mirror of
https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust.git
synced 2024-12-15 06:20:32 +02:00
e1ef954d08
* fr: update the translation on the Welcome page. * fr: Some updates to summary.md entries, also removing a few fuzzy markers where the translation has not changed.
23129 lines
712 KiB
Plaintext
23129 lines
712 KiB
Plaintext
msgid ""
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msgstr ""
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"Project-Id-Version: Comprehensive Rust 🦀\n"
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"POT-Creation-Date: \n"
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"PO-Revision-Date: 2023-07-27 05:03-0400\n"
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"Last-Translator: Olivier Charrez <olivier.charrez@hotmail.com>\n"
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"Language-Team: French <traduc@traduc.org>\n"
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"Language: fr\n"
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"MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
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"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n"
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"X-Generator: Poedit 3.3.1\n"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:3
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msgid "Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
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msgstr "Bienvenue à Comprehensive Rust (le guide complet de Rust) 🦀"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:4
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msgid "Running the Course"
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msgstr "Comment présenter le cours"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:5
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msgid "Course Structure"
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msgstr "Structure du cours"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:6
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msgid "Keyboard Shortcuts"
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msgstr "Raccourcis clavier"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:7
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msgid "Translations"
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msgstr "Traductions"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:8
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msgid "Using Cargo"
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msgstr "Utiliser Cargo"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:9
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msgid "Rust Ecosystem"
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msgstr "Écosystème de Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:10
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msgid "Code Samples"
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msgstr "Exemples de code"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:11
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msgid "Running Cargo Locally"
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msgstr "Exécuter Cargo localement"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:14
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msgid "Day 1: Morning"
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msgstr "Jour 1 : Matin"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:18 src/SUMMARY.md:75 src/SUMMARY.md:128 src/SUMMARY.md:185
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:211 src/SUMMARY.md:261
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msgid "Welcome"
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msgstr "Bienvenue"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:19
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msgid "What is Rust?"
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msgstr "Qu'est-ce que Rust ?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:20
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msgid "Hello World!"
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msgstr "Bonjour le monde!"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:21
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msgid "Small Example"
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msgstr "Petit exemple"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:22
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msgid "Why Rust?"
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msgstr "Pourquoi Rust ?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:23
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msgid "Compile Time Guarantees"
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msgstr "Garanties à la compilation"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:24
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msgid "Runtime Guarantees"
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msgstr "Garanties à l'exécution"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:25
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msgid "Modern Features"
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msgstr "Fonctionnalités modernes"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:26
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msgid "Basic Syntax"
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msgstr "Syntaxe de base"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:27
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msgid "Scalar Types"
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msgstr "Types scalaires"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:28
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msgid "Compound Types"
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msgstr "Types composés"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:29
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msgid "References"
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msgstr "Références"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:30
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msgid "Dangling References"
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msgstr "Références invalides"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:31
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msgid "Slices"
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msgstr "Tranches"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:32
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msgid "String vs str"
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msgstr "String vs str"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:33
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msgid "Functions"
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msgstr "Fonctions"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:34
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msgid "Rustdoc"
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msgstr "Rustdoc"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:35 src/SUMMARY.md:82
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msgid "Methods"
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msgstr "Méthodes"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:36
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msgid "Overloading"
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msgstr "Surcharge"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:37 src/SUMMARY.md:66 src/SUMMARY.md:90 src/SUMMARY.md:119
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:148 src/SUMMARY.md:177 src/SUMMARY.md:204 src/SUMMARY.md:225
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:253 src/SUMMARY.md:275 src/SUMMARY.md:296
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msgid "Exercises"
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msgstr "Exercices"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:38
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msgid "Implicit Conversions"
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msgstr "Conversions implicites"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:39
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msgid "Arrays and for Loops"
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msgstr "Tableaux et boucles for"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:41
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msgid "Day 1: Afternoon"
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msgstr "Jour 1 : Après-midi"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:43
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msgid "Variables"
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msgstr "Variables"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:44
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msgid "Type Inference"
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msgstr "Inférence de type"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:45
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msgid "static & const"
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msgstr "static & const"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:46
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msgid "Scopes and Shadowing"
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msgstr "Portée et masquage"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:47
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msgid "Memory Management"
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msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:48
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msgid "Stack vs Heap"
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msgstr "Pile et Tas"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:49
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msgid "Stack Memory"
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msgstr "Mémoire de pile"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:50
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msgid "Manual Memory Management"
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msgstr "Gestion manuelle de la mémoire"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:51
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msgid "Scope-Based Memory Management"
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msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire basée sur la portée"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:52
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msgid "Garbage Collection"
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msgstr "Collecte des ordures"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:53
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msgid "Rust Memory Management"
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msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire avec Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:54
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msgid "Comparison"
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msgstr "Comparaison"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:55
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msgid "Ownership"
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msgstr "Propriété"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:56
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msgid "Move Semantics"
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msgstr "Sémantique de déplacement"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:57
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msgid "Moved Strings in Rust"
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msgstr "String déplacées avec Rust"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:58
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msgid "Double Frees in Modern C++"
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msgstr "Double libération de mémoire en C++ moderne"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:59
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msgid "Moves in Function Calls"
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msgstr "Déplacements dans les appels de fonction"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:60
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msgid "Copying and Cloning"
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msgstr "Copie et clonage"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:61
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msgid "Borrowing"
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msgstr "Emprunt"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:62
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msgid "Shared and Unique Borrows"
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msgstr "Emprunts partagés et uniques"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:63
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msgid "Lifetimes"
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msgstr "Durées de vie"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:64
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msgid "Lifetimes in Function Calls"
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msgstr "Durées de vie dans les appels de fonction"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:65
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msgid "Lifetimes in Data Structures"
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msgstr "Durées de vie dans les structures de données"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:67
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#, fuzzy
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msgid "Storing Books"
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msgstr "String"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:68
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msgid "Iterators and Ownership"
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msgstr "Itérateurs et propriété"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:71
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msgid "Day 2: Morning"
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msgstr "Jour 2 : Matin"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:76
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msgid "Structs"
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msgstr "Structures"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:77
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msgid "Tuple Structs"
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msgstr "Structures de tuple"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:78
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msgid "Field Shorthand Syntax"
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msgstr "Syntaxe abrégée des champs"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:79
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msgid "Enums"
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msgstr "Énumérations"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:80
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msgid "Variant Payloads"
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msgstr "Contenu variable"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:81
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msgid "Enum Sizes"
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msgstr "Tailles d'énumération"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:83
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msgid "Method Receiver"
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msgstr "Récepteur de méthode"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:84 src/SUMMARY.md:159 src/SUMMARY.md:274
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msgid "Example"
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msgstr "Exemple"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:85
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msgid "Pattern Matching"
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msgstr "Correspondance de motifs"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:86
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msgid "Destructuring Enums"
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msgstr "Déstructuration des énumérations"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:87
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msgid "Destructuring Structs"
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msgstr "Déstructuration des structures"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:88
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msgid "Destructuring Arrays"
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msgstr "Déstructuration des tableaux"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:89
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msgid "Match Guards"
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msgstr "Gardes de match"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:91
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msgid "Health Statistics"
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msgstr "Statistiques de santé"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:92
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msgid "Points and Polygons"
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msgstr "Points et polygones"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:94
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msgid "Day 2: Afternoon"
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msgstr "Jour 2 : Après-midi"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:96 src/SUMMARY.md:288
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msgid "Control Flow"
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msgstr "Flux de contrôle"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:97
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msgid "Blocks"
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msgstr "Blocs"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:98
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msgid "if expressions"
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msgstr "expressions `if`"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:99
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msgid "if let expressions"
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msgstr "expressions `if let`"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:100
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msgid "while expressions"
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msgstr "while expressions"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:101
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msgid "while let expressions"
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msgstr "expressions `while let`"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:102
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msgid "for expressions"
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msgstr "expressions `for`"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:103
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msgid "loop expressions"
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msgstr "expressions `loop`"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:104
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msgid "match expressions"
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msgstr "expressions `match`"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:105
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msgid "break & continue"
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msgstr "break & continue"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:106
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msgid "Standard Library"
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msgstr "Bibliothèque standard"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:107
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msgid "Option and Result"
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msgstr "Option et Result"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:108
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msgid "String"
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msgstr "String"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:109
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msgid "Vec"
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msgstr "Vec"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:110
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msgid "HashMap"
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msgstr "HashMap"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:111
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msgid "Box"
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msgstr "Box"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:112
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msgid "Recursive Data Types"
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msgstr "Types de données récursifs"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:113
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msgid "Niche Optimization"
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msgstr "Optimisation de niche"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:114
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msgid "Rc"
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msgstr "Rc"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:115
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msgid "Modules"
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msgstr "Modules"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:116
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msgid "Visibility"
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msgstr "Visibilité"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:117
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msgid "Paths"
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msgstr "Chemins"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:118
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msgid "Filesystem Hierarchy"
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msgstr "Hiérarchie du système de fichiers"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:120
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msgid "Luhn Algorithm"
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msgstr "Algorithme de Luhn"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:121
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msgid "Strings and Iterators"
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msgstr "Strings et Iterators"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:124
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msgid "Day 3: Morning"
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msgstr "Jour 3 : Matin"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:129
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msgid "Generics"
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msgstr "Génériques"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:130
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msgid "Generic Data Types"
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msgstr "Types de données génériques"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:131
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msgid "Generic Methods"
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msgstr "Méthodes génériques"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:132
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msgid "Monomorphization"
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msgstr "Monomorphisation"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:133
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msgid "Traits"
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msgstr "Caractéristiques"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:134
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msgid "Trait Objects"
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msgstr "Objets implementant des caractéristiques"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:135
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msgid "Deriving Traits"
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msgstr "Caractéristiques dérivées"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:136
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msgid "Default Methods"
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msgstr "Méthodes par défaut"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:137
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msgid "Trait Bounds"
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msgstr "Exigences de caractéristique"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:138
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msgid "impl Trait"
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msgstr "impl caractéristique"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:139
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msgid "Important Traits"
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msgstr "Caractéristiques importantes"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:140
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msgid "Iterator"
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msgstr "Iterator"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:141
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msgid "FromIterator"
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msgstr "FromIterator"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:142
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msgid "From and Into"
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msgstr "From et Into"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:143
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msgid "Read and Write"
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msgstr "Read et Write"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:144
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msgid "Drop"
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msgstr "Drop"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:145
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msgid "Default"
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msgstr "Default"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:146
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msgid "Operators: Add, Mul, ..."
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msgstr "Opérateurs : Add, Mul, ..."
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:147
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msgid "Closures: Fn, FnMut, FnOnce"
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msgstr ""
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:149
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msgid "A Simple GUI Library"
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msgstr "Une bibliothèque d'interface graphique"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:151
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msgid "Day 3: Afternoon"
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msgstr "Jour 3 : Après-midi"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:153
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msgid "Error Handling"
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msgstr "Gestion des erreurs"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:154
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msgid "Panics"
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msgstr "Paniques"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:155
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msgid "Catching Stack Unwinding"
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msgstr "Suspension de la pile"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:156
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msgid "Structured Error Handling"
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msgstr "Gestion structurée des erreurs"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:157
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msgid "Propagating Errors with ?"
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msgstr "Propagation des erreurs avec ?"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:158
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msgid "Converting Error Types"
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msgstr "Conversion des types d'erreur"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:160
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msgid "Deriving Error Enums"
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msgstr "Dérivation des énumérations d'erreur"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:161
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msgid "Dynamic Error Types"
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msgstr "Types d'erreurs dynamiques"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:162
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msgid "Adding Context to Errors"
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msgstr "Ajout de contexte aux erreurs"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:163
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msgid "Testing"
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msgstr "Tester"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:164
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msgid "Unit Tests"
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msgstr "Tests unitaires"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:165
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msgid "Test Modules"
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msgstr "Modules de test"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:166
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msgid "Documentation Tests"
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msgstr "Test de documentation"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:167
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msgid "Integration Tests"
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msgstr "Test d'intégration"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:168
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#, fuzzy
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msgid "Useful crates"
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msgstr "# Caisses utiles"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:169
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msgid "Unsafe Rust"
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msgstr "Rust risqué"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:170
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msgid "Dereferencing Raw Pointers"
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msgstr "Déréférencement des pointeurs bruts"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:171
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msgid "Mutable Static Variables"
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msgstr "Variables statiques mutables"
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#: src/SUMMARY.md:172
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msgid "Unions"
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msgstr "Unions"
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|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:173
|
|
msgid "Calling Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr "Appel de fonctions risquées"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:174
|
|
msgid "Writing Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr "Ecrire des fonctions risquées"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:175
|
|
msgid "Extern Functions"
|
|
msgstr "Fonctions externes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:176
|
|
msgid "Implementing Unsafe Traits"
|
|
msgstr "Implémentation de traits risqués"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:178
|
|
msgid "Safe FFI Wrapper"
|
|
msgstr "Enveloppe FFI sûre"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:181 src/SUMMARY.md:251
|
|
msgid "Android"
|
|
msgstr "Android"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:186
|
|
msgid "Setup"
|
|
msgstr "Installation"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:187
|
|
msgid "Build Rules"
|
|
msgstr "Règles de construction"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:188
|
|
msgid "Binary"
|
|
msgstr "Binaire"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:189
|
|
msgid "Library"
|
|
msgstr "Bibliothèque"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:190
|
|
msgid "AIDL"
|
|
msgstr "AIDL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:191
|
|
msgid "Interface"
|
|
msgstr "Interface"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:192
|
|
msgid "Implementation"
|
|
msgstr "Mise en œuvre"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:193
|
|
msgid "Server"
|
|
msgstr "Serveur"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:194
|
|
msgid "Deploy"
|
|
msgstr "Déployer"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:195
|
|
msgid "Client"
|
|
msgstr "Client"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:196
|
|
msgid "Changing API"
|
|
msgstr "Modification de l'API"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:197 src/SUMMARY.md:241
|
|
msgid "Logging"
|
|
msgstr "Journalisation"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:198
|
|
msgid "Interoperability"
|
|
msgstr "Interopérabilité"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:199
|
|
msgid "With C"
|
|
msgstr "Avec C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:200
|
|
msgid "Calling C with Bindgen"
|
|
msgstr "Appeler C avec Bindgen"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:201
|
|
msgid "Calling Rust from C"
|
|
msgstr "Appeler Rust depuis C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:202
|
|
msgid "With C++"
|
|
msgstr "Avec C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:203
|
|
msgid "With Java"
|
|
msgstr "Avec Java"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:207
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal: Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Bare Metal : Matin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:212
|
|
msgid "no_std"
|
|
msgstr "no_std"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:213
|
|
msgid "A Minimal Example"
|
|
msgstr "Un exemple minimal"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:214
|
|
msgid "alloc"
|
|
msgstr "alloc"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:215
|
|
msgid "Microcontrollers"
|
|
msgstr "Microcontrôleurs"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:216
|
|
msgid "Raw MMIO"
|
|
msgstr "MMIO brut"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:217
|
|
msgid "PACs"
|
|
msgstr "PACs"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:218
|
|
msgid "HAL Crates"
|
|
msgstr "HAL Crates"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:219
|
|
msgid "Board Support Crates"
|
|
msgstr "Board Support Crates"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:220
|
|
msgid "The Type State Pattern"
|
|
msgstr "Le modèle d'état de type"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:221
|
|
msgid "embedded-hal"
|
|
msgstr "embedded-hal"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:222
|
|
msgid "probe-rs, cargo-embed"
|
|
msgstr "probe-rs, cargo-embed"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:223
|
|
msgid "Debugging"
|
|
msgstr "Débogage"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:224 src/SUMMARY.md:244
|
|
msgid "Other Projects"
|
|
msgstr "Autres projets"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:226
|
|
msgid "Compass"
|
|
msgstr "Boussole"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:228
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal: Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Bare Metal : Après-midi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:230
|
|
msgid "Application Processors"
|
|
msgstr "Processeurs d'applications"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:231
|
|
msgid "Getting Ready to Rust"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:232
|
|
msgid "Inline Assembly"
|
|
msgstr "Assembleur en ligne"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:233
|
|
msgid "MMIO"
|
|
msgstr "MMIO"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:234
|
|
msgid "Let's Write a UART Driver"
|
|
msgstr "Écrivons un pilote UART"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:235
|
|
msgid "More Traits"
|
|
msgstr "Plus de traits"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:236
|
|
msgid "A Better UART Driver"
|
|
msgstr "Un meilleur pilote UART"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:237
|
|
msgid "Bitflags"
|
|
msgstr "Bitflags"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:238
|
|
msgid "Multiple Registers"
|
|
msgstr "Registres multiples"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:239
|
|
msgid "Driver"
|
|
msgstr "Pilote"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:240 src/SUMMARY.md:242
|
|
msgid "Using It"
|
|
msgstr "En l'utilisant"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:243
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Exceptions"
|
|
msgstr "Fonctions"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:245
|
|
msgid "Useful Crates"
|
|
msgstr "Crates utiles"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:246
|
|
msgid "zerocopy"
|
|
msgstr "zerocopy"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:247
|
|
msgid "aarch64-paging"
|
|
msgstr "aarch64-paging"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:248
|
|
msgid "buddy_system_allocator"
|
|
msgstr "buddy_system_allocator"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:249
|
|
msgid "tinyvec"
|
|
msgstr "tinyvec"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:250
|
|
msgid "spin"
|
|
msgstr "spin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:252
|
|
msgid "vmbase"
|
|
msgstr "vmbase"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:254
|
|
msgid "RTC Driver"
|
|
msgstr "Pilote RTC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:257
|
|
msgid "Concurrency: Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Concurrence : Matin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:262
|
|
msgid "Threads"
|
|
msgstr "Threads"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:263
|
|
msgid "Scoped Threads"
|
|
msgstr "Threads délimités"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:264
|
|
msgid "Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canaux"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:265
|
|
msgid "Unbounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canaux illimités"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:266
|
|
msgid "Bounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canaux limités"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:267
|
|
msgid "Send and Sync"
|
|
msgstr "Send et Sync"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:267
|
|
msgid "Send"
|
|
msgstr "Send"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:267
|
|
msgid "Sync"
|
|
msgstr "Sync"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:270
|
|
msgid "Examples"
|
|
msgstr "Exemples"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:271
|
|
msgid "Shared State"
|
|
msgstr "État partagé"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:272
|
|
msgid "Arc"
|
|
msgstr "Arc"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:273
|
|
msgid "Mutex"
|
|
msgstr "Mutex"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:276 src/SUMMARY.md:297
|
|
msgid "Dining Philosophers"
|
|
msgstr "Dîner des philosophes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:277
|
|
msgid "Multi-threaded Link Checker"
|
|
msgstr "Vérificateur de liens à plusieurs threads"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:279
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Concurrency: Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Concurrence : Après-midi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:281
|
|
msgid "Async Basics"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:282
|
|
msgid "async/await"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:283
|
|
msgid "Futures"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:284
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Runtimes"
|
|
msgstr "Garanties d'exécution"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:285
|
|
msgid "Tokio"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:286
|
|
msgid "Tasks"
|
|
msgstr "Tâches"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:287
|
|
msgid "Async Channels"
|
|
msgstr "Canaux asynchrones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:289
|
|
msgid "Join"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:290
|
|
msgid "Select"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:291
|
|
msgid "Pitfalls"
|
|
msgstr "Pièges"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:292
|
|
msgid "Blocking the Executor"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:293
|
|
msgid "Pin"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:294
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Async Traits"
|
|
msgstr "Traits asynchrones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:295
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Cancellation"
|
|
msgstr "Traductions"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:298
|
|
msgid "Broadcast Chat Application"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:301
|
|
msgid "Final Words"
|
|
msgstr "Derniers mots"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:305
|
|
msgid "Thanks!"
|
|
msgstr "Merci!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:306
|
|
msgid "Other Resources"
|
|
msgstr "Autres ressources"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:307
|
|
msgid "Credits"
|
|
msgstr "Crédits"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:310
|
|
msgid "Solutions"
|
|
msgstr "Solutions"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:315
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Jour 1 Matin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:316
|
|
msgid "Day 1 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Jour 1 Après-midi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:317
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Jour 2 Matin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:318
|
|
msgid "Day 2 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Jour 2 Après-midi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:319
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Jour 3 Matin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:320
|
|
msgid "Day 3 Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Jour 3 Après-midi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:321
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Bare Metal Rust Matin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:322
|
|
msgid "Bare Metal Rust Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Bare Metal Rust Après-midi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:323
|
|
msgid "Concurrency Morning"
|
|
msgstr "Matin concurrence"
|
|
|
|
#: src/SUMMARY.md:324
|
|
msgid "Concurrency Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "Après-midi concurrence"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Comprehensive Rust 🦀"
|
|
msgstr "# Bienvenue à Comprehensive Rust (le guide complet de Rust) 🦀"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[![Flux de construction](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/"
|
|
"status/google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://"
|
|
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?"
|
|
"query=branch%3Amain)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:3
|
|
msgid "Build workflow"
|
|
msgstr "Flux de construction"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[![Build workflow](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/"
|
|
"google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?query=branch%3Amain)\n"
|
|
"[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[![Flux de construction](https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/"
|
|
"status/google/comprehensive-rust/build.yml?style=flat-square)](https://"
|
|
"github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/actions/workflows/build.yml?"
