exit callback should be called once")
-	assert.Equal(t, testErr, capturedError, "Should capture the error")
-}
-
 // TestLoggingIDUniqueness tests that logging IDs are unique
 func TestLoggingIDUniqueness(t *testing.T) {
 	var buf bytes.Buffer
@@ -287,7 +270,8 @@ func TestLogEntryExitWithContextLogger(t *testing.T) {
 		Level: slog.LevelInfo,
 	}))
 
-	ctx := logging.WithLogger(contextLogger)(t.Context())
+	cancelFct, ctx := pair.Unpack(logging.WithLogger(contextLogger)(t.Context()))
+	defer cancelFct()
 
 	operation := F.Pipe1(
 		Of("context value"),
@@ -546,7 +530,8 @@ func TestTapSLogWithContextLogger(t *testing.T) {
 		Level: slog.LevelInfo,
 	}))
 
-	ctx := logging.WithLogger(contextLogger)(t.Context())
+	cancelFct, ctx := pair.Unpack(logging.WithLogger(contextLogger)(t.Context()))
+	defer cancelFct()
 
 	operation := F.Pipe2(
 		Of("test value"),
@@ -660,3 +645,138 @@ func TestSLogWithCallbackLogsError(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "warning error")
 	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "level=WARN")
 }
+
+// TestTapSLogPreservesResult tests that TapSLog doesn't modify the result
+func TestTapSLogPreservesResult(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, &slog.HandlerOptions{
+		Level: slog.LevelInfo,
+	}))
+	oldLogger := logging.SetLogger(logger)
+	defer logging.SetLogger(oldLogger)
+
+	// Test with success value
+	successOp := F.Pipe2(
+		Of(42),
+		TapSLog[int]("Success value"),
+		Map(N.Mul(2)),
+	)
+
+	successRes := successOp(t.Context())()
+	assert.Equal(t, result.Of(84), successRes)
+
+	// Test with error value
+	testErr := errors.New("test error")
+	errorOp := F.Pipe2(
+		Left[int](testErr),
+		TapSLog[int]("Error value"),
+		Map(N.Mul(2)),
+	)
+
+	errorRes := errorOp(t.Context())()
+	assert.True(t, result.IsLeft(errorRes))
+
+	// Verify the error is preserved
+	_, err := result.Unwrap(errorRes)
+	assert.Equal(t, testErr, err)
+}
+
+// TestTapSLogChainBehavior tests that TapSLog properly chains with other operations
+func TestTapSLogChainBehavior(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, &slog.HandlerOptions{
+		Level: slog.LevelInfo,
+	}))
+	oldLogger := logging.SetLogger(logger)
+	defer logging.SetLogger(oldLogger)
+
+	// Create a pipeline with multiple TapSLog calls
+	step1 := F.Pipe2(
+		Of(1),
+		TapSLog[int]("Step 1"),
+		Map(N.Mul(2)),
+	)
+
+	step2 := F.Pipe2(
+		step1,
+		TapSLog[int]("Step 2"),
+		Map(N.Mul(3)),
+	)
+
+	pipeline := F.Pipe1(
+		step2,
+		TapSLog[int]("Step 3"),
+	)
+
+	res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+	assert.Equal(t, result.Of(6), res)
+
+	logOutput := buf.String()
+
+	// Verify all steps were logged
+	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Step 1")
+	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "value=1")
+	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Step 2")
+	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "value=2")
+	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Step 3")
+	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "value=6")
+}
+
+// TestTapSLogWithNilValue tests TapSLog with nil pointer values
+func TestTapSLogWithNilValue(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, &slog.HandlerOptions{
+		Level: slog.LevelInfo,
+	}))
+	oldLogger := logging.SetLogger(logger)
+	defer logging.SetLogger(oldLogger)
+
+	type Data struct {
+		Value string
+	}
+
+	// Test with nil pointer
+	var nilData *Data
+	operation := F.Pipe1(
+		Of(nilData),
+		TapSLog[*Data]("Nil pointer value"),
+	)
+
+	res := operation(t.Context())()
+	assert.True(t, result.IsRight(res))
+
+	logOutput := buf.String()
+	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Nil pointer value")
+	// The exact representation of nil may vary, but it should be logged
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, logOutput)
+}
+
+// TestTapSLogLogsErrors verifies that TapSLog DOES log errors
+// TapSLog uses SLog internally, which logs both success values and errors
+func TestTapSLogLogsErrors(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, &slog.HandlerOptions{
+		Level: slog.LevelInfo,
+	}))
+	oldLogger := logging.SetLogger(logger)
+	defer logging.SetLogger(oldLogger)
+
+	testErr := errors.New("test error message")
+	pipeline := F.Pipe2(
+		Left[int](testErr),
+		TapSLog[int]("Error logging test"),
+		Map(N.Mul(2)),
+	)
+
+	res := pipeline(t.Context())()
+
+	// Verify the error is preserved
+	assert.True(t, result.IsLeft(res))
+
+	// Verify logging occurred for the error
+	logOutput := buf.String()
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, logOutput, "TapSLog should log when the Result is an error")
+	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "Error logging test")
+	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "error")
+	assert.Contains(t, logOutput, "test error message")
+}

v2/context/readerioresult/profunctor.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/ioresult"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
+	RIOR "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/readerioresult"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/result"
 )
 
@@ -38,21 +39,24 @@ import (
 // The error type is fixed as error and remains unchanged through the transformation.
 //
 // Type Parameters:
+//   - R: The input environment type that f transforms into context.Context
 //   - A: The original success type produced by the ReaderIOResult
 //   - B: The new output success type
 //
 // Parameters:
-//   - f: Function to transform the input context (contravariant)
+//   - f: Function to transform the input environment R into context.Context (contravariant)
 //   - g: Function to transform the output success value from A to B (covariant)
 //
 // Returns:
-//   - An Operator that takes a ReaderIOResult[A] and returns a ReaderIOResult[B]
+//   - A Kleisli arrow that takes a ReaderIOResult[A] and returns a function from R to B
+//
+// Note: When R is context.Context, this simplifies to an Operator[A, B]
 //
 //go:inline
-func Promap[A, B any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, context.Context, context.Context], g func(A) B) Operator[A, B] {
+func Promap[R, A, B any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, R, context.Context], g func(A) B) RIOR.Kleisli[R, ReaderIOResult[A], B] {
 	return function.Flow2(
 		Local[A](f),
-		Map(g),
+		RIOR.Map[R](g),
 	)
 }
 
@@ -66,18 +70,41 @@ func Promap[A, B any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, context.Context, contex
 //
 // Type Parameters:
 //   - A: The success type (unchanged)
+//   - R: The input environment type that f transforms into context.Context
 //
 // Parameters:
-//   - f: Function to transform the context, returning a new context and CancelFunc
+//   - f: Function to transform the input environment R into context.Context, returning a new context and CancelFunc
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - A Kleisli arrow that takes a ReaderIOResult[A] and returns a function from R to A
+//
+// Note: When R is context.Context, this simplifies to an Operator[A, A]
+//
+//go:inline
+func Contramap[A, R any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, R, context.Context]) RIOR.Kleisli[R, ReaderIOResult[A], A] {
+	return Local[A](f)
+}
+
+// ContramapIOK changes the context during the execution of a ReaderIOResult using an IO effect.
+// This is the contravariant functor operation with IO effects.
+//
+// ContramapIOK is an alias for LocalIOK and is useful for adapting a ReaderIOResult to work with
+// a modified context when the transformation itself requires side effects.
+//
+// Type Parameters:
+//   - A: The success type (unchanged)
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - f: An IO Kleisli arrow that transforms the context with side effects
 //
 // Returns:
 //   - An Operator that takes a ReaderIOResult[A] and returns a ReaderIOResult[A]
 //
+// See Also:
+//   - Contramap: For pure context transformations
+//   - LocalIOK: The underlying implementation
+//
 //go:inline
-func Contramap[A any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, context.Context, context.Context]) Operator[A, A] {
-	return Local[A](f)
-}
-
 func ContramapIOK[A any](f io.Kleisli[context.Context, ContextCancel]) Operator[A, A] {
 	return LocalIOK[A](f)
 }
@@ -189,8 +216,6 @@ func LocalIOK[A any](f io.Kleisli[context.Context, ContextCancel]) Operator[A, A
 //
 //   - Local: For pure context transformations
 //   - LocalIOK: For context transformations with side effects that cannot fail
-//
-//go:inline
 func LocalIOResultK[A any](f ioresult.Kleisli[context.Context, ContextCancel]) Operator[A, A] {
 	return func(rr ReaderIOResult[A]) ReaderIOResult[A] {
 		return func(ctx context.Context) IOResult[A] {

v2/context/readerioresult/profunctor_test.go

@@ -77,6 +77,105 @@ func TestContramapBasic(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+// TestContramapIOK tests ContramapIOK functionality
+func TestContramapIOK(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("transforms context with IO effect", func(t *testing.T) {
+		getValue := func(ctx context.Context) IOResult[string] {
+			return func() R.Result[string] {
+				if v := ctx.Value("requestID"); v != nil {
+					return R.Of(v.(string))
+				}
+				return R.Of("no-id")
+			}
+		}
+
+		addRequestID := func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[ContextCancel] {
+			return func() ContextCancel {
+				// Simulate generating a request ID via side effect
+				requestID := "req-12345"
+				newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "requestID", requestID)
+				return pair.MakePair(context.CancelFunc(func() {}), newCtx)
+			}
+		}
+
+		adapted := ContramapIOK[string](addRequestID)(getValue)
+		result := adapted(t.Context())()
+
+		assert.Equal(t, R.Of("req-12345"), result)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("preserves value type", func(t *testing.T) {
+		getValue := func(ctx context.Context) IOResult[int] {
+			return func() R.Result[int] {
+				if v := ctx.Value("counter"); v != nil {
+					return R.Of(v.(int))
+				}
+				return R.Of(0)
+			}
+		}
+
+		addCounter := func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[ContextCancel] {
+			return func() ContextCancel {
+				newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "counter", 999)
+				return pair.MakePair(context.CancelFunc(func() {}), newCtx)
+			}
+		}
+
+		adapted := ContramapIOK[int](addCounter)(getValue)
+		result := adapted(t.Context())()
+
+		assert.Equal(t, R.Of(999), result)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("calls cancel function", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cancelCalled := false
+
+		getValue := func(ctx context.Context) IOResult[string] {
+			return func() R.Result[string] {
+				return R.Of("test")
+			}
+		}
+
+		addData := func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[ContextCancel] {
+			return func() ContextCancel {
+				newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "data", "value")
+				cancelFunc := context.CancelFunc(func() {
+					cancelCalled = true
+				})
+				return pair.MakePair(cancelFunc, newCtx)
+			}
+		}
+
+		adapted := ContramapIOK[string](addData)(getValue)
+		_ = adapted(t.Context())()
+
+		assert.True(t, cancelCalled, "cancel function should be called")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("handles cancelled context", func(t *testing.T) {
+		getValue := func(ctx context.Context) IOResult[string] {
+			return func() R.Result[string] {
+				return R.Of("should not reach here")
+			}
+		}
+
+		addData := func(ctx context.Context) io.IO[ContextCancel] {
+			return func() ContextCancel {
+				newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "data", "value")
+				return pair.MakePair(context.CancelFunc(func() {}), newCtx)
+			}
+		}
+
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
+		cancel()
+
+		adapted := ContramapIOK[string](addData)(getValue)
+		result := adapted(ctx)()
+
+		assert.True(t, R.IsLeft(result))
+	})
+}
+
 // TestLocalBasic tests basic Local functionality
 func TestLocalBasic(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Run("adds value to context", func(t *testing.T) {

v2/context/readerioresult/reader.go

@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/reader"
 	RIOR "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/readerioresult"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/readeroption"
-	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/result"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -1011,12 +1010,15 @@ func TapLeftIOK[A, B any](f io.Kleisli[error, B]) Operator[A, A] {
 //
 // Type Parameters:
 //   - A: The value type of the ReaderIOResult
+//   - R: The input environment type that f transforms into context.Context
 //
 // Parameters:
-//   - f: A function that transforms the context and returns a cancel function
+//   - f: A function that transforms the input environment R into context.Context and returns a cancel function
 //
 // Returns:
-//   - An Operator that runs the computation with the transformed context
+//   - A Kleisli arrow that runs the computation with the transformed context
+//
+// Note: When R is context.Context, this simplifies to an Operator[A, A]
 //
 // Example:
 //
@@ -1026,9 +1028,9 @@ func TapLeftIOK[A, B any](f io.Kleisli[error, B]) Operator[A, A] {
 //	type key int
 //	const userKey key = 0
 //
-//	addUser := readerioresult.Local[string](func(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
+//	addUser := readerioresult.Local[string, context.Context](func(ctx context.Context) pair.Pair[context.CancelFunc, context.Context] {
 //	    newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, userKey, "Alice")
-//	    return newCtx, func() {} // No-op cancel
+//	    return pair.MakePair(func() {}, newCtx) // No-op cancel
 //	})
 //
 //	getUser := readerioresult.FromReader(func(ctx context.Context) string {
@@ -1047,27 +1049,19 @@ func TapLeftIOK[A, B any](f io.Kleisli[error, B]) Operator[A, A] {
 // Timeout Example:
 //
 //	// Add a 5-second timeout to a specific operation
-//	withTimeout := readerioresult.Local[Data](func(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
-//	    return context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second)
+//	withTimeout := readerioresult.Local[Data, context.Context](func(ctx context.Context) pair.Pair[context.CancelFunc, context.Context] {
+//	    newCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 5*time.Second)
+//	    return pair.MakePair(cancel, newCtx)
 //	})
 //
 //	result := F.Pipe1(
 //	    fetchData,
 //	    withTimeout,
 //	)
-func Local[A any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, context.Context, context.Context]) Operator[A, A] {
-	return func(rr ReaderIOResult[A]) ReaderIOResult[A] {
-		return func(ctx context.Context) IOResult[A] {
-			return func() Result[A] {
-				if ctx.Err() != nil {
-					return result.Left[A](context.Cause(ctx))
-				}
-				otherCancel, otherCtx := pair.Unpack(f(ctx))
-				defer otherCancel()
-				return rr(otherCtx)()
-			}
-		}
-	}
+//
+//go:inline
+func Local[A, R any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, R, context.Context]) RIOR.Kleisli[R, ReaderIOResult[A], A] {
+	return readerio.Local[Result[A]](f)
 }
 
