powerlevel10k/README.md

gitstatus

gitstatus is a 10x faster alternative to git status and git describe. Its primary use case is to enable fast git prompt in interactive shells.

Heavy lifting is done by gitstatusd -- a custom binary written in C++. It comes with Zsh and Bash bindings for integration with shell.

Table of Contents

1. Using from Zsh
2. Using from Bash
3. Using from other shells
4. How it works
5. Benchmarks
6. Why fast
7. Requirements
8. Compiling
9. License

Using from Zsh

The easiest way to take advantage of gitstatus from Zsh is to use a theme that's already integrated with it. For example, Powerlevel10k is a flexible and fast theme with first-class gitstatus integration.

For those who wish to use gitstatus without a theme, there is gitstatus.prompt.zsh. Install it as follows:

git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/romkatv/gitstatus.git ~/gitstatus
echo 'source ~/gitstatus/gitstatus.prompt.zsh' >>! ~/.zshrc

Users in mainland China can use the official mirror on gitee.com for faster download.
中国大陆用户可以使用 gitee.com 上的官方镜像加速下载.

git clone --depth=1 https://gitee.com/romkatv/gitstatus.git ~/gitstatus
echo 'source ~/gitstatus/gitstatus.prompt.zsh' >>! ~/.zshrc

Alternatively, on macOS you can install with Homebrew:

brew install romkatv/gitstatus/gitstatus
echo 'source /usr/local/opt/gitstatus/gitstatus.prompt.zsh' >>! ~/.zshrc

(If you choose this option, replace ~/gitstatus with /usr/local/opt/gitstatus in all code snippets below.)

Make sure to disable your current theme if you have one.

This will give you a basic yet functional prompt with git status in it. It's over 10x faster than any alternative that can give you comparable prompt. In order to customize it, set PROMPT and/or RPROMPT at the end of ~/.zshrc after sourcing gitstatus.prompt.zsh. Insert ${GITSTATUS_PROMPT} where you want git status to go. For example:

source ~/gitstatus/gitstatus.prompt.zsh

PROMPT='%~%# '               # left prompt: directory followed by %/# (normal/root)
RPROMPT='$GITSTATUS_PROMPT'  # right prompt: git status

The expansion of ${GITSTATUS_PROMPT} can contain the following bits:

segment	meaning
master	current branch
#v1	HEAD is tagged with v1; not shown when on a branch
@5fc6fca4	current commit; not shown when on a branch or tag
⇣1	local branch is behind the remote by 1 commit
⇡2	local branch is ahead of the remote by 2 commits
⇠3	local branch is behind the push remote by 3 commits
⇢4	local branch is ahead of the push remote by 4 commits
*5	there are 5 stashes
merge	merge is in progress (could be some other action)
~6	there are 6 merge conflicts
+7	there are 7 staged changes
!8	there are 8 unstaged changes
?9	there are 9 untracked files

$GITSTATUS_PROMPT_LEN tells you how long $GITSTATUS_PROMPT is when printed to the console. gitstatus.prompt.zsh has an example of using it to truncate the current directory.

If you'd like to change the format of git status, or want to have greater control over the process of assembling PROMPT, you can copy and modify parts of gitstatus.prompt.zsh instead of sourcing the script. Your ~/.zshrc might look something like this:

source ~/gitstatus/gitstatus.plugin.zsh

function my_set_prompt() {
  PROMPT='%~%# '
  RPROMPT=''

  if gitstatus_query MY && [[ $VCS_STATUS_RESULT == ok-sync ]]; then
    RPROMPT=${${VCS_STATUS_LOCAL_BRANCH:-@${VCS_STATUS_COMMIT}}//\%/%%}  # escape %
    (( VCS_STATUS_NUM_STAGED    )) && RPROMPT+='+'
    (( VCS_STATUS_NUM_UNSTAGED  )) && RPROMPT+='!'
    (( VCS_STATUS_NUM_UNTRACKED )) && RPROMPT+='?'
  fi

  setopt no_prompt_{bang,subst} prompt_percent  # enable/disable correct prompt expansions
}

gitstatus_stop 'MY' && gitstatus_start -s -1 -u -1 -c -1 -d -1 'MY'
autoload -Uz add-zsh-hook
add-zsh-hook precmd my_set_prompt

This snippet is sourcing gitstatus.plugin.zsh rather than gitstatus.prompt.zsh. The former defines low-level bindings that communicate with gitstatusd over pipes. The latter is a simple script that uses these bindings to assemble git prompt.