|
|
"query=branch%3Amain)\n"
|
|
"[![Contributeurs GitHub](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:4
|
|
msgid "GitHub contributors"
|
|
msgstr "Contributeurs GitHub"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:4
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[![GitHub contributors](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors)\n"
|
|
"[![GitHub stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-"
|
|
"rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/"
|
|
"stargazers)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[![Contributeurs GitHub](https://img.shields.io/github/contributors/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/"
|
|
"comprehensive-rust/graphs/contributors)\n"
|
|
"[![GitHub étoiles](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-"
|
|
"rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/"
|
|
"stargazers )"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:5
|
|
msgid "GitHub stars"
|
|
msgstr "Étoiles GitHub"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[![GitHub stars](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-"
|
|
"rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/"
|
|
"stargazers)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[![GitHub étoiles](https://img.shields.io/github/stars/google/comprehensive-"
|
|
"rust?style=flat-square)](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/"
|
|
"stargazers)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a three day Rust course developed by the Android team. The course "
|
|
"covers\n"
|
|
"the full spectrum of Rust, from basic syntax to advanced topics like "
|
|
"generics\n"
|
|
"and error handling. It also includes Android-specific content on the last "
|
|
"day."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ce cours Rust de trois jours a été développé par l'équipe Android. Le cours "
|
|
"couvre\n"
|
|
"l'ensemble du langage Rust, de la syntaxe de base aux sujets avancés comme "
|
|
"les\n"
|
|
"génériques et la gestion des erreurs. Il inclut également du contenu "
|
|
"spécifique à\n"
|
|
"Android le dernier jour."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The goal of the course is to teach you Rust. We assume you don't know "
|
|
"anything\n"
|
|
"about Rust and hope to:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le but du cours est de vous apprendre Rust. Nous supposons que vous ne savez "
|
|
"rien\n"
|
|
"à propos de Rust et espérons :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Give you a comprehensive understanding of the Rust syntax and language.\n"
|
|
"* Enable you to modify existing programs and write new programs in Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Show you common Rust idioms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Vous donner une compréhension complète de la syntaxe et du langage Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Vous permettre de modifier des programmes existants et d'écrire de "
|
|
"nouveaux programmes en Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Vous montrer les constructions fréquentes (idiomes) en Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The first three days show you the fundamentals of Rust. Following this, "
|
|
"you're\n"
|
|
"invited to dive into one or more specialized topics:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les trois premiers jours sont consacrés aux fondamentaux du langage.\n"
|
|
"Vous pouvez ensuite approfondir un ou plusieurs des sujets suivant:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [Android](android.md): a half-day course on using Rust for Android "
|
|
"platform\n"
|
|
" development (AOSP). This includes interoperability with C, C++, and Java.\n"
|
|
"* [Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): a whole-day class on using Rust for bare-"
|
|
"metal\n"
|
|
" (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application processors "
|
|
"are\n"
|
|
" covered.\n"
|
|
"* [Concurrency](concurrency.md): a whole-day class on concurrency in Rust. "
|
|
"We\n"
|
|
" cover both classical concurrency (preemptively scheduling using threads "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" mutexes) and async/await concurrency (cooperative multitasking using\n"
|
|
" futures)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [Android](android.md): un cours d'une demi-journée consacré à "
|
|
"l'utilisation de Rust dans le cadre du\n"
|
|
" développement pour la plate-forme Android.\n"
|
|
" Ce cours couvre également l'interopérabilité avec les langages C, C++ et "
|
|
"Java.\n"
|
|
"* [Bare-metal](bare-metal.md): un cours d'une journée consacré à "
|
|
"l'utilisation\n"
|
|
" de Rust pour le développement embarqué. Le cours touche à la fois aux\n"
|
|
" microcontrôleurs et aux processeurs d'applications.\n"
|
|
"* [Programmation concurrente](concurrency.md): un cours d'une journée "
|
|
"consacré à la programmation\n"
|
|
" concurrente en Rust. Nous couvrons la concurrence classique (planification "
|
|
"à base de threads et\n"
|
|
" mutex) ainsi que la concurrence async/await (multitâche coopératif à base "
|
|
"de futures)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:32
|
|
msgid "## Non-Goals"
|
|
msgstr "## Non-objectifs"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is a large language and we won't be able to cover all of it in a few "
|
|
"days.\n"
|
|
"Some non-goals of this course are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust est un grand langage et nous ne pourrons pas tout couvrir en quelques "
|
|
"jours.\n"
|
|
"Certains non-objectifs de ce cours sont :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Learning how to develop macros: please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust\n"
|
|
" Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by\n"
|
|
" Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous aborderons ensuite brièvement les capacités dangereuses. Pour plus de "
|
|
"détails, veuillez consulter\n"
|
|
"[Chapitre 19.1 du Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-"
|
|
"rust.html)\n"
|
|
"et le [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:41
|
|
msgid "## Assumptions"
|
|
msgstr "## Hypothèses"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course assumes that you already know how to program. Rust is a "
|
|
"statically-\n"
|
|
"typed language and we will sometimes make comparisons with C and C++ to "
|
|
"better\n"
|
|
"explain or contrast the Rust approach."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le cours suppose que vous savez déjà programmer. Rust est un language\n"
|
|
"statiquement typé et on fera parfois des comparaisons avec C et C++ pour "
|
|
"mieux\n"
|
|
"expliquer ou contraster l'approche de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:47
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you know how to program in a dynamically-typed language such as Python "
|
|
"or\n"
|
|
"JavaScript, then you will be able to follow along just fine too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si vous savez programmer dans un langage à typage dynamique tel que Python "
|
|
"ou\n"
|
|
"JavaScript, alors vous pourrez également très bien suivre."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:50 src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:19
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:22 src/cargo/running-locally.md:68
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:14 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:19
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:20 src/hello-world/small-example.md:21 src/why-rust.md:9
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:14 src/why-rust/runtime.md:8
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:19 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:19
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:28 src/basic-syntax/references.md:21
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:18 src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:25
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:33 src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:22
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:32 src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:25
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:9 src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:90
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:15 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:24
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:46
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:23 src/memory-management/stack.md:26
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:12 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:20
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:18 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:33
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:25 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:23
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:27
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:23
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:9 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:100
|
|
#: src/structs.md:29 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:35
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:25 src/enums.md:32
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:33 src/enums/sizes.md:27 src/methods.md:28
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:22 src/methods/example.md:44
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:23 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:33
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:21
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:19
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:20 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:9
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:115 src/control-flow/blocks.md:41
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:33
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:21
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:24
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:23
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:25
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:26 src/std.md:23
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:16 src/std/string.md:28 src/std/vec.md:35
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:36 src/std/box.md:32 src/std/box-recursive.md:31
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:29 src/modules.md:26 src/modules/visibility.md:37
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:42 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:5
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:19 src/generics/methods.md:23
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:70 src/traits/default-methods.md:30
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:33 src/traits/impl-trait.md:21
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:30 src/traits/from-iterator.md:15
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:27 src/traits/drop.md:32 src/traits/default.md:38
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:24 src/traits/closures.md:32
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:5 src/error-handling/result.md:25
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:46
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:48
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:37
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:34
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:33 src/unsafe.md:26
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:25 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:30
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:19 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:31
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:19 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:28
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:12
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:81
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:10 src/bare-metal/minimal.md:15
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:37 src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:23
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:62
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:47
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:37
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:26
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:30
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:17
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:14
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:25
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:16
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:5 src/bare-metal/aps.md:7
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:75
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:41 src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:7
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:53 src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:22
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:24
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:35
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:39
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:62
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:49 src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:48
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:44 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:62
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:15
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:43
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:26
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:24
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:21
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:21 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:19
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:5 src/concurrency/threads.md:28
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:35 src/concurrency/channels.md:25
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:29 src/concurrency/send-sync.md:18
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:11 src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:12
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:27
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:29
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:21
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:10 src/async/async-await.md:23
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:30 src/async/runtimes.md:18
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:31 src/async/tasks.md:50
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:33 src/async/control-flow/join.md:34
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:60
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:27 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:66
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:70
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:11
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:75
|
|
msgid "<details>"
|
|
msgstr "<details>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is an example of a _speaker note_. We will use these to add additional\n"
|
|
"information to the slides. This could be key points which the instructor "
|
|
"should\n"
|
|
"cover as well as answers to typical questions which come up in class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ceci est un exemple de _note du conférencier_. Nous les utiliserons pour "
|
|
"ajouter d'autres\n"
|
|
"informations sur les diapositives. Cela pourrait être des points clés que "
|
|
"l'instructeur devrait\n"
|
|
"couvrir, ainsi que des réponses aux questions typiques posées en classe."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome.md:56 src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:67
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:35 src/cargo/running-locally.md:74
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:42 src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:29
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:40 src/hello-world/small-example.md:46 src/why-rust.md:24
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:35 src/why-rust/runtime.md:23
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:66 src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:43
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:62 src/basic-syntax/references.md:29
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:36 src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:44
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:41 src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:33
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:45 src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:30
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:28 src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:95
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:20 src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:48
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:52
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:39 src/memory-management/stack.md:49
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:18 src/ownership/move-semantics.md:26
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:26 src/ownership/copy-clone.md:51
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:51 src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:29
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:60
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:30
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:15 src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:104
|
|
#: src/structs.md:42 src/structs/tuple-structs.md:44
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:72 src/enums.md:42
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:45 src/enums/sizes.md:155 src/methods.md:41
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:28 src/methods/example.md:53
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:35 src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:39
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:29
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:46
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:28 src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:15
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:125 src/control-flow/blocks.md:47
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:37
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:41
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:29
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:30
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:32
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:33 src/std.md:31
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:25 src/std/string.md:42 src/std/vec.md:49
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:66 src/std/box.md:39 src/std/box-recursive.md:41
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:69 src/modules.md:32 src/modules/visibility.md:48
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:71 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:11
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:25 src/generics/methods.md:31
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:83 src/traits/default-methods.md:60
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:50 src/traits/impl-trait.md:44
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:42 src/traits/from-iterator.md:26
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:33 src/traits/drop.md:42 src/traits/default.md:47
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:40 src/traits/closures.md:63
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:11 src/error-handling/result.md:33
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:53
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:60
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:45
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:41
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:42 src/unsafe.md:32
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:43 src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:35
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:28 src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:38
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:28 src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:37
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:18
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:86
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:15 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:65
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:26 src/bare-metal/alloc.md:49
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:29
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:72
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:65
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:49
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:40
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:43
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:23
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:29
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:38
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:26
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:11 src/bare-metal/aps.md:15
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:101
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:58 src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:17
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:27 src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:28
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:40
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:46
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:67
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:55 src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:52
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:49 src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:75
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:29
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:53
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:33
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:30
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:26
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:30 src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:25
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:11 src/concurrency/threads.md:45
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:40 src/concurrency/channels.md:32
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:35 src/concurrency/send-sync.md:23
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:16 src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:18
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:38
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:45
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:56
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:16 src/async/async-await.md:48
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:45 src/async/runtimes.md:29
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:49 src/async/tasks.md:63
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:49 src/async/control-flow/join.md:50
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:79
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:50 src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:112
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:63 src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:114
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:17
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:79
|
|
msgid "</details>"
|
|
msgstr "</details>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Running the Course"
|
|
msgstr "# Comment présenter le cours"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:3 src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:3
|
|
msgid "> This page is for the course instructor."
|
|
msgstr "> Cette page est destinée au formateur."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here is a bit of background information about how we've been running the "
|
|
"course\n"
|
|
"internally at Google."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Voici quelques informations générales sur la façon dont nous avons organisé "
|
|
"le cours\n"
|
|
"en interne chez Google."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:8
|
|
msgid "Before you run the course, you will want to:"
|
|
msgstr "Avant de suivre le cours, vous voudriez :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"1. Make yourself familiar with the course material. We've included speaker "
|
|
"notes\n"
|
|
" to help highlight the key points (please help us by contributing more "
|
|
"speaker\n"
|
|
" notes!). When presenting, you should make sure to open the speaker notes "
|
|
"in a\n"
|
|
" popup (click the link with a little arrow next to \"Speaker Notes\"). "
|
|
"This way\n"
|
|
" you have a clean screen to present to the class.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Decide on the dates. Since the course takes at least three full days, we "
|
|
"recommend that you\n"
|
|
" schedule the days over two weeks. Course participants have said that\n"
|
|
" they find it helpful to have a gap in the course since it helps them "
|
|
"process\n"
|
|
" all the information we give them.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Find a room large enough for your in-person participants. We recommend a\n"
|
|
" class size of 15-25 people. That's small enough that people are "
|
|
"comfortable\n"
|
|
" asking questions --- it's also small enough that one instructor will "
|
|
"have\n"
|
|
" time to answer the questions. Make sure the room has _desks_ for yourself "
|
|
"and for the\n"
|
|
" students: you will all need to be able to sit and work with your "
|
|
"laptops.\n"
|
|
" In particular, you will be doing a lot of live-coding as an instructor, "
|
|
"so a lectern won't\n"
|
|
" be very helpful for you.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. On the day of your course, show up to the room a little early to set "
|
|
"things\n"
|
|
" up. We recommend presenting directly using `mdbook serve` running on "
|
|
"your\n"
|
|
" laptop (see the [installation instructions][3]). This ensures optimal "
|
|
"performance with no lag as you change pages.\n"
|
|
" Using your laptop will also allow you to fix typos as you or the course\n"
|
|
" participants spot them.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Let people solve the exercises by themselves or in small groups.\n"
|
|
" We typically spend 30-45 minutes on exercises in the morning and in the "
|
|
"afternoon (including time to review the solutions).\n"
|
|
" Make sure to\n"
|
|
" ask people if they're stuck or if there is anything you can help with. "
|
|
"When\n"
|
|
" you see that several people have the same problem, call it out to the "
|
|
"class\n"
|
|
" and offer a solution, e.g., by showing people where to find the relevant\n"
|
|
" information in the standard library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"1. Familiarisez-vous avec le matériel de cours. Nous avons inclus les notes "
|
|
"du conférencier\n"
|
|
" pour aider à mettre en évidence les points clés (veuillez nous aider en "
|
|
"contribuant à plus de\n"
|
|
" remarques!). Lors de la présentation, vous devez vous assurer d'ouvrir "
|
|
"les notes du présentateur dans un\n"
|
|
" popup (cliquez sur le lien avec une petite flèche à côté de \"Notes du "
|
|
"conférencier\"). Ainsi,\n"
|
|
" vous avez un écran propre à présenter à la classe.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Sélectionnez votre sujet pour l'après-midi du quatrième jour. Cela peut "
|
|
"être basé sur\n"
|
|
" le public que vous attendez, ou sur votre propre expertise.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Décidez des dates. Comme le parcours est vaste, nous vous recommandons "
|
|
"de\n"
|
|
" répartir les quatre jours sur deux semaines. Les participants au cours "
|
|
"ont dit\n"
|
|
" qu'ils trouvent utile d'avoir une pause dans le cours, car cela les aide "
|
|
"à traiter\n"
|
|
" toutes les informations que nous leur donnons.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Trouvez une salle suffisamment grande pour vos participants en personne. "
|
|
"Nous recommandons un\n"
|
|
" classe de 15 à 20 personnes. C'est assez petit pour que les gens soient à "
|
|
"l'aise pour\n"
|
|
" poser des questions --- c'est aussi assez petit pour qu'un instructeur "
|
|
"ait\n"
|
|
" le temps de répondre aux questions. Assurez-vous que la salle dispose de "
|
|
"_bureaux_ pour vous et pour les\n"
|
|
" étudiants : vous devriez tous pouvoir vous asseoir et travailler avec vos "
|
|
"ordinateurs portables.\n"
|
|
" En particulier, vous ferez beaucoup de programmation en direct en tant "
|
|
"qu'instructeur, donc un pupitre\n"
|
|
" ne sera pas très utile pour vous.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Le jour de votre cours, présentez-vous à la salle un peu en avance pour "
|
|
"préparer les choses.\n"
|
|
" Nous vous recommandons de présenter directement en utilisant `mdbook "
|
|
"serve` exécuté sur votre\n"
|
|
" ordinateur portable (voir les [instructions d'installation][3]). Cela "
|
|
"garantit des performances optimales\n"
|
|
" sans décalage lorsque vous changez de page.\n"
|
|
" L'utilisation de votre ordinateur portable vous permettra également de "
|
|
"corriger les fautes de frappe lorsque que vous ou\n"
|
|
" les participants les repèrent.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Laissez les participants résoudre les exercices seuls ou en petits "
|
|
"groupes. Assurez-vous de\n"
|
|
" demandez aux gens s'ils sont coincés ou s'il y a quelque chose où vous "
|
|
"pouvez aider. Quand\n"
|
|
" vous voyez que plusieurs personnes ont le même problème, dites-le à la "
|
|
"classe\n"
|
|
" et proposez une solution, par exemple en montrant aux gens où trouver "
|
|
"les\n"
|
|
" informations dans la bibliothèque standard.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1. Préparez tout ce dont vous avez besoin pour l'après-midi du jour 4."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:43
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"That is all, good luck running the course! We hope it will be as much fun "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
"you as it has been for us!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"C'est tout, bonne chance pour suivre le cours ! Nous espérons que ce sera "
|
|
"aussi amusant pour\n"
|
|
"vous comme il l'a été pour nous !"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course.md:46
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please [provide feedback][1] afterwards so that we can keep improving the\n"
|
|
"course. We would love to hear what worked well for you and what can be made\n"
|
|
"better. Your students are also very welcome to [send us feedback][2]!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Veuillez [fournir des commentaires][1] par la suite afin que nous puissions "
|
|
"continuer à améliorer le\n"
|
|
"cours. Nous aimerions savoir ce qui a bien fonctionné pour vous et ce qui "
|
|
"peut être mieux fait.\n"
|
|
"Vos élèves sont également les bienvenus pour [envoyer des commentaires][2] !"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Course Structure"
|
|
msgstr "# Structure du cours"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:5
|
|
msgid "The course is fast paced and covers a lot of ground:"
|
|
msgstr "Le cours est rapide et couvre beaucoup de terrain:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Day 1: Basic Rust, ownership and the borrow checker.\n"
|
|
"* Day 2: Compound data types, pattern matching, the standard library.\n"
|
|
"* Day 3: Traits and generics, error handling, testing, unsafe Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Jour 1 : Rust de base, propriété et vérificateur d'emprunt.\n"
|
|
"* Jour 2 : Types de données composés, filtrage de motifs, bibliothèque "
|
|
"standard.\n"
|
|
"* Jour 3 : Caractéristiques et génériques, gestion des erreurs, tests, Rust "
|
|
"risqué.\n"
|
|
"* Jour 4 : Concurrence avec Rust et voir Rust en action."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:11
|
|
msgid "## Deep Dives"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition to the 3-day class on Rust Fundamentals, we cover some more\n"
|
|
"specialized topics:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "### Android"
|
|
msgstr "## Android"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Android Deep Dive](../android.md) is a half-day course on using Rust "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
"Android platform development. This includes interoperability with C, C++, "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
"Java."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need an [AOSP checkout][1]. Make a checkout of the [course\n"
|
|
"repository][2] on the same machine and move the `src/android/` directory "
|
|
"into\n"
|
|
"the root of your AOSP checkout. This will ensure that the Android build "
|
|
"system\n"
|
|
"sees the `Android.bp` files in `src/android/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si vous avez choisi Android pour l'après-midi du jour 4, vous aurez besoin "
|
|
"d'un [AOSP checkout][1].\n"
|
|
"Effectuez un checkout du [répertoire du cours][2] sur la même machine et "
|
|
"déplacez le dossier\n"
|
|
"`src/android/` à la racine de votre checkout AOSP. Cela assurera\n"
|
|
"que le système de construction d'Android voit les fichiers `Android.bp` dans "
|
|
"`src/android/`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Ensure that `adb sync` works with your emulator or real device and pre-build "
|
|
"all\n"
|
|
"Android examples using `src/android/build_all.sh`. Read the script to see "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"commands it runs and make sure they work when you run them by hand."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Assurez-vous que `adb sync` fonctionne avec votre émulateur ou votre "
|
|
"appareil réel et pré-construisez\n"
|
|
"tous les exemples Android en utilisant `src/android/build_all.sh`. Lisez le "
|
|
"script pour voir\n"
|
|
"les commandes éxécutées et assurez-vous qu'elles fonctionnent lorsque vous "
|
|
"les exécutez à la main."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:34
|
|
msgid "### Bare-Metal"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Bare-Metal Deep Dive](../bare-metal.md): a full day class on using Rust "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
"bare-metal (embedded) development. Both microcontrollers and application\n"
|
|
"processors are covered."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the microcontroller part, you will need to buy the [BBC\n"
|
|
"micro:bit](https://microbit.org/) v2 development board ahead of time. "
|
|
"Everybody\n"
|
|
"will need to install a number of packages as described on the [welcome\n"
|
|
"page](../bare-metal.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:45
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "### Concurrency"
|
|
msgstr "Concurrence"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Concurrency Deep Dive](../concurrency.md) is a full day class on "
|
|
"classical\n"
|
|
"as well as `async`/`await` concurrency."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need a fresh crate set up and the dependencies downloaded and ready "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
"go. You can then copy/paste the examples into `src/main.rs` to experiment "
|
|
"with\n"
|
|
"them:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"cargo init concurrency\n"
|
|
"cd concurrency\n"
|
|
"cargo add tokio --features full\n"
|
|
"cargo run\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:61
|
|
msgid "## Format"
|
|
msgstr "##Format"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/course-structure.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course is meant to be very interactive and we recommend letting the\n"
|
|
"questions drive the exploration of Rust!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le cours se veut très interactif et nous recommandons de laisser les\n"
|
|
"questions guider l'exploration de Rust !"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Keyboard Shortcuts"
|
|
msgstr "# Raccourcis clavier"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:3
|
|
msgid "There are several useful keyboard shortcuts in mdBook:"
|
|
msgstr "Il existe plusieurs raccourcis clavier utiles dans mdBook :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/keyboard-shortcuts.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* <kbd>Arrow-Left</kbd>: Navigate to the previous page.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>Arrow-Right</kbd>: Navigate to the next page.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>Ctrl + Enter</kbd>: Execute the code sample that has focus.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>s</kbd>: Activate the search bar."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* <kbd>Flèche vers la gauche</kbd> : Navigue à la page précédente.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>Flèche vers la droite</kbd> : Navigue à la page suivante.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>Ctrl + Entrée</kbd> : Exécute l'exemple de code qui a le focus.\n"
|
|
"* <kbd>s</kbd> : Active la barre de recherche."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Translations"
|
|
msgstr "# Traductions"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The course has been translated into other languages by a set of wonderful\n"
|
|
"volunteers:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le cours a été traduit dans d'autres langues par un ensemble de merveilleux\n"
|
|
"bénévoles:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [Brazilian Portuguese][pt-BR] by [@rastringer] and [@hugojacob].\n"
|
|
"* [Korean][ko] by [@keispace], [@jiyongp] and [@jooyunghan]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [portugais brésilien][pt-BR] par [@rastringer] et [@hugojacob].\n"
|
|
"* [coréen][ko] par [@keispace], [@jiyongp] et [@jooyunghan]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the language picker in the top-right corner to switch between languages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Utilisez le sélecteur de langue dans le coin supérieur droit pour basculer "
|
|
"entre les langues."