 // WithTimeout adds a timeout to the context for a ReaderIOResult computation.

v2/context/readerreaderioresult/promap.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package readerreaderioresult
 import (
 	"context"
 
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/reader"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/ioresult"
@@ -13,6 +14,17 @@ import (
 // Local modifies the outer environment before passing it to a computation.
 // Useful for providing different configurations to sub-computations.
 //
+// Type Parameters:
+//   - A: The success type produced by the ReaderReaderIOResult
+//   - R1: The original outer environment type expected by the ReaderReaderIOResult
+//   - R2: The new input outer environment type
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - f: A function that transforms R2 to R1
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - A function that takes a ReaderReaderIOResult[R1, A] and returns a ReaderReaderIOResult[R2, A]
+//
 //go:inline
 func Local[A, R1, R2 any](f func(R2) R1) func(ReaderReaderIOResult[R1, A]) ReaderReaderIOResult[R2, A] {
 	return RRIOE.Local[context.Context, error, A](f)
@@ -102,6 +114,29 @@ func LocalIOResultK[A, R1, R2 any](f ioresult.Kleisli[R2, R1]) func(ReaderReader
 	return RRIOE.LocalIOEitherK[context.Context, A](f)
 }
 
+// LocalResultK transforms the outer environment of a ReaderReaderIOResult using a Result-based Kleisli arrow.
+// It allows you to modify the outer environment through a pure computation that can fail before
+// passing it to the ReaderReaderIOResult.
+//
+// This is useful when the outer environment transformation is a pure computation that can fail,
+// such as parsing, validation, or data transformation that doesn't require IO effects.
+//
+// The transformation happens in two stages:
+//  1. The Result function f is executed with the R2 environment to produce Result[R1]
+//  2. If successful (Ok), the R1 value is passed as the outer environment to the ReaderReaderIOResult[R1, A]
+//  3. If failed (Err), the error is propagated without executing the ReaderReaderIOResult
+//
+// Type Parameters:
+//   - A: The success type produced by the ReaderReaderIOResult
+//   - R1: The original outer environment type expected by the ReaderReaderIOResult
+//   - R2: The new input outer environment type
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - f: A Result Kleisli arrow that transforms R2 to R1 with pure computation that can fail
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - A function that takes a ReaderReaderIOResult[R1, A] and returns a ReaderReaderIOResult[R2, A]
+//
 //go:inline
 func LocalResultK[A, R1, R2 any](f result.Kleisli[R2, R1]) func(ReaderReaderIOResult[R1, A]) ReaderReaderIOResult[R2, A] {
 	return RRIOE.LocalEitherK[context.Context, A](f)
@@ -162,6 +197,90 @@ func LocalReaderIOResultK[A, R1, R2 any](f readerioresult.Kleisli[R2, R1]) func(
 	return RRIOE.LocalReaderIOEitherK[A](f)
 }
 
+// LocalReaderK transforms the outer environment of a ReaderReaderIOResult using a Reader-based Kleisli arrow.
+// It allows you to modify the outer environment through a pure computation that depends on the inner context
+// before passing it to the ReaderReaderIOResult.
+//
+// This is useful when the outer environment transformation is a pure computation that requires access
+// to the inner context (e.g., context.Context) but cannot fail. Common use cases include:
+//   - Extracting configuration from context values
+//   - Computing derived environment values based on context
+//   - Transforming environment based on context metadata
+//
+// The transformation happens in two stages:
+//  1. The Reader function f is executed with the R2 outer environment and inner context to produce an R1 value
+//  2. The resulting R1 value is passed as the outer environment to the ReaderReaderIOResult[R1, A]
+//
+// Type Parameters:
+//   - A: The success type produced by the ReaderReaderIOResult
+//   - R1: The original outer environment type expected by the ReaderReaderIOResult
+//   - R2: The new input outer environment type
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - f: A Reader Kleisli arrow that transforms R2 to R1 using the inner context
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - A function that takes a ReaderReaderIOResult[R1, A] and returns a ReaderReaderIOResult[R2, A]
+//
+// Example Usage:
+//
+//	type ctxKey string
+//	const configKey ctxKey = "config"
+//
+//	// Extract config from context and transform environment
+//	extractConfig := func(path string) reader.Reader[DetailedConfig] {
+//	    return func(ctx context.Context) DetailedConfig {
+//	        if cfg, ok := ctx.Value(configKey).(DetailedConfig); ok {
+//	            return cfg
+//	        }
+//	        return DetailedConfig{Host: "localhost", Port: 8080}
+//	    }
+//	}
+//
+//	// Use the config
+//	useConfig := func(cfg DetailedConfig) readerioresult.ReaderIOResult[string] {
+//	    return func(ctx context.Context) ioresult.IOResult[string] {
+//	        return func() result.Result[string] {
+//	            return result.Of(fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", cfg.Host, cfg.Port))
+//	        }
+//	    }
+//	}
+//
+//	// Compose using LocalReaderK
+//	adapted := LocalReaderK[string](extractConfig)(useConfig)
+//	ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), configKey, DetailedConfig{Host: "api.example.com", Port: 443})
+//	result := adapted("config.json")(ctx)() // Result: "api.example.com:443"
+//
+//go:inline
+func LocalReaderK[A, R1, R2 any](f reader.Kleisli[R2, R1]) func(ReaderReaderIOResult[R1, A]) ReaderReaderIOResult[R2, A] {
+	return RRIOE.LocalReaderK[error, A](f)
+}
+
+// LocalReaderReaderIOEitherK transforms the outer environment of a ReaderReaderIOResult using a ReaderReaderIOResult-based Kleisli arrow.
+// It allows you to modify the outer environment through a computation that depends on both the outer environment
+// and the inner context, and can perform IO effects that may fail.
+//
+// This is the most powerful Local variant, useful when the outer environment transformation requires:
+//   - Access to both the outer environment (R2) and inner context (context.Context)
+//   - IO operations that can fail
+//   - Complex transformations that need the full computational context
+//
+// The transformation happens in three stages:
+//  1. The ReaderReaderIOResult effect f is executed with the R2 outer environment and inner context
+//  2. If successful (Ok), the R1 value is passed as the outer environment to the ReaderReaderIOResult[R1, A]
+//  3. If failed (Err), the error is propagated without executing the ReaderReaderIOResult
+//
+// Type Parameters:
+//   - A: The success type produced by the ReaderReaderIOResult
+//   - R1: The original outer environment type expected by the ReaderReaderIOResult
+//   - R2: The new input outer environment type
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - f: A ReaderReaderIOResult Kleisli arrow that transforms R2 to R1 with full context-aware IO effects that can fail
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - A function that takes a ReaderReaderIOResult[R1, A] and returns a ReaderReaderIOResult[R2, A]
+//
 //go:inline
 func LocalReaderReaderIOEitherK[A, R1, R2 any](f Kleisli[R2, R2, R1]) func(ReaderReaderIOResult[R1, A]) ReaderReaderIOResult[R2, A] {
 	return RRIOE.LocalReaderReaderIOEitherK[A](f)

v2/context/readerreaderioresult/promap_test.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/reader"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/ioresult"
@@ -426,3 +427,226 @@ func TestLocalReaderIOResultK(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.True(t, result.IsLeft(resErr))
 	})
 }
+
+// TestLocalReaderK tests LocalReaderK functionality
+func TestLocalReaderK(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	t.Run("basic Reader transformation", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Reader that transforms string path to SimpleConfig using context
+		loadConfig := func(path string) reader.Reader[SimpleConfig] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) SimpleConfig {
+				// Could extract values from context here
+				return SimpleConfig{Port: 8080}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// ReaderReaderIOResult that uses the config
+		useConfig := func(cfg SimpleConfig) readerioresult.ReaderIOResult[string] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) ioresult.IOResult[string] {
+				return func() result.Result[string] {
+					return result.Of(fmt.Sprintf("Port: %d", cfg.Port))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Compose using LocalReaderK
+		adapted := LocalReaderK[string](loadConfig)(useConfig)
+		res := adapted("config.json")(ctx)()
+
+		assert.Equal(t, result.Of("Port: 8080"), res)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("extract config from context", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type ctxKey string
+		const configKey ctxKey = "config"
+
+		// Reader that extracts config from context
+		extractConfig := func(path string) reader.Reader[DetailedConfig] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) DetailedConfig {
+				if cfg, ok := ctx.Value(configKey).(DetailedConfig); ok {
+					return cfg
+				}
+				// Default config if not in context
+				return DetailedConfig{Host: "localhost", Port: 8080}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Use the config
+		useConfig := func(cfg DetailedConfig) readerioresult.ReaderIOResult[string] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) ioresult.IOResult[string] {
+				return func() result.Result[string] {
+					return result.Of(fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", cfg.Host, cfg.Port))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		adapted := LocalReaderK[string](extractConfig)(useConfig)
+
+		// With context value
+		ctxWithConfig := context.WithValue(ctx, configKey, DetailedConfig{Host: "api.example.com", Port: 443})
+		res := adapted("ignored")(ctxWithConfig)()
+		assert.Equal(t, result.Of("api.example.com:443"), res)
+
+		// Without context value (uses default)
+		resDefault := adapted("ignored")(ctx)()
+		assert.Equal(t, result.Of("localhost:8080"), resDefault)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("context-aware transformation", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type ctxKey string
+		const multiplierKey ctxKey = "multiplier"
+
+		// Reader that uses context to compute environment
+		computeValue := func(base int) reader.Reader[int] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) int {
+				if mult, ok := ctx.Value(multiplierKey).(int); ok {
+					return base * mult
+				}
+				return base
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Use the computed value
+		formatValue := func(val int) readerioresult.ReaderIOResult[string] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) ioresult.IOResult[string] {
+				return func() result.Result[string] {
+					return result.Of(fmt.Sprintf("Value: %d", val))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		adapted := LocalReaderK[string](computeValue)(formatValue)
+
+		// With multiplier in context
+		ctxWithMult := context.WithValue(ctx, multiplierKey, 10)
+		res := adapted(5)(ctxWithMult)()
+		assert.Equal(t, result.Of("Value: 50"), res)
+
+		// Without multiplier (uses base value)
+		resBase := adapted(5)(ctx)()
+		assert.Equal(t, result.Of("Value: 5"), resBase)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("compose multiple LocalReaderK", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type ctxKey string
+		const prefixKey ctxKey = "prefix"
+
+		// First transformation: int -> string using context
+		intToString := func(n int) reader.Reader[string] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) string {
+				if prefix, ok := ctx.Value(prefixKey).(string); ok {
+					return fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", prefix, n)
+				}
+				return fmt.Sprintf("%d", n)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Second transformation: string -> SimpleConfig
+		stringToConfig := func(s string) reader.Reader[SimpleConfig] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) SimpleConfig {
+				return SimpleConfig{Port: len(s) * 100}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Use the config
+		formatConfig := func(cfg SimpleConfig) readerioresult.ReaderIOResult[string] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) ioresult.IOResult[string] {
+				return func() result.Result[string] {
+					return result.Of(fmt.Sprintf("Port: %d", cfg.Port))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Compose transformations
+		step1 := LocalReaderK[string](stringToConfig)(formatConfig)
+		step2 := LocalReaderK[string](intToString)(step1)
+
+		// With prefix in context
+		ctxWithPrefix := context.WithValue(ctx, prefixKey, "test")
+		res := step2(42)(ctxWithPrefix)()
+		// "test-42" has length 7, so port = 700
+		assert.Equal(t, result.Of("Port: 700"), res)
+
+		// Without prefix
+		resNoPrefix := step2(42)(ctx)()
+		// "42" has length 2, so port = 200
+		assert.Equal(t, result.Of("Port: 200"), resNoPrefix)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("error propagation in ReaderReaderIOResult", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Reader transformation (pure, cannot fail)
+		loadConfig := func(path string) reader.Reader[SimpleConfig] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) SimpleConfig {
+				return SimpleConfig{Port: 8080}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// ReaderReaderIOResult that returns an error
+		failingOperation := func(cfg SimpleConfig) readerioresult.ReaderIOResult[string] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) ioresult.IOResult[string] {
+				return func() result.Result[string] {
+					return result.Left[string](errors.New("operation failed"))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		adapted := LocalReaderK[string](loadConfig)(failingOperation)
+		res := adapted("config.json")(ctx)()
+
+		// Error from the ReaderReaderIOResult should propagate
+		assert.True(t, result.IsLeft(res))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("real-world: environment selection based on context", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type Environment string
+		const (
+			Dev  Environment = "dev"
+			Prod Environment = "prod"
+		)
+
+		type ctxKey string
+		const envKey ctxKey = "environment"
+
+		type EnvConfig struct {
+			Name string
+		}
+
+		// Reader that selects config based on context environment
+		selectConfig := func(envName EnvConfig) reader.Reader[DetailedConfig] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) DetailedConfig {
+				env := Dev
+				if e, ok := ctx.Value(envKey).(Environment); ok {
+					env = e
+				}
+
+				switch env {
+				case Prod:
+					return DetailedConfig{Host: "api.production.com", Port: 443}
+				default:
+					return DetailedConfig{Host: "localhost", Port: 8080}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Use the selected config
+		useConfig := func(cfg DetailedConfig) readerioresult.ReaderIOResult[string] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) ioresult.IOResult[string] {
+				return func() result.Result[string] {
+					return result.Of(fmt.Sprintf("Connecting to %s:%d", cfg.Host, cfg.Port))
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		adapted := LocalReaderK[string](selectConfig)(useConfig)
+
+		// Production environment
+		ctxProd := context.WithValue(ctx, envKey, Prod)
+		resProd := adapted(EnvConfig{Name: "app"})(ctxProd)()
+		assert.Equal(t, result.Of("Connecting to api.production.com:443"), resProd)
+
+		// Development environment (default)
+		resDev := adapted(EnvConfig{Name: "app"})(ctx)()
+		assert.Equal(t, result.Of("Connecting to localhost:8080"), resDev)
+	})
+}

v2/context/readerresult/logging_test.go

@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/logging"
 	N "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/number"
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/result"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
@@ -104,7 +105,8 @@ func TestSLogWithContextLogger(t *testing.T) {
 		Level: slog.LevelInfo,
 	}))
 