Unlike Powerlevel10k, code based on gitstatus.prompt.zsh is communicating with gitstatusd synchronously. This can make your prompt slow when working in a large git repository or on a slow machine. To avoid this problem, call gitstatus_query asynchronously as documented in gitstatus.plugin.zsh. This can be quite challenging.

Using from Bash

The easiest way to take advantage of gitstatus from Bash is via gitstatus.prompt.sh. Install it as follows:

git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/romkatv/gitstatus.git ~/gitstatus
echo 'source ~/gitstatus/gitstatus.prompt.sh' >> ~/.bashrc

Users in mainland China can use the official mirror on gitee.com for faster download.
中国大陆用户可以使用 gitee.com 上的官方镜像加速下载.

git clone --depth=1 https://gitee.com/romkatv/gitstatus.git ~/gitstatus
echo 'source ~/gitstatus/gitstatus.prompt.sh' >> ~/.bashrc

Alternatively, on macOS you can install with Homebrew:

brew install romkatv/gitstatus/gitstatus
echo 'source /usr/local/opt/gitstatus/gitstatus.prompt.sh' >> ~/.bashrc

(If you choose this option, replace ~/gitstatus with /usr/local/opt/gitstatus in all code snippets below.)

This will give you a basic yet functional prompt with git status in it. It's over 10x faster than any alternative that can give you comparable prompt.

In order to customize your prompt, set PS1 at the end of ~/.bashrc after sourcing gitstatus.prompt.sh. Insert ${GITSTATUS_PROMPT} where you want git status to go. For example:

source ~/gitstatus/gitstatus.prompt.sh

PS1='\w ${GITSTATUS_PROMPT}\n\$ ' # directory followed by git status and $/# (normal/root)

The expansion of ${GITSTATUS_PROMPT} can contain the following bits:

segment	meaning
master	current branch
#v1	HEAD is tagged with v1; not shown when on a branch
@5fc6fca4	current commit; not shown when on a branch or tag
⇣1	local branch is behind the remote by 1 commit
⇡2	local branch is ahead of the remote by 2 commits
⇠3	local branch is behind the push remote by 3 commits
⇢4	local branch is ahead of the push remote by 4 commits
*5	there are 5 stashes
merge	merge is in progress (could be some other action)
~6	there are 6 merge conflicts
+7	there are 7 staged changes
!8	there are 8 unstaged changes
?9	there are 9 untracked files

If you'd like to change the format of git status, or want to have greater control over the process of assembling PS1, you can copy and modify parts of gitstatus.prompt.sh instead of sourcing the script. Your ~/.bashrc might look something like this:

source ~/gitstatus/gitstatus.plugin.sh

function my_set_prompt() {
  PS1='\w'

  if gitstatus_query && [[ "$VCS_STATUS_RESULT" == ok-sync ]]; then
    if [[ -n "$VCS_STATUS_LOCAL_BRANCH" ]]; then
      PS1+=" ${VCS_STATUS_LOCAL_BRANCH//\\/\\\\}"  # escape backslash
    else
      PS1+=" @${VCS_STATUS_COMMIT//\\/\\\\}"       # escape backslash
    fi
    (( VCS_STATUS_HAS_STAGED"    )) && PS1+='+'
    (( VCS_STATUS_HAS_UNSTAGED"  )) && PS1+='!'
    (( VCS_STATUS_HAS_UNTRACKED" )) && PS1+='?'
  fi

  PS1+='\n\$ '

  shopt -u promptvars  # disable expansion of '$(...)' and the like
}

gitstatus_stop && gitstatus_start
PROMPT_COMMAND=my_set_prompt

This snippet is sourcing gitstatus.plugin.sh rather than gitstatus.prompt.sh. The former defines low-level bindings that communicate with gitstatusd over pipes. The latter is a simple script that uses these bindings to assemble git prompt.

Note: Bash bindings, unlike Zsh bindings, don't support asynchronous calls.

