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comprehensive-rust/TRANSLATIONS.md
Martin Geisler 48ec773052 Add support for translations
This implements a translation pipeline using the industry-standard
Gettext[1] system.

I picked Gettext for the reasons described in [2] and [3]:

* It’s widely used in open source software. This means that there are
  graphical editors which will help you in editing the `.po` files. An
  example is Poedit[4], which is available for all major platforms.

  There are also many online systems for doing translations. An
  example is Pontoon[5], which is used for the Rust website itself. We
  can consider setting up such an instance ourselves.

* It is a light-weight yet structured format. This means that nothing
  changes with regards to how you update the original English text. We
  can still accept fixes and PRs like normal.

  The structure means that translators can see exactly which part of
  the course they need to update after a change. This is completely
  lost if you simply copy over the original text and translate it
  in-place in the Markdown files.

The code here only adds support for translations. They are not yet
tested, published or used for anything. Next steps will be:

* Add support for switching languages via a bit of JavaScript on each
  page.

* Update the speaker notes feature to support translations (right now
  “Speaker Notes” is hard-coded into the generated HTML). I think we
  should turn it into a mdbook preprocessor instead.

* Add testing: We should test that the `.po` files are well-formed. We
  should also run `mdbook test` on each language since the
  translations can alter the embedded code.

Fixes #115.

[1]: https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/html_node/index.html
[2]: https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/pull/1864
[3]:
https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/issues/5#issuecomment-1144887806
[4]: https://poedit.net/
[5]: https://pontoon.rust-lang.org/
2023-01-18 16:12:53 +01:00

4.0 KiB

Translations of Comprehensive Rust 🦀

We would love to have your help with translating the course into other languages! We use the Gettext system for translations. This means that you don't modify the Markdown files directly: instead you modify .po files in a po/ directory. The .po files are small text-based translation databases.

There is a .po file for each language. They are named after the ISO 639 language codes: Danish would go into po/da.po, Korean would go into po/ko.po, etc. The .po files contain all the English text plus the translations. They are initialized from a messages.pot file (a PO template) which contains only the English text.

We will show how to update and manipulate the .po and .pot files using the GNU Gettext utilities below.

I18n Helpers

We use two helpers for the translations:

  • mdbook-xgettext: This program extracts the English text. It is an mdbook renderer.
  • mdbook-gettext: This program translates the book into a target language. It is an mdbook preprocessor.

Install both helpers with the following command from the root of the course:

$ cargo install --path i18n-helpers

Creating and Updating Translations

First, you need to know how to update the .pot and .po files.

As a general rule, you should never touch the auto-generated po/messages.pot file. You should also not edit the msgid entries in a po/xx.po file. If you find mistakes, you need to update the original English text instead. The fixes to the English text will flow into the .po files the next time the translators update them.

Generating the PO Template

To extract the original English text and generate a messages.pot file, you run mdbook with a special renderer:

$ MDBOOK_OUTPUT='{"xgettext": {"pot-file": "messages.pot"}}' \
  mdbook build -d po

You will find the generated POT file as po/messages.pot.

Initialize a New Translation

To start a new translation, first generate the po/messages.pot file. Then use msginit to create a xx.po file for the fictional xx language:

$ msginit -i po/messages.pot -l xx -o po/xx.po

You can also simply copy po/messages.pot to po/xx.po. Then update the file header (the first entry with msgid "") to the correct language.

Updating an Existing Translation

As the English text changes, translations gradually become outdated. To update the po/xx.po file with new messages, first extract the English text into a po/messages.pot template file. Then run

$ msgmerge --update po/xx.po po/messages.pot

Unchanged messages will stay intact, deleted messages are marked as old, and updated messages are marked "fuzzy". A fuzzy entry will reuse the previous translation: you should then go over it and update it as necessary before you remove the fuzzy marker.

Using Translations

This will show you how to use the translations to generate localized HTML output.

Building a Translation

To use the po/xx.po file for your output, run the following command:

$ MDBOOK_BOOK__LANGUAGE='xx' \
  MDBOOK_PREPROCESSOR__GETTEXT__PO_FILE='po/xx.po' \
  MDBOOK_PREPROCESSOR__GETTEXT__RENDERERS='["html"]' \
  MDBOOK_PREPROCESSOR__GETTEXT__BEFORE='["svgbob"]' \
  mdbook build -d book/xx

This will update the book's language to xx, it will make the mdbook-gettext preprocessor become active and tell it to use the po/xx.po file, and finally it will redirect the output to book/xx.

Serving a Translation

Like normal, you can use mdbook serve to view your translation as you work on it. You use the same command as with mdbook build above, but additionally we'll tell mdbook to watch the po/ directory for changes:

$ MDBOOK_BOOK__LANGUAGE=xx \
  MDBOOK_PREPROCESSOR__GETTEXT__PO_FILE=po/xx.po
  MDBOOK_BUILD__EXTRA_WATCH_DIRS='["po"]'
  mdbook serve -d book/xx