-	ctx := logging.WithLogger(contextLogger)(t.Context())
+	cancelFct, ctx := pair.Unpack(logging.WithLogger(contextLogger)(t.Context()))
+	defer cancelFct()
 
 	res1 := result.Of("test value")
 	logged := SLog[string]("Context logger test")(res1)(ctx)

v2/context/readerresult/profunctor.go

@@ -19,6 +19,8 @@ import (
 	"context"
 
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
+	RR "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/readerresult"
 )
 
 // Promap is the profunctor map operation that transforms both the input and output of a context-based ReaderResult.
@@ -34,21 +36,24 @@ import (
 // The error type is fixed as error and remains unchanged through the transformation.
 //
 // Type Parameters:
+//   - R: The input environment type that f transforms into context.Context
 //   - A: The original success type produced by the ReaderResult
 //   - B: The new output success type
 //
 // Parameters:
-//   - f: Function to transform the input context (contravariant)
+//   - f: Function to transform the input environment R into context.Context (contravariant)
 //   - g: Function to transform the output success value from A to B (covariant)
 //
 // Returns:
-//   - An Operator that takes a ReaderResult[A] and returns a ReaderResult[B]
+//   - A Kleisli arrow that takes a ReaderResult[A] and returns a function from R to B
+//
+// Note: When R is context.Context, this simplifies to an Operator[A, B]
 //
 //go:inline
-func Promap[A, B any](f func(context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc), g func(A) B) Operator[A, B] {
+func Promap[R, A, B any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, R, context.Context], g func(A) B) RR.Kleisli[R, ReaderResult[A], B] {
 	return function.Flow2(
 		Local[A](f),
-		Map(g),
+		RR.Map[R](g),
 	)
 }
 
@@ -62,15 +67,18 @@ func Promap[A, B any](f func(context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFu
 //
 // Type Parameters:
 //   - A: The success type (unchanged)
+//   - R: The input environment type that f transforms into context.Context
 //
 // Parameters:
-//   - f: Function to transform the context, returning a new context and CancelFunc
+//   - f: Function to transform the input environment R into context.Context, returning a new context and CancelFunc
 //
 // Returns:
-//   - An Operator that takes a ReaderResult[A] and returns a ReaderResult[A]
+//   - A Kleisli arrow that takes a ReaderResult[A] and returns a function from R to A
+//
+// Note: When R is context.Context, this simplifies to an Operator[A, A]
 //
 //go:inline
-func Contramap[A any](f func(context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc)) Operator[A, A] {
+func Contramap[A, R any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, R, context.Context]) RR.Kleisli[R, ReaderResult[A], A] {
 	return Local[A](f)
 }
 
@@ -89,16 +97,19 @@ func Contramap[A any](f func(context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFu
 //
 // Type Parameters:
 //   - A: The result type (unchanged)
+//   - R: The input environment type that f transforms into context.Context
 //
 // Parameters:
-//   - f: Function to transform the context, returning a new context and CancelFunc
+//   - f: Function to transform the input environment R into context.Context, returning a new context and CancelFunc
 //
 // Returns:
-//   - An Operator that takes a ReaderResult[A] and returns a ReaderResult[A]
-func Local[A any](f func(context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc)) Operator[A, A] {
-	return func(rr ReaderResult[A]) ReaderResult[A] {
-		return func(ctx context.Context) Result[A] {
-			otherCtx, otherCancel := f(ctx)
+//   - A Kleisli arrow that takes a ReaderResult[A] and returns a function from R to A
+//
+// Note: When R is context.Context, this simplifies to an Operator[A, A]
+func Local[A, R any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, R, context.Context]) RR.Kleisli[R, ReaderResult[A], A] {
+	return func(rr ReaderResult[A]) RR.ReaderResult[R, A] {
+		return func(r R) Result[A] {
+			otherCancel, otherCtx := pair.Unpack(f(r))
 			defer otherCancel()
 			return rr(otherCtx)
 		}

v2/context/readerresult/profunctor_test.go

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
 	R "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/result"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
@@ -34,9 +35,9 @@ func TestPromapBasic(t *testing.T) {
 			return R.Of(0)
 		}
 
-		addKey := func(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
+		addKey := func(ctx context.Context) pair.Pair[context.CancelFunc, context.Context] {
 			newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "key", 42)
-			return newCtx, func() {}
+			return pair.MakePair[context.CancelFunc](func() {}, newCtx)
 		}
 		toString := strconv.Itoa
 
@@ -57,9 +58,9 @@ func TestContramapBasic(t *testing.T) {
 			return R.Of(0)
 		}
 
-		addKey := func(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
+		addKey := func(ctx context.Context) pair.Pair[context.CancelFunc, context.Context] {
 			newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "key", 100)
-			return newCtx, func() {}
+			return pair.MakePair[context.CancelFunc](func() {}, newCtx)
 		}
 
 		adapted := Contramap[int](addKey)(getValue)
@@ -79,9 +80,9 @@ func TestLocalBasic(t *testing.T) {
 			return R.Of("unknown")
 		}
 
-		addUser := func(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, context.CancelFunc) {
+		addUser := func(ctx context.Context) pair.Pair[context.CancelFunc, context.Context] {
 			newCtx := context.WithValue(ctx, "user", "Alice")
-			return newCtx, func() {}
+			return pair.MakePair[context.CancelFunc](func() {}, newCtx)
 		}
 
 		adapted := Local[string](addUser)(getValue)

v2/context/statereaderioresult/state.go

@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@ import (
 	RIORES "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/internal/statet"
-	RIOR "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/readerioresult"
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/result"
+	SRIOE "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/statereaderioeither"
 )
 
 // Left creates a StateReaderIOResult that represents a failed computation with the given error.
@@ -202,21 +203,42 @@ func FromResult[S, A any](ma Result[A]) StateReaderIOResult[S, A] {
 // Combinators
 
 // Local runs a computation with a modified context.
-// The function f transforms the context before passing it to the computation.
+// The function f transforms the context before passing it to the computation,
+// returning both a new context and a CancelFunc that should be called to release resources.
+//
+// This is useful for:
+//   - Adding values to the context
+//   - Setting timeouts or deadlines
+//   - Modifying context metadata
+//
+// The CancelFunc is automatically called after the computation completes to ensure proper cleanup.
+//
+// Type Parameters:
+//   - S: The state type
+//   - A: The result type
+//   - R: The input environment type that f transforms into context.Context
+//
+// Parameters:
+//   - f: Function to transform the input environment R into context.Context, returning a new context and CancelFunc
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - A Kleisli arrow that takes a StateReaderIOResult[S, A] and returns a StateReaderIOEither[S, R, error, A]
+//
+// Note: When R is context.Context, the return type simplifies to func(StateReaderIOResult[S, A]) StateReaderIOResult[S, A]
 //
 // Example:
 //
-//	// Modify context before running computation
-//	withTimeout := statereaderioresult.Local[AppState](
-//	    func(ctx context.Context) context.Context {
-//	        ctx, _ = context.WithTimeout(ctx, 60*time.Second)
-//	        return ctx
-//	    }
+//	// Add a timeout to a specific operation
+//	withTimeout := statereaderioresult.Local[AppState, Data, context.Context](
+//	    func(ctx context.Context) pair.Pair[context.CancelFunc, context.Context] {
+//	        newCtx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, 60*time.Second)
+//	        return pair.MakePair(cancel, newCtx)
+//	    },
 //	)
 //	result := withTimeout(computation)
-func Local[S, A any](f func(context.Context) context.Context) func(StateReaderIOResult[S, A]) StateReaderIOResult[S, A] {
-	return func(ma StateReaderIOResult[S, A]) StateReaderIOResult[S, A] {
-		return function.Flow2(ma, RIOR.Local[Pair[S, A]](f))
+func Local[S, A, R any](f pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, R, context.Context]) SRIOE.Kleisli[S, R, error, StateReaderIOResult[S, A], A] {
+	return func(ma StateReaderIOResult[S, A]) SRIOE.StateReaderIOEither[S, R, error, A] {
+		return function.Flow2(ma, RIORES.Local[Pair[S, A]](f))
 	}
 }
 

v2/context/statereaderioresult/statereaderioresult_test.go

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
 	IOR "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/ioresult"
 	N "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/number"
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
 	P "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
 	RES "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/result"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -264,8 +265,8 @@ func TestLocal(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Modify context before running computation
 	result := Local[testState, string](
-		func(c context.Context) context.Context {
-			return context.WithValue(c, "key", "value2")
+		func(c context.Context) ContextCancel {
+			return pair.MakePair[context.CancelFunc](func() {}, context.WithValue(c, "key", "value2"))
 		},
 	)(comp)
 

v2/context/statereaderioresult/type.go

@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@
 package statereaderioresult
 
 import (
+	"context"
+
 	RIORES "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/endomorphism"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
@@ -84,4 +86,11 @@ type (
 	Operator[S, A, B any] = Reader[StateReaderIOResult[S, A], StateReaderIOResult[S, B]]
 
 	Predicate[A any] = predicate.Predicate[A]
+
+	// ContextCancel represents a pair of a cancel function and a context.
+	// It is used in operations that create new contexts with cancellation capabilities.
+	//
+	// The first element is the CancelFunc that should be called to release resources.
+	// The second element is the new Context that was created.
+	ContextCancel = Pair[context.CancelFunc, context.Context]
 )

v2/effect/dependencies.go

@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@
 package effect
 
 import (
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/reader"
 	thunk "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerioresult"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerreaderioresult"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/io"
@@ -267,10 +268,89 @@ func LocalThunkK[A, C1, C2 any](f thunk.Kleisli[C2, C1]) func(Effect[C1, A]) Eff
 //   - Local/Contramap: Pure context transformation (C2 -> C1)
 //   - LocalIOK: IO-based transformation (C2 -> IO[C1])
 //   - LocalIOResultK: IO with error handling (C2 -> IOResult[C1])
-//   - LocalReaderIOResultK: Reader-based with IO and errors (C2 -> ReaderIOResult[C1])
+//   - LocalThunkK: Reader-based with IO and errors (C2 -> ReaderIOResult[C1])
 //   - LocalEffectK: Full Effect transformation (C2 -> Effect[C2, C1])
 //
 //go:inline
 func LocalEffectK[A, C1, C2 any](f Kleisli[C2, C2, C1]) func(Effect[C1, A]) Effect[C2, A] {
 	return readerreaderioresult.LocalReaderReaderIOEitherK[A](f)
 }
+
+// LocalReaderK transforms the context of an Effect using a Reader-based Kleisli arrow.
+// It allows you to modify the context through a pure computation that depends on the runtime context
+// before passing it to the Effect.
+//
+// This is useful when the context transformation is a pure computation that requires access
+// to the runtime context (context.Context) but cannot fail. Common use cases include:
+//   - Extracting configuration from context values
+//   - Computing derived context values based on runtime context
+//   - Transforming context based on runtime metadata
+//
+// The transformation happens in two stages:
+//  1. The Reader function f is executed with the C2 context and runtime context to produce a C1 value
+//  2. The resulting C1 value is passed as the context to the Effect[C1, A]
+//
+// # Type Parameters
+//
+//   - A: The value type produced by the effect
+//   - C1: The inner context type (required by the original effect)
+//   - C2: The outer context type (provided to the transformed effect)
+//
+// # Parameters
+//
+//   - f: A Reader Kleisli arrow that transforms C2 to C1 using the runtime context
+//
+// # Returns
+//
+//   - func(Effect[C1, A]) Effect[C2, A]: A function that adapts the effect to use C2
+//
+// # Example
+//
+//	type ctxKey string
+//	const configKey ctxKey = "config"
+//
+//	type DetailedConfig struct {
+//		Host string
+//		Port int
+//	}
+//
+//	type SimpleConfig struct {
+//		Port int
+//	}
+//
+//	// Extract config from runtime context and transform
+//	extractConfig := func(path string) reader.Reader[DetailedConfig] {
+//		return func(ctx context.Context) DetailedConfig {
+//			if cfg, ok := ctx.Value(configKey).(DetailedConfig); ok {
+//				return cfg
+//			}
+//			return DetailedConfig{Host: "localhost", Port: 8080}
+//		}
+//	}
+//
+//	// Effect that uses DetailedConfig
+//	configEffect := effect.Of[DetailedConfig]("connected")
+//
+//	// Transform to use string path instead
+//	transform := effect.LocalReaderK[string](extractConfig)
+//	pathEffect := transform(configEffect)
+//
+//	// Run with runtime context containing config
+//	ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), configKey, DetailedConfig{Host: "api.example.com", Port: 443})
+//	ioResult := effect.Provide[string]("config.json")(pathEffect)
+//	readerResult := effect.RunSync(ioResult)
+//	result, err := readerResult(ctx) // Uses config from context
+//
+// # Comparison with other Local functions
+//
+//   - Local/Contramap: Pure context transformation (C2 -> C1)
+//   - LocalIOK: IO-based transformation (C2 -> IO[C1])
+//   - LocalIOResultK: IO with error handling (C2 -> IOResult[C1])
+//   - LocalReaderK: Reader-based pure transformation with runtime context access (C2 -> Reader[C1])
+//   - LocalThunkK: Reader-based with IO and errors (C2 -> ReaderIOResult[C1])
+//   - LocalEffectK: Full Effect transformation (C2 -> Effect[C2, C1])
+//
+//go:inline
+func LocalReaderK[A, C1, C2 any](f reader.Kleisli[C2, C1]) func(Effect[C1, A]) Effect[C2, A] {
+	return readerreaderioresult.LocalReaderK[A](f)
+}