Using from other shells

If there are no gitstatusd bindings for your shell, you'll need to get your hands dirty. Use the existing bindings for inspiration; run gitstatusd --help or read the same thing in options.cc.

How it works

gitstatusd reads requests from stdin and prints responses to stdout. Requests contain an ID and a directory. Responses contain the same ID and machine-readable git status for the directory. gitstatusd keeps some state in memory for the directories it has seen in order to serve future requests faster.

Zsh bindings and Bash bindings start gitstatusd in the background and communicate with it via pipes. Themes such as Powerlevel10k use these bindings to put git status in PROMPT.

Note that gitstatus cannot be used as a drop-in replacement for git status command as it doesn't produce output in the same format. It does perform the same computation though.

Benchmarks

The following benchmark results were obtained on Intel i9-7900X running Ubuntu 18.04 in a clean chromium repository synced to 9394e49a. The repository was checked out to an ext4 filesystem on M.2 SSD.

Three functionally equivalent tools for computing git status were benchmarked:

• gitstatusd
• git with untracked cache enabled
• lg2 -- a demo/example executable from libgit2 that implements a subset of git functionality on top of libgit2 API; for the purposes of this benchmark the subset is sufficient to generate the same data as the other tools

Every tool was benchmark in cold and hot conditions. For git the first run in a repository was considered cold, with the following runs considered hot. lg2 was patched to compute results twice in a single invocation without freeing the repository in between; the second run was considered hot. The same patching was not done for git because git cannot be easily modified to refresh inmemory index state between invocations; in fact, this limitation is one of the primary reasons developers use libgit2. gitstatusd was benchmarked similarly to lg2 with two result computations in the same invocation.

Two commands were benchmarked: status and describe.

Status

In this benchmark all tools were computing the equivalent of git status. Lower numbers are better.

Tool	Cold	Hot
gitstatus	291 ms	30.9 ms
git	876 ms	295 ms
lg2	1730 ms	1310 ms

gitstatusd is substantially faster than the alternatives, especially on hot runs. Note that hot runs are of primary importance to the main use case of gitstatus in interactive shells.

The performance of git status fluctuated wildly in this benchmarks for reasons unknown to the author. Moreover, performance is sticky -- once git status settles around a number, it stays there for a long time. Numbers as diverse as 295, 352, 663 and 730 had been observed on hot runs on the same repository. The number in the table is the lowest (fastest or best) that git status had shown.

Describe

In this benchmark all tools were computing the equivalent of git describe --tags --exact-match to find tags that resolve to the same commit as HEAD. Lower numbers are better.

Tool	Cold	Hot
gitstatus	4.04 ms	0.0345 ms
git	18.0 ms	14.5 ms
lg2	185 ms	45.2 ms

gitstatusd is once again faster than the alternatives, more so on hot runs.

Why fast

Since gitstatusd doesn't have to print all staged/unstaged/untracked files but only report whether there are any, it can terminate repository scan early. It can also remember which files were dirty on the previous run and check them first on the next run to avoid the scan entirely if the files are still dirty. However, the benchmarks above were performed in a clean repository where these shortcuts do not trigger. All benchmarked tools had to do the same work -- check the status of every file in the index to see if it has changed, check every directory for newly created files, etc. And yet, gitstatusd came ahead by a large margin. This section describes what it does that makes it so fast.

Most of the following comparisons are done against libgit2 rather than git because of the author's familiarity with the former but not the with latter. libgit2 has clean, well-documented APIs and an elegant implementation, which makes it so much easier to work with and to analyze performance bottlenecks.

Summary for the impatient

Under the benchmark conditions described above, the equivalent of libgit2's git_diff_index_to_workdir (the most expensive part of status command) is 46.3 times faster in gitstatusd. The speedup comes from the following sources.

• gitstatusd uses more efficient data structures and algorithms and employs performance-conscious coding style throughout the codebase. This reduces CPU time in userspace by 32x compared to libgit2.
• gitstatusd uses less expensive system calls and makes fewer of them. This reduces CPU time spent in kernel by 1.9x.
• gitstatusd can utilize multiple cores to scan index and workdir in parallel with almost perfect scaling. This reduces total run time by 12.4x while having virtually no effect on total CPU time.