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Incomplete Translations"
|
|
msgstr "# Traductions"
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There is a large number of in-progress translations. We link to the most\n"
|
|
"recently updated translations:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [Bengali][bn] by [@raselmandol].\n"
|
|
"* [French][fr] by [@KookaS] and [@vcaen].\n"
|
|
"* [German][de] by [@Throvn] and [@ronaldfw].\n"
|
|
"* [Japanese][ja] by [@CoinEZ-JPN] and [@momotaro1105]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/running-the-course/translations.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to help with this effort, please see [our instructions] for how "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
"get going. Translations are coordinated on the [issue tracker]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si vous souhaitez contribuer à cet effort, veuillez consulter [nos "
|
|
"instructions] pour savoir comment\n"
|
|
"se lancer. Les traductions sont coordonnées sur le [traqueur de problèmes]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Using Cargo"
|
|
msgstr "# Utiliser Cargo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you start reading about Rust, you will soon meet [Cargo](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/cargo/), the standard tool\n"
|
|
"used in the Rust ecosystem to build and run Rust applications. Here we want "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
"give a brief overview of what Cargo is and how it fits into the wider "
|
|
"ecosystem\n"
|
|
"and how it fits into this training."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lorsque vous commencerez à lire sur Rust, vous rencontrerez bientôt [Cargo]"
|
|
"(https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/), l'outil standard\n"
|
|
"utilisé dans l'écosystème Rust pour créer et exécuter des applications Rust. "
|
|
"Ici, nous voulons\n"
|
|
"donner un bref aperçu de ce qu'est Cargo et comment il s'intègre dans le "
|
|
"large écosystème\n"
|
|
"et comment cela s'inscrit dans cette formation."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:8
|
|
msgid "## Installation"
|
|
msgstr "## Installation"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:10
|
|
msgid "### Rustup (Recommended)"
|
|
msgstr "### Rustup (recommandé)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can follow the instructions to install cargo and rust compiler, among "
|
|
"other standard ecosystem tools with the [rustup][3] tool, which is "
|
|
"maintained by the Rust Foundation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez suivre les instructions pour installer Cargo et le compilateur "
|
|
"Rust, parmi d'autres outils de l'écosystème standard avec l'outil [rustup]"
|
|
"[3], qui est maintenu par la Foundation Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Along with cargo and rustc, Rustup will install itself as a command line "
|
|
"utility that you can use to install/switch toolchains, setup cross "
|
|
"compilation, etc."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Avec cargo et rustc, Rustup s'installera en tant qu'utilitaire de ligne de "
|
|
"commande que vous pourrez utiliser pour installer/changer de chaînes "
|
|
"d'outils, configurer une compilation croisée, etc."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:16
|
|
msgid "### Package Managers"
|
|
msgstr "### Gestionnaires de packages"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:18
|
|
msgid "#### Debian"
|
|
msgstr "#### Debian"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"On Debian/Ubuntu, you can install Cargo, the Rust source and the [Rust "
|
|
"formatter][6] with"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Sur Debian/Ubuntu, vous pouvez installer Cargo, la source Rust et le "
|
|
"[formateur Rust][6] avec"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ sudo apt install cargo rust-src rustfmt\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This will allow [rust-analyzer][1] to jump to the definitions. We suggest "
|
|
"using\n"
|
|
"[VS Code][2] to edit the code (but any LSP compatible editor works)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cela permettra à [rust-analyzer][1] de passer directement aux définitions. "
|
|
"Nous suggérons d'utiliser\n"
|
|
"[VS Code][2] pour modifier le code (mais tout éditeur LSP compatible "
|
|
"fonctionne)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some folks also like to use the [JetBrains][4] family of IDEs, which do "
|
|
"their own analysis but have their own tradeoffs. If you prefer them, you can "
|
|
"install the [Rust Plugin][5]. Please take note that as of January 2023 "
|
|
"debugging only works on the CLion version of the JetBrains IDEA suite."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Certaines personnes aiment également utiliser la famille d'IDE [JetBrains] "
|
|
"[4], qui effectuent leur propre analyse mais ont leurs propres compromis. Si "
|
|
"vous les préférez, vous pouvez installer le [Plugin Rust][5]. Veuillez noter "
|
|
"qu'à partir de janvier 2023, le débogage ne fonctionne que sur la version "
|
|
"CLion de la suite JetBrains IDEA."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:1
|
|
msgid "# The Rust Ecosystem"
|
|
msgstr "# L'écosystème de Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust ecosystem consists of a number of tools, of which the main ones are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'écosystème de Rust est composé d'un certain nombre d'outils, dont les "
|
|
"principaux sont :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `rustc`: the Rust compiler which turns `.rs` files into binaries and "
|
|
"other\n"
|
|
" intermediate formats.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `cargo`: the Rust dependency manager and build tool. Cargo knows how to\n"
|
|
" download dependencies hosted on <https://crates.io> and it will pass them "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
" `rustc` when building your project. Cargo also comes with a built-in test\n"
|
|
" runner which is used to execute unit tests.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `rustup`: the Rust toolchain installer and updater. This tool is used to\n"
|
|
" install and update `rustc` and `cargo` when new versions of Rust is "
|
|
"released.\n"
|
|
" In addition, `rustup` can also download documentation for the standard\n"
|
|
" library. You can have multiple versions of Rust installed at once and "
|
|
"`rustup`\n"
|
|
" will let you switch between them as needed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `rustc` : le compilateur Rust qui transforme les fichiers `.rs` en "
|
|
"binaires et autres\n"
|
|
" formats intermédiaires.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `cargo` : le gestionnaire de dépendances Rust et l'outil de construction. "
|
|
"Cargo sait comment\n"
|
|
" télécharger les dépendances hébergées sur <https://crates.io> et il les "
|
|
"transmettra à\n"
|
|
" `rustc` lors de la construction de votre projet. Cargo est également livré "
|
|
"avec un exécuteur de test\n"
|
|
" qui est utilisé pour exécuter des tests unitaires.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `rustup` : le programme d'installation et de mise à jour de la chaîne "
|
|
"d'outils Rust. Cet outil sert à\n"
|
|
" installer et mettez à jour `rustc` et `cargo` lorsque de nouvelles "
|
|
"versions de Rust sont publiées.\n"
|
|
" De plus, `rustup` peut également télécharger la documentation de la \n"
|
|
" bibliothèque standard. Vous pouvez avoir plusieurs versions de Rust "
|
|
"installées à la fois et `rustup`\n"
|
|
" vous permettra de basculer entre elles au besoin."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:21 src/hello-world.md:25
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:27 src/why-rust/runtime.md:10
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:21 src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:30
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:23
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:35
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:48
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:50
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:30 src/async/async-await.md:25
|
|
msgid "Key points:"
|
|
msgstr "Points clés:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/rust-ecosystem.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust has a rapid release schedule with a new release coming out\n"
|
|
" every six weeks. New releases maintain backwards compatibility with\n"
|
|
" old releases --- plus they enable new functionality.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* There are three release channels: \"stable\", \"beta\", and \"nightly\".\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* New features are being tested on \"nightly\", \"beta\" is what becomes\n"
|
|
" \"stable\" every six weeks.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust also has [editions]: the current edition is Rust 2021. Previous\n"
|
|
" editions were Rust 2015 and Rust 2018.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * The editions are allowed to make backwards incompatible changes to\n"
|
|
" the language.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * To prevent breaking code, editions are opt-in: you select the\n"
|
|
" edition for your crate via the `Cargo.toml` file.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * To avoid splitting the ecosystem, Rust compilers can mix code\n"
|
|
" written for different editions.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Mention that it is quite rare to ever use the compiler directly not "
|
|
"through `cargo` (most users never do).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * It might be worth alluding that Cargo itself is an extremely powerful "
|
|
"and comprehensive tool. It is capable of many advanced features including "
|
|
"but not limited to: \n"
|
|
" * Project/package structure\n"
|
|
" * [workspaces]\n"
|
|
" * Dev Dependencies and Runtime Dependency management/caching\n"
|
|
" * [build scripting]\n"
|
|
" * [global installation]\n"
|
|
" * It is also extensible with sub command plugins as well (such as "
|
|
"[cargo clippy]).\n"
|
|
" * Read more from the [official Cargo Book]"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Rust a un calendrier de publication rapide avec une nouvelle version qui "
|
|
"sort\n"
|
|
" toutes les six semaines. Les nouvelles versions maintiennent la "
|
|
"rétrocompatibilité avec les\n"
|
|
" anciennes versions --- en plus, elles activent de nouvelles "
|
|
"fonctionnalités.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Il existe trois canaux de sortie : \"stable\", \"beta\" et \"nightly\".\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* De nouvelles fonctionnalités sont testées sur \"nightly\", \"beta\" est ce "
|
|
"qui devient\n"
|
|
" \"stable\" toutes les six semaines.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust a également des [éditions] : l'édition actuelle est Rust 2021.\n"
|
|
" Les éditions passées étaient Rust 2015 et Rust 2018.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Les éditions sont autorisées à apporter des modifications "
|
|
"rétrocompatibles à\n"
|
|
" la langue.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Pour éviter de casser le code, les éditions sont opt-in : vous "
|
|
"sélectionnez\n"
|
|
" l'édition pour votre crate via le fichier `Cargo.toml`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Pour éviter de diviser l'écosystème, les compilateurs Rust peuvent "
|
|
"mélanger le code\n"
|
|
" écrit pour différentes éditions.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Veuillez noter qu'il est assez rare d'utiliser le compilateur "
|
|
"directement et non via `cargo` (la plupart des utilisateurs ne le font "
|
|
"jamais).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Il peut être utile de mentionner que Cargo lui-même est un outil "
|
|
"extrêmement puissant et complet. Il est capable de nombreuses "
|
|
"fonctionnalités avancées, y compris, mais sans s'y limiter :\n"
|
|
" * Structure du projet/paquets\n"
|
|
" * [espaces de travail]\n"
|
|
" * Gestion/mise en cache des dépendances de développement et des "
|
|
"dépendances d'exécution\n"
|
|
" * [créer des scripts]\n"
|
|
" * [installation globale]\n"
|
|
" * Il est également extensible avec des plugins de sous-commande (tels "
|
|
"que [cargo clippy]).\n"
|
|
" * En savoir plus sur le [livre officiel de Cargo]"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Code Samples in This Training"
|
|
msgstr "# Échantillons de code dans cette formation"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this training, we will mostly explore the Rust language through "
|
|
"examples\n"
|
|
"which can be executed through your browser. This makes the setup much easier "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
"ensures a consistent experience for everyone."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pour cette formation, nous allons surtout explorer le langage Rust à travers "
|
|
"des exemples\n"
|
|
"qui peuvent être exécuté via votre navigateur. Cela rend la configuration "
|
|
"beaucoup plus facile et\n"
|
|
"assure une expérience cohérente pour chacun."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Installing Cargo is still encouraged: it will make it easier for you to do "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"exercises. On the last day, we will do a larger exercise which shows you how "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
"work with dependencies and for that you need Cargo."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'installation de Cargo est tout de même encouragée : elle vous facilitera "
|
|
"la tâche\n"
|
|
"des exercices. Le dernier jour, nous ferons un exercice plus large qui vous "
|
|
"montrera comment\n"
|
|
"travailler avec des dépendances et pour cela vous avez besoin de Cargo."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:11
|
|
msgid "The code blocks in this course are fully interactive:"
|
|
msgstr "Les blocs de code de ce cours sont entièrement interactifs :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can use <kbd>Ctrl + Enter</kbd> to execute the code when focus is in "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"text box."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez utiliser <kbd>Ctrl + Entrée</kbd> pour exécuter le code lorsque "
|
|
"le focus est dans la\n"
|
|
"zone de texte."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most code samples are editable like shown above. A few code samples\n"
|
|
"are not editable for various reasons:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La plupart des exemples de code sont modifiables comme indiqué ci-dessus. "
|
|
"Quelques exemples de code\n"
|
|
"ne sont pas modifiables pour diverses raisons :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/code-samples.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The embedded playgrounds cannot execute unit tests. Copy-paste the\n"
|
|
" code and open it in the real Playground to demonstrate unit tests.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The embedded playgrounds lose their state the moment you navigate\n"
|
|
" away from the page! This is the reason that the students should\n"
|
|
" solve the exercises using a local Rust installation or via the\n"
|
|
" Playground."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les terrains de jeu intégrés ne peuvent pas exécuter de tests unitaires. "
|
|
"Copiez-collez le\n"
|
|
" code et ouvrez-le dans le vrai terrain de jeu pour démontrer les tests "
|
|
"unitaires.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Les terrains de jeux intégrées perdent leur état au moment où vous "
|
|
"naviguez\n"
|
|
" loin de la page! C'est la raison pour laquelle les élèves doivent\n"
|
|
" résoudre les exercices en utilisant une installation Rust locale ou via "
|
|
"le\n"
|
|
" terrain de jeu."
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Running Code Locally with Cargo"
|
|
msgstr "# Exécuter le code localement avec Cargo"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to experiment with the code on your own system, then you will "
|
|
"need\n"
|
|
"to first install Rust. Do this by following the [instructions in the Rust\n"
|
|
"Book][1]. This should give you a working `rustc` and `cargo`. At the time "
|
|
"of\n"
|
|
"writing, the latest stable Rust release has these version numbers:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si vous souhaitez expérimenter le code sur votre propre système, vous aurez "
|
|
"besoin\n"
|
|
"pour installer d'abord de Rust. Pour ce faire, suivez les [instructions dans "
|
|
"le livre Rust][1].\n"
|
|
"Cela devrait vous donner un \"rustc\" et un \"cargo\" fonctionnels. Au "
|
|
"moment de\n"
|
|
"l'écriture, la dernière version stable de Rust a ces numéros de version:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"% rustc --version\n"
|
|
"rustc 1.69.0 (84c898d65 2023-04-16)\n"
|
|
"% cargo --version\n"
|
|
"cargo 1.69.0 (6e9a83356 2023-04-12)\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:15
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With this in place, follow these steps to build a Rust binary from one\n"
|
|
"of the examples in this training:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Une fois cela en place, suivez ces étapes pour créer un binaire Rust à "
|
|
"partir d'un\n"
|
|
"des exemples dans cette formation :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"1. Click the \"Copy to clipboard\" button on the example you want to copy.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"2. Use `cargo new exercise` to create a new `exercise/` directory for your "
|
|
"code:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```shell\n"
|
|
" $ cargo new exercise\n"
|
|
" Created binary (application) `exercise` package\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"3. Navigate into `exercise/` and use `cargo run` to build and run your "
|
|
"binary:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```shell\n"
|
|
" $ cd exercise\n"
|
|
" $ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.75s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
|
|
" Hello, world!\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"4. Replace the boiler-plate code in `src/main.rs` with your own code. For\n"
|
|
" example, using the example on the previous page, make `src/main.rs` look "
|
|
"like\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Edit me!\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"5. Use `cargo run` to build and run your updated binary:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```shell\n"
|
|
" $ cargo run\n"
|
|
" Compiling exercise v0.1.0 (/home/mgeisler/tmp/exercise)\n"
|
|
" Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.24s\n"
|
|
" Running `target/debug/exercise`\n"
|
|
" Edit me!\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"6. Use `cargo check` to quickly check your project for errors, use `cargo "
|
|
"build`\n"
|
|
" to compile it without running it. You will find the output in `target/"
|
|
"debug/`\n"
|
|
" for a normal debug build. Use `cargo build --release` to produce an "
|
|
"optimized\n"
|
|
" release build in `target/release/`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"7. You can add dependencies for your project by editing `Cargo.toml`. When "
|
|
"you\n"
|
|
" run `cargo` commands, it will automatically download and compile missing\n"
|
|
" dependencies for you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/cargo/running-locally.md:70
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Try to encourage the class participants to install Cargo and use a\n"
|
|
"local editor. It will make their life easier since they will have a\n"
|
|
"normal development environment."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Essayez d'encourager les participants à installer Cargo et à utiliser un\n"
|
|
"éditeur local. Cela leur facilitera la vie puisqu'ils auront un\n"
|
|
"environnement de développement normal."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Day 1"
|
|
msgstr "# Bienvenue au jour 1"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is the first day of Comprehensive Rust. We will cover a lot of ground\n"
|
|
"today:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"C'est le premier jour de Comprehensive Rust(le guide complet de Rust). Nous "
|
|
"couvrirons beaucoup de terrain\n"
|
|
"aujourd'hui:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Basic Rust syntax: variables, scalar and compound types, enums, structs,\n"
|
|
" references, functions, and methods.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Memory management: stack vs heap, manual memory management, scope-based "
|
|
"memory\n"
|
|
" management, and garbage collection.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Ownership: move semantics, copying and cloning, borrowing, and lifetimes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Syntaxe de base de Rust : variables, types scalaires et composés, "
|
|
"énumérations, structures,\n"
|
|
" références, fonctions et méthodes.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Gestion de la mémoire : pile contre tas, gestion manuelle de la mémoire, "
|
|
"gestion de la mémoire basée sur la portée\n"
|
|
" et le ramassage des ordures.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Propriété : sémantique de déplacement, copie et clonage, emprunt et durée "
|
|
"de vie."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:16
|
|
msgid "Please remind the students that:"
|
|
msgstr "Veuillez rappeler aux élèves que :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* They should ask questions when they get them, don't save them to the end.\n"
|
|
"* The class is meant to be interactive and discussions are very much "
|
|
"encouraged!\n"
|
|
" * As an instructor, you should try to keep the discussions relevant, i."
|
|
"e.,\n"
|
|
" keep the discussions related to how Rust does things vs some other "
|
|
"language. \n"
|
|
" It can be hard to find the right balance, but err on the side of "
|
|
"allowing \n"
|
|
" discussions since they engage people much more than one-way "
|
|
"communication.\n"
|
|
"* The questions will likely mean that we talk about things ahead of the "
|
|
"slides.\n"
|
|
" * This is perfectly okay! Repetition is an important part of learning. "
|
|
"Remember\n"
|
|
" that the slides are just a support and you are free to skip them as you\n"
|
|
" like."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Ils doivent poser des questions lorsqu'ils les reçoivent, ne les "
|
|
"enregistrez pas jusqu'à la fin.\n"
|
|
"* Le cours se veut interactif et les discussions sont vivement "
|
|
"encouragées !\n"
|
|
" * En tant qu'instructeur, vous devez essayer de garder les discussions "
|
|
"pertinentes, c'est-à-dire,\n"
|
|
" garder le lien avec la façon dont Rust fait les choses par rapport à un "
|
|
"autre langage. Ça peut être\n"
|
|
" difficile de trouver le bon équilibre, mais privilégiez les discussions\n"
|
|
" car elles engagent les gens bien plus que la communication à sens "
|
|
"unique.\n"
|
|
"* Les questions signifieront probablement que nous parlons de choses avant "
|
|
"les diapositives.\n"
|
|
" * C'est tout à fait correct! La répétition est une partie importante de "
|
|
"l'apprentissage. N'oubliez pas\n"
|
|
" que les diapositives ne sont qu'un support et que vous êtes libre de les "
|
|
"sauter si vous le souhaitez."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The idea for the first day is to show _just enough_ of Rust to be able to "
|
|
"speak\n"
|
|
"about the famous borrow checker. The way Rust handles memory is a major "
|
|
"feature\n"
|
|
"and we should show students this right away."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'idée du premier jour est de montrer _juste assez_ de Rust pour pouvoir "
|
|
"parler\n"
|
|
"du célèbre vérificateur d'emprunt. La façon dont Rust gère la mémoire est "
|
|
"une caractéristique majeure\n"
|
|
"et nous devrions montrer cela aux élèves tout de suite."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you're teaching this in a classroom, this is a good place to go over the\n"
|
|
"schedule. We suggest splitting the day into two parts (following the slides):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si vous enseignez cela dans une salle de classe, c'est un bon endroit pour "
|
|
"passer en revue le\n"
|
|
"calendrier. Nous suggérons de diviser la journée en deux parties (suivant "
|
|
"les diapositives) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Morning: 9:00 to 12:00,\n"
|
|
"* Afternoon: 13:00 to 16:00."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Matin : 9h00 à 12h00,\n"
|
|
"* Après-midi : 13h00 à 16h00."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can of course adjust this as necessary. Please make sure to include "
|
|
"breaks,\n"
|
|
"we recommend a break every hour!"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez bien sûr ajuster cela si nécessaire. Assurez-vous d'inclure les "
|
|
"pauses,\n"
|
|
"nous recommandons une pause toutes les heures !"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "# What is Rust?"
|
|
msgstr "# Qu'est-ce que Rust?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is a new programming language which had its [1.0 release in 2015][1]:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust est un nouveau langage de programmation qui a eu sa [version 1.0 en "
|
|
"2015][1] :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust is a statically compiled language in a similar role as C++\n"
|
|
" * `rustc` uses LLVM as its backend.\n"
|
|
"* Rust supports many [platforms and\n"
|
|
" architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support."
|
|
"html):\n"
|
|
" * x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ...\n"
|
|
" * Linux, Mac, Windows, ...\n"
|
|
"* Rust is used for a wide range of devices:\n"
|
|
" * firmware and boot loaders,\n"
|
|
" * smart displays,\n"
|
|
" * mobile phones,\n"
|
|
" * desktops,\n"
|
|
" * servers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Rust est un langage compilé statiquement dans un rôle similaire à C++\n"
|
|
" * `rustc` utilise LLVM comme backend.\n"
|
|
"* Rust prend en charge de nombreuses [plates-formes et\n"
|
|
" architectures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nightly/rustc/platform-support."
|
|
"html):\n"
|
|
" * x86, ARM, WebAssembly, ...\n"
|
|
" *Linux, Mac, Windows, ...\n"
|
|
"* Rust est utilisé pour une large gamme d'appareils :\n"
|
|
" * firmware et chargeurs de démarrage,\n"
|
|
" * écrans intelligents,\n"
|
|
" * téléphones portables,\n"
|
|
" * ordinateurs de bureau,\n"
|
|
" * serveurs."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:21
|
|
msgid "Rust fits in the same area as C++:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust s'inscrit dans le même domaine que C++ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-1/what-is-rust.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* High flexibility.\n"
|
|
"* High level of control.\n"
|
|
"* Can be scaled down to very constrained devices like mobile phones.\n"
|
|
"* Has no runtime or garbage collection.\n"
|
|
"* Focuses on reliability and safety without sacrificing performance."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Grande flexibilité.\n"
|
|
"* Haut niveau de contrôle.\n"
|
|
"* Peut être réduit à des appareils très limités comme les téléphones "
|
|
"mobiles.\n"
|
|
"* N'a pas de temps d'exécution ou de récupération d'ordures.\n"
|
|
"* Se concentre sur la fiabilité et la sécurité sans sacrifier les "
|
|
"performances."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Hello World!"