v2/effect/dependencies_test.go

@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/reader"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/context/readerreaderioresult"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
@@ -618,3 +620,347 @@ func TestLocalEffectK(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.Equal(t, 60, result) // 3 * 10 * 2
 	})
 }
+
+func TestLocalReaderK(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("basic Reader transformation", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type SimpleConfig struct {
+			Port int
+		}
+
+		// Reader that transforms string path to SimpleConfig using runtime context
+		loadConfig := func(path string) reader.Reader[SimpleConfig] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) SimpleConfig {
+				// Could extract values from runtime context here
+				return SimpleConfig{Port: 8080}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Effect that uses the config
+		configEffect := Of[SimpleConfig]("connected")
+
+		// Transform using LocalReaderK
+		transform := LocalReaderK[string](loadConfig)
+		pathEffect := transform(configEffect)
+
+		// Run with path
+		ioResult := Provide[string]("config.json")(pathEffect)
+		readerResult := RunSync(ioResult)
+		result, err := readerResult(context.Background())
+
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "connected", result)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("extract config from runtime context", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type ctxKey string
+		const configKey ctxKey = "config"
+
+		type DetailedConfig struct {
+			Host string
+			Port int
+		}
+
+		// Reader that extracts config from runtime context
+		extractConfig := func(path string) reader.Reader[DetailedConfig] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) DetailedConfig {
+				if cfg, ok := ctx.Value(configKey).(DetailedConfig); ok {
+					return cfg
+				}
+				// Default config if not in runtime context
+				return DetailedConfig{Host: "localhost", Port: 8080}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Effect that uses the config
+		configEffect := Chain(func(cfg DetailedConfig) Effect[DetailedConfig, string] {
+			return Of[DetailedConfig](fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", cfg.Host, cfg.Port))
+		})(readerreaderioresult.Ask[DetailedConfig]())
+
+		transform := LocalReaderK[string](extractConfig)
+		pathEffect := transform(configEffect)
+
+		// With config in runtime context
+		ctxWithConfig := context.WithValue(context.Background(), configKey, DetailedConfig{Host: "api.example.com", Port: 443})
+		ioResult := Provide[string]("ignored")(pathEffect)
+		readerResult := RunSync(ioResult)
+		result, err := readerResult(ctxWithConfig)
+
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "api.example.com:443", result)
+
+		// Without config in runtime context (uses default)
+		ioResult2 := Provide[string]("ignored")(pathEffect)
+		readerResult2 := RunSync(ioResult2)
+		result2, err2 := readerResult2(context.Background())
+
+		assert.NoError(t, err2)
+		assert.Equal(t, "localhost:8080", result2)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("runtime context-aware transformation", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type ctxKey string
+		const multiplierKey ctxKey = "multiplier"
+
+		// Reader that uses runtime context to compute context
+		computeValue := func(base int) reader.Reader[int] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) int {
+				if mult, ok := ctx.Value(multiplierKey).(int); ok {
+					return base * mult
+				}
+				return base
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Effect that uses the computed value
+		valueEffect := Chain(func(val int) Effect[int, string] {
+			return Of[int](fmt.Sprintf("Value: %d", val))
+		})(readerreaderioresult.Ask[int]())
+
+		transform := LocalReaderK[string](computeValue)
+		baseEffect := transform(valueEffect)
+
+		// With multiplier in runtime context
+		ctxWithMult := context.WithValue(context.Background(), multiplierKey, 10)
+		ioResult := Provide[string](5)(baseEffect)
+		readerResult := RunSync(ioResult)
+		result, err := readerResult(ctxWithMult)
+
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "Value: 50", result)
+
+		// Without multiplier (uses base value)
+		ioResult2 := Provide[string](5)(baseEffect)
+		readerResult2 := RunSync(ioResult2)
+		result2, err2 := readerResult2(context.Background())
+
+		assert.NoError(t, err2)
+		assert.Equal(t, "Value: 5", result2)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("compose multiple LocalReaderK", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type ctxKey string
+		const prefixKey ctxKey = "prefix"
+
+		// First transformation: int -> string using runtime context
+		intToString := func(n int) reader.Reader[string] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) string {
+				if prefix, ok := ctx.Value(prefixKey).(string); ok {
+					return fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", prefix, n)
+				}
+				return fmt.Sprintf("%d", n)
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Second transformation: string -> SimpleConfig
+		type SimpleConfig struct {
+			Port int
+		}
+
+		stringToConfig := func(s string) reader.Reader[SimpleConfig] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) SimpleConfig {
+				return SimpleConfig{Port: len(s) * 100}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Effect that uses the config
+		configEffect := Chain(func(cfg SimpleConfig) Effect[SimpleConfig, string] {
+			return Of[SimpleConfig](fmt.Sprintf("Port: %d", cfg.Port))
+		})(readerreaderioresult.Ask[SimpleConfig]())
+
+		// Compose transformations
+		step1 := LocalReaderK[string](stringToConfig)
+		step2 := LocalReaderK[string](intToString)
+
+		effect1 := step1(configEffect)
+		effect2 := step2(effect1)
+
+		// With prefix in runtime context
+		ctxWithPrefix := context.WithValue(context.Background(), prefixKey, "test")
+		ioResult := Provide[string](42)(effect2)
+		readerResult := RunSync(ioResult)
+		result, err := readerResult(ctxWithPrefix)
+
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		// "test-42" has length 7, so port = 700
+		assert.Equal(t, "Port: 700", result)
+
+		// Without prefix
+		ioResult2 := Provide[string](42)(effect2)
+		readerResult2 := RunSync(ioResult2)
+		result2, err2 := readerResult2(context.Background())
+
+		assert.NoError(t, err2)
+		// "42" has length 2, so port = 200
+		assert.Equal(t, "Port: 200", result2)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("error propagation from Effect", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type SimpleConfig struct {
+			Port int
+		}
+
+		// Reader transformation (pure, cannot fail)
+		loadConfig := func(path string) reader.Reader[SimpleConfig] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) SimpleConfig {
+				return SimpleConfig{Port: 8080}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Effect that returns an error
+		expectedErr := assert.AnError
+		failingEffect := Fail[SimpleConfig, string](expectedErr)
+
+		transform := LocalReaderK[string](loadConfig)
+		pathEffect := transform(failingEffect)
+
+		ioResult := Provide[string]("config.json")(pathEffect)
+		readerResult := RunSync(ioResult)
+		_, err := readerResult(context.Background())
+
+		// Error from the Effect should propagate
+		assert.Error(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, expectedErr, err)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("real-world: environment selection based on runtime context", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type Environment string
+		const (
+			Dev  Environment = "dev"
+			Prod Environment = "prod"
+		)
+
+		type ctxKey string
+		const envKey ctxKey = "environment"
+
+		type EnvConfig struct {
+			Name string
+		}
+
+		type DetailedConfig struct {
+			Host string
+			Port int
+		}
+
+		// Reader that selects config based on runtime context environment
+		selectConfig := func(envName EnvConfig) reader.Reader[DetailedConfig] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) DetailedConfig {
+				env := Dev
+				if e, ok := ctx.Value(envKey).(Environment); ok {
+					env = e
+				}
+
+				switch env {
+				case Prod:
+					return DetailedConfig{Host: "api.production.com", Port: 443}
+				default:
+					return DetailedConfig{Host: "localhost", Port: 8080}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Effect that uses the selected config
+		configEffect := Chain(func(cfg DetailedConfig) Effect[DetailedConfig, string] {
+			return Of[DetailedConfig](fmt.Sprintf("Connecting to %s:%d", cfg.Host, cfg.Port))
+		})(readerreaderioresult.Ask[DetailedConfig]())
+
+		transform := LocalReaderK[string](selectConfig)
+		envEffect := transform(configEffect)
+
+		// Production environment
+		ctxProd := context.WithValue(context.Background(), envKey, Prod)
+		ioResult := Provide[string](EnvConfig{Name: "app"})(envEffect)
+		readerResult := RunSync(ioResult)
+		result, err := readerResult(ctxProd)
+
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "Connecting to api.production.com:443", result)
+
+		// Development environment (default)
+		ioResult2 := Provide[string](EnvConfig{Name: "app"})(envEffect)
+		readerResult2 := RunSync(ioResult2)
+		result2, err2 := readerResult2(context.Background())
+
+		assert.NoError(t, err2)
+		assert.Equal(t, "Connecting to localhost:8080", result2)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("composes with other Local functions", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type Level1 struct {
+			Value string
+		}
+		type Level2 struct {
+			Data string
+		}
+		type Level3 struct {
+			Info string
+		}
+
+		// Effect at deepest level
+		effect3 := Of[Level3]("result")
+
+		// Use LocalReaderK for first transformation (with runtime context access)
+		localReaderK23 := LocalReaderK[string](func(l2 Level2) reader.Reader[Level3] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) Level3 {
+				return Level3{Info: l2.Data}
+			}
+		})
+
+		// Use Local for second transformation (pure)
+		local12 := Local[string](func(l1 Level1) Level2 {
+			return Level2{Data: l1.Value}
+		})
+
+		// Compose them
+		effect2 := localReaderK23(effect3)
+		effect1 := local12(effect2)
+
+		// Run
+		ioResult := Provide[string](Level1{Value: "test"})(effect1)
+		readerResult := RunSync(ioResult)
+		result, err := readerResult(context.Background())
+
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "result", result)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("runtime context deadline awareness", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type Config struct {
+			HasDeadline bool
+		}
+
+		// Reader that checks runtime context for deadline
+		checkContext := func(path string) reader.Reader[Config] {
+			return func(ctx context.Context) Config {
+				_, hasDeadline := ctx.Deadline()
+				return Config{HasDeadline: hasDeadline}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Effect that uses the config
+		configEffect := Chain(func(cfg Config) Effect[Config, string] {
+			return Of[Config](fmt.Sprintf("Has deadline: %v", cfg.HasDeadline))
+		})(readerreaderioresult.Ask[Config]())
+
+		transform := LocalReaderK[string](checkContext)
+		pathEffect := transform(configEffect)
+
+		// Without deadline
+		ioResult := Provide[string]("config.json")(pathEffect)
+		readerResult := RunSync(ioResult)
+		result, err := readerResult(context.Background())
+
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "Has deadline: false", result)
+
+		// With deadline
+		ctxWithDeadline, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+
+		ioResult2 := Provide[string]("config.json")(pathEffect)
+		readerResult2 := RunSync(ioResult2)
+		result2, err2 := readerResult2(ctxWithDeadline)
+
+		assert.NoError(t, err2)
+		assert.Equal(t, "Has deadline: true", result2)
+	})
+}

v2/endomorphism/doc.go

@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
 //	increment := N.Add(1)
 //
 //	// Compose them (RIGHT-TO-LEFT execution)
-//	composed := endomorphism.Compose(double, increment)
+//	composed := endomorphism.MonadCompose(double, increment)
 //	result := composed(5) // increment(5) then double: (5 + 1) * 2 = 12
 //
 //	// Chain them (LEFT-TO-RIGHT execution)
@@ -61,11 +61,11 @@
 //	monoid := endomorphism.Monoid[int]()
 //
 //	// Combine multiple endomorphisms (RIGHT-TO-LEFT execution)
-//	combined := M.ConcatAll(monoid)(
+//	combined := M.ConcatAll(monoid)([]endomorphism.Endomorphism[int]{
 //		N.Mul(2),  // applied third
 //		N.Add(1),  // applied second
 //		N.Mul(3),  // applied first
-//	)
+//	})
 //	result := combined(5) // (5 * 3) = 15, (15 + 1) = 16, (16 * 2) = 32
 //
 // # Monad Operations
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
 //	increment := N.Add(1)
 //
 //	// Compose: RIGHT-TO-LEFT (mathematical composition)
-//	composed := endomorphism.Compose(double, increment)
+//	composed := endomorphism.MonadCompose(double, increment)
 //	result1 := composed(5) // increment(5) * 2 = (5 + 1) * 2 = 12
 //
 //	// MonadChain: LEFT-TO-RIGHT (sequential application)

v2/endomorphism/endo.go

@@ -111,15 +111,19 @@ func MonadCompose[A any](f, g Endomorphism[A]) Endomorphism[A] {
 // This is the functor map operation for endomorphisms.
 //
 // IMPORTANT: Execution order is RIGHT-TO-LEFT:
-//   - g is applied first to the input
+//   - ma is applied first to the input
 //   - f is applied to the result
 //
+// Note: unlike most other packages where MonadMap takes (fa, f) with the container
+// first, here f (the morphism) comes first to match the right-to-left composition
+// convention: MonadMap(f, ma) = f ∘ ma.
+//
 // Parameters:
-//   - f: The function to map (outer function)
-//   - g: The endomorphism to map over (inner function)
+//   - f: The function to map (outer function, applied second)
+//   - ma: The endomorphism to map over (inner function, applied first)
 //
 // Returns:
-//   - A new endomorphism that applies g, then f
+//   - A new endomorphism that applies ma, then f
 //
 // Example:
 //
@@ -127,8 +131,8 @@ func MonadCompose[A any](f, g Endomorphism[A]) Endomorphism[A] {
 //	increment := N.Add(1)
 //	mapped := endomorphism.MonadMap(double, increment)
 //	// mapped(5) = double(increment(5)) = double(6) = 12
-func MonadMap[A any](f, g Endomorphism[A]) Endomorphism[A] {
-	return MonadCompose(f, g)
+func MonadMap[A any](f, ma Endomorphism[A]) Endomorphism[A] {
+	return MonadCompose(f, ma)
 }
 