Problem statement

The most resource-intensive part of the status command is finding the difference between index and workdir (git_diff_index_to_workdir in libgit2). Index is a list of all files in the git repository with their last modification times. This is an obvious simplification but it suffices for this exposition. On disk, index is stored sorted by file path. Here's an example of git index:

File	Last modification time
Makefile	2019-04-01T14:12:32Z
src/hello.c	2019-04-01T14:12:00Z
src/hello.h	2019-04-01T14:12:32Z

This list needs to be compared to the list of files in the working directory. If any of the files listed in the index are missing from the workdir or have different last modification time, they are "unstaged" in gitstatusd parlance. If you run git status, they'll be shown as "changes not staged for commit". Thus, any implementation of status command has to call stat() or one of its variants on every file in the index.

In addition, all files in the working directory for which there is no entry in the index at all are "untracked". git status will show them as "untracked files". Finding untracked files requires some form of work directory traversal.

Single-threaded scan

Let's see how git_diff_index_to_workdir from libgit2 accomplishes these tasks. Here's its CPU profile from 200 hot runs over chromium repository.

(The CPU profile was created with gperftools and rendered with pprof).

We can see __GI__lxstat taking a lot of time. This is the stat() call for every file in the index. We can also identify __opendir, __readdir and __GI___close_nocancel -- glibc wrappers for reading the contents of a directory. This is for finding untracked files. Out of the total 232 seconds, 111 seconds -- or 47.7% -- was spent on these calls. The rest is computation -- comparing strings, sorting arrays, etc.

Now let's take a look at the CPU profile of gitstatusd on the same task.

The first impression is that this profile looks pruned. This isn't an artifact. The profile was generated with the same tools and the same flags as the profile of libgit2.

Since both profiles were generated from the same workload, absolute numbers can be compared. We can see that gitstatusd took 62 seconds in total compared to libgit2's 232 seconds. System calls at the core of the algorithm are cleary visible. __GI___fxstatat is a flavor of stat(), and the other three calls -- __libc_openat64, __libc_close and __GI___fxstat are responsible for opening directories and finding untracked files. Notice that there is almost nothing else in the profile apart from these calls. The rest of the code accounts for 3.77 seconds of CPU time -- 32 times less than in libgit2.

So, one reason gitstatusd is fast is that it has efficient diffing code -- very little time is spent outside of kernel. However, if we look closely, we can notice that system calls in gitstatusd are also faster than in libgit2. For example, libgit2 spent 72.07 seconds in __GI__lxstat while gitstatusd spent only 48.82 seconds in __GI___fxstatat. There are two reasons for this difference. First, libgit2 makes more stat() calls than is strictly required. It's not necessary to stat directories because index only has files. There are 25k directories in chromium repository (and 300k files) -- that's 25k stat() calls that could be avoided. The second reason is that libgit2 and gitstatusd use different flavors of stat(). libgit2 uses lstat(), which takes a path to the file as input. Its performance is linear in the number of subdirectories in the path because it needs to perform a lookup for every one of them and to check permissions. gitstatusd uses fstatat(), which takes a file descriptor to the parent directory and a name of the file. Just a single lookup, less CPU time.

Similarly to lstat() vs fstatat(), it's faster to open files and directories with openat() from the parent directory file descriptor than with regular open() that accepts full file path. gitstatusd takes advantage of openat() to open directories as fast as possible. It opens about 90% of the directories (this depends on the actual directory structure of the repository) from the immediate parent -- the most efficient way -- and the remaining 10% it opens from the repository's root directory. The reason it's done this way is to keep the maximum number of simultaneously open file descriptors bounded. libgit2 can have O(repository depth) simultaneously open file descriptors, which may be OK for a single-threaded application but can balloon to a large number when scans are done by many threads simultaneously, like in gitstatusd.

There is no equivalent to __opendir or __readdir in the gitstatusd profile because it uses the equivalent of untracked cache from git. On the first scan of the workdir gitstatusd lists all files just like libgit2. But, unlike libgit2, it remembers the last modification time of every directory along with the list of untracked files under it. On the next scan, gitstatusd can skip listing files in directories whose last modification time hasn't changed.