|
|
msgstr "# Bonjour le monde!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us jump into the simplest possible Rust program, a classic Hello World\n"
|
|
"program:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Passons au programme Rust le plus simple possible, un Bonjour Monde "
|
|
"classique\n"
|
|
"programme:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello 🌍!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bonjour 🌍!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:12
|
|
msgid "What you see:"
|
|
msgstr "Ce que tu vois:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Functions are introduced with `fn`.\n"
|
|
"* Blocks are delimited by curly braces like in C and C++.\n"
|
|
"* The `main` function is the entry point of the program.\n"
|
|
"* Rust has hygienic macros, `println!` is an example of this.\n"
|
|
"* Rust strings are UTF-8 encoded and can contain any Unicode character."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les fonctions sont introduites avec `fn`.\n"
|
|
"* Les blocs sont délimités par des accolades comme en C et C++.\n"
|
|
"* La fonction `main` est le point d'entrée du programme.\n"
|
|
"* Rust a des macros hygiéniques, `println!` en est un exemple.\n"
|
|
"* Les strings Rust sont encodées en UTF-8 et peuvent contenir n'importe quel "
|
|
"caractère Unicode."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This slide tries to make the students comfortable with Rust code. They will "
|
|
"see\n"
|
|
"a ton of it over the next four days so we start small with something "
|
|
"familiar."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cette diapositive tente de mettre les étudiants à l'aise avec le code Rust. "
|
|
"Ils en verront\n"
|
|
"une tonne durant les quatre prochains jours, alors nous commençons petit "
|
|
"avec quelque chose de familier."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust is very much like other languages in the C/C++/Java tradition. It is\n"
|
|
" imperative (not functional) and it doesn't try to reinvent things unless\n"
|
|
" absolutely necessary.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust is modern with full support for things like Unicode.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust uses macros for situations where you want to have a variable number "
|
|
"of\n"
|
|
" arguments (no function [overloading](basic-syntax/functions-interlude."
|
|
"md)).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Macros being 'hygienic' means they don't accidentally capture identifiers "
|
|
"from\n"
|
|
" the scope they are used in. Rust macros are actually only\n"
|
|
" [partially hygienic](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/minutiae/"
|
|
"hygiene.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Rust ressemble beaucoup aux autres langages traditionnels C/C++/Java. "
|
|
"C'est\n"
|
|
" impératif (non fonctionnel) et il n'essaie pas de réinventer les choses à "
|
|
"moins\n"
|
|
" qu'absolument nécessaire.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust est moderne avec un support complet pour des choses comme Unicode.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust utilise des macros pour les situations où vous souhaitez avoir un "
|
|
"nombre variable\n"
|
|
" d'arguments (pas de fonction [surchargées](basic-syntax/functions-"
|
|
"interlude.md)).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Les macros étant \"hygiéniques\", elles ne capturent pas accidentellement "
|
|
"les identifiants de\n"
|
|
" la portée dans laquelle elles sont utilisées. Les macros Rust ne sont en "
|
|
"fait que\n"
|
|
" [partiellement hygiénique](https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/decl-macros/"
|
|
"minutiae/hygiene.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Small Example"
|
|
msgstr "# Petit exemple"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:3
|
|
msgid "Here is a small example program in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Voici un petit exemple de programme en Rust :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() { // Program entry point\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Mutable variable binding\n"
|
|
" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro for printing, like printf\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 { // No parenthesis around expression\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 { // Math like in other languages\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() { // Entrée du programme\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 6; // Liaison mutable de variable\n"
|
|
" print!(\"{x}\"); // Macro pour impression, comme printf\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 { // Pas de parenthèses autour des expressions\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 { // Les mathématiques comme dans d'autre langages\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" print!(\" -> {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The code implements the Collatz conjecture: it is believed that the loop "
|
|
"will\n"
|
|
"always end, but this is not yet proved. Edit the code and play with "
|
|
"different\n"
|
|
"inputs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le code implémente la conjecture de Collatz : on pense que la boucle\n"
|
|
"finissent toujours, mais cela n'est pas encore prouvé. Modifiez le code et "
|
|
"jouez avec différentes\n"
|
|
"entrées."
|
|
|
|
#: src/hello-world/small-example.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Explain that all variables are statically typed. Try removing `i32` to "
|
|
"trigger\n"
|
|
" type inference. Try with `i8` instead and trigger a runtime integer "
|
|
"overflow.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Change `let mut x` to `let x`, discuss the compiler error.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Show how `print!` gives a compilation error if the arguments don't match "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" format string.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Show how you need to use `{}` as a placeholder if you want to print an\n"
|
|
" expression which is more complex than just a single variable.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Show the students the standard library, show them how to search for `std::"
|
|
"fmt`\n"
|
|
" which has the rules of the formatting mini-language. It's important that "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" students become familiar with searching in the standard library.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" * In a shell `rustup doc std::fmt` will open a browser on the local std::"
|
|
"fmt documentation"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Expliquez que toutes les variables sont typées statiquement. Essayez de "
|
|
"supprimer `i32` pour déclencher\n"
|
|
" l'inférence de type. Essayez avec `i8` à la place et déclenchez un "
|
|
"débordement d'entier à l'exécution.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Remplacez `let mut x` par `let x`, discutez de l'erreur du compilateur.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Montrez comment `print!` génère une erreur de compilation si les arguments "
|
|
"ne correspondent pas aux\n"
|
|
" format des string.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Montrez comment vous devez utiliser `{}` comme espace réservé si vous "
|
|
"souhaitez imprimer une\n"
|
|
" expression qui est plus complexe qu'une simple variable.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Montrez aux étudiants la bibliothèque standard, montrez-leur comment "
|
|
"rechercher `std :: fmt`\n"
|
|
" qui a les règles du mini-langage de formatage. Il est important que le\n"
|
|
" les étudiants se familiarisent avec la recherche dans la bibliothèque "
|
|
"standard."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Why Rust?"
|
|
msgstr "# Pourquoi Rust ?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid "Some unique selling points of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Quelques arguments de vente uniques à Rust :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Compile time memory safety.\n"
|
|
"* Lack of undefined runtime behavior.\n"
|
|
"* Modern language features."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Sécurité de la mémoire à la compilation.\n"
|
|
"* Absence de comportement d'exécution indéfini.\n"
|
|
"* Caractéristiques du langage moderne."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Make sure to ask the class which languages they have experience with. "
|
|
"Depending\n"
|
|
"on the answer you can highlight different features of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Assurez-vous de demander à la classe dans quelles langues ils ont de "
|
|
"l'expérience. Selon\n"
|
|
"la réponse, vous pouvez mettre en évidence différentes fonctionnalités de "
|
|
"Rust :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Experience with C or C++: Rust eliminates a whole class of _runtime "
|
|
"errors_\n"
|
|
" via the borrow checker. You get performance like in C and C++, but you "
|
|
"don't\n"
|
|
" have the memory unsafety issues. In addition, you get a modern language "
|
|
"with\n"
|
|
" constructs like pattern matching and built-in dependency management.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Experience with Java, Go, Python, JavaScript...: You get the same memory "
|
|
"safety\n"
|
|
" as in those languages, plus a similar high-level language feeling. In "
|
|
"addition\n"
|
|
" you get fast and predictable performance like C and C++ (no garbage "
|
|
"collector)\n"
|
|
" as well as access to low-level hardware (should you need it)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Expérience avec C ou C++ : Rust élimine toute une classe d'_erreurs "
|
|
"d'exécution_\n"
|
|
" via le vérificateur d'emprunt. Vous obtenez des performances comme en C et "
|
|
"C++, mais sans\n"
|
|
" problèmes d'insécurité de la mémoire. De plus, vous obtenez une langue "
|
|
"moderne avec\n"
|
|
" des constructions telles que la correspondance de motifs et la gestion "
|
|
"intégrée des dépendances.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Expérience avec Java, Go, Python, JavaScript... : Vous bénéficiez de la "
|
|
"même sécurité mémoire\n"
|
|
" comme dans ces langages, plus un sentiment de langage de haut niveau "
|
|
"similaire. En outre\n"
|
|
" vous obtenez des performances rapides et prévisibles comme C et C++ (pas "
|
|
"de ramassage d'ordures)\n"
|
|
" ainsi que l'accès au matériel de bas niveau (si vous en avez besoin)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Compile Time Guarantees"
|
|
msgstr "# Garanties à la compilation"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:3
|
|
msgid "Static memory management at compile time:"
|
|
msgstr "Gestion de la mémoire statique à la compilation :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* No uninitialized variables.\n"
|
|
"* No memory leaks (_mostly_, see notes).\n"
|
|
"* No double-frees.\n"
|
|
"* No use-after-free.\n"
|
|
"* No `NULL` pointers.\n"
|
|
"* No forgotten locked mutexes.\n"
|
|
"* No data races between threads.\n"
|
|
"* No iterator invalidation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Aucune variable non initialisée.\n"
|
|
"* Aucune fuite de mémoire (_surtout_, voir les notes).\n"
|
|
"* Pas de double libération de mémoire.\n"
|
|
"* Aucune utilisation après la libération.\n"
|
|
"* Pas de pointeurs `NULL`.\n"
|
|
"* Pas de mutex verrouillés oubliés.\n"
|
|
"* Pas de courses de données entre les threads.\n"
|
|
"* Aucune invalidation d'itérateur."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is possible to produce memory leaks in (safe) Rust. Some examples\n"
|
|
"are:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il est possible de produire des fuites de mémoire avec Rust (sûr). Quelques "
|
|
"exemples\n"
|
|
"sont:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* You can use [`Box::leak`] to leak a pointer. A use of this could\n"
|
|
" be to get runtime-initialized and runtime-sized static variables\n"
|
|
"* You can use [`std::mem::forget`] to make the compiler \"forget\" about\n"
|
|
" a value (meaning the destructor is never run).\n"
|
|
"* You can also accidentally create a [reference cycle] with `Rc` or\n"
|
|
" `Arc`.\n"
|
|
"* In fact, some will consider infinitely populating a collection a memory\n"
|
|
" leak and Rust does not protect from those."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Vous pouvez utiliser [`Box::leak`] pour divulguer un pointeur. Une "
|
|
"utilisation de cela pourrait\n"
|
|
" être d'obtenir des variables statiques initialisées et dimensionnées à "
|
|
"l'exécution\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez utiliser [`std::mem::forget`] pour que le compilateur "
|
|
"\"oublie\"\n"
|
|
" une valeur (ce qui signifie que le destructeur n'est jamais exécuté).\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez également créer accidentellement un [cycle de référence] avec "
|
|
"`Rc` ou\n"
|
|
" \"Arc\".\n"
|
|
"* En fait, certains considéreront le fait de peupler à l'infini une "
|
|
"collection tel qu'une\n"
|
|
" fuite de mémoire et Rust ne protège pas de celles-ci."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/compile-time.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the purpose of this course, \"No memory leaks\" should be understood\n"
|
|
"as \"Pretty much no *accidental* memory leaks\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pour les besoins de ce cours, \"Aucune fuite de mémoire\" doit être compris\n"
|
|
"comme \"Pratiquement pas de fuites de mémoire *accidentelles*\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Runtime Guarantees"
|
|
msgstr "# Garanties à l'exécution"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "No undefined behavior at runtime:"
|
|
msgstr "Aucun comportement indéfini à l'exécution :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Array access is bounds checked.\n"
|
|
"* Integer overflow is defined (panic or wrap-around)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* L'accès au tableau est vérifié dans les limites.\n"
|
|
"* Le débordement d'entier est défini."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/runtime.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Integer overflow is defined via the [`overflow-checks`](https://doc.rust-"
|
|
"lang.org/rustc/codegen-options/index.html#overflow-checks)\n"
|
|
" compile-time flag. If enabled, the program will panic (a controlled\n"
|
|
" crash of the program), otherwise you get wrap-around\n"
|
|
" semantics. By default, you get panics in debug mode (`cargo build`)\n"
|
|
" and wrap-around in release mode (`cargo build --release`).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Bounds checking cannot be disabled with a compiler flag. It can also\n"
|
|
" not be disabled directly with the `unsafe` keyword. However,\n"
|
|
" `unsafe` allows you to call functions such as `slice::get_unchecked`\n"
|
|
" which does not do bounds checking."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le débordement d'entier est défini via un indicateur de compilation. Les "
|
|
"options sont\n"
|
|
" soit une panique (un plantage contrôlé du programme) ou un bouclage\n"
|
|
" sémantique. Par défaut, vous obtenez des paniques en mode débogage (`cargo "
|
|
"build`)\n"
|
|
" et bouclage en mode release (`cargo build --release`).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* La vérification des limites ne peut pas être désactivée avec un indicateur "
|
|
"de compilateur. Ça peut aussi\n"
|
|
" ne pas être désactivé directement avec le mot-clé `unsafe`. Cependant,\n"
|
|
" `unsafe` vous permet d'appeler des fonctions telles que `slice::"
|
|
"get_unchecked`\n"
|
|
" qui ne vérifie pas les bornes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Modern Features"
|
|
msgstr "# Fonctionnalités modernes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust is built with all the experience gained in the last 40 years."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust est construit avec toute l'expérience acquise au cours des 40 dernières "
|
|
"années."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Language Features"
|
|
msgstr "## Caractéristiques linguistiques"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Enums and pattern matching.\n"
|
|
"* Generics.\n"
|
|
"* No overhead FFI.\n"
|
|
"* Zero-cost abstractions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Énumérations et correspondance de modèles.\n"
|
|
"* Génériques.\n"
|
|
"* Pas de frais généraux FFI.\n"
|
|
"* Abstractions à coût zéro."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Tooling"
|
|
msgstr "## Outillage"
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Great compiler errors.\n"
|
|
"* Built-in dependency manager.\n"
|
|
"* Built-in support for testing.\n"
|
|
"* Excellent Language Server Protocol support."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Grandes erreurs de compilation.\n"
|
|
"* Gestionnaire de dépendances intégré.\n"
|
|
"* Support intégré pour les tests.\n"
|
|
"* Excellente prise en charge du protocole de serveur de langue."
|
|
|
|
#: src/why-rust/modern.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Zero-cost abstractions, similar to C++, means that you don't have to "
|
|
"'pay'\n"
|
|
" for higher-level programming constructs with memory or CPU. For example,\n"
|
|
" writing a loop using `for` should result in roughly the same low level\n"
|
|
" instructions as using the `.iter().fold()` construct.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* It may be worth mentioning that Rust enums are 'Algebraic Data Types', "
|
|
"also\n"
|
|
" known as 'sum types', which allow the type system to express things like\n"
|
|
" `Option<T>` and `Result<T, E>`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Remind people to read the errors --- many developers have gotten used to\n"
|
|
" ignore lengthy compiler output. The Rust compiler is significantly more\n"
|
|
" talkative than other compilers. It will often provide you with "
|
|
"_actionable_\n"
|
|
" feedback, ready to copy-paste into your code.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The Rust standard library is small compared to languages like Java, "
|
|
"Python,\n"
|
|
" and Go. Rust does not come with several things you might consider standard "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" essential:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * a random number generator, but see [rand].\n"
|
|
" * support for SSL or TLS, but see [rusttls].\n"
|
|
" * support for JSON, but see [serde_json].\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" The reasoning behind this is that functionality in the standard library "
|
|
"cannot\n"
|
|
" go away, so it has to be very stable. For the examples above, the Rust\n"
|
|
" community is still working on finding the best solution --- and perhaps "
|
|
"there\n"
|
|
" isn't a single \"best solution\" for some of these things.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Rust comes with a built-in package manager in the form of Cargo and this "
|
|
"makes\n"
|
|
" it trivial to download and compile third-party crates. A consequence of "
|
|
"this\n"
|
|
" is that the standard library can be smaller.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Discovering good third-party crates can be a problem. Sites like\n"
|
|
" <https://lib.rs/> help with this by letting you compare health metrics "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
" crates to find a good and trusted one.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* [rust-analyzer] is a well supported LSP implementation used in major\n"
|
|
" IDEs and text editors."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les abstractions à coût nul, similaires à C++, signifient que vous n'avez "
|
|
"pas à \"payer\"\n"
|
|
" pour les constructions de programmation de niveau supérieur avec mémoire "
|
|
"ou CPU. Par exemple,\n"
|
|
" écrire une boucle en utilisant `for` devrait aboutir à peu près au même "
|
|
"niveau bas\n"
|
|
" instructions comme utilisant la construction `.iter().fold()`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Il peut être utile de mentionner que les énumérations Rust sont des "
|
|
"\"types de données algébriques\", également\n"
|
|
" connus sous le nom de \"types de somme\", qui permettent au système de "
|
|
"type d'exprimer des choses comme\n"
|
|
" `Option<T>` et `Résultat<T, E>`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rappelez aux gens de lire les erreurs --- de nombreux développeurs se sont "
|
|
"habitués à\n"
|
|
" ignorer la longue sortie du compilateur. Le compilateur Rust est beaucoup "
|
|
"plus\n"
|
|
" bavard que les autres compilateurs. Il vous fournira souvent "
|
|
"_actionnable_\n"
|
|
" feedback, prêt à copier-coller dans votre code.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* La bibliothèque standard Rust est petite comparée à des langages comme "
|
|
"Java, Python,\n"
|
|
" et aller. La rouille ne vient pas avec plusieurs choses que vous pourriez "
|
|
"considérer comme standard et\n"
|
|
" essentiel:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * un générateur de nombres aléatoires, mais voir [rand].\n"
|
|
" * prise en charge de SSL ou TLS, mais voir [rusttls].\n"
|
|
" * support pour JSON, mais voir [serde_json].\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Le raisonnement sous-jacent est que la fonctionnalité de la bibliothèque "
|
|
"standard ne peut pas\n"
|
|
" s'en aller, il doit donc être très stable. Pour les exemples ci-dessus, le "
|
|
"Rust\n"
|
|
" la communauté travaille toujours à trouver la meilleure solution --- et "
|
|
"peut-être là\n"
|
|
" n'est pas une seule \"meilleure solution\" pour certaines de ces choses.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Rust est livré avec un gestionnaire de packages intégré sous la forme de "
|
|
"Cargo, ce qui rend\n"
|
|
" il est trivial de télécharger et de compiler des caisses tierces. Une "
|
|
"conséquence de ce\n"
|
|
" est que la bibliothèque standard peut être plus petite.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Découvrir de bonnes caisses tierces peut être un problème. Des sites "
|
|
"comme\n"
|
|
" <https://lib.rs/> aide à cela en vous permettant de comparer les mesures "
|
|
"de santé pour\n"
|
|
" caisses pour en trouver une bonne et de confiance.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* [rust-analyzer] est une implémentation LSP bien prise en charge utilisée "
|
|
"dans les principaux\n"
|
|
" IDE et éditeurs de texte."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Basic Syntax"
|
|
msgstr "# Syntaxe de base"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Much of the Rust syntax will be familiar to you from C, C++ or Java:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Une grande partie de la syntaxe de Rust vous sera familière en C, C++ ou "
|
|
"Java :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Blocks and scopes are delimited by curly braces.\n"
|
|
"* Line comments are started with `//`, block comments are delimited by `/"
|
|
"* ...\n"
|
|
" */`.\n"
|
|
"* Keywords like `if` and `while` work the same.\n"
|
|
"* Variable assignment is done with `=`, comparison is done with `==`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les blocs et les portées sont délimités par des accolades.\n"
|
|
"* Les commentaires de ligne commencent par `//`, les commentaires de bloc "
|
|
"sont délimités par `/* ...\n"
|
|
" */`.\n"
|
|
"* Des mots-clés comme `if` et `while` fonctionnent de la même manière.\n"
|
|
"* L'affectation des variables se fait avec `=`, la comparaison se fait avec "
|
|
"`==`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Scalar Types"
|
|
msgstr "# Types scalaires"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| | Types | "
|
|
"Literals |\n"
|
|
"|------------------------|--------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|\n"
|
|
"| Signed integers | `i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize` | "
|
|
"`-10`, `0`, `1_000`, `123i64` |\n"
|
|
"| Unsigned integers | `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize` | `0`, "
|
|
"`123`, `10u16` |\n"
|
|
"| Floating point numbers | `f32`, `f64` | "
|
|
"`3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2f32` |\n"
|
|
"| Strings | `&str` | "
|
|
"`\"foo\"`, `\"two\\nlines\"` |\n"
|
|
"| Unicode scalar values | `char` | "
|
|
"`'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'` |\n"
|
|
"| Booleans | `bool` | "
|
|
"`true`, `false` |"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"| | Types | Littéraux |\n"
|
|
"|-----------------------|------------------------ "
|
|
"--------------------|-------------------------------------- --|\n"
|
|
"| Entiers signés | `i8`, `i16`, `i32`, `i64`, `i128`, `isize` | `-10`, `0`, "
|
|
"`1_000`, `123i64` |\n"
|
|
"| Entiers non signés | `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`, `usize` | `0`, "
|
|
"`123`, `10u16` |\n"
|
|
"| Nombres à virgule flottante | `f32`, `f64` | `3.14`, `-10.0e20`, `2f32` |\n"
|
|
"| Cordes | `&str` | `\"foo\"`, `r#\"\\\\\"#` |\n"
|
|
"| Valeurs scalaires Unicode | `car` | `'a'`, `'α'`, `'∞'` |\n"
|
|
"| Chaînes d'octets | `&[u8]` | `b\"abc\"`, `br#\" \" \"#` |\n"
|
|
"| Booléens | `bool` | 'vrai', 'faux' |"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The types have widths as follows:"
|
|
msgstr "Les types ont des largeurs comme suit :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `iN`, `uN`, and `fN` are _N_ bits wide,\n"
|
|
"* `isize` and `usize` are the width of a pointer,\n"
|
|
"* `char` is 32 bits wide,\n"
|
|
"* `bool` is 8 bits wide."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `iN`, `uN` et `fN` ont une largeur de _N_ bits,\n"
|
|
"* `isize` et `usize` sont la largeur d'un pointeur,\n"
|
|
"* `char` a une largeur de 32 bits,\n"
|
|
"* `bool` a une largeur de 8 bits."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:21
|
|
msgid "There are a few syntaxes which are not shown above:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scalar-types.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- Raw strings allow you to create a `&str` value with escapes disabled: "
|
|
"`r\"\\n\"\n"
|
|
" == \"\\\\\\\\n\"`. You can embed double-quotes by using an equal amount of "
|
|
"`#` on\n"
|
|
" either side of the quotes:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(r#\"<a href=\"link.html\">link</a>\"#);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"<a href=\\\"link.html\\\">link</a>\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"- Byte strings allow you to create a `&[u8]` value directly:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", b\"abc\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", &[97, 98, 99]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Compound Types"
|
|
msgstr "# Types de composés"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| | Types | Literals "
|
|
"|\n"
|
|
"|--------|-------------------------------|-----------------------------------|\n"
|
|
"| Arrays | `[T; N]` | `[20, 30, 40]`, `[0; 3]` "
|
|
"|\n"
|
|
"| Tuples | `()`, `(T,)`, `(T1, T2)`, ... | `()`, `('x',)`, `('x', 1.2)`, ... "
|
|
"|"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Array assignment and access:"
|
|
msgstr "Affectation et accès aux baies :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a: [i8; 10] = [42; 10];\n"
|
|
" a[5] = 0;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {:?}\", a);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Tuple assignment and access:"
|
|
msgstr "Affectation et accès aux tuples :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let t: (i8, bool) = (7, true);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"1st index: {}\", t.0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"2nd index: {}\", t.1);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Arrays:"
|
|
msgstr "Tableaux :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Arrays have elements of the same type, `T`, and length, `N`, which is a "
|
|
"compile-time constant.\n"
|
|
" Note that the length of the array is *part of its type*, which means that "
|
|
"`[u8; 3]` and\n"
|
|
" `[u8; 4]` are considered two different types.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* We can use literals to assign values to arrays.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* In the main function, the print statement asks for the debug "
|
|
"implementation with the `?` format\n"
|
|
" parameter: `{}` gives the default output, `{:?}` gives the debug output. "
|
|
"We\n"
|
|
" could also have used `{a}` and `{a:?}` without specifying the value after "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" format string.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Adding `#`, eg `{a:#?}`, invokes a \"pretty printing\" format, which can "
|
|
"be easier to read."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:47
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Tuples:"
|
|
msgstr "Tuples :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/compound-types.md:49
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Like arrays, tuples have a fixed length.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Tuples group together values of different types into a compound type.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Fields of a tuple can be accessed by the period and the index of the "
|
|
"value, e.g. `t.0`, `t.1`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The empty tuple `()` is also known as the \"unit type\". It is both a "
|
|
"type, and\n"
|
|
" the only valid value of that type - that is to say both the type and its "
|
|
"value\n"
|
|
" are expressed as `()`. It is used to indicate, for example, that a "
|
|
"function or\n"
|
|
" expression has no return value, as we'll see in a future slide. \n"
|
|
" * You can think of it as `void` that can be familiar to you from other \n"
|
|
" programming languages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Comme les tableaux, les tuples ont une longueur fixe.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Les tuples regroupent des valeurs de différents types dans un type "
|
|
"composé.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Les champs d'un tuple sont accessibles par le point et l'index de la "
|
|
"valeur, par ex. `t.0`, `t.1`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Le tuple vide `()` est également appelé \"type d'unité\". C'est à la fois "
|
|
"un type et\n"
|
|
" la seule valeur valide de ce type - c'est-à-dire à la fois le type et sa "
|
|
"valeur\n"
|
|
" sont exprimés par `()`. Il est utilisé pour indiquer, par exemple, qu'une "
|
|
"fonction ou\n"
|
|
" expression n'a pas de valeur de retour, comme nous le verrons dans une "
|
|
"prochaine diapositive.\n"
|
|
" * Vous pouvez le considérer comme un \"vide\" qui peut vous être "
|
|
"familier d'autres\n"
|
|
" langages de programmation."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# References"
|
|
msgstr "# Les références"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Like C++, Rust has references:"
|
|
msgstr "Comme C++, Rust a des références :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" let ref_x: &mut i32 = &mut x;\n"
|
|
" *ref_x = 20;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Some notes:"
|
|
msgstr "Quelques notes:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* We must dereference `ref_x` when assigning to it, similar to C and C++ "
|
|
"pointers.\n"
|
|
"* Rust will auto-dereference in some cases, in particular when invoking\n"
|
|
" methods (try `ref_x.count_ones()`).\n"
|
|
"* References that are declared as `mut` can be bound to different values "
|
|
"over their lifetime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Nous devons déréférencer `ref_x` lors de son affectation, comme pour les "
|
|
"pointeurs C et C++.\n"
|
|
"* Rust déréférencera automatiquement dans certains cas, en particulier lors "
|
|
"de l'appel\n"
|
|
" méthodes (essayez `ref_x.count_ones()`).\n"
|
|
"* Les références déclarées comme \"mut\" peuvent être liées à différentes "
|
|
"valeurs au cours de leur durée de vie."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Be sure to note the difference between `let mut ref_x: &i32` and `let "
|
|
"ref_x:\n"
|
|
" &mut i32`. The first one represents a mutable reference which can be bound "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
" different values, while the second represents a reference to a mutable "
|
|
"value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Assurez-vous de noter la différence entre `let mut ref_x: &i32` et `let "
|
|
"ref_x:\n"
|
|
" &mut i32`. Le premier représente une référence mutable qui peut être liée "
|
|
"à\n"
|
|
" différentes valeurs, tandis que la seconde représente une référence à une "