 // Compose returns a function that composes an endomorphism with another, executing right to left.
@@ -386,3 +390,91 @@ func Join[A any](f Kleisli[A]) Endomorphism[A] {
 		return f(a)(a)
 	}
 }
+
+// Read captures a value and returns a function that applies endomorphisms to it.
+//
+// This function implements a "reader" pattern for endomorphisms. It takes a value
+// and returns a function that can apply any endomorphism to that captured value.
+// This is useful for creating reusable evaluation contexts where you want to apply
+// different transformations to the same initial value.
+//
+// The returned function has the signature func(Endomorphism[A]) A, which means
+// it takes an endomorphism and returns the result of applying that endomorphism
+// to the captured value.
+//
+// # Type Parameters
+//
+//   - A: The type of the value being captured and transformed
+//
+// # Parameters
+//
+//   - a: The value to capture for later transformation
+//
+// # Returns
+//
+//   - A function that applies endomorphisms to the captured value
+//
+// # Example - Basic Usage
+//
+//	// Capture a value
+//	applyTo5 := Read(5)
+//
+//	// Apply different endomorphisms to the same value
+//	doubled := applyTo5(N.Mul(2))    // 10
+//	incremented := applyTo5(N.Add(1)) // 6
+//	squared := applyTo5(func(x int) int { return x * x }) // 25
+//
+// # Example - Reusable Evaluation Context
+//
+//	type Config struct {
+//	    Timeout int
+//	    Retries int
+//	}
+//
+//	baseConfig := Config{Timeout: 30, Retries: 3}
+//	applyToBase := Read(baseConfig)
+//
+//	// Apply different transformations to the same base config
+//	withLongTimeout := applyToBase(func(c Config) Config {
+//	    c.Timeout = 60
+//	    return c
+//	})
+//
+//	withMoreRetries := applyToBase(func(c Config) Config {
+//	    c.Retries = 5
+//	    return c
+//	})
+//
+// # Example - Testing Different Transformations
+//
+//	// Useful for testing multiple transformations on the same input
+//	testValue := "hello"
+//	applyToTest := Read(testValue)
+//
+//	upperCase := applyToTest(strings.ToUpper)     // "HELLO"
+//	withSuffix := applyToTest(func(s string) string {
+//	    return s + " world"
+//	}) // "hello world"
+//
+// # Use Cases
+//
+//  1. **Testing**: Apply multiple transformations to the same test value
+//  2. **Configuration**: Create variations of a base configuration
+//  3. **Data Processing**: Evaluate different processing pipelines on the same data
+//  4. **Benchmarking**: Compare different endomorphisms on the same input
+//  5. **Functional Composition**: Build evaluation contexts for composed operations
+//
+// # Relationship to Other Functions
+//
+// Read is complementary to other endomorphism operations:
+//   - Build applies an endomorphism to the zero value
+//   - Read applies endomorphisms to a specific captured value
+//   - Reduce applies multiple endomorphisms sequentially
+//   - ConcatAll composes multiple endomorphisms
+//
+//go:inline
+func Read[A any](a A) func(Endomorphism[A]) A {
+	return func(f Endomorphism[A]) A {
+		return f(a)
+	}
+}

v2/endomorphism/endomorphism_test.go

@@ -1071,3 +1071,226 @@ func TestReduceWithBuild(t *testing.T) {
 
 	assert.NotEqual(t, reduceResult, buildResult, "Reduce and Build(ConcatAll) produce different results due to execution order")
 }
+
+// TestRead tests the Read function
+func TestRead(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("applies endomorphism to captured value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		applyTo5 := Read(5)
+
+		result := applyTo5(double)
+		assert.Equal(t, 10, result, "Read should apply double to captured value 5")
+
+		result2 := applyTo5(increment)
+		assert.Equal(t, 6, result2, "Read should apply increment to captured value 5")
+
+		result3 := applyTo5(square)
+		assert.Equal(t, 25, result3, "Read should apply square to captured value 5")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("captures value for reuse", func(t *testing.T) {
+		applyTo10 := Read(10)
+
+		// Apply multiple different endomorphisms to the same captured value
+		doubled := applyTo10(double)
+		incremented := applyTo10(increment)
+		negated := applyTo10(negate)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 20, doubled, "Should double 10")
+		assert.Equal(t, 11, incremented, "Should increment 10")
+		assert.Equal(t, -10, negated, "Should negate 10")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("works with identity", func(t *testing.T) {
+		applyTo42 := Read(42)
+
+		result := applyTo42(Identity[int]())
+		assert.Equal(t, 42, result, "Read with identity should return original value")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("works with composed endomorphisms", func(t *testing.T) {
+		applyTo5 := Read(5)
+
+		// Compose: double then increment (RIGHT-TO-LEFT)
+		composed := MonadCompose(increment, double)
+		result := applyTo5(composed)
+		assert.Equal(t, 11, result, "Read should work with composed endomorphisms: (5 * 2) + 1 = 11")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("works with chained endomorphisms", func(t *testing.T) {
+		applyTo5 := Read(5)
+
+		// Chain: double then increment (LEFT-TO-RIGHT)
+		chained := MonadChain(double, increment)
+		result := applyTo5(chained)
+		assert.Equal(t, 11, result, "Read should work with chained endomorphisms: (5 * 2) + 1 = 11")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("works with ConcatAll", func(t *testing.T) {
+		applyTo5 := Read(5)
+
+		// ConcatAll composes RIGHT-TO-LEFT
+		combined := ConcatAll([]Endomorphism[int]{double, increment, square})
+		result := applyTo5(combined)
+		// Execution: square(5) = 25, increment(25) = 26, double(26) = 52
+		assert.Equal(t, 52, result, "Read should work with ConcatAll")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("works with different types", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Test with string
+		applyToHello := Read("hello")
+
+		toUpper := func(s string) string { return s + " WORLD" }
+		result := applyToHello(toUpper)
+		assert.Equal(t, "hello WORLD", result, "Read should work with strings")
+
+		// Test with struct
+		type Point struct {
+			X, Y int
+		}
+
+		applyToPoint := Read(Point{X: 3, Y: 4})
+
+		scaleX := func(p Point) Point {
+			p.X *= 2
+			return p
+		}
+
+		result2 := applyToPoint(scaleX)
+		assert.Equal(t, Point{X: 6, Y: 4}, result2, "Read should work with structs")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("creates independent evaluation contexts", func(t *testing.T) {
+		applyTo5 := Read(5)
+		applyTo10 := Read(10)
+
+		// Same endomorphism, different contexts
+		result5 := applyTo5(double)
+		result10 := applyTo10(double)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, 10, result5, "First context should double 5")
+		assert.Equal(t, 20, result10, "Second context should double 10")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("useful for testing transformations", func(t *testing.T) {
+		testValue := 100
+		applyToTest := Read(testValue)
+
+		// Test multiple transformations on the same value
+		transformations := []struct {
+			name     string
+			endo     Endomorphism[int]
+			expected int
+		}{
+			{"double", double, 200},
+			{"increment", increment, 101},
+			{"negate", negate, -100},
+			{"square", square, 10000},
+		}
+
+		for _, tt := range transformations {
+			t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+				result := applyToTest(tt.endo)
+				assert.Equal(t, tt.expected, result)
+			})
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("works with monoid operations", func(t *testing.T) {
+		applyTo5 := Read(5)
+
+		// Use monoid to combine endomorphisms
+		combined := M.ConcatAll(Monoid[int]())([]Endomorphism[int]{
+			double,
+			increment,
+		})
+
+		result := applyTo5(combined)
+		// RIGHT-TO-LEFT: increment(5) = 6, double(6) = 12
+		assert.Equal(t, 12, result, "Read should work with monoid operations")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("configuration example", func(t *testing.T) {
+		type Config struct {
+			Timeout int
+			Retries int
+		}
+
+		baseConfig := Config{Timeout: 30, Retries: 3}
+		applyToBase := Read(baseConfig)
+
+		withLongTimeout := func(c Config) Config {
+			c.Timeout = 60
+			return c
+		}
+
+		withMoreRetries := func(c Config) Config {
+			c.Retries = 5
+			return c
+		}
+
+		result1 := applyToBase(withLongTimeout)
+		assert.Equal(t, Config{Timeout: 60, Retries: 3}, result1)
+
+		result2 := applyToBase(withMoreRetries)
+		assert.Equal(t, Config{Timeout: 30, Retries: 5}, result2)
+
+		// Original is unchanged
+		result3 := applyToBase(Identity[Config]())
+		assert.Equal(t, baseConfig, result3)
+	})
+}
+
+// TestReadWithBuild tests the relationship between Read and Build
+func TestReadWithBuild(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Read applies to specific value, Build to zero value", func(t *testing.T) {
+		endo := double
+
+		// Build applies to zero value
+		builtResult := Build(endo)
+		assert.Equal(t, 0, builtResult, "Build should apply to zero value: 0 * 2 = 0")
+
+		// Read applies to specific value
+		readResult := Read(5)(endo)
+		assert.Equal(t, 10, readResult, "Read should apply to captured value: 5 * 2 = 10")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Read can evaluate Build results", func(t *testing.T) {
+		// Build an endomorphism
+		builder := ConcatAll([]Endomorphism[int]{double, increment})
+
+		// Apply it to zero value
+		builtValue := Build(builder)
+		// RIGHT-TO-LEFT: increment(0) = 1, double(1) = 2
+		assert.Equal(t, 2, builtValue)
+
+		// Now use Read to apply the same builder to a different value
+		readValue := Read(5)(builder)
+		// RIGHT-TO-LEFT: increment(5) = 6, double(6) = 12
+		assert.Equal(t, 12, readValue)
+	})
+}
+
+// BenchmarkRead benchmarks the Read function
+func BenchmarkRead(b *testing.B) {
+	applyTo5 := Read(5)
+
+	b.Run("simple endomorphism", func(b *testing.B) {
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			_ = applyTo5(double)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("composed endomorphism", func(b *testing.B) {
+		composed := MonadCompose(double, increment)
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			_ = applyTo5(composed)
+		}
+	})
+
+	b.Run("ConcatAll endomorphism", func(b *testing.B) {
+		combined := ConcatAll([]Endomorphism[int]{double, increment, square})
+		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+			_ = applyTo5(combined)
+		}
+	})
+}

v2/endomorphism/monoid.go

@@ -144,8 +144,8 @@ func Semigroup[A any]() S.Semigroup[Endomorphism[A]] {
 //	square := func(x int) int { return x * x }
 //
 //	// Combine multiple endomorphisms (RIGHT-TO-LEFT execution)
-//	combined := M.ConcatAll(monoid)(double, increment, square)
-//	result := combined(5) // square(increment(double(5))) = square(increment(10)) = square(11) = 121
+//	combined := M.ConcatAll(monoid)([]Endomorphism[int]{double, increment, square})
+//	result := combined(5) // double(increment(square(5))) = double(increment(25)) = double(26) = 52
 func Monoid[A any]() M.Monoid[Endomorphism[A]] {
 	return M.MakeMonoid(MonadCompose[A], Identity[A]())
 }

v2/endomorphism/types.go

@@ -41,20 +41,22 @@ type (
 	// It's a function from A to Endomorphism[A], used for composing endomorphic operations.
 	Kleisli[A any] = func(A) Endomorphism[A]
 
-	// Operator represents a transformation from one endomorphism to another.
+	// Operator represents a higher-order transformation on endomorphisms of the same type.
 	//
-	// An Operator takes an endomorphism on type A and produces an endomorphism on type B.
-	// This is useful for lifting operations or transforming endomorphisms in a generic way.
+	// An Operator takes an endomorphism on type A and produces another endomorphism on type A.
+	// Since Operator[A] = Endomorphism[Endomorphism[A]] = func(func(A)A) func(A)A,
+	// both the input and output endomorphisms operate on the same type A.
+	//
+	// This is the return type of curried operations such as Compose, Map, and Chain.
 	//
 	// Example:
 	//
-	//	// An operator that converts an int endomorphism to a string endomorphism
-	//	intToString := func(f endomorphism.Endomorphism[int]) endomorphism.Endomorphism[string] {
-	//		return func(s string) string {
-	//			n, _ := strconv.Atoi(s)
-	//			result := f(n)
-	//			return strconv.Itoa(result)
-	//		}
+	//	// An operator that applies any endomorphism twice
+	//	var applyTwice endomorphism.Operator[int] = func(f endomorphism.Endomorphism[int]) endomorphism.Endomorphism[int] {
+	//		return func(x int) int { return f(f(x)) }
 	//	}
+	//	double := N.Mul(2)
+	//	result := applyTwice(double) // double ∘ double
+	//	// result(5) = double(double(5)) = double(10) = 20
 	Operator[A any] = Endomorphism[Endomorphism[A]]
 )

v2/logging/logger.go

@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ import (
 	"log"
 	"log/slog"
 	"sync/atomic"
+
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
 )
 
 // LoggingCallbacks creates a pair of logging callback functions from the provided loggers.
@@ -128,6 +130,7 @@ var loggerInContextKey loggerInContextType
 //	    logger.Info("Processing request")
 //	}
 func GetLoggerFromContext(ctx context.Context) *slog.Logger {
+	// using idomatic style to avoid import cycle
 	value, ok := ctx.Value(loggerInContextKey).(*slog.Logger)
 	if !ok {
 		return globalLogger.Load()
@@ -135,9 +138,11 @@ func GetLoggerFromContext(ctx context.Context) *slog.Logger {
 	return value
 }
 
-// WithLogger returns an endomorphism that adds a logger to a context.
-// An endomorphism is a function that takes a value and returns a value of the same type.
-// This function creates a context transformation that embeds the provided logger.
+func noop() {}
+
+// WithLogger returns a Kleisli arrow that adds a logger to a context.
+// A Kleisli arrow transforms a context into a ContextCancel pair containing
+// a no-op cancel function and the new context with the embedded logger.
 //
 // This is particularly useful in functional programming patterns where you want to
 // compose context transformations, or when working with middleware that needs to
@@ -147,7 +152,7 @@ func GetLoggerFromContext(ctx context.Context) *slog.Logger {
 //   - l: The *slog.Logger to embed in the context
 //
 // Returns:
-//   - An Endomorphism[context.Context] function that adds the logger to a context
+//   - A Kleisli arrow (function from context.Context to ContextCancel) that adds the logger to a context
 //
 // Example:
 //
@@ -156,13 +161,14 @@ func GetLoggerFromContext(ctx context.Context) *slog.Logger {
 //
 //	// Apply it to a context
 //	ctx := context.Background()
-//	ctxWithLogger := addLogger(ctx)
+//	result := addLogger(ctx)
+//	ctxWithLogger := pair.Second(result)
 //
 //	// Retrieve the logger later
 //	logger := GetLoggerFromContext(ctxWithLogger)
 //	logger.Info("Using context logger")
-func WithLogger(l *slog.Logger) Endomorphism[context.Context] {
-	return func(ctx context.Context) context.Context {
-		return context.WithValue(ctx, loggerInContextKey, l)
+func WithLogger(l *slog.Logger) pair.Kleisli[context.CancelFunc, context.Context, context.Context] {
+	return func(ctx context.Context) ContextCancel {
+		return pair.MakePair[context.CancelFunc](noop, context.WithValue(ctx, loggerInContextKey, l))
 	}
 }

v2/logging/logger_test.go

@@ -17,10 +17,13 @@ package logging
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"log"
+	"log/slog"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
 	S "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/string"
 )
 