To summarize, here's what gitstatusd was doing when the CPU profile was captured:

1. __libc_openat64: Open every directory for which there are files in the index.
2. __GI___fxstat: Check last modification time of the directory. Since it's the same as on the last scan, this directory has the same list of untracked files as before, which is empty (the repository is clean).
3. __GI___fxstatat: Check last modification time for every file in the index that belongs to this directory.
4. __libc_close: Close the file descriptor to the directory.

Here's how the very first scan of a repository looks like in gitstatusd:

(Some glibc functions are mislabel on this profile. explicit_bzero and __nss_passwd_lookup are in reality strcmp and memcmp.)

This is a superset of the previous -- hot -- profile, with an extra syscall and string sorting for directory listing. gitstatusd uses getdents64 Linux system call directly, bypassing the glibc wrapper that libgit2 uses. This is 23% faster. The details of this optimization can be found in a separate document.

Multithreading

The diffing algorithm in gitstatusd was designed from the ground up with the intention of using it concurrently from multiple threads. With a fast SSD, status is CPU bound, so taking advantage of all available CPU cores is an obvious way to yield results faster.

gitstatusd exhibits almost perfect scaling from multithreading. Engaging all cores allows it to produce results 12.4 times faster than in single-threaded execution. This is on Intel i9-7900X with 10 cores (20 with hyperthreading) with single-core frequency of 4.3GHz and all-core frequency of 4.0GHz.

Note: git status also uses all available cores in some parts of its algorithm while lg2 does everything in a single thread.

Postprocessing

Once the difference between the index and the workdir is found, we have a list of candidates -- files that may be unstaged or untracked. To make the final judgement, these files need to be checked against .gitignore rules and a few other things.

gitstatusd uses patched libgit2 for this step. This fork adds several optimizations that make libgit2 faster. The patched libgit2 performs more than twice as fast in the benchmark as the original even without changes in the user code (that is, in the code that uses the libgit2 APIs). The fork also adds several API extensions, most notable of which is the support for multi-threaded scans. If lg2 status is modified to take advantage of these extensions, it outperforms the original libgit2 by a factor of 18. Lastly, the fork fixes a score of bugs, most of which become apparent only when using libgit2 from multiple threads.

WARNING: Changes to libgit2 are extensive but the testing they underwent isn't. It is not recommended to use the patched libgit2 in production.

Requirements

• To compile: binutils, cmake, gcc, g++, git and GNU make.
• To run: Linux, macOS, FreeBSD, Android, WSL, Cygwin or MSYS2.

Compiling

There are prebuilt gitstatusd binaries in releases. When using the official shell bindings provided by gitstatus, the right binary for your architecture gets downloaded automatically.

If prebuilt binaries don't work for you, you'll need to get your hands dirty.

Compiling for personal use

git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/romkatv/gitstatus.git
cd gitstatus
./build -w -s -d docker

Users in mainland China can use the official mirror on gitee.com for faster download.
中国大陆用户可以使用 gitee.com 上的官方镜像加速下载.

git clone --depth=1 https://gitee.com/romkatv/gitstatus.git
cd gitstatus
./build -w -s -d docker

• If it says that -d docker is not supported on your OS, remove this flag.
• If it says that -s is not supported on your OS, remove this flag.
• If it tell you to install docker but you cannot or don't want to, remove -d docker.
• If it says that some command is missing, install it.

If everything goes well, the newly built binary will appear in ./usrbin. It'll be picked up by shell bindings automatically.

When you update shell bindings, they may refuse to work with the binary you've built earlier. In this case you'll need to rebuild.

If you are using gitstatus through Powerlevel10k, the instructions are the same except that you don't need to clone gitstatus. Instead, change your current directory to /path/to/powerlevel10k/gitstatus (/path/to/powerlevel10k is the directory where you've installed Powerlevel10k) and run ./build -w -s -d docker from there as described above.

Compiling for distribution

It's currently neither easy nor recommended to package and distribute gitstatus. There are no instructions you can follow that would allow you to easily update your package when new versions of gitstatus are released. This may change in the future but not soon.

License

GNU General Public License v3.0. See LICENSE. Contributions are covered by the same license.