|
|
"valeur modifiable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Dangling References"
|
|
msgstr "# Références pendantes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust will statically forbid dangling references:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust interdira statiquement les références pendantes :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let ref_x: &i32;\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" ref_x = &x;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ref_x: {ref_x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/references-dangling.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* A reference is said to \"borrow\" the value it refers to.\n"
|
|
"* Rust is tracking the lifetimes of all references to ensure they live long\n"
|
|
" enough.\n"
|
|
"* We will talk more about borrowing when we get to ownership."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Une référence est dite \"emprunter\" la valeur à laquelle elle se réfère.\n"
|
|
"* Rust suit la durée de vie de toutes les références pour s'assurer qu'elles "
|
|
"durent longtemps\n"
|
|
" assez.\n"
|
|
"* Nous parlerons davantage de l'emprunt lorsque nous arriverons à la "
|
|
"propriété."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Slices"
|
|
msgstr "# tranches"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "A slice gives you a view into a larger collection:"
|
|
msgstr "Une tranche vous donne une vue dans une plus grande collection :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a: [i32; 6] = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {a:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let s: &[i32] = &a[2..4];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s: {s:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:15
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Slices borrow data from the sliced type.\n"
|
|
"* Question: What happens if you modify `a[3]`?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les tranches empruntent des données au type en tranches.\n"
|
|
"* Question : Que se passe-t-il si vous modifiez `a[3]` ?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/slices.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* We create a slice by borrowing `a` and specifying the starting and ending "
|
|
"indexes in brackets.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* If the slice starts at index 0, Rust’s range syntax allows us to drop the "
|
|
"starting index, meaning that `&a[0..a.len()]` and `&a[..a.len()]` are "
|
|
"identical.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* The same is true for the last index, so `&a[2..a.len()]` and `&a[2..]` are "
|
|
"identical.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* To easily create a slice of the full array, we can therefore use "
|
|
"`&a[..]`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `s` is a reference to a slice of `i32`s. Notice that the type of `s` "
|
|
"(`&[i32]`) no longer mentions the array length. This allows us to perform "
|
|
"computation on slices of different sizes.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Slices always borrow from another object. In this example, `a` has to "
|
|
"remain 'alive' (in scope) for at least as long as our slice. \n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* The question about modifying `a[3]` can spark an interesting discussion, "
|
|
"but the answer is that for memory safety reasons\n"
|
|
" you cannot do it through `a` after you created a slice, but you can read "
|
|
"the data from both `a` and `s` safely. \n"
|
|
" More details will be explained in the borrow checker section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Nous créons une tranche en empruntant `a` et en spécifiant les index de "
|
|
"début et de fin entre parenthèses.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Si la tranche commence à l'index 0, la syntaxe de plage de Rust nous "
|
|
"permet de supprimer l'index de départ, ce qui signifie que `&a[0..a.len()]` "
|
|
"et `&a[..a.len()]` sont identiques .\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Il en va de même pour le dernier index, donc `&a[2..a.len()]` et `&a[2..]` "
|
|
"sont identiques.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Pour créer facilement une tranche du tableau complet, on peut donc "
|
|
"utiliser `&a[..]`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `s` est une référence à une tranche de `i32`s. Notez que le type de `s` "
|
|
"(`&[i32]`) ne mentionne plus la longueur du tableau. Cela nous permet "
|
|
"d'effectuer des calculs sur des tranches de tailles différentes.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Les tranches empruntent toujours à un autre objet. Dans cet exemple, \"a\" "
|
|
"doit rester \"vivant\" (dans la portée) au moins aussi longtemps que notre "
|
|
"tranche.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* La question sur la modification de `a[3]` peut susciter une discussion "
|
|
"intéressante, mais la réponse est que pour des raisons de sécurité de la "
|
|
"mémoire\n"
|
|
" vous ne pouvez pas le faire via `a` après avoir créé une tranche, mais "
|
|
"vous pouvez lire les données de `a` et `s` en toute sécurité.\n"
|
|
" Plus de détails seront expliqués dans la section Vérificateur d'emprunt."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `String` vs `str`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Chaîne` vs `chaîne`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We can now understand the two string types in Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous pouvons maintenant comprendre les deux types de string avec Rust :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: &str = \"World\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut s2: String = String::from(\"Hello \");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" s2.push_str(s1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" let s3: &str = &s2[6..];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s3: {s3}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust terminology:"
|
|
msgstr "Terminologie de la rouille :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `&str` an immutable reference to a string slice.\n"
|
|
"* `String` a mutable string buffer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `&str` une référence immuable à une tranche de chaîne.\n"
|
|
"* `String` un tampon de chaîne mutable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/string-slices.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `&str` introduces a string slice, which is an immutable reference to UTF-8 "
|
|
"encoded string data \n"
|
|
" stored in a block of memory. String literals (`”Hello”`), are stored in "
|
|
"the program’s binary.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust’s `String` type is a wrapper around a vector of bytes. As with a "
|
|
"`Vec<T>`, it is owned.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* As with many other types `String::from()` creates a string from a string "
|
|
"literal; `String::new()` \n"
|
|
" creates a new empty string, to which string data can be added using the "
|
|
"`push()` and `push_str()` methods.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The `format!()` macro is a convenient way to generate an owned string from "
|
|
"dynamic values. It \n"
|
|
" accepts the same format specification as `println!()`.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* You can borrow `&str` slices from `String` via `&` and optionally range "
|
|
"selection.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* For C++ programmers: think of `&str` as `const char*` from C++, but the "
|
|
"one that always points \n"
|
|
" to a valid string in memory. Rust `String` is a rough equivalent of `std::"
|
|
"string` from C++ \n"
|
|
" (main difference: it can only contain UTF-8 encoded bytes and will never "
|
|
"use a small-string optimization).\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Functions"
|
|
msgstr "# Les fonctions"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A Rust version of the famous [FizzBuzz](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"
|
|
"Fizz_buzz) interview question:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Une version Rust de la célèbre question d'entrevue [FizzBuzz](https://en."
|
|
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizz_buzz) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" print_fizzbuzz_to(20);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn is_divisible(n: u32, divisor: u32) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" if divisor == 0 {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" n % divisor == 0\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn fizzbuzz(n: u32) -> String {\n"
|
|
" let fizz = if is_divisible(n, 3) { \"fizz\" } else { \"\" };\n"
|
|
" let buzz = if is_divisible(n, 5) { \"buzz\" } else { \"\" };\n"
|
|
" if fizz.is_empty() && buzz.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return format!(\"{n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" format!(\"{fizz}{buzz}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn print_fizzbuzz_to(n: u32) {\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..=n {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", fizzbuzz(i));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* We refer in `main` to a function written below. Neither forward "
|
|
"declarations nor headers are necessary. \n"
|
|
"* Declaration parameters are followed by a type (the reverse of some "
|
|
"programming languages), then a return type.\n"
|
|
"* The last expression in a function body (or any block) becomes the return "
|
|
"value. Simply omit the `;` at the end of the expression.\n"
|
|
"* Some functions have no return value, and return the 'unit type', `()`. The "
|
|
"compiler will infer this if the `-> ()` return type is omitted.\n"
|
|
"* The range expression in the `for` loop in `print_fizzbuzz_to()` contains "
|
|
"`=n`, which causes it to include the upper bound."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Rustdoc"
|
|
msgstr "# Rustdoc"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All language items in Rust can be documented using special `///` syntax."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Tous les éléments de langage de Rust peuvent être documentés à l'aide de la "
|
|
"syntaxe spéciale `///`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"/// Determine whether the first argument is divisible by the second "
|
|
"argument.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// If the second argument is zero, the result is false.\n"
|
|
"fn is_divisible_by(lhs: u32, rhs: u32) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" if rhs == 0 {\n"
|
|
" return false; // Corner case, early return\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" lhs % rhs == 0 // The last expression in a block is the return "
|
|
"value\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The contents are treated as Markdown. All published Rust library crates are\n"
|
|
"automatically documented at [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) using the\n"
|
|
"[rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html) tool. It "
|
|
"is\n"
|
|
"idiomatic to document all public items in an API using this pattern."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le contenu est traité comme Markdown. Toutes les caisses de bibliothèque "
|
|
"Rust publiées sont\n"
|
|
"automatiquement documenté sur [`docs.rs`](https://docs.rs) en utilisant le\n"
|
|
"[rustdoc](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/what-is-rustdoc.html). C'est\n"
|
|
"idiomatic pour documenter tous les éléments publics dans une API utilisant "
|
|
"ce modèle."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/rustdoc.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Show students the generated docs for the `rand` crate at\n"
|
|
" [`docs.rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* This course does not include rustdoc on slides, just to save space, but "
|
|
"in\n"
|
|
" real code they should be present.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Inner doc comments are discussed later (in the page on modules) and need "
|
|
"not\n"
|
|
" be addressed here."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Montrez aux élèves les documents générés pour la caisse \"rand\" sur\n"
|
|
" [`docs.rs/rand`](https://docs.rs/rand).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Ce cours n'inclut pas rustdoc sur les diapositives, juste pour économiser "
|
|
"de l'espace, mais dans\n"
|
|
" code réel, ils doivent être présents.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Les commentaires de la documentation interne sont discutés plus tard (dans "
|
|
"la page sur les modules) et n'ont pas besoin\n"
|
|
" être abordé ici."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:1 src/methods.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Methods"
|
|
msgstr "# Méthodes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Methods are functions associated with a type. The `self` argument of a "
|
|
"method is\n"
|
|
"an instance of the type it is associated with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust a des méthodes, ce sont simplement des fonctions qui sont associées à "
|
|
"un type particulier. Le\n"
|
|
"le premier argument d'une méthode est une instance du type auquel elle est "
|
|
"associée :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Rectangle {\n"
|
|
" width: u32,\n"
|
|
" height: u32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Rectangle {\n"
|
|
" fn area(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" self.width * self.height\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn inc_width(&mut self, delta: u32) {\n"
|
|
" self.width += delta;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut rect = Rectangle { width: 10, height: 5 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"old area: {}\", rect.area());\n"
|
|
" rect.inc_width(5);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"new area: {}\", rect.area());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:30
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* We will look much more at methods in today's exercise and in tomorrow's "
|
|
"class."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Nous nous pencherons beaucoup plus sur les méthodes dans l'exercice "
|
|
"d'aujourd'hui et dans le cours de demain."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/methods.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- Add a `Rectangle::new` constructor and call this from `main`:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
" fn new(width: u32, height: u32) -> Rectangle {\n"
|
|
" Rectangle { width, height }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"- Add a `Rectangle::new_square(width: u32)` constructor to illustrate that\n"
|
|
" constructors can take arbitrary parameters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Function Overloading"
|
|
msgstr "# Surcharge de fonction"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Overloading is not supported:"
|
|
msgstr "La surcharge n'est pas prise en charge :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Each function has a single implementation:\n"
|
|
" * Always takes a fixed number of parameters.\n"
|
|
" * Always takes a single set of parameter types.\n"
|
|
"* Default values are not supported:\n"
|
|
" * All call sites have the same number of arguments.\n"
|
|
" * Macros are sometimes used as an alternative."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Chaque fonction a une seule implémentation :\n"
|
|
" * Prend toujours un nombre fixe de paramètres.\n"
|
|
" * Prend toujours un seul ensemble de types de paramètres.\n"
|
|
"* Les valeurs par défaut ne sont pas prises en charge :\n"
|
|
" * Tous les sites d'appel ont le même nombre d'arguments.\n"
|
|
" * Les macros sont parfois utilisées comme alternative."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "However, function parameters can be generic:"
|
|
msgstr "Cependant, les paramètres de fonction peuvent être génériques :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn pick_one<T>(a: T, b: T) -> T {\n"
|
|
" if std::process::id() % 2 == 0 { a } else { b }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"coin toss: {}\", pick_one(\"heads\", \"tails\"));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"cash prize: {}\", pick_one(500, 1000));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/functions-interlude.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* When using generics, the standard library's `Into<T>` can provide a kind "
|
|
"of limited\n"
|
|
" polymorphism on argument types. We will see more details in a later "
|
|
"section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Lors de l'utilisation de génériques, la bibliothèque standard `Into<T>` "
|
|
"peut fournir une sorte de\n"
|
|
" polymorphisme sur les types d'arguments. Nous verrons plus de détails dans "
|
|
"une section ultérieure."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 1: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Jour 1 : Exercices du matin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In these exercises, we will explore two parts of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Dans ces exercices, nous allons explorer deux parties de Rust :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Implicit conversions between types.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Arrays and `for` loops."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Conversions implicites entre les types.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Tableaux et boucles \"for\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "A few things to consider while solving the exercises:"
|
|
msgstr "Quelques points à considérer lors de la résolution des exercices :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Use a local Rust installation, if possible. This way you can get\n"
|
|
" auto-completion in your editor. See the page about [Using Cargo] for "
|
|
"details\n"
|
|
" on installing Rust.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Alternatively, use the Rust Playground."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Utilisez une installation Rust locale, si possible. De cette façon, vous "
|
|
"pouvez obtenir\n"
|
|
" auto-complétion dans votre éditeur. Voir la page sur [Utiliser Cargo] pour "
|
|
"plus de détails\n"
|
|
" lors de l'installation de Rust.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez également utiliser le Rust Playground."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The code snippets are not editable on purpose: the inline code snippets "
|
|
"lose\n"
|
|
"their state if you navigate away from the page."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les extraits de code ne sont pas modifiables à dessein : les extraits de "
|
|
"code en ligne perdent\n"
|
|
"leur état si vous quittez la page."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/morning.md:22 src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:11
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:11 src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:7 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:7
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:12
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"After looking at the exercises, you can look at the [solutions] provided."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Après avoir regardé les exercices, vous pouvez regarder les [solutions] "
|
|
"fournies."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Implicit Conversions"
|
|
msgstr "# Conversions implicites"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust will not automatically apply _implicit conversions_ between types "
|
|
"([unlike\n"
|
|
"C++][3]). You can see this in a program like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust n'appliquera pas automatiquement les _conversions implicites_ entre les "
|
|
"types ([contrairement à\n"
|
|
"C++][3]). Vous pouvez le voir dans un programme comme celui-ci :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn multiply(x: i16, y: i16) -> i16 {\n"
|
|
" x * y\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x: i8 = 15;\n"
|
|
" let y: i16 = 1000;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{x} * {y} = {}\", multiply(x, y));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust integer types all implement the [`From<T>`][1] and [`Into<T>`][2]\n"
|
|
"traits to let us convert between them. The `From<T>` trait has a single "
|
|
"`from()`\n"
|
|
"method and similarly, the `Into<T>` trait has a single `into()` method.\n"
|
|
"Implementing these traits is how a type expresses that it can be converted "
|
|
"into\n"
|
|
"another type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les types entiers Rust implémentent tous les [`From<T>`][1] et [`Into<T>`]"
|
|
"[2]\n"
|
|
"traits pour nous permettre de convertir entre eux. Le trait `From<T>` a un "
|
|
"seul `from()`\n"
|
|
"et de même, le trait `Into<T>` a une seule méthode `into()`.\n"
|
|
"La mise en œuvre de ces traits est la façon dont un type exprime qu'il peut "
|
|
"être converti en\n"
|
|
"un autre type."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The standard library has an implementation of `From<i8> for i16`, which "
|
|
"means\n"
|
|
"that we can convert a variable `x` of type `i8` to an `i16` by calling \n"
|
|
"`i16::from(x)`. Or, simpler, with `x.into()`, because `From<i8> for i16`\n"
|
|
"implementation automatically create an implementation of `Into<i16> for i8`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La bibliothèque standard a une implémentation de `From<i8> for i16`, ce qui "
|
|
"signifie\n"
|
|
"que nous pouvons convertir une variable `x` de type `i8` en un `i16` en "
|
|
"appelant\n"
|
|
"`i16::from(x)`. Ou, plus simple, avec `x.into()`, car `From<i8> for i16`\n"
|
|
"créer automatiquement une implémentation de `Into<i16> for i8`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:30
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same applies for your own `From` implementations for your own types, so "
|
|
"it is\n"
|
|
"sufficient to only implement `From` to get a respective `Into` "
|
|
"implementation automatically."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il en va de même pour vos propres implémentations `From` pour vos propres "
|
|
"types, il est donc\n"
|
|
"suffisant pour implémenter uniquement `From` pour obtenir automatiquement "
|
|
"une implémentation `Into` respective."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/implicit-conversions.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"1. Execute the above program and look at the compiler error.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"2. Update the code above to use `into()` to do the conversion.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"3. Change the types of `x` and `y` to other things (such as `f32`, `bool`,\n"
|
|
" `i128`) to see which types you can convert to which other types. Try\n"
|
|
" converting small types to big types and the other way around. Check the\n"
|
|
" [standard library documentation][1] to see if `From<T>` is implemented "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
" the pairs you check."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"1. Exécutez le programme ci-dessus et examinez l'erreur du compilateur.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"2. Mettez à jour le code ci-dessus pour utiliser `into()` pour effectuer la "
|
|
"conversion.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"3. Remplacez les types de `x` et `y` par d'autres éléments (tels que `f32`, "
|
|
"`bool`,\n"
|
|
" `i128`) pour voir quels types vous pouvez convertir vers quels autres "
|
|
"types. Essayer\n"
|
|
" convertir de petits types en grands types et inversement. Vérifier la\n"
|
|
" [documentation de la bibliothèque standard][1] pour voir si `From<T>` est "
|
|
"implémenté pour\n"
|
|
" les paires que vous cochez."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Arrays and `for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr "# Tableaux et boucles `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We saw that an array can be declared like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Nous avons vu qu'un tableau peut être déclaré comme ceci :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can print such an array by asking for its debug representation with `{:?}"
|
|
"`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez imprimer un tel tableau en demandant sa représentation de "
|
|
"débogage avec `{:?}` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"array: {array:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust lets you iterate over things like arrays and ranges using the `for`\n"
|
|
"keyword:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust vous permet d'itérer sur des choses comme des tableaux et des plages en "
|
|
"utilisant le `for`\n"
|
|
"mot-clé:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let array = [10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" print!(\"Iterating over array:\");\n"
|
|
" for n in array {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" print!(\"Iterating over range:\");\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" print!(\" {}\", array[i]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:38
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use the above to write a function `pretty_print` which pretty-print a matrix "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
"a function `transpose` which will transpose a matrix (turn rows into "
|
|
"columns):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Utilisez ce qui précède pour écrire une fonction `pretty_print` qui imprime "
|
|
"joliment une matrice et\n"
|
|
"une fonction `transpose` qui va transposer une matrice (transformer les "
|
|
"lignes en colonnes):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" ⎛⎡1 2 3⎤⎞ ⎡1 4 7⎤\n"
|
|
"\"transpose\"⎜⎢4 5 6⎥⎟ \"==\"⎢2 5 8⎥\n"
|
|
" ⎝⎣7 8 9⎦⎠ ⎣3 6 9⎦\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:47
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Hard-code both functions to operate on 3 × 3 matrices."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Codez en dur les deux fonctions pour qu'elles fonctionnent sur des matrices "
|
|
"3 × 3."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:49
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the\n"
|
|
"functions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copiez le code ci-dessous sur <https://play.rust-lang.org/> et implémentez "
|
|
"le\n"
|
|
"les fonctions:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"matrix:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&matrix);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"transposed:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&transposed);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:80
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Bonus Question"
|
|
msgstr "## Question bonus"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:82
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Could you use `&[i32]` slices instead of hard-coded 3 × 3 matrices for your\n"
|
|
"argument and return types? Something like `&[&[i32]]` for a two-dimensional\n"
|
|
"slice-of-slices. Why or why not?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pourriez-vous utiliser des tranches `&[i32]` au lieu de matrices 3 × 3 "
|
|
"codées en dur pour votre\n"
|
|
"types d'argument et de retour ? Quelque chose comme `&[&[i32]]` pour un "
|
|
"fichier bidimensionnel\n"
|
|
"tranche de tranches. Pourquoi ou pourquoi pas?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:87
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See the [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) for a production "
|
|
"quality\n"
|
|
"implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Voir le [`ndarray` crate](https://docs.rs/ndarray/) pour une qualité de "
|
|
"production\n"
|
|
"mise en œuvre."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/for-loops.md:92
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The solution and the answer to the bonus section are available in the \n"
|
|
"[Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops) section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La solution et la réponse à la section bonus sont disponibles dans le\n"
|
|
"Section [Solution](solutions-morning.md#arrays-and-for-loops)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Variables"
|
|
msgstr "#Variable"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust provides type safety via static typing. Variable bindings are immutable "
|
|
"by\n"
|
|
"default:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust fournit une sécurité de type via le typage statique. Les liaisons "
|
|
"variables sont immuables par\n"
|
|
"défaut:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" // x = 20;\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/variables.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Due to type inference the `i32` is optional. We will gradually show the "
|
|
"types less and less as the course progresses.\n"
|
|
"* Note that since `println!` is a macro, `x` is not moved, even using the "
|
|
"function like syntax of `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* En raison de l'inférence de type, le `i32` est facultatif. Nous montrerons "
|
|
"progressivement les types de moins en moins au fur et à mesure que le cours "
|
|
"avance.\n"
|
|
"* Notez que puisque `println!` est une macro, `x` n'est pas déplacé, même en "
|
|
"utilisant la fonction comme syntaxe de `println!(\"x: {}\", x)`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Type Inference"
|
|
msgstr "# Inférence de type"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust will look at how the variable is _used_ to determine the type:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust examinera comment la variable est _utilisée_ pour déterminer le type :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn takes_u32(x: u32) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"u32: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn takes_i8(y: i8) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"i8: {y}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = 10;\n"
|
|
" let y = 20;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" takes_u32(x);\n"
|
|
" takes_i8(y);\n"
|
|
" // takes_u32(y);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This slide demonstrates how the Rust compiler infers types based on "
|
|
"constraints given by variable declarations and usages."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cette diapositive montre comment le compilateur Rust déduit les types en "
|
|
"fonction des contraintes données par les déclarations et les utilisations "
|
|
"des variables."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is very important to emphasize that variables declared like this are not "
|
|
"of some sort of dynamic \"any type\" that can\n"
|
|
"hold any data. The machine code generated by such declaration is identical "
|
|
"to the explicit declaration of a type.\n"
|
|
"The compiler does the job for us and helps us write more concise code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il est très important de souligner que les variables déclarées de cette "
|
|
"manière ne sont pas d'une sorte de \"tout type\" dynamique qui peut\n"
|
|
"détenir des données. Le code machine généré par une telle déclaration est "
|
|
"identique à la déclaration explicite d'un type.\n"
|
|
"Le compilateur fait le travail pour nous et nous aide à écrire un code plus "
|
|
"concis."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The following code tells the compiler to copy into a certain generic "
|
|
"container without the code ever explicitly specifying the contained type, "
|
|
"using `_` as a placeholder:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le code suivant indique au compilateur de copier dans un certain conteneur "
|
|
"générique sans que le code ne spécifie jamais explicitement le type contenu, "
|
|
"en utilisant `_` comme espace réservé :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v.push((10, false));\n"
|
|
" v.push((20, true));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let vv = v.iter().collect::<std::collections::HashSet<_>>();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"vv: {vv:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/type-inference.md:46
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator."