@@ -288,3 +291,355 @@ func BenchmarkLoggingCallbacks_Logging(b *testing.B) {
 		infoLog("benchmark message %d", i)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestSetLogger_Success tests setting a new global logger and verifying it returns the old one.
+func TestSetLogger_Success(t *testing.T) {
+	// Save original logger to restore later
+	originalLogger := GetLogger()
+	defer SetLogger(originalLogger)
+
+	// Create a new logger
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	handler := slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, nil)
+	newLogger := slog.New(handler)
+
+	// Set the new logger
+	oldLogger := SetLogger(newLogger)
+
+	// Verify old logger was returned
+	if oldLogger == nil {
+		t.Error("Expected SetLogger to return the previous logger")
+	}
+
+	// Verify new logger is now active
+	currentLogger := GetLogger()
+	if currentLogger != newLogger {
+		t.Error("Expected GetLogger to return the newly set logger")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSetLogger_Multiple tests setting logger multiple times.
+func TestSetLogger_Multiple(t *testing.T) {
+	// Save original logger to restore later
+	originalLogger := GetLogger()
+	defer SetLogger(originalLogger)
+
+	// Create three loggers
+	logger1 := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&bytes.Buffer{}, nil))
+	logger2 := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&bytes.Buffer{}, nil))
+	logger3 := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&bytes.Buffer{}, nil))
+
+	// Set first logger
+	old1 := SetLogger(logger1)
+	if GetLogger() != logger1 {
+		t.Error("Expected logger1 to be active")
+	}
+
+	// Set second logger
+	old2 := SetLogger(logger2)
+	if old2 != logger1 {
+		t.Error("Expected SetLogger to return logger1")
+	}
+	if GetLogger() != logger2 {
+		t.Error("Expected logger2 to be active")
+	}
+
+	// Set third logger
+	old3 := SetLogger(logger3)
+	if old3 != logger2 {
+		t.Error("Expected SetLogger to return logger2")
+	}
+	if GetLogger() != logger3 {
+		t.Error("Expected logger3 to be active")
+	}
+
+	// Restore to original
+	restored := SetLogger(old1)
+	if restored != logger3 {
+		t.Error("Expected SetLogger to return logger3")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGetLogger_Default tests that GetLogger returns a valid logger by default.
+func TestGetLogger_Default(t *testing.T) {
+	logger := GetLogger()
+
+	if logger == nil {
+		t.Error("Expected GetLogger to return a non-nil logger")
+	}
+
+	// Verify it's usable
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	handler := slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, nil)
+	testLogger := slog.New(handler)
+
+	oldLogger := SetLogger(testLogger)
+	defer SetLogger(oldLogger)
+
+	GetLogger().Info("test message")
+	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), "test message") {
+		t.Errorf("Expected logger to log message, got: %s", buf.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGetLogger_AfterSet tests that GetLogger returns the logger set by SetLogger.
+func TestGetLogger_AfterSet(t *testing.T) {
+	originalLogger := GetLogger()
+	defer SetLogger(originalLogger)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	handler := slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, nil)
+	customLogger := slog.New(handler)
+
+	SetLogger(customLogger)
+
+	retrievedLogger := GetLogger()
+	if retrievedLogger != customLogger {
+		t.Error("Expected GetLogger to return the custom logger")
+	}
+
+	// Verify it's the same instance by logging
+	retrievedLogger.Info("test")
+	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), "test") {
+		t.Error("Expected retrieved logger to be the same instance")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGetLoggerFromContext_WithLogger tests retrieving a logger from context.
+func TestGetLoggerFromContext_WithLogger(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	handler := slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, nil)
+	contextLogger := slog.New(handler)
+
+	// Create context with logger using WithLogger
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	kleisli := WithLogger(contextLogger)
+	result := kleisli(ctx)
+	ctxWithLogger := pair.Second(result)
+
+	// Retrieve logger from context
+	retrievedLogger := GetLoggerFromContext(ctxWithLogger)
+
+	if retrievedLogger != contextLogger {
+		t.Error("Expected to retrieve the context logger")
+	}
+
+	// Verify it's the same instance by logging
+	retrievedLogger.Info("context test")
+	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), "context test") {
+		t.Error("Expected retrieved logger to be the same instance")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGetLoggerFromContext_WithoutLogger tests that it returns global logger when context has no logger.
+func TestGetLoggerFromContext_WithoutLogger(t *testing.T) {
+	originalLogger := GetLogger()
+	defer SetLogger(originalLogger)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	handler := slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, nil)
+	globalLogger := slog.New(handler)
+	SetLogger(globalLogger)
+
+	// Create context without logger
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Should return global logger
+	retrievedLogger := GetLoggerFromContext(ctx)
+
+	if retrievedLogger != globalLogger {
+		t.Error("Expected to retrieve the global logger when context has no logger")
+	}
+
+	// Verify it's the same instance
+	retrievedLogger.Info("global test")
+	if !strings.Contains(buf.String(), "global test") {
+		t.Error("Expected retrieved logger to be the global logger")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestGetLoggerFromContext_NilContext tests behavior with nil context value.
+func TestGetLoggerFromContext_NilContext(t *testing.T) {
+	originalLogger := GetLogger()
+	defer SetLogger(originalLogger)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	handler := slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, nil)
+	globalLogger := slog.New(handler)
+	SetLogger(globalLogger)
+
+	// Create context with wrong type value
+	ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), loggerInContextKey, "not a logger")
+
+	// Should return global logger when type assertion fails
+	retrievedLogger := GetLoggerFromContext(ctx)
+
+	if retrievedLogger != globalLogger {
+		t.Error("Expected to retrieve the global logger when context value is wrong type")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWithLogger_CreatesContextWithLogger tests that WithLogger adds logger to context.
+func TestWithLogger_CreatesContextWithLogger(t *testing.T) {
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	handler := slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, nil)
+	testLogger := slog.New(handler)
+
+	// Create Kleisli arrow
+	kleisli := WithLogger(testLogger)
+
+	// Apply to context
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	result := kleisli(ctx)
+
+	// Verify result is a ContextCancel pair
+	cancelFunc := pair.First(result)
+	newCtx := pair.Second(result)
+
+	if cancelFunc == nil {
+		t.Error("Expected cancel function to be non-nil")
+	}
+
+	if newCtx == nil {
+		t.Error("Expected new context to be non-nil")
+	}
+
+	// Verify logger is in context
+	retrievedLogger := GetLoggerFromContext(newCtx)
+	if retrievedLogger != testLogger {
+		t.Error("Expected logger to be in the new context")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWithLogger_CancelFuncIsNoop tests that the cancel function is a no-op.
+func TestWithLogger_CancelFuncIsNoop(t *testing.T) {
+	testLogger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&bytes.Buffer{}, nil))
+	kleisli := WithLogger(testLogger)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	result := kleisli(ctx)
+	cancelFunc := pair.First(result)
+
+	// Calling cancel should not panic
+	defer func() {
+		if r := recover(); r != nil {
+			t.Errorf("Cancel function panicked: %v", r)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	cancelFunc()
+}
+
+// TestWithLogger_PreservesOriginalContext tests that original context is not modified.
+func TestWithLogger_PreservesOriginalContext(t *testing.T) {
+	originalLogger := GetLogger()
+	defer SetLogger(originalLogger)
+
+	var buf bytes.Buffer
+	handler := slog.NewTextHandler(&buf, nil)
+	globalLogger := slog.New(handler)
+	SetLogger(globalLogger)
+
+	testLogger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&bytes.Buffer{}, nil))
+	kleisli := WithLogger(testLogger)
+
+	// Original context without logger
+	originalCtx := context.Background()
+
+	// Apply transformation
+	result := kleisli(originalCtx)
+	newCtx := pair.Second(result)
+
+	// Original context should still return global logger
+	originalCtxLogger := GetLoggerFromContext(originalCtx)
+	if originalCtxLogger != globalLogger {
+		t.Error("Expected original context to still use global logger")
+	}
+
+	// New context should have the test logger
+	newCtxLogger := GetLoggerFromContext(newCtx)
+	if newCtxLogger != testLogger {
+		t.Error("Expected new context to have the test logger")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestWithLogger_Composition tests composing multiple WithLogger calls.
+func TestWithLogger_Composition(t *testing.T) {
+	logger1 := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&bytes.Buffer{}, nil))
+	logger2 := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&bytes.Buffer{}, nil))
+
+	kleisli1 := WithLogger(logger1)
+	kleisli2 := WithLogger(logger2)
+
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Apply first transformation
+	result1 := kleisli1(ctx)
+	ctx1 := pair.Second(result1)
+
+	// Verify first logger
+	if GetLoggerFromContext(ctx1) != logger1 {
+		t.Error("Expected first logger in context after first transformation")
+	}
+
+	// Apply second transformation (should override)
+	result2 := kleisli2(ctx1)
+	ctx2 := pair.Second(result2)
+
+	// Verify second logger (should override first)
+	if GetLoggerFromContext(ctx2) != logger2 {
+		t.Error("Expected second logger to override first logger")
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkSetLogger benchmarks setting the global logger.
+func BenchmarkSetLogger(b *testing.B) {
+	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&bytes.Buffer{}, nil))
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		SetLogger(logger)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkGetLogger benchmarks getting the global logger.
+func BenchmarkGetLogger(b *testing.B) {
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		GetLogger()
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkGetLoggerFromContext_WithLogger benchmarks retrieving logger from context.
+func BenchmarkGetLoggerFromContext_WithLogger(b *testing.B) {
+	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&bytes.Buffer{}, nil))
+	kleisli := WithLogger(logger)
+	ctx := pair.Second(kleisli(context.Background()))
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		GetLoggerFromContext(ctx)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkGetLoggerFromContext_WithoutLogger benchmarks retrieving global logger from context.
+func BenchmarkGetLoggerFromContext_WithoutLogger(b *testing.B) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		GetLoggerFromContext(ctx)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkWithLogger benchmarks creating context with logger.
+func BenchmarkWithLogger(b *testing.B) {
+	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(&bytes.Buffer{}, nil))
+	kleisli := WithLogger(logger)
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		kleisli(ctx)
+	}
+}

v2/logging/types.go

@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@
 package logging
 
 import (
+	"context"
+
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/endomorphism"
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
 )
 
 type (
@@ -39,4 +42,15 @@ type (
 	//	ctx := context.Background()
 	//	newCtx := addLogger(ctx) // Both ctx and newCtx are context.Context
 	Endomorphism[A any] = endomorphism.Endomorphism[A]
+
+	// Pair represents a tuple of two values of types A and B.
+	// It is used to group two related values together.
+	Pair[A, B any] = pair.Pair[A, B]
+
+	// ContextCancel represents a pair of a cancel function and a context.
+	// It is used in operations that create new contexts with cancellation capabilities.
+	//
+	// The first element is the CancelFunc that should be called to release resources.
+	// The second element is the new Context that was created.
+	ContextCancel = Pair[context.CancelFunc, context.Context]
 )

v2/optics/codec/validation/validation.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package validation
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"log/slog"
+	"strings"
 
 	A "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/array"
 	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/either"
@@ -12,6 +13,11 @@ import (
 // Returns a generic error message indicating this is a validation error.
 // For detailed error information, use String() or Format() methods.
 
+// toError converts the validation error to the error interface
+func toError(v *ValidationError) error {
+	return v
+}
+
 // Error implements the error interface for ValidationError.
 // Returns a generic error message.
 func (v *ValidationError) Error() string {
@@ -34,44 +40,45 @@ func (v *ValidationError) String() string {
 // It includes the context path, message, and optionally the cause error.
 // Supports verbs: %s, %v, %+v (with additional details)
 func (v *ValidationError) Format(s fmt.State, verb rune) {
-	// Build the context path
-	path := ""
-	for i, entry := range v.Context {
-		if i > 0 {
-			path += "."
-		}
-		if entry.Key != "" {
-			path += entry.Key
-		} else {
-			path += entry.Type
-		}
-	}
+	var result strings.Builder
 
-	// Start with the path if available
-	result := ""
-	if path != "" {
-		result = fmt.Sprintf("at %s: ", path)
+	// Build the context path
+	if len(v.Context) > 0 {
+		var path strings.Builder
+		for i, entry := range v.Context {
+			if i > 0 {
+				path.WriteString(".")
+			}
+			if entry.Key != "" {
+				path.WriteString(entry.Key)
+			} else {
+				path.WriteString(entry.Type)
+			}
+		}
+		result.WriteString("at ")
+		result.WriteString(path.String())
+		result.WriteString(": ")
 	}
 
 	// Add the message
-	result += v.Messsage
+	result.WriteString(v.Messsage)
 
 	// Add the cause if present
 	if v.Cause != nil {
 		if s.Flag('+') && verb == 'v' {
 			// Verbose format with detailed cause
-			result += fmt.Sprintf("\n  caused by: %+v", v.Cause)
+			fmt.Fprintf(&result, "\n  caused by: %+v", v.Cause)
 		} else {
-			result += fmt.Sprintf(" (caused by: %v)", v.Cause)
+			fmt.Fprintf(&result, " (caused by: %v)", v.Cause)
 		}
 	}
 
 	// Add value information for verbose format
 	if s.Flag('+') && verb == 'v' {
-		result += fmt.Sprintf("\n  value: %#v", v.Value)
+		fmt.Fprintf(&result, "\n  value: %#v", v.Value)
 	}
 
-	fmt.Fprint(s, result)
+	fmt.Fprint(s, result.String())
 }
 
 // LogValue implements the slog.LogValuer interface for ValidationError.
@@ -94,18 +101,18 @@ func (v *ValidationError) LogValue() slog.Value {
 
 	// Add context path if available
 	if len(v.Context) > 0 {
-		path := ""
+		var path strings.Builder
 		for i, entry := range v.Context {
 			if i > 0 {
-				path += "."
+				path.WriteString(".")
 			}
 			if entry.Key != "" {
-				path += entry.Key
+				path.WriteString(entry.Key)
 			} else {
-				path += entry.Type
+				path.WriteString(entry.Type)
 			}
 		}
-		attrs = append(attrs, slog.String("path", path))
+		attrs = append(attrs, slog.String("path", path.String()))
 	}
 
 	// Add cause if present
@@ -119,13 +126,14 @@ func (v *ValidationError) LogValue() slog.Value {
 // Error implements the error interface for ValidationErrors.
 // Returns a generic error message indicating validation errors occurred.
 func (ve *validationErrors) Error() string {
-	if len(ve.errors) == 0 {
+	switch len(ve.errors) {
+	case 0:
 		return "ValidationErrors: no errors"
-	}
-	if len(ve.errors) == 1 {
+	case 1:
 		return "ValidationErrors: 1 error"
+	default:
+		return fmt.Sprintf("ValidationErrors: %d errors", len(ve.errors))
 	}
-	return fmt.Sprintf("ValidationErrors: %d errors", len(ve.errors))
 }
 
 // Unwrap returns the underlying cause error if present.
@@ -134,8 +142,31 @@ func (ve *validationErrors) Unwrap() error {
 	return ve.cause
 }
 
+// Errors implements the ErrorsProvider interface for validationErrors.
+// It converts the internal collection of ValidationError pointers to a slice of error interfaces.
+// This method enables uniform error extraction from validation error collections.
+//
+// The returned slice contains the same errors as the internal errors field,
+// but typed as error interface values for compatibility with standard Go error handling.
+//
+// Returns:
+//   - A slice of error interfaces, one for each ValidationError in the collection
+//
+// Example:
+//
+//	ve := &validationErrors{
+//	    errors: Errors{
+//	        &ValidationError{Messsage: "invalid email"},
+//	        &ValidationError{Messsage: "age must be positive"},
+//	    },
+//	}
+//	errs := ve.Errors()
+//	// errs is []error with 2 elements, each implementing the error interface
+//	for _, err := range errs {
+//	    fmt.Println(err.Error())  // "ValidationError"
+//	}
 func (ve *validationErrors) Errors() []error {
-	return ve.Errors()
+	return A.MonadMap(ve.errors, toError)
 }
 
 // String returns a simple string representation of all validation errors.
@@ -145,16 +176,17 @@ func (ve *validationErrors) String() string {
 		return "ValidationErrors: no errors"
 	}
 
-	result := fmt.Sprintf("ValidationErrors (%d):\n", len(ve.errors))
+	var result strings.Builder
+	fmt.Fprintf(&result, "ValidationErrors (%d):\n", len(ve.errors))
 	for i, err := range ve.errors {
-		result += fmt.Sprintf("  [%d] %s\n", i, err.String())
+		fmt.Fprintf(&result, "  [%d] %s\n", i, err.String())
 	}
 
 	if ve.cause != nil {
-		result += fmt.Sprintf("  caused by: %v\n", ve.cause)
+		fmt.Fprintf(&result, "  caused by: %v\n", ve.cause)
 	}
 
-	return result
+	return result.String()
 }
 
 // Format implements fmt.Formatter for custom formatting of ValidationErrors.

v2/optics/codec/validation/validation_test.go

@@ -846,3 +846,142 @@ func TestLogValuerInterface(t *testing.T) {
 		var _ slog.LogValuer = (*validationErrors)(nil)
 	})
 }
+
+// TestValidationErrors_Errors tests the Errors() method implementation
+func TestValidationErrors_Errors(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("returns empty slice for no errors", func(t *testing.T) {
+		ve := &validationErrors{
+			errors: Errors{},
+		}
+
+		errs := ve.Errors()
+		assert.Empty(t, errs)
+		assert.NotNil(t, errs)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("converts single ValidationError to error interface", func(t *testing.T) {
+		ve := &validationErrors{
+			errors: Errors{
+				&ValidationError{Value: "test", Messsage: "invalid value"},
+			},
+		}
+
+		errs := ve.Errors()
+		require.Len(t, errs, 1)
+		assert.Equal(t, "ValidationError", errs[0].Error())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("converts multiple ValidationErrors to error interfaces", func(t *testing.T) {
+		ve := &validationErrors{
+			errors: Errors{
+				&ValidationError{Value: "test1", Messsage: "error 1"},
+				&ValidationError{Value: "test2", Messsage: "error 2"},
+				&ValidationError{Value: "test3", Messsage: "error 3"},
+			},
+		}
+
+		errs := ve.Errors()
+		require.Len(t, errs, 3)
+		for _, err := range errs {
+			assert.Equal(t, "ValidationError", err.Error())
+		}
+	})
+
+	t.Run("preserves error details in converted errors", func(t *testing.T) {
+		originalErr := &ValidationError{
+			Value:    "abc",
+			Context:  []ContextEntry{{Key: "field"}},
+			Messsage: "invalid format",
+			Cause:    errors.New("parse error"),
+		}
+		ve := &validationErrors{
+			errors: Errors{originalErr},
+		}
+
+		errs := ve.Errors()
+		require.Len(t, errs, 1)
+
+		// Verify the error can be type-asserted back to ValidationError
+		validationErr, ok := errs[0].(*ValidationError)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		assert.Equal(t, "abc", validationErr.Value)
+		assert.Equal(t, "invalid format", validationErr.Messsage)
+		assert.NotNil(t, validationErr.Cause)
+		assert.Len(t, validationErr.Context, 1)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("implements ErrorsProvider interface", func(t *testing.T) {
+		ve := &validationErrors{
+			errors: Errors{
+				&ValidationError{Messsage: "error 1"},
+				&ValidationError{Messsage: "error 2"},
+			},
+		}
+
+		// Verify it implements ErrorsProvider
+		var provider ErrorsProvider = ve
+		errs := provider.Errors()
+		assert.Len(t, errs, 2)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("returned errors are usable with standard error handling", func(t *testing.T) {
+		cause := errors.New("underlying error")
+		ve := &validationErrors{
+			errors: Errors{
+				&ValidationError{
+					Value:    "test",
+					Messsage: "validation failed",
+					Cause:    cause,
+				},
+			},
+		}
+
+		errs := ve.Errors()
+		require.Len(t, errs, 1)
+
+		// Test with errors.Is
+		assert.True(t, errors.Is(errs[0], cause))
+
+		// Test with errors.As
+		var validationErr *ValidationError
+		assert.True(t, errors.As(errs[0], &validationErr))
+		assert.Equal(t, "validation failed", validationErr.Messsage)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("does not modify original errors slice", func(t *testing.T) {
+		originalErrors := Errors{
+			&ValidationError{Value: "test1", Messsage: "error 1"},
+			&ValidationError{Value: "test2", Messsage: "error 2"},
+		}
+		ve := &validationErrors{
+			errors: originalErrors,
+		}
+
+		errs := ve.Errors()
+		require.Len(t, errs, 2)
+
+		// Original should be unchanged
+		assert.Len(t, ve.errors, 2)
+		assert.Equal(t, originalErrors, ve.errors)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("each error in slice is independent", func(t *testing.T) {
+		ve := &validationErrors{
+			errors: Errors{
+				&ValidationError{Value: "test1", Messsage: "error 1"},
+				&ValidationError{Value: "test2", Messsage: "error 2"},
+			},
+		}
+
+		errs := ve.Errors()
+		require.Len(t, errs, 2)
+
+		// Verify each error is distinct
+		err1, ok1 := errs[0].(*ValidationError)
+		err2, ok2 := errs[1].(*ValidationError)
+		require.True(t, ok1)
+		require.True(t, ok2)
+		assert.NotEqual(t, err1.Messsage, err2.Messsage)
+		assert.NotEqual(t, err1.Value, err2.Value)
+	})
+}

v2/readerio/bracket.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package readerio
 
 import (
+	"github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/function"
 	G "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/internal/bracket"
 )
 
@@ -30,3 +31,10 @@ func Bracket[
 		release,
 	)
 }
+
+//go:inline
+func WithResource[R, A, B, ANY any](
+	onCreate ReaderIO[R, A], onRelease Kleisli[R, A, ANY]) Kleisli[R, Kleisli[R, A, B], B] {
+
+	return function.Bind13of3(Bracket[R, A, B, ANY])(onCreate, function.Ignore2of2[B](onRelease))
+}

v2/readerreaderioeither/promap.go

@@ -61,6 +61,18 @@ func LocalReaderIOEitherK[A, C, E, R1, R2 any](f readerioeither.Kleisli[C, E, R2
 	}
 }
 
+//go:inline
+func LocalReaderK[E, A, C, R1, R2 any](f reader.Kleisli[C, R2, R1]) func(ReaderReaderIOEither[R1, C, E, A]) ReaderReaderIOEither[R2, C, E, A] {
+	return func(rri ReaderReaderIOEither[R1, C, E, A]) ReaderReaderIOEither[R2, C, E, A] {
+		return F.Flow4(
+			f,
+			readerioeither.FromReader,
+			readerioeither.Map[C, E](rri),
+			readerioeither.Flatten,
+		)
+	}
+}
+
 //go:inline
 func LocalReaderReaderIOEitherK[A, C, E, R1, R2 any](f Kleisli[R2, C, E, R2, R1]) func(ReaderReaderIOEither[R1, C, E, A]) ReaderReaderIOEither[R2, C, E, A] {
 	return func(rri ReaderReaderIOEither[R1, C, E, A]) ReaderReaderIOEither[R2, C, E, A] {

v2/record/generic/record.go

@@ -38,21 +38,41 @@ func IsNonEmpty[M ~map[K]V, K comparable, V any](r M) bool {
 }
 
 func Keys[M ~map[K]V, GK ~[]K, K comparable, V any](r M) GK {
+	// fast path
+	if len(r) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// full implementation
 	return collect[M, GK](r, F.First[K, V])
 }
 
 func Values[M ~map[K]V, GV ~[]V, K comparable, V any](r M) GV {
+	// fast path
+	if len(r) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// full implementation
 	return collect[M, GV](r, F.Second[K, V])
 }
 
 func KeysOrd[M ~map[K]V, GK ~[]K, K comparable, V any](o ord.Ord[K]) func(r M) GK {
 	return func(r M) GK {
+		// fast path
+		if len(r) == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		// full implementation
 		return collectOrd[M, GK](o, r, F.First[K, V])
 	}
 }
 
 func ValuesOrd[M ~map[K]V, GV ~[]V, K comparable, V any](o ord.Ord[K]) func(r M) GV {
 	return func(r M) GV {
+		// fast path
+		if len(r) == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		// full implementation
 		return collectOrd[M, GV](o, r, F.Second[K, V])
 	}
 }
@@ -97,12 +117,18 @@ func collect[M ~map[K]V, GR ~[]R, K comparable, V, R any](r M, f func(K, V) R) G
 }
 
 func Collect[M ~map[K]V, GR ~[]R, K comparable, V, R any](f func(K, V) R) func(M) GR {
+	// full implementation
 	return F.Bind2nd(collect[M, GR, K, V, R], f)
 }
 
 func CollectOrd[M ~map[K]V, GR ~[]R, K comparable, V, R any](o ord.Ord[K]) func(f func(K, V) R) func(M) GR {
 	return func(f func(K, V) R) func(M) GR {
 		return func(r M) GR {
+			// fast path
+			if len(r) == 0 {
+				return nil
+			}
+			// full implementation
 			return collectOrd[M, GR](o, r, f)
 		}
 	}
@@ -416,12 +442,22 @@ func duplicate[M ~map[K]V, K comparable, V any](r M) M {
 }
 
 func upsertAt[M ~map[K]V, K comparable, V any](r M, k K, v V) M {
+	// fast path
+	if len(r) == 0 {
+		return Singleton[M](k, v)
+	}
+	// duplicate and update
 	dup := duplicate(r)
 	dup[k] = v
 	return dup
 }
 
 func deleteAt[M ~map[K]V, K comparable, V any](r M, k K) M {
+	// fast path
+	if len(r) == 0 {
+		return r
+	}
+	// duplicate and update
 	dup := duplicate(r)
 	delete(dup, k)
 	return dup

v2/record/record.go

@@ -55,10 +55,16 @@ func IsNonEmpty[K comparable, V any](r Record[K, V]) bool {
 // The order of keys is non-deterministic due to Go's map iteration behavior.
 // Use KeysOrd if you need keys in a specific order.
 //
+// Note: The return value can be nil in case of an empty map, since nil is a
+// valid representation of an empty slice in Go.
+//
 // Example:
 //
 //	record := Record[string, int]{"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
 //	keys := Keys(record) // ["a", "b", "c"] in any order
+//
+//	emptyRecord := Record[string, int]{}
+//	emptyKeys := Keys(emptyRecord) // nil or []string{}
 func Keys[K comparable, V any](r Record[K, V]) []K {
 	return G.Keys[Record[K, V], []K](r)
 }
@@ -68,10 +74,16 @@ func Keys[K comparable, V any](r Record[K, V]) []K {
 // The order of values is non-deterministic due to Go's map iteration behavior.
 // Use ValuesOrd if you need values ordered by their keys.
 //
+// Note: The return value can be nil in case of an empty map, since nil is a
+// valid representation of an empty slice in Go.
+//
 // Example:
 //
 //	record := Record[string, int]{"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
 //	values := Values(record) // [1, 2, 3] in any order
+//
+//	emptyRecord := Record[string, int]{}
+//	emptyValues := Values(emptyRecord) // nil or []int{}
 func Values[K comparable, V any](r Record[K, V]) []V {
 	return G.Values[Record[K, V], []V](r)
 }
@@ -98,6 +110,9 @@ func Collect[K comparable, V, R any](f func(K, V) R) func(Record[K, V]) []R {
 //
 // Unlike Collect, this function guarantees the order of results based on key ordering.
 //
+// Note: The return value can be nil in case of an empty map, since nil is a
+// valid representation of an empty slice in Go.
+//
 // Example:
 //
 //	record := Record[string, int]{"c": 3, "a": 1, "b": 2}
@@ -105,6 +120,9 @@ func Collect[K comparable, V, R any](f func(K, V) R) func(Record[K, V]) []R {
 //	    return fmt.Sprintf("%s=%d", k, v)
 //	})
 //	result := toStrings(record) // ["a=1", "b=2", "c=3"] (ordered by key)
+//
+//	emptyRecord := Record[string, int]{}
+//	emptyResult := toStrings(emptyRecord) // nil or []string{}
 func CollectOrd[V, R any, K comparable](o ord.Ord[K]) func(func(K, V) R) func(Record[K, V]) []R {
 	return G.CollectOrd[Record[K, V], []R](o)
 }
@@ -458,11 +476,18 @@ func UpsertAt[K comparable, V any](k K, v V) Operator[K, V, V] {
 // If the key doesn't exist, the record is returned unchanged.
 // The original record is not modified; a new record is returned.
 //
+// In case of an empty input map (including nil maps), the identical map is returned,
+// since deleting from an empty map is an idempotent operation.
+//
 // Example:
 //
 //	record := Record[string, int]{"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
 //	removeB := DeleteAt[string, int]("b")
 //	result := removeB(record) // {"a": 1, "c": 3}
+//
+//	// Deleting from empty map returns empty map
+//	emptyRecord := Record[string, int]{}
+//	result2 := removeB(emptyRecord) // {}
 func DeleteAt[K comparable, V any](k K) Operator[K, V, V] {
 	return G.DeleteAt[Record[K, V]](k)
 }