|
|
"html#method.collect) relies on `FromIterator`, which [`HashSet`](https://doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) implements."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`collect`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator."
|
|
"html#method.collect) repose sur `FromIterator`, qui [`HashSet`](https:/ /doc."
|
|
"rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.FromIterator.html) implémente."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Static and Constant Variables"
|
|
msgstr "# Variables statiques et constantes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Global state is managed with static and constant variables."
|
|
msgstr "L'état global est géré avec des variables statiques et constantes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `const`"
|
|
msgstr "## `const`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can declare compile-time constants:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous pouvez déclarer des constantes de compilation :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"const DIGEST_SIZE: usize = 3;\n"
|
|
"const ZERO: Option<u8> = Some(42);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn compute_digest(text: &str) -> [u8; DIGEST_SIZE] {\n"
|
|
" let mut digest = [ZERO.unwrap_or(0); DIGEST_SIZE];\n"
|
|
" for (idx, &b) in text.as_bytes().iter().enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE] = digest[idx % DIGEST_SIZE]."
|
|
"wrapping_add(b);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" digest\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let digest = compute_digest(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Digest: {digest:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "According to the [Rust RFC Book][1] these are inlined upon use."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Selon le [Rust RFC Book] [1], ceux-ci sont intégrés lors de l'utilisation."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `static`"
|
|
msgstr "## `statique`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:31
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can also declare static variables:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous pouvez également déclarer des variables statiques :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static BANNER: &str = \"Welcome to RustOS 3.14\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{BANNER}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:41
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As noted in the [Rust RFC Book][1], these are not inlined upon use and have "
|
|
"an actual associated memory location. This is useful for unsafe and "
|
|
"embedded code, and the variable lives through the entirety of the program "
|
|
"execution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Comme indiqué dans le [Rust RFC Book] [1], ceux-ci ne sont pas alignés lors "
|
|
"de l'utilisation et ont un emplacement de mémoire associé réel. Ceci est "
|
|
"utile pour le code non sécurisé et intégré, et la variable vit tout au long "
|
|
"de l'exécution du programme."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:44
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will look at mutating static data in the [chapter on Unsafe Rust](../"
|
|
"unsafe.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous examinerons la mutation des données statiques dans le [chapitre sur "
|
|
"Unsafe Rust](../unsafe.md)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/static-and-const.md:48
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Mention that `const` behaves semantically similar to C++'s `constexpr`.\n"
|
|
"* `static`, on the other hand, is much more similar to a `const` or mutable "
|
|
"global variable in C++.\n"
|
|
"* It isn't super common that one would need a runtime evaluated constant, "
|
|
"but it is helpful and safer than using a static."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Mentionnez que `const` se comporte sémantiquement de la même manière que "
|
|
"`constexpr` de C++.\n"
|
|
"* `static`, d'autre part, ressemble beaucoup plus à une variable globale "
|
|
"`const` ou mutable en C++.\n"
|
|
"* Il n'est pas très courant d'avoir besoin d'une constante évaluée à "
|
|
"l'exécution, mais c'est utile et plus sûr que d'utiliser un statique."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Scopes and Shadowing"
|
|
msgstr "# Portées et ombrage"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can shadow variables, both those from outer scopes and variables from "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"same scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez masquer des variables, à la fois celles des portées externes et "
|
|
"celles des\n"
|
|
"même périmètre :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"before: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let a = \"hello\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"inner scope: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let a = true;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"shadowed in inner scope: {a}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"after: {a}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Definition: Shadowing is different from mutation, because after shadowing "
|
|
"both variable's memory locations exist at the same time. Both are available "
|
|
"under the same name, depending where you use it in the code. \n"
|
|
"* A shadowing variable can have a different type. \n"
|
|
"* Shadowing looks obscure at first, but is convenient for holding on to "
|
|
"values after `.unwrap()`.\n"
|
|
"* The following code demonstrates why the compiler can't simply reuse memory "
|
|
"locations when shadowing an immutable variable in a scope, even if the type "
|
|
"does not change."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Définition : l'occultation est différente de la mutation, car après "
|
|
"l'occultation, les emplacements de mémoire des deux variables existent en "
|
|
"même temps. Les deux sont disponibles sous le même nom, selon l'endroit où "
|
|
"vous l'utilisez dans le code.\n"
|
|
"* Une variable d'occultation peut avoir un type différent.\n"
|
|
"* L'ombrage semble obscur au début, mais est pratique pour conserver les "
|
|
"valeurs après `.unwrap()`.\n"
|
|
"* Le code suivant montre pourquoi le compilateur ne peut pas simplement "
|
|
"réutiliser les emplacements de mémoire lors de l'observation d'une variable "
|
|
"immuable dans une portée, même si le type ne change pas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/basic-syntax/scopes-shadowing.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = 1;\n"
|
|
" let b = &a;\n"
|
|
" let a = a + 1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{a} {b}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "# Gestion de la mémoire"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Traditionally, languages have fallen into two broad categories:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Traditionnellement, les langues se répartissent en deux grandes catégories :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Full control via manual memory management: C, C++, Pascal, ...\n"
|
|
"* Full safety via automatic memory management at runtime: Java, Python, Go, "
|
|
"Haskell, ..."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Contrôle total via la gestion manuelle de la mémoire : C, C++, "
|
|
"Pascal, ...\n"
|
|
"* Sécurité totale via la gestion automatique de la mémoire à l'exécution : "
|
|
"Java, Python, Go, Haskell, ..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust offers a new mix:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust propose un nouveau mix :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> Full control *and* safety via compile time enforcement of correct memory\n"
|
|
"> management."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Contrôle total * et * sécurité via l'application du temps de compilation "
|
|
"de la mémoire correcte\n"
|
|
"> gestion."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "It does this with an explicit ownership concept."
|
|
msgstr "Il le fait avec un concept de propriété explicite."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management.md:15
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "First, let's refresh how memory management works."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Tout d'abord, rafraîchissons le fonctionnement de la gestion de la mémoire."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# The Stack vs The Heap"
|
|
msgstr "# La pile contre le tas"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack-vs-heap.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Stack: Continuous area of memory for local variables.\n"
|
|
" * Values have fixed sizes known at compile time.\n"
|
|
" * Extremely fast: just move a stack pointer.\n"
|
|
" * Easy to manage: follows function calls.\n"
|
|
" * Great memory locality.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Heap: Storage of values outside of function calls.\n"
|
|
" * Values have dynamic sizes determined at runtime.\n"
|
|
" * Slightly slower than the stack: some book-keeping needed.\n"
|
|
" * No guarantee of memory locality."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Pile : Zone continue de mémoire pour les variables locales.\n"
|
|
" * Les valeurs ont des tailles fixes connues au moment de la compilation.\n"
|
|
" * Extrêmement rapide : il suffit de déplacer un pointeur de pile.\n"
|
|
" * Facile à gérer : suit les appels de fonction.\n"
|
|
" * Grande localité de mémoire.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Heap : Stockage de valeurs en dehors des appels de fonction.\n"
|
|
" * Les valeurs ont des tailles dynamiques déterminées au moment de "
|
|
"l'exécution.\n"
|
|
" * Légèrement plus lent que la pile : une certaine comptabilité est "
|
|
"nécessaire.\n"
|
|
" * Aucune garantie de localisation de la mémoire."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Stack Memory"
|
|
msgstr "# Mémoire de pile"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Creating a `String` puts fixed-sized data on the stack and dynamically "
|
|
"sized\n"
|
|
"data on the heap:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La création d'une \"chaîne\" place des données de taille fixe sur la pile et "
|
|
"dimensionnées dynamiquement\n"
|
|
"données sur le tas :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| H | e | l | l | o | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 5 | : : +----+----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 5 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/stack.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Mention that a `String` is backed by a `Vec`, so it has a capacity and "
|
|
"length and can grow if mutable via reallocation on the heap.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* If students ask about it, you can mention that the underlying memory is "
|
|
"heap allocated using the [System Allocator] and custom allocators can be "
|
|
"implemented using the [Allocator API]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* We can inspect the memory layout with `unsafe` code. However, you should "
|
|
"point out that this is rightfully unsafe!\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut s1 = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" s1.push(' ');\n"
|
|
" s1.push_str(\"world\");\n"
|
|
" // DON'T DO THIS AT HOME! For educational purposes only.\n"
|
|
" // String provides no guarantees about its layout, so this could "
|
|
"lead to\n"
|
|
" // undefined behavior.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" let (capacity, ptr, len): (usize, usize, usize) = std::mem::"
|
|
"transmute(s1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ptr = {ptr:#x}, len = {len}, capacity = "
|
|
"{capacity}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Manual Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "# Gestion manuelle de la mémoire"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You allocate and deallocate heap memory yourself."
|
|
msgstr "Vous allouez et désallouez vous-même la mémoire de tas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If not done with care, this can lead to crashes, bugs, security "
|
|
"vulnerabilities, and memory leaks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si cela n'est pas fait avec soin, cela peut entraîner des plantages, des "
|
|
"bogues, des failles de sécurité et des fuites de mémoire."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## C Example"
|
|
msgstr "## C Exemple"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You must call `free` on every pointer you allocate with `malloc`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous devez appeler `free` sur chaque pointeur que vous allouez avec "
|
|
"`malloc` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"void foo(size_t n) {\n"
|
|
" int* int_array = malloc(n * sizeof(int));\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" // ... lots of code\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" free(int_array);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/manual.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Memory is leaked if the function returns early between `malloc` and `free`: "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"pointer is lost and we cannot deallocate the memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La mémoire est perdue si la fonction revient tôt entre `malloc` et `free` : "
|
|
"le\n"
|
|
"pointeur est perdu et nous ne pouvons pas désallouer la mémoire."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Scope-Based Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "# Gestion de la mémoire basée sur la portée"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Constructors and destructors let you hook into the lifetime of an object."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les constructeurs et les destructeurs vous permettent de vous connecter à la "
|
|
"durée de vie d'un objet."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"By wrapping a pointer in an object, you can free memory when the object is\n"
|
|
"destroyed. The compiler guarantees that this happens, even if an exception "
|
|
"is\n"
|
|
"raised."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En enveloppant un pointeur dans un objet, vous pouvez libérer de la mémoire "
|
|
"lorsque l'objet est\n"
|
|
"détruit. Le compilateur garantit que cela se produit, même si une exception "
|
|
"est\n"
|
|
"soulevé."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is often called _resource acquisition is initialization_ (RAII) and "
|
|
"gives\n"
|
|
"you smart pointers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ceci est souvent appelé _l'acquisition de ressources est initialisée_ (RAII) "
|
|
"et donne\n"
|
|
"vous pointeurs intelligents."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## C++ Example"
|
|
msgstr "## Exemple C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"void say_hello(std::unique_ptr<Person> person) {\n"
|
|
" std::cout << \"Hello \" << person->name << std::endl;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `std::unique_ptr` object is allocated on the stack, and points to\n"
|
|
" memory allocated on the heap.\n"
|
|
"* At the end of `say_hello`, the `std::unique_ptr` destructor will run.\n"
|
|
"* The destructor frees the `Person` object it points to."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* L'objet `std::unique_ptr` est alloué sur la pile et pointe vers\n"
|
|
" mémoire allouée sur le tas.\n"
|
|
"* À la fin de `say_hello`, le destructeur `std::unique_ptr` s'exécutera.\n"
|
|
"* Le destructeur libère l'objet `Person` vers lequel il pointe."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Special move constructors are used when passing ownership to a function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Des constructeurs de mouvement spéciaux sont utilisés lors du transfert de "
|
|
"propriété à une fonction :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/scope-based.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"std::unique_ptr<Person> person = find_person(\"Carla\");\n"
|
|
"say_hello(std::move(person));\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Automatic Memory Management"
|
|
msgstr "# Gestion automatique de la mémoire"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An alternative to manual and scope-based memory management is automatic "
|
|
"memory\n"
|
|
"management:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Une alternative à la gestion manuelle et basée sur la portée de la mémoire "
|
|
"est la mémoire automatique\n"
|
|
"gestion:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The programmer never allocates or deallocates memory explicitly.\n"
|
|
"* A garbage collector finds unused memory and deallocates it for the "
|
|
"programmer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le programmeur n'alloue ou ne libère jamais de mémoire explicitement.\n"
|
|
"* Un ramasse-miettes trouve la mémoire inutilisée et la libère pour le "
|
|
"programmeur."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Java Example"
|
|
msgstr "## Exemple Java"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The `person` object is not deallocated after `sayHello` returns:"
|
|
msgstr "L'objet `person` n'est pas désalloué après le retour de `sayHello` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/garbage-collection.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"void sayHello(Person person) {\n"
|
|
" System.out.println(\"Hello \" + person.getName());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Memory Management in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Gestion de la mémoire avec Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Memory management in Rust is a mix:"
|
|
msgstr "La gestion de la mémoire avec Rust est un mélange :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Safe and correct like Java, but without a garbage collector.\n"
|
|
"* Depending on which abstraction (or combination of abstractions) you "
|
|
"choose, can be a single unique pointer, reference counted, or atomically "
|
|
"reference counted.\n"
|
|
"* Scope-based like C++, but the compiler enforces full adherence.\n"
|
|
"* A Rust user can choose the right abstraction for the situation, some even "
|
|
"have no cost at runtime like C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Sûr et correct comme Java, mais sans ramasse-miettes.\n"
|
|
"* Selon l'abstraction (ou la combinaison d'abstractions) que vous "
|
|
"choisissez, il peut s'agir d'un seul pointeur unique, d'une référence "
|
|
"comptée ou d'une référence atomique comptée.\n"
|
|
"* Basé sur la portée comme C++, mais le compilateur applique une adhésion "
|
|
"totale.\n"
|
|
"* Un utilisateur de Rust peut choisir la bonne abstraction pour la "
|
|
"situation, certains n'ont même aucun coût à l'exécution comme C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust achieves this by modeling _ownership_ explicitly."
|
|
msgstr "Il y parvient en modélisant explicitement _ownership_."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/rust.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* If asked how at this point, you can mention that in Rust this is usually "
|
|
"handled by RAII wrapper types such as [Box], [Vec], [Rc], or [Arc]. These "
|
|
"encapsulate ownership and memory allocation via various means, and prevent "
|
|
"the potential errors in C.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* You may be asked about destructors here, the [Drop] trait is the Rust "
|
|
"equivalent."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Si on vous demande comment à ce stade, vous pouvez mentionner qu'avec "
|
|
"Rust, cela est généralement géré par des types de wrapper RAII tels que "
|
|
"[Box], [Vec], [Rc] ou [Arc]. Ceux-ci encapsulent la propriété et "
|
|
"l'allocation de mémoire par divers moyens et empêchent les erreurs "
|
|
"potentielles dans C.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez être interrogé sur les destructeurs ici, le trait [Drop] est "
|
|
"l'équivalent de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Comparison"
|
|
msgstr "# Comparaison"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Here is a rough comparison of the memory management techniques."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Voici une comparaison approximative des techniques de gestion de la mémoire."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Pros of Different Memory Management Techniques"
|
|
msgstr "## Avantages des différentes techniques de gestion de la mémoire"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Manual like C:\n"
|
|
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
|
|
"* Automatic like Java:\n"
|
|
" * Fully automatic.\n"
|
|
" * Safe and correct.\n"
|
|
"* Scope-based like C++:\n"
|
|
" * Partially automatic.\n"
|
|
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
|
|
"* Compiler-enforced scope-based like Rust:\n"
|
|
" * Enforced by compiler.\n"
|
|
" * No runtime overhead.\n"
|
|
" * Safe and correct."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Manuel comme C :\n"
|
|
" * Aucune surcharge d'exécution.\n"
|
|
"* Automatique comme Java :\n"
|
|
" * Entièrement automatique.\n"
|
|
" * Sûr et correct.\n"
|
|
"* Basé sur la portée comme C++ :\n"
|
|
" * Partiellement automatique.\n"
|
|
" * Aucune surcharge d'exécution.\n"
|
|
"* Basé sur la portée imposée par le compilateur comme Rust :\n"
|
|
" * Appliqué par le compilateur.\n"
|
|
" * Aucune surcharge d'exécution.\n"
|
|
" * Sûr et correct."