v2/record/record_nil_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,552 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2023 - 2025 IBM Corp.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+package record
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"testing"
+
+	O "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/option"
+	P "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/pair"
+	SG "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/semigroup"
+	S "github.com/IBM/fp-go/v2/string"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+// TestNilMap_IsEmpty verifies that IsEmpty handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_IsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	assert.True(t, IsEmpty(nilMap), "nil map should be empty")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_IsNonEmpty verifies that IsNonEmpty handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_IsNonEmpty(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	assert.False(t, IsNonEmpty(nilMap), "nil map should not be non-empty")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Keys verifies that Keys handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Keys(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	keys := Keys(nilMap)
+	// Keys can return nil for empty map, which is a valid representation of an empty slice
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(keys), "Keys should return empty slice for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Values verifies that Values handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Values(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	values := Values(nilMap)
+	// Values can return nil for empty map, which is a valid representation of an empty slice
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(values), "Values should return empty slice for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Collect verifies that Collect handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Collect(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	collector := Collect(func(k string, v int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s=%d", k, v)
+	})
+	result := collector(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Collect should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Collect should return empty slice for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Reduce verifies that Reduce handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Reduce(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	reducer := Reduce[string](func(acc int, v int) int {
+		return acc + v
+	}, 10)
+	result := reducer(nilMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10, result, "Reduce should return initial value for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_ReduceWithIndex verifies that ReduceWithIndex handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_ReduceWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	reducer := ReduceWithIndex(func(k string, acc int, v int) int {
+		return acc + v
+	}, 10)
+	result := reducer(nilMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10, result, "ReduceWithIndex should return initial value for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_ReduceRef verifies that ReduceRef handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_ReduceRef(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	reducer := ReduceRef[string](func(acc int, v *int) int {
+		return acc + *v
+	}, 10)
+	result := reducer(nilMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10, result, "ReduceRef should return initial value for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_ReduceRefWithIndex verifies that ReduceRefWithIndex handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_ReduceRefWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	reducer := ReduceRefWithIndex(func(k string, acc int, v *int) int {
+		return acc + *v
+	}, 10)
+	result := reducer(nilMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, 10, result, "ReduceRefWithIndex should return initial value for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_MonadMap verifies that MonadMap handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_MonadMap(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	result := MonadMap(nilMap, func(v int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", v)
+	})
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MonadMap should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MonadMap should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_MonadMapWithIndex verifies that MonadMapWithIndex handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_MonadMapWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	result := MonadMapWithIndex(nilMap, func(k string, v int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s=%d", k, v)
+	})
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MonadMapWithIndex should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MonadMapWithIndex should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_MonadMapRefWithIndex verifies that MonadMapRefWithIndex handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_MonadMapRefWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	result := MonadMapRefWithIndex(nilMap, func(k string, v *int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s=%d", k, *v)
+	})
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MonadMapRefWithIndex should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MonadMapRefWithIndex should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_MonadMapRef verifies that MonadMapRef handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_MonadMapRef(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	result := MonadMapRef(nilMap, func(v *int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", *v)
+	})
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MonadMapRef should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MonadMapRef should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Map verifies that Map handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Map(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	mapper := Map[string](func(v int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", v)
+	})
+	result := mapper(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Map should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Map should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_MapRef verifies that MapRef handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_MapRef(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	mapper := MapRef[string](func(v *int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", *v)
+	})
+	result := mapper(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MapRef should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MapRef should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_MapWithIndex verifies that MapWithIndex handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_MapWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	mapper := MapWithIndex[string](func(k string, v int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s=%d", k, v)
+	})
+	result := mapper(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MapWithIndex should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MapWithIndex should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_MapRefWithIndex verifies that MapRefWithIndex handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_MapRefWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	mapper := MapRefWithIndex[string](func(k string, v *int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s=%d", k, *v)
+	})
+	result := mapper(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MapRefWithIndex should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MapRefWithIndex should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Lookup verifies that Lookup handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Lookup(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	lookup := Lookup[int]("key")
+	result := lookup(nilMap)
+	assert.True(t, O.IsNone(result), "Lookup should return None for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_MonadLookup verifies that MonadLookup handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_MonadLookup(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	result := MonadLookup(nilMap, "key")
+	assert.True(t, O.IsNone(result), "MonadLookup should return None for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Has verifies that Has handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Has(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	result := Has("key", nilMap)
+	assert.False(t, result, "Has should return false for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Union verifies that Union handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Union(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	nonNilMap := Record[string, int]{"a": 1, "b": 2}
+
+	semigroup := SG.Last[int]()
+	union := Union[string](semigroup)
+
+	// nil union non-nil
+	result1 := union(nonNilMap)(nilMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, nonNilMap, result1, "nil union non-nil should return non-nil map")
+
+	// non-nil union nil
+	result2 := union(nilMap)(nonNilMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, nonNilMap, result2, "non-nil union nil should return non-nil map")
+
+	// nil union nil - returns nil when both inputs are nil (optimization)
+	result3 := union(nilMap)(nilMap)
+	assert.Nil(t, result3, "nil union nil returns nil")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Merge verifies that Merge handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Merge(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	nonNilMap := Record[string, int]{"a": 1, "b": 2}
+
+	// nil merge non-nil
+	result1 := Merge(nonNilMap)(nilMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, nonNilMap, result1, "nil merge non-nil should return non-nil map")
+
+	// non-nil merge nil
+	result2 := Merge(nilMap)(nonNilMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, nonNilMap, result2, "non-nil merge nil should return non-nil map")
+
+	// nil merge nil - returns nil when both inputs are nil (optimization)
+	result3 := Merge(nilMap)(nilMap)
+	assert.Nil(t, result3, "nil merge nil returns nil")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Size verifies that Size handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Size(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	result := Size(nilMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, result, "Size should return 0 for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_ToArray verifies that ToArray handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_ToArray(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	result := ToArray(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "ToArray should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "ToArray should return empty slice for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_ToEntries verifies that ToEntries handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_ToEntries(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	result := ToEntries(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "ToEntries should return non-nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "ToEntries should return empty slice for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_UpsertAt verifies that UpsertAt handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_UpsertAt(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	upsert := UpsertAt("key", 42)
+	result := upsert(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "UpsertAt should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(result), "UpsertAt should create map with one entry")
+	assert.Equal(t, 42, result["key"], "UpsertAt should insert value correctly")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_DeleteAt verifies that DeleteAt handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_DeleteAt(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	deleteFunc := DeleteAt[string, int]("key")
+	result := deleteFunc(nilMap)
+	// DeleteAt returns the identical map for nil input (idempotent operation)
+	assert.Nil(t, result, "DeleteAt should return nil for nil input (idempotent)")
+	assert.Equal(t, nilMap, result, "DeleteAt should return identical map for nil input")
+
+	// Verify that deleting from empty (non-nil) map returns identical map (idempotent)
+	emptyMap := Record[string, int]{}
+	result2 := deleteFunc(emptyMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result2, "DeleteAt should return non-nil map for empty input")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result2), "DeleteAt should return empty map for empty input")
+	assert.Equal(t, emptyMap, result2, "DeleteAt on empty map should be idempotent")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Filter verifies that Filter handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Filter(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	filter := Filter[string, int](func(k string) bool {
+		return true
+	})
+	result := filter(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Filter should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Filter should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_FilterWithIndex verifies that FilterWithIndex handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_FilterWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	filter := FilterWithIndex[string, int](func(k string, v int) bool {
+		return true
+	})
+	result := filter(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "FilterWithIndex should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "FilterWithIndex should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_IsNil verifies that IsNil handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_IsNil(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	assert.True(t, IsNil(nilMap), "IsNil should return true for nil map")
+
+	nonNilMap := Record[string, int]{}
+	assert.False(t, IsNil(nonNilMap), "IsNil should return false for non-nil empty map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_IsNonNil verifies that IsNonNil handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_IsNonNil(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	assert.False(t, IsNonNil(nilMap), "IsNonNil should return false for nil map")
+
+	nonNilMap := Record[string, int]{}
+	assert.True(t, IsNonNil(nonNilMap), "IsNonNil should return true for non-nil empty map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_MonadChainWithIndex verifies that MonadChainWithIndex handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_MonadChainWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	monoid := MergeMonoid[string, string]()
+	result := MonadChainWithIndex(monoid, nilMap, func(k string, v int) Record[string, string] {
+		return Record[string, string]{k: fmt.Sprintf("%d", v)}
+	})
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MonadChainWithIndex should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MonadChainWithIndex should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_MonadChain verifies that MonadChain handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_MonadChain(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	monoid := MergeMonoid[string, string]()
+	result := MonadChain(monoid, nilMap, func(v int) Record[string, string] {
+		return Record[string, string]{"key": fmt.Sprintf("%d", v)}
+	})
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MonadChain should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MonadChain should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_ChainWithIndex verifies that ChainWithIndex handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_ChainWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	monoid := MergeMonoid[string, string]()
+	chain := ChainWithIndex[int, string](monoid)(func(k string, v int) Record[string, string] {
+		return Record[string, string]{k: fmt.Sprintf("%d", v)}
+	})
+	result := chain(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "ChainWithIndex should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "ChainWithIndex should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Chain verifies that Chain handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Chain(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	monoid := MergeMonoid[string, string]()
+	chain := Chain[int, string](monoid)(func(v int) Record[string, string] {
+		return Record[string, string]{"key": fmt.Sprintf("%d", v)}
+	})
+	result := chain(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Chain should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Chain should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Flatten verifies that Flatten handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Flatten(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, Record[string, int]]
+	monoid := MergeMonoid[string, int]()
+	flatten := Flatten[string, int](monoid)
+	result := flatten(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Flatten should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Flatten should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Copy verifies that Copy handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Copy(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	result := Copy(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Copy should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Copy should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Clone verifies that Clone handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Clone(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	clone := Clone[string, int](func(v int) int { return v * 2 })
+	result := clone(nilMap)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Clone should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Clone should return empty map for nil input")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_FromArray verifies that FromArray handles nil/empty arrays correctly
+func TestNilMap_FromArray(t *testing.T) {
+	semigroup := SG.Last[int]()
+	fromArray := FromArray[string, int](semigroup)
+
+	// Test with nil slice
+	var nilSlice Entries[string, int]
+	result1 := fromArray(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result1, "FromArray should return non-nil map for nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result1), "FromArray should return empty map for nil slice")
+
+	// Test with empty slice
+	emptySlice := Entries[string, int]{}
+	result2 := fromArray(emptySlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result2, "FromArray should return non-nil map for empty slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result2), "FromArray should return empty map for empty slice")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_MonadAp verifies that MonadAp handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_MonadAp(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilFab Record[string, func(int) string]
+	var nilFa Record[string, int]
+	monoid := MergeMonoid[string, string]()
+
+	// nil functions, nil values
+	result1 := MonadAp(monoid, nilFab, nilFa)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result1, "MonadAp should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result1), "MonadAp should return empty map for nil inputs")
+
+	// nil functions, non-nil values
+	nonNilFa := Record[string, int]{"a": 1}
+	result2 := MonadAp(monoid, nilFab, nonNilFa)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result2, "MonadAp should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result2), "MonadAp should return empty map when functions are nil")
+
+	// non-nil functions, nil values
+	nonNilFab := Record[string, func(int) string]{"a": func(v int) string { return fmt.Sprintf("%d", v) }}
+	result3 := MonadAp(monoid, nonNilFab, nilFa)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result3, "MonadAp should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result3), "MonadAp should return empty map when values are nil")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Of verifies that Of creates a proper singleton map
+func TestNilMap_Of(t *testing.T) {
+	result := Of("key", 42)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Of should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(result), "Of should create map with one entry")
+	assert.Equal(t, 42, result["key"], "Of should set value correctly")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_FromEntries verifies that FromEntries handles nil/empty slices correctly
+func TestNilMap_FromEntries(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test with nil slice
+	var nilSlice Entries[string, int]
+	result1 := FromEntries(nilSlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result1, "FromEntries should return non-nil map for nil slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result1), "FromEntries should return empty map for nil slice")
+
+	// Test with empty slice
+	emptySlice := Entries[string, int]{}
+	result2 := FromEntries(emptySlice)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result2, "FromEntries should return non-nil map for empty slice")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result2), "FromEntries should return empty map for empty slice")
+
+	// Test with actual entries
+	entries := Entries[string, int]{
+		P.MakePair("a", 1),
+		P.MakePair("b", 2),
+	}
+	result3 := FromEntries(entries)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result3, "FromEntries should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, len(result3), "FromEntries should create map with correct size")
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, result3["a"], "FromEntries should set values correctly")
+	assert.Equal(t, 2, result3["b"], "FromEntries should set values correctly")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Singleton verifies that Singleton creates a proper singleton map
+func TestNilMap_Singleton(t *testing.T) {
+	result := Singleton("key", 42)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Singleton should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, len(result), "Singleton should create map with one entry")
+	assert.Equal(t, 42, result["key"], "Singleton should set value correctly")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Empty verifies that Empty creates an empty non-nil map
+func TestNilMap_Empty(t *testing.T) {
+	result := Empty[string, int]()
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "Empty should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "Empty should return empty map")
+	assert.False(t, IsNil(result), "Empty should not return nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_ConstNil verifies that ConstNil returns a nil map
+func TestNilMap_ConstNil(t *testing.T) {
+	result := ConstNil[string, int]()
+	assert.Nil(t, result, "ConstNil should return nil map")
+	assert.True(t, IsNil(result), "ConstNil should return nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_FoldMap verifies that FoldMap handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_FoldMap(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	monoid := S.Monoid
+	foldMap := FoldMap[string, int, string](monoid)(func(v int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%d", v)
+	})
+	result := foldMap(nilMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", result, "FoldMap should return empty value for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_FoldMapWithIndex verifies that FoldMapWithIndex handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_FoldMapWithIndex(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, int]
+	monoid := S.Monoid
+	foldMap := FoldMapWithIndex[string, int, string](monoid)(func(k string, v int) string {
+		return fmt.Sprintf("%s=%d", k, v)
+	})
+	result := foldMap(nilMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", result, "FoldMapWithIndex should return empty value for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_Fold verifies that Fold handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_Fold(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, string]
+	monoid := S.Monoid
+	fold := Fold[string](monoid)
+	result := fold(nilMap)
+	assert.Equal(t, "", result, "Fold should return empty value for nil map")
+}
+
+// TestNilMap_MonadFlap verifies that MonadFlap handles nil maps correctly
+func TestNilMap_MonadFlap(t *testing.T) {
+	var nilMap Record[string, func(int) string]
+	result := MonadFlap(nilMap, 42)
+	assert.NotNil(t, result, "MonadFlap should return non-nil map")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, len(result), "MonadFlap should return empty map for nil input")
+}