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Cons of Different Memory Management Techniques"
|
|
msgstr "## Inconvénients des différentes techniques de gestion de la mémoire"
|
|
|
|
#: src/memory-management/comparison.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Manual like C:\n"
|
|
" * Use-after-free.\n"
|
|
" * Double-frees.\n"
|
|
" * Memory leaks.\n"
|
|
"* Automatic like Java:\n"
|
|
" * Garbage collection pauses.\n"
|
|
" * Destructor delays.\n"
|
|
"* Scope-based like C++:\n"
|
|
" * Complex, opt-in by programmer.\n"
|
|
" * Potential for use-after-free.\n"
|
|
"* Compiler-enforced and scope-based like Rust:\n"
|
|
" * Some upfront complexity.\n"
|
|
" * Can reject valid programs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Manuel comme C :\n"
|
|
" * Utiliser-après-libre.\n"
|
|
" * Double-gratuit.\n"
|
|
" * Fuites de mémoire.\n"
|
|
"* Automatique comme Java :\n"
|
|
" * La collecte des ordures s'arrête.\n"
|
|
" * Retards de destructeur.\n"
|
|
"* Basé sur la portée comme C++ :\n"
|
|
" * Complexe, opt-in par le programmeur.\n"
|
|
" * Potentiel d'utilisation-après-libre.\n"
|
|
"* Renforcé par le compilateur et basé sur la portée comme Rust :\n"
|
|
" * Une certaine complexité initiale.\n"
|
|
" * Peut rejeter les programmes valides."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Ownership"
|
|
msgstr "# La possession"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"All variable bindings have a _scope_ where they are valid and it is an error "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
"use a variable outside its scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Toutes les liaisons de variables ont un _scope_ où elles sont valides et "
|
|
"c'est une erreur de\n"
|
|
"utiliser une variable en dehors de sa portée :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {}\", p.0);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {}\", p.1);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* At the end of the scope, the variable is _dropped_ and the data is freed.\n"
|
|
"* A destructor can run here to free up resources.\n"
|
|
"* We say that the variable _owns_ the value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* A la fin du scope, la variable est _dropped_ et les données sont "
|
|
"libérées.\n"
|
|
"* Un destructeur peut s'exécuter ici pour libérer des ressources.\n"
|
|
"* On dit que la variable _possède_ la valeur."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Move Semantics"
|
|
msgstr "# Sémantique de déplacement"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "An assignment will transfer ownership between variables:"
|
|
msgstr "Une affectation transférera la propriété entre les variables :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Hello!\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: {s2}\");\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"s1: {s1}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The assignment of `s1` to `s2` transfers ownership.\n"
|
|
"* The data was _moved_ from `s1` and `s1` is no longer accessible.\n"
|
|
"* When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens: it has no ownership.\n"
|
|
"* When `s2` goes out of scope, the string data is freed.\n"
|
|
"* There is always _exactly_ one variable binding which owns a value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* L'affectation de `s1` à `s2` transfère la propriété.\n"
|
|
"* Les données ont été _déplacées_ de `s1` et `s1` n'est plus accessible.\n"
|
|
"* Lorsque `s1` sort de la portée, rien ne se passe : il n'a pas de "
|
|
"propriété.\n"
|
|
"* Lorsque `s2` sort de la portée, les données de la chaîne sont libérées.\n"
|
|
"* Il y a toujours _exactement_ une liaison de variable qui possède une "
|
|
"valeur."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/move-semantics.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Mention that this is the opposite of the defaults in C++, which copies by "
|
|
"value unless you use `std::move` (and the move constructor is defined!).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* In Rust, clones are explicit (by using `clone`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Mentionnez que c'est l'opposé des valeurs par défaut en C++, qui copie par "
|
|
"valeur à moins que vous n'utilisiez `std::move` (et que le constructeur de "
|
|
"déplacement soit défini !).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Dans Rust, les clones sont explicites (en utilisant `clone`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Moved Strings in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Chaînes déplacées dans Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s1: String = String::from(\"Rust\");\n"
|
|
" let s2: String = s1;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The heap data from `s1` is reused for `s2`.\n"
|
|
"* When `s1` goes out of scope, nothing happens (it has been moved from)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les données de tas de `s1` sont réutilisées pour `s2`.\n"
|
|
"* Lorsque `s1` sort de la portée, rien ne se passe (il a été déplacé de)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Before move to `s2`:"
|
|
msgstr "Avant de passer à `s2` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
": :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:30
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "After move to `s2`:"
|
|
msgstr "Après le passage à `s2` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moved-strings-rust.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 \"(inaccessible)\" : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| R | u | s | t | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | : | : +----+----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | : | : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : | : :\n"
|
|
": : | `- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
": s2 : |\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : |\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--'\n"
|
|
": | len | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 4 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ :\n"
|
|
": :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Double Frees in Modern C++"
|
|
msgstr "# Double Frees en C++ moderne"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Modern C++ solves this differently:"
|
|
msgstr "Le C++ moderne résout cela différemment :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c++\n"
|
|
"std::string s1 = \"Cpp\";\n"
|
|
"std::string s2 = s1; // Duplicate the data in s1.\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The heap data from `s1` is duplicated and `s2` gets its own independent "
|
|
"copy.\n"
|
|
"* When `s1` and `s2` go out of scope, they each free their own memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les données de tas de `s1` sont dupliquées et `s2` obtient sa propre copie "
|
|
"indépendante.\n"
|
|
"* Lorsque `s1` et `s2` sortent de la portée, ils libèrent chacun leur propre "
|
|
"mémoire."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Before copy-assignment:"
|
|
msgstr "Avant l'affectation de copie :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:30
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "After copy-assignment:"
|
|
msgstr "Après l'affectation de copie :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/double-free-modern-cpp.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s1 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+--+--+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": s2 : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| C | p | p | :\n"
|
|
": | len | 3 | : : +----+----+----+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 3 | : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : :\n"
|
|
": : `- - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Moves in Function Calls"
|
|
msgstr "# Déplacements dans les appels de fonction"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you pass a value to a function, the value is assigned to the function\n"
|
|
"parameter. This transfers ownership:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lorsque vous transmettez une valeur à une fonction, la valeur est affectée à "
|
|
"la fonction\n"
|
|
"paramètre. Cela transfère la propriété :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn say_hello(name: String) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let name = String::from(\"Alice\");\n"
|
|
" say_hello(name);\n"
|
|
" // say_hello(name);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/moves-function-calls.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* With the first call to `say_hello`, `main` gives up ownership of `name`. "
|
|
"Afterwards, `name` cannot be used anymore within `main`.\n"
|
|
"* The heap memory allocated for `name` will be freed at the end of the "
|
|
"`say_hello` function.\n"
|
|
"* `main` can retain ownership if it passes `name` as a reference (`&name`) "
|
|
"and if `say_hello` accepts a reference as a parameter.\n"
|
|
"* Alternatively, `main` can pass a clone of `name` in the first call (`name."
|
|
"clone()`).\n"
|
|
"* Rust makes it harder than C++ to inadvertently create copies by making "
|
|
"move semantics the default, and by forcing programmers to make clones "
|
|
"explicit."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Avec le premier appel à `say_hello`, `main` abandonne la propriété de "
|
|
"`name`. Ensuite, `name` ne peut plus être utilisé dans `main`.\n"
|
|
"* La mémoire de tas allouée pour `name` sera libérée à la fin de la fonction "
|
|
"`say_hello`.\n"
|
|
"* `main` peut conserver la propriété s'il passe `name` comme référence "
|
|
"(`&name`) et si `say_hello` accepte une référence comme paramètre.\n"
|
|
"* Alternativement, `main` peut passer un clone de `name` dans le premier "
|
|
"appel (`name.clone()`).\n"
|
|
"* Rust rend plus difficile que C++ la création de copies par inadvertance en "
|
|
"faisant de la sémantique de déplacement la valeur par défaut et en forçant "
|
|
"les programmeurs à rendre les clones explicites."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Copying and Cloning"
|
|
msgstr "# Copie et clonage"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"While move semantics are the default, certain types are copied by default:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Bien que la sémantique de déplacement soit la valeur par défaut, certains "
|
|
"types sont copiés par défaut :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = 42;\n"
|
|
" let y = x;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "These types implement the `Copy` trait."
|
|
msgstr "Ces types implémentent le trait \"Copier\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can opt-in your own types to use copy semantics:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez activer vos propres types pour utiliser la sémantique de copie :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"p1: {p1:?}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"p2: {p2:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:30
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* After the assignment, both `p1` and `p2` own their own data.\n"
|
|
"* We can also use `p1.clone()` to explicitly copy the data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Après l'affectation, `p1` et `p2` possèdent leurs propres données.\n"
|
|
"* Nous pouvons également utiliser `p1.clone()` pour copier explicitement les "
|
|
"données."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Copying and cloning are not the same thing:"
|
|
msgstr "La copie et le clonage ne sont pas la même chose :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Copying refers to bitwise copies of memory regions and does not work on "
|
|
"arbitrary objects.\n"
|
|
"* Copying does not allow for custom logic (unlike copy constructors in C+"
|
|
"+).\n"
|
|
"* Cloning is a more general operation and also allows for custom behavior by "
|
|
"implementing the `Clone` trait.\n"
|
|
"* Copying does not work on types that implement the `Drop` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La copie fait référence aux copies au niveau du bit des régions de mémoire "
|
|
"et ne fonctionne pas sur des objets arbitraires.\n"
|
|
"* La copie ne permet pas de logique personnalisée (contrairement aux "
|
|
"constructeurs de copie en C++).\n"
|
|
"* Le clonage est une opération plus générale et permet également un "
|
|
"comportement personnalisé en implémentant le trait \"Cloner\".\n"
|
|
"* La copie ne fonctionne pas sur les types qui implémentent le trait `Drop`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:42 src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In the above example, try the following:"
|
|
msgstr "Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, essayez ce qui suit :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:44
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Add a `String` field to `struct Point`. It will not compile because "
|
|
"`String` is not a `Copy` type.\n"
|
|
"* Remove `Copy` from the `derive` attribute. The compiler error is now in "
|
|
"the `println!` for `p1`.\n"
|
|
"* Show that it works if you clone `p1` instead."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Ajoutez un champ `String` à `struct Point`. Il ne sera pas compilé car "
|
|
"`String` n'est pas un type `Copy`.\n"
|
|
"* Supprimer `Copy` de l'attribut `derive`. L'erreur du compilateur est "
|
|
"maintenant dans `println!` pour `p1`.\n"
|
|
"* Montrez que cela fonctionne si vous clonez `p1` à la place."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/copy-clone.md:48
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If students ask about `derive`, it is sufficient to say that this is a way "
|
|
"to generate code in Rust\n"
|
|
"at compile time. In this case the default implementations of `Copy` and "
|
|
"`Clone` traits are generated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si les étudiants posent des questions sur \"dériver\", il suffit de dire que "
|
|
"c'est un moyen de générer du code dans Rust\n"
|
|
"au moment de la compilation. Dans ce cas, les implémentations par défaut des "
|
|
"traits `Copy` et `Clone` sont générées."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Borrowing"
|
|
msgstr "# Emprunter"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Instead of transferring ownership when calling a function, you can let a\n"
|
|
"function _borrow_ the value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Au lieu de transférer la propriété lors de l'appel d'une fonction, vous "
|
|
"pouvez laisser une\n"
|
|
"la fonction _emprunte_ la valeur :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
|
|
" Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
|
|
" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `add` function _borrows_ two points and returns a new point.\n"
|
|
"* The caller retains ownership of the inputs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La fonction `add` _emprunte_ deux points et renvoie un nouveau point.\n"
|
|
"* L'appelant conserve la propriété des entrées."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Notes on stack returns:"
|
|
msgstr "Remarques sur les retours de pile :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/borrowing.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Demonstrate that the return from `add` is cheap because the compiler can "
|
|
"eliminate the copy operation. Change the above code to print stack addresses "
|
|
"and run it on the [Playground]. In the \"DEBUG\" optimization level, the "
|
|
"addresses should change, while they stay the same when changing to the "
|
|
"\"RELEASE\" setting:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
" struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(p1.0 + p2.0, p1.1 + p2.1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"&p.0: {:p}\", &p.0);\n"
|
|
" p\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point(3, 4);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point(10, 20);\n"
|
|
" let p3 = add(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"&p3.0: {:p}\", &p3.0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{p1:?} + {p2:?} = {p3:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"* The Rust compiler can do return value optimization (RVO).\n"
|
|
"* In C++, copy elision has to be defined in the language specification "
|
|
"because constructors can have side effects. In Rust, this is not an issue at "
|
|
"all. If RVO did not happen, Rust will always perform a simple and efficient "
|
|
"`memcpy` copy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Shared and Unique Borrows"
|
|
msgstr "# Emprunts partagés et uniques"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust puts constraints on the ways you can borrow values:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust impose des contraintes sur la manière dont vous pouvez emprunter des "
|
|
"valeurs :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* You can have one or more `&T` values at any given time, _or_\n"
|
|
"* You can have exactly one `&mut T` value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Vous pouvez avoir une ou plusieurs valeurs `&T` à tout moment, _ou_\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez avoir exactement une valeur `&mut T`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a: i32 = 10;\n"
|
|
" let b: &i32 = &a;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let c: &mut i32 = &mut a;\n"
|
|
" *c = 20;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/shared-unique-borrows.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The above code does not compile because `a` is borrowed as mutable "
|
|
"(through `c`) and as immutable (through `b`) at the same time.\n"
|
|
"* Move the `println!` statement for `b` before the scope that introduces `c` "
|
|
"to make the code compile.\n"
|
|
"* After that change, the compiler realizes that `b` is only ever used before "
|
|
"the new mutable borrow of `a` through `c`. This is a feature of the borrow "
|
|
"checker called \"non-lexical lifetimes\"."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le code ci-dessus ne se compile pas car 'a' est emprunté comme mutable "
|
|
"(via 'c') et comme immuable (via 'b') en même temps.\n"
|
|
"* Déplacez l'instruction `println!` pour `b` avant la portée qui introduit "
|
|
"`c` pour que le code soit compilé.\n"
|
|
"* Après ce changement, le compilateur se rend compte que 'b' n'est utilisé "
|
|
"qu'avant le nouvel emprunt mutable de 'a' à 'c'. Il s'agit d'une "
|
|
"fonctionnalité du vérificateur d'emprunt appelée \"durées de vie non "
|
|
"lexicales\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Lifetimes"
|
|
msgstr "# Durées de vie"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "A borrowed value has a _lifetime_:"
|
|
msgstr "Une valeur empruntée a une _durée de vie_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The lifetime can be implicit: `add(p1: &Point, p2: &Point) -> Point`.\n"
|
|
"* Lifetimes can also be explicit: `&'a Point`, `&'document str`.\n"
|
|
"* Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the\n"
|
|
" lifetime `a`\".\n"
|
|
"* Lifetimes are always inferred by the compiler: you cannot assign a "
|
|
"lifetime\n"
|
|
" yourself.\n"
|
|
" * Lifetime annotations create constraints; the compiler verifies that "
|
|
"there is\n"
|
|
" a valid solution.\n"
|
|
"* Lifetimes for function arguments and return values must be fully "
|
|
"specified,\n"
|
|
" but Rust allows lifetimes to be elided in most cases with [a few simple\n"
|
|
" rules](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/lifetime-elision.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Lifetimes in Function Calls"
|
|
msgstr "# Durées de vie dans les appels de fonction"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition to borrowing its arguments, a function can return a borrowed "
|
|
"value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En plus d'emprunter ses arguments, une fonction peut renvoyer une valeur "
|
|
"empruntée :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
|
|
" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
|
|
" let p3: &Point = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `'a` is a generic parameter, it is inferred by the compiler.\n"
|
|
"* Lifetimes start with `'` and `'a` is a typical default name.\n"
|
|
"* Read `&'a Point` as \"a borrowed `Point` which is valid for at least the\n"
|
|
" lifetime `a`\".\n"
|
|
" * The _at least_ part is important when parameters are in different scopes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `'a` est un paramètre générique, il est déduit par le compilateur.\n"
|
|
"* Les durées de vie commencent par `'` et `'a` est un nom par défaut "
|
|
"typique.\n"
|
|
"* Lire `&'a Point` comme \"un `Point` emprunté qui est valide pour au moins\n"
|
|
" durée de vie 'a'\".\n"
|
|
" * La partie _au moins_ est importante lorsque les paramètres sont dans des "
|
|
"portées différentes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-function-calls.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Move the declaration of `p2` and `p3` into a new scope (`{ ... }`), "
|
|
"resulting in the following code:\n"
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
" struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn left_most<'a>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'a Point {\n"
|
|
" if p1.0 < p2.0 { p1 } else { p2 }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1: Point = Point(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p3: &Point;\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let p2: Point = Point(20, 20);\n"
|
|
" p3 = left_most(&p1, &p2);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left-most point: {:?}\", p3);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
" Note how this does not compile since `p3` outlives `p2`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Reset the workspace and change the function signature to `fn left_most<'a, "
|
|
"'b>(p1: &'a Point, p2: &'a Point) -> &'b Point`. This will not compile "
|
|
"because the relationship between the lifetimes `'a` and `'b` is unclear.\n"
|
|
"* Another way to explain it:\n"
|
|
" * Two references to two values are borrowed by a function and the function "
|
|
"returns\n"
|
|
" another reference.\n"
|
|
" * It must have come from one of those two inputs (or from a global "
|
|
"variable).\n"
|
|
" * Which one is it? The compiler needs to know, so at the call site the "
|
|
"returned reference is not used\n"
|
|
" for longer than a variable from where the reference came from."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Lifetimes in Data Structures"
|
|
msgstr "# Durées de vie dans les structures de données"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If a data type stores borrowed data, it must be annotated with a lifetime:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si un type de données stocke des données empruntées, il doit être annoté "
|
|
"avec une durée de vie :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Highlight<'doc>(&'doc str);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn erase(text: String) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bye {text}!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let text = String::from(\"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."
|
|
"\");\n"
|
|
" let fox = Highlight(&text[4..19]);\n"
|
|
" let dog = Highlight(&text[35..43]);\n"
|
|
" // erase(text);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{fox:?}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{dog:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/ownership/lifetimes-data-structures.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* In the above example, the annotation on `Highlight` enforces that the data "
|
|
"underlying the contained `&str` lives at least as long as any instance of "
|
|
"`Highlight` that uses that data.\n"
|
|
"* If `text` is consumed before the end of the lifetime of `fox` (or `dog`), "
|
|
"the borrow checker throws an error.\n"
|
|
"* Types with borrowed data force users to hold on to the original data. This "
|
|
"can be useful for creating lightweight views, but it generally makes them "
|
|
"somewhat harder to use.\n"
|
|
"* When possible, make data structures own their data directly.\n"
|
|
"* Some structs with multiple references inside can have more than one "
|
|
"lifetime annotation. This can be necessary if there is a need to describe "
|
|
"lifetime relationships between the references themselves, in addition to the "
|
|
"lifetime of the struct itself. Those are very advanced use cases."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, l'annotation sur `Highlight` impose que les "
|
|
"données sous-jacentes au `&str` contenu vivent au moins aussi longtemps que "
|
|
"toute instance de `Highlight` qui utilise ces données.\n"
|
|
"* Si `text` est consommé avant la fin de la durée de vie de `fox` (ou "
|
|
"`dog`), le vérificateur d'emprunt génère une erreur.\n"
|
|
"* Les types avec des données empruntées obligent les utilisateurs à "
|
|
"conserver les données d'origine. Cela peut être utile pour créer des vues "
|
|
"légères, mais cela les rend généralement un peu plus difficiles à utiliser.\n"
|
|
"* Dans la mesure du possible, faites en sorte que les structures de données "
|
|
"soient directement propriétaires de leurs données.\n"
|
|
"* Certaines structures contenant plusieurs références peuvent avoir "
|
|
"plusieurs annotations de durée de vie. Cela peut être nécessaire s'il est "
|
|
"nécessaire de décrire les relations de durée de vie entre les références "
|
|
"elles-mêmes, en plus de la durée de vie de la structure elle-même. Ce sont "
|
|
"des cas d'utilisation très avancés."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 1: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Jour 1 : Exercices de l'après-midi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will look at two things:"
|
|
msgstr "Nous allons regarder deux choses :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/afternoon.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* A small book library,\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Iterators and ownership (hard)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Une petite bibliothèque de livres,\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Itérateurs et propriété (difficile)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Storing Books"
|
|
msgstr "# Chaîne"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will learn much more about structs and the `Vec<T>` type tomorrow. For "
|
|
"now,\n"
|
|
"you just need to know part of its API:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous en apprendrons beaucoup plus sur les structures et le type `Vec<T>` "
|
|
"demain. Pour l'instant,\n"
|
|
"vous avez juste besoin de connaître une partie de son API :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut vec = vec![10, 20];\n"
|
|
" vec.push(30);\n"
|
|
" let midpoint = vec.len() / 2;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"middle value: {}\", vec[midpoint]);\n"
|
|
" for item in &vec {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"item: {item}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Use this to model a library's book collection. Copy the code below to\n"
|
|
"<https://play.rust-lang.org/> and update the types to make it compile:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Utilisez-le pour créer une application de bibliothèque. Copiez le code ci-"
|
|
"dessous pour\n"
|
|
"<https://play.rust-lang.org/> et mettez à jour les types pour le faire "
|
|
"compiler :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"struct Library {\n"
|
|
" books: Vec<Book>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" year: u16,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Book {\n"
|
|
" // This is a constructor, used below.\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n"
|
|
" Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String::from(title),\n"
|
|
" year,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n"
|
|
"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n"
|
|
"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n"
|
|
"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n"
|
|
"impl Library {\n"
|
|
" fn new() -> Library {\n"
|
|
" todo!(\"Initialize and return a `Library` value\")\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn print_books(self) {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and "
|
|
"year\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n"
|
|
"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n"
|
|
"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n"
|
|
"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library."
|
|
"is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
|
|
"1865));\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", "
|
|
"library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //match library.oldest_book() {\n"
|
|
" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n"
|
|
" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/book-library.md:102
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)"
|
|
msgstr "[Solution](solutions-afternoon.md#designing-a-library)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Iterators and Ownership"
|
|
msgstr "# Itérateurs et propriété"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The ownership model of Rust affects many APIs. An example of this is the\n"
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) and\n"
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator."
|
|
"html)\n"
|
|
"traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le modèle de propriété de Rust affecte de nombreuses API. Un exemple en est "
|
|
"le\n"
|
|
"[`Iterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.Iterator.html) et\n"
|
|
"[`IntoIterator`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/trait.IntoIterator."
|
|
"html)\n"
|
|
"caractéristiques."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `Iterator`"
|
|
msgstr "## `Itérateur`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Traits are like interfaces: they describe behavior (methods) for a type. "
|
|
"The\n"
|
|
"`Iterator` trait simply says that you can call `next` until you get `None` "
|
|
"back:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les traits sont comme des interfaces : ils décrivent le comportement "
|
|
"(méthodes) d'un type. Le\n"
|
|
"Le trait `Iterator` indique simplement que vous pouvez appeler `next` "
|
|
"jusqu'à ce que vous obteniez `None` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"pub trait Iterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item;\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You use this trait like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous utilisez ce trait comme ceci :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<i8> = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.iter();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[0]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[1]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[2]: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"No more items: {:?}\", iter.next());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "What is the type returned by the iterator? Test your answer here:"
|
|
msgstr "Quel est le type retourné par l'itérateur ? Testez votre réponse ici :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<i8> = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.iter();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:46
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Why is this type used?"
|
|
msgstr "Pourquoi ce type est-il utilisé ?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:48
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `IntoIterator`"
|
|
msgstr "## `IntoIterator`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:50
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `Iterator` trait tells you how to _iterate_ once you have created an\n"
|
|
"iterator. The related trait `IntoIterator` tells you how to create the "
|
|
"iterator:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le trait `Iterator` vous indique comment _itérer_ une fois que vous avez "
|
|
"créé un\n"
|
|
"itérateur. Le trait connexe \"IntoIterator\" vous indique comment créer "
|
|
"l'itérateur :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:53
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"pub trait IntoIterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item;\n"
|
|
" type IntoIter: Iterator<Item = Self::Item>;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:62
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The syntax here means that every implementation of `IntoIterator` must\n"
|
|
"declare two types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La syntaxe ici signifie que chaque implémentation de `IntoIterator` doit\n"
|
|
"déclarer deux types :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:65
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Item`: the type we iterate over, such as `i8`,\n"
|
|
"* `IntoIter`: the `Iterator` type returned by the `into_iter` method."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Item` : le type sur lequel nous itérons, tel que `i8`,\n"
|
|
"* `IntoIter` : le type `Iterator` renvoyé par la méthode `into_iter`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:68
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that `IntoIter` and `Item` are linked: the iterator must have the same\n"
|
|
"`Item` type, which means that it returns `Option<Item>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Notez que `IntoIter` et `Item` sont liés : l'itérateur doit avoir le même\n"
|
|
"Type `Item`, ce qui signifie qu'il renvoie `Option<Item>`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:71
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Like before, what is the type returned by the iterator?"
|
|
msgstr "Comme précédemment, quel est le type retourné par l'itérateur ?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:73
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<String> = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::"
|
|
"from(\"bar\")];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let v0: Option<..> = iter.next();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v0: {v0:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:83
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr "## Boucles `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:85
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Now that we know both `Iterator` and `IntoIterator`, we can build `for` "
|
|
"loops.\n"
|
|
"They call `into_iter()` on an expression and iterates over the resulting\n"
|
|
"iterator:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Maintenant que nous connaissons à la fois `Iterator` et `IntoIterator`, nous "
|
|
"pouvons construire des boucles `for`.\n"
|
|
"Ils appellent `into_iter()` sur une expression et itèrent sur le résultat\n"
|
|
"itérateur :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v: Vec<String> = vec![String::from(\"foo\"), String::"
|
|
"from(\"bar\")];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for word in &v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for word in v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"word: {word}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:103
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "What is the type of `word` in each loop?"
|
|
msgstr "Quel est le type de \"mot\" dans chaque boucle ?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/iterators-and-ownership.md:105
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Experiment with the code above and then consult the documentation for "
|
|
"[`impl\n"
|
|
"IntoIterator for\n"
|
|
"&Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-"
|
|
"IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
|
|
"and [`impl IntoIterator for\n"
|
|
"Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-"
|
|
"for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
|
|
"to check your answers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Expérimentez avec le code ci-dessus, puis consultez la documentation de "
|
|
"[`impl\n"
|
|
"IntoIterator pour\n"
|
|
"&Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-"
|
|
"IntoIterator-for-%26%27a%20Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
|
|
"et [`impl IntoIterator for\n"
|
|
"Vec<T>`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html#impl-IntoIterator-"
|
|
"for-Vec%3CT%2C%20A%3E)\n"
|
|
"pour vérifier vos réponses."
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Day 2"
|
|
msgstr "# Bienvenue au jour 2"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Now that we have seen a fair amount of Rust, we will continue with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Maintenant que nous avons vu une bonne quantité de Rust, nous allons "
|
|
"continuer avec :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-2.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Structs, enums, methods.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Pattern matching: destructuring enums, structs, and arrays.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Control flow constructs: `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, `break`, "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" `continue`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The Standard Library: `String`, `Option` and `Result`, `Vec`, `HashMap`, "
|
|
"`Rc`\n"
|
|
" and `Arc`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Modules: visibility, paths, and filesystem hierarchy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Structures, énumérations, méthodes.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Pattern matching : déstructuration des énumérations, des structures et des "
|
|
"tableaux.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Constructions de flux de contrôle : `if`, `if let`, `while`, `while let`, "
|
|
"`break` et\n"
|
|
" 'continuer'.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* La bibliothèque standard : `String`, `Option` et `Result`, `Vec`, "
|
|
"`HashMap`, `Rc`\n"
|
|
" et \"Arc\".\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Modules : visibilité, chemins et hiérarchie du système de fichiers."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Structs"
|
|
msgstr "# Structures"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Like C and C++, Rust has support for custom structs:"
|
|
msgstr "Comme C et C++, Rust prend en charge les structures personnalisées :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut peter = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n"
|
|
" age: 27,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" peter.age = 28;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", peter.name, peter.age);\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" let jackie = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String::from(\"Jackie\"),\n"
|
|
" ..peter\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is {} years old\", jackie.name, jackie.age);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:31 src/enums.md:34 src/enums/sizes.md:29 src/methods.md:30
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:46 src/pattern-matching.md:25
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:22 src/control-flow/blocks.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Key Points:"
|
|
msgstr "Points clés:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Structs work like in C or C++.\n"
|
|
" * Like in C++, and unlike in C, no typedef is needed to define a type.\n"
|
|
" * Unlike in C++, there is no inheritance between structs.\n"
|
|
"* Methods are defined in an `impl` block, which we will see in following "
|
|
"slides.\n"
|
|
"* This may be a good time to let people know there are different types of "
|
|
"structs. \n"
|
|
" * Zero-sized structs `e.g., struct Foo;` might be used when implementing a "
|
|
"trait on some type but don’t have any data that you want to store in the "
|
|
"value itself. \n"
|
|
" * The next slide will introduce Tuple structs, used when the field names "
|
|
"are not important.\n"
|
|
"* The syntax `..peter` allows us to copy the majority of the fields from the "
|
|
"old struct without having to explicitly type it all out. It must always be "
|
|
"the last element."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Tuple Structs"
|
|
msgstr "# Structures de tuple"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "If the field names are unimportant, you can use a tuple struct:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si les noms de champ ne sont pas importants, vous pouvez utiliser une "
|
|
"structure tuple :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Point(i32, i32);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(17, 23);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"({}, {})\", p.0, p.1);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "This is often used for single-field wrappers (called newtypes):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ceci est souvent utilisé pour les wrappers à champ unique (appelés newtypes):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"struct PoundsOfForce(f64);\n"
|
|
"struct Newtons(f64);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn compute_thruster_force() -> PoundsOfForce {\n"
|
|
" todo!(\"Ask a rocket scientist at NASA\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn set_thruster_force(force: Newtons) {\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let force = compute_thruster_force();\n"
|
|
" set_thruster_force(force);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/tuple-structs.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Newtypes are a great way to encode additional information about the value "
|
|
"in a primitive type, for example:\n"
|
|
" * The number is measured in some units: `Newtons` in the example above.\n"
|
|
" * The value passed some validation when it was created, so you no longer "
|
|
"have to validate it again at every use: 'PhoneNumber(String)` or "
|
|
"`OddNumber(u32)`.\n"
|
|
"* Demonstrate how to add a `f64` value to a `Newtons` type by accessing the "
|
|
"single field in the newtype.\n"
|
|
" * Rust generally doesn’t like inexplicit things, like automatic "
|
|
"unwrapping or for instance using booleans as integers.\n"
|
|
" * Operator overloading is discussed on Day 3 (generics).\n"
|
|
"* The example is a subtle reference to the [Mars Climate Orbiter](https://en."
|
|
"wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Climate_Orbiter) failure."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les nouveaux types sont un excellent moyen d'encoder des informations "
|
|
"supplémentaires sur la valeur dans un type primitif, par exemple :\n"
|
|
" * Le nombre est mesuré dans certaines unités : `Newtons` dans l'exemple ci-"
|
|
"dessus.\n"
|
|
" * La valeur a été validée lors de sa création, vous n'avez donc plus "
|
|
"besoin de la valider à chaque utilisation : 'PhoneNumber(String)` ou "
|
|
"`OddNumber(u32)`.\n"
|
|
"* Montrez comment ajouter une valeur `f64` à un type `Newtons` en accédant "
|
|
"au champ unique dans le nouveau type.\n"
|
|
" * Rust n'aime généralement pas les choses inexplicites, comme le déballage "
|
|
"automatique ou, par exemple, l'utilisation de booléens comme entiers.\n"
|
|
" * La surcharge des opérateurs est discutée le jour 3 (génériques)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Field Shorthand Syntax"
|
|
msgstr "# Syntaxe abrégée du champ"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you already have variables with the right names, then you can create the\n"
|
|
"struct using a shorthand:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si vous avez déjà des variables avec les bons noms, vous pouvez créer le\n"
|
|
"struct en utilisant un raccourci :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Person {\n"
|
|
" Person { name, age }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let peter = Person::new(String::from(\"Peter\"), 27);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{peter:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/structs/field-shorthand.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `new` function could be written using `Self` as a type, as it is "
|
|
"interchangeable with the struct type name\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
" struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn new(name: String, age: u8) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self { name, age }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ``` \n"
|
|
"* Implement the `Default` trait for the struct. Define some fields and use "
|
|
"the default values for the other fields.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
" struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" impl Default for Person {\n"
|
|
" fn default() -> Person {\n"
|
|
" Person {\n"
|
|
" name: \"Bot\".to_string(),\n"
|
|
" age: 0,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" fn create_default() {\n"
|
|
" let tmp = Person {\n"
|
|
" ..Default::default()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" let tmp = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: \"Sam\".to_string(),\n"
|
|
" ..Default::default()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Methods are defined in the `impl` block.\n"
|
|
"* Use struct update syntax to define a new structure using `peter`. Note "
|
|
"that the variable `peter` will no longer be accessible afterwards.\n"
|
|
"* Use `{:#?}` when printing structs to request the `Debug` representation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Enums"
|
|
msgstr "# Énumérations"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `enum` keyword allows the creation of a type which has a few\n"
|
|
"different variants:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le mot clé `enum` permet la création d'un type qui a quelques\n"
|
|
"différentes variantes :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn generate_random_number() -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" // Implementation based on https://xkcd.com/221/\n"
|
|
" 4 // Chosen by fair dice roll. Guaranteed to be random.\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum CoinFlip {\n"
|
|
" Heads,\n"
|
|
" Tails,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn flip_coin() -> CoinFlip {\n"
|
|
" let random_number = generate_random_number();\n"
|
|
" if random_number % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" return CoinFlip::Heads;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" return CoinFlip::Tails;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"You got: {:?}\", flip_coin());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums.md:36
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Enumerations allow you to collect a set of values under one type\n"
|
|
"* This page offers an enum type `CoinFlip` with two variants `Heads` and "
|
|
"`Tail`. You might note the namespace when using variants.\n"
|
|
"* This might be a good time to compare Structs and Enums:\n"
|
|
" * In both, you can have a simple version without fields (unit struct) or "
|
|
"one with different types of fields (variant payloads). \n"
|
|
" * In both, associated functions are defined within an `impl` block.\n"
|
|
" * You could even implement the different variants of an enum with separate "
|
|
"structs but then they wouldn’t be the same type as they would if they were "
|
|
"all defined in an enum. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les énumérations vous permettent de collecter un ensemble de valeurs sous "
|
|
"un type\n"
|
|
"* Cette page propose un type d'énumération `CoinFlip` avec deux variantes "
|
|
"`Heads` et `Tail`. Vous pouvez noter l'espace de noms lors de l'utilisation "
|
|
"de variantes.\n"
|
|
"* C'est peut-être le bon moment pour comparer Structs et Enums :\n"
|
|
" * Dans les deux cas, vous pouvez avoir une version simple sans champs "
|
|
"(structure d'unité) ou une version avec différents types de champs (charges "
|
|
"utiles variantes).\n"
|
|
" * Dans les deux cas, les fonctions associées sont définies dans un bloc "
|
|
"`impl`.\n"
|
|
" * Vous pouvez même implémenter les différentes variantes d'une énumération "
|
|
"avec des structures distinctes, mais elles ne seraient alors pas du même "
|
|
"type que si elles étaient toutes définies dans une énumération."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Variant Payloads"
|
|
msgstr "# Charges utiles variantes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can define richer enums where the variants carry data. You can then use "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"`match` statement to extract the data from each variant:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez définir des énumérations plus riches où les variantes "
|
|
"transportent des données. Vous pouvez ensuite utiliser le\n"
|
|
"instruction `match` pour extraire les données de chaque variante :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum WebEvent {\n"
|
|
" PageLoad, // Variant without payload\n"
|
|
" KeyPress(char), // Tuple struct variant\n"
|
|
" Click { x: i64, y: i64 }, // Full struct variant\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn inspect(event: WebEvent) {\n"
|
|
" match event {\n"
|
|
" WebEvent::PageLoad => println!(\"page loaded\"),\n"
|
|
" WebEvent::KeyPress(c) => println!(\"pressed '{c}'\"),\n"
|
|
" WebEvent::Click { x, y } => println!(\"clicked at x={x}, y={y}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let load = WebEvent::PageLoad;\n"
|
|
" let press = WebEvent::KeyPress('x');\n"
|
|
" let click = WebEvent::Click { x: 20, y: 80 };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" inspect(load);\n"
|
|
" inspect(press);\n"
|
|
" inspect(click);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/variant-payloads.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The values in the enum variants can only be accessed after being pattern "
|
|
"matched. The pattern binds references to the fields in the \"match arm\" "
|
|
"after the `=>`.\n"
|
|
" * The expression is matched against the patterns from top to bottom. There "
|
|
"is no fall-through like in C or C++.\n"
|
|
" * The match expression has a value. The value is the last expression in "
|
|
"the match arm which was executed.\n"
|
|
" * Starting from the top we look for what pattern matches the value then "
|
|
"run the code following the arrow. Once we find a match, we stop. \n"
|
|
"* Demonstrate what happens when the search is inexhaustive. Note the "
|
|
"advantage the Rust compiler provides by confirming when all cases are "
|
|
"handled. \n"
|
|
"* `match` inspects a hidden discriminant field in the `enum`.\n"
|
|
"* It is possible to retrieve the discriminant by calling `std::mem::"
|
|
"discriminant()`\n"
|
|
" * This is useful, for example, if implementing `PartialEq` for structs "
|
|
"where comparing field values doesn't affect equality.\n"
|
|
"* `WebEvent::Click { ... }` is not exactly the same as `WebEvent::"
|
|
"Click(Click)` with a top level `struct Click { ... }`. The inlined version "
|
|
"cannot implement traits, for example. \n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les valeurs des variantes enum ne sont accessibles qu'après avoir été "
|
|
"mises en correspondance avec le modèle. Le modèle lie les références aux "
|
|
"champs dans le \"match arm\" après le `=>`.\n"
|
|
" * L'expression est comparée aux modèles de haut en bas. Il n'y a pas de "
|
|
"basculement comme en C ou C++.\n"
|
|
" * L'expression de correspondance a une valeur. La valeur est la dernière "
|
|
"expression du bras de correspondance qui a été exécutée.\n"
|
|
" * En partant du haut, nous cherchons quel modèle correspond à la valeur, "
|
|
"puis exécutons le code en suivant la flèche. Une fois que nous trouvons une "
|
|
"correspondance, nous nous arrêtons.\n"
|
|
"* Démontrer ce qui se passe lorsque la recherche est inépuisable. Notez "
|
|
"l'avantage que le compilateur Rust fournit en confirmant quand tous les cas "
|
|
"sont traités.\n"
|
|
"* `match` inspecte un champ discriminant caché dans `enum`.\n"
|
|
"* Il est possible de récupérer le discriminant en appelant `std::mem::"
|
|
"discriminant()`\n"
|
|
" * Ceci est utile, par exemple, si vous implémentez `PartialEq` pour des "
|
|
"structures où la comparaison des valeurs de champ n'affecte pas l'égalité.\n"
|
|
"* `WebEvent::Click { ... }` n'est pas exactement le même que `WebEvent::"
|
|
"Click(Click)` avec un niveau supérieur `struct Click { ... }`. La version en "
|
|
"ligne ne peut pas implémenter de traits, par exemple.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Enum Sizes"
|
|
msgstr "# Tailles d'énumération"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust enums are packed tightly, taking constraints due to alignment into "
|
|
"account:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les énumérations de rouille sont emballées étroitement, en tenant compte des "
|
|
"contraintes dues à l'alignement :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::{align_of, size_of};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"macro_rules! dbg_size {\n"
|
|
" ($t:ty) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}: size {} bytes, align: {} bytes\",\n"
|
|
" stringify!($t), size_of::<$t>(), align_of::<$t>());\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"enum Foo {\n"
|
|
" A,\n"
|
|
" B,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" dbg_size!(Foo);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout."
|
|
"html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Voir la [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout."
|
|
"html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/enums/sizes.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * Internally Rust is using a field (discriminant) to keep track of the enum "
|
|
"variant.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * You can control the discriminant if needed (e.g., for compatibility with "
|
|
"C):\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" #[repr(u32)]\n"
|
|
" enum Bar {\n"
|
|
" A, // 0\n"
|
|
" B = 10000,\n"
|
|
" C, // 10001\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"A: {}\", Bar::A as u32);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"B: {}\", Bar::B as u32);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"C: {}\", Bar::C as u32);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Without `repr`, the discriminant type takes 2 bytes, because 10001 fits "
|
|
"2\n"
|
|
" bytes.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Try out other types such as\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" * `dbg_size!(bool)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes,\n"
|
|
" * `dbg_size!(Option<bool>)`: size 1 bytes, align: 1 bytes (niche "
|
|
"optimization, see below),\n"
|
|
" * `dbg_size!(&i32)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (on a 64-bit "
|
|
"machine),\n"
|
|
" * `dbg_size!(Option<&i32>)`: size 8 bytes, align: 8 bytes (null pointer "
|
|
"optimization, see below).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Niche optimization: Rust will merge unused bit patterns for the enum\n"
|
|
" discriminant.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Null pointer optimization: For [some\n"
|
|
" types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/#representation), Rust "
|
|
"guarantees\n"
|
|
" that `size_of::<T>()` equals `size_of::<Option<T>>()`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Example code if you want to show how the bitwise representation *may* "
|
|
"look like in practice.\n"
|
|
" It's important to note that the compiler provides no guarantees "
|
|
"regarding this representation, therefore this is totally unsafe.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" use std::mem::transmute;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n"
|
|
" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, "
|
|
"$bit_type>($e));\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
|
|
" // representation of types.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of bool\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(false, u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(true, u8);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<bool>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<bool>, u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(false), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(true), u8);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<Option<bool>>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(false)), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(Some(true)), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(None::<bool>), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<Option<bool>>, u8);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of Option<&i32>\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(None::<&i32>, usize);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(Some(&0i32), usize);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" More complex example if you want to discuss what happens when we chain "
|
|
"more than 256 `Option`s together.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" #![recursion_limit = \"1000\"]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" use std::mem::transmute;\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" macro_rules! dbg_bits {\n"
|
|
" ($e:expr, $bit_type:ty) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"- {}: {:#x}\", stringify!($e), transmute::<_, "
|
|
"$bit_type>($e));\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Macro to wrap a value in 2^n Some() where n is the number of \"@\" "
|
|
"signs.\n"
|
|
" // Increasing the recursion limit is required to evaluate this macro.\n"
|
|
" macro_rules! many_options {\n"
|
|
" ($value:expr) => { Some($value) };\n"
|
|
" ($value:expr, @) => {\n"
|
|
" Some(Some($value))\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" ($value:expr, @ $($more:tt)+) => {\n"
|
|
" many_options!(many_options!($value, $($more)+), $($more)+)\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // TOTALLY UNSAFE. Rust provides no guarantees about the bitwise\n"
|
|
" // representation of types.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false), Some(false));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @), Some(Some(false)));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(many_options!(false, @@), "
|
|
"Some(Some(Some(Some(false)))));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 128 Option's."
|
|
"\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@), u8);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 256 Option's."
|
|
"\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(false, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(true, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Bitwise representation of a chain of 257 Option's."
|
|
"\");\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(false), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(Some(true), @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" dbg_bits!(many_options!(None::<bool>, @@@@@@@@), u16);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust allows you to associate functions with your new types. You do this with "
|
|
"an\n"
|
|
"`impl` block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust vous permet d'associer des fonctions à vos nouveaux types. Vous faites "
|
|
"cela avec un\n"
|
|
"Bloc `impl` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Person {\n"
|
|
" fn say_hello(&self) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello, my name is {}\", self.name);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let peter = Person {\n"
|
|
" name: String::from(\"Peter\"),\n"
|
|
" age: 27,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" peter.say_hello();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods.md:31
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* It can be helpful to introduce methods by comparing them to functions.\n"
|
|
" * Methods are called on an instance of a type (such as a struct or enum), "
|
|
"the first parameter represents the instance as `self`.\n"
|
|
" * Developers may choose to use methods to take advantage of method "
|
|
"receiver syntax and to help keep them more organized. By using methods we "
|
|
"can keep all the implementation code in one predictable place.\n"
|
|
"* Point out the use of the keyword `self`, a method receiver. \n"
|
|
" * Show that it is an abbreviated term for `self:&Self` and perhaps show "
|
|
"how the struct name could also be used. \n"
|
|
" * Explain that `Self` is a type alias for the type the `impl` block is in "
|
|
"and can be used elsewhere in the block.\n"
|
|
" * Note how `self` is used like other structs and dot notation can be used "
|
|
"to refer to individual fields.\n"
|
|
" * This might be a good time to demonstrate how the `&self` differs from "
|
|
"`self` by modifying the code and trying to run say_hello twice. \n"
|
|
"* We describe the distinction between method receivers next.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Il peut être utile d'introduire des méthodes en les comparant à des "
|
|
"fonctions.\n"
|
|
" * Les méthodes sont appelées sur une instance d'un type (tel qu'un struct "
|
|
"ou un enum), le premier paramètre représente l'instance en tant que "
|
|
"\"self\".\n"
|
|
" * Les développeurs peuvent choisir d'utiliser des méthodes pour tirer "
|
|
"parti de la syntaxe du récepteur de méthode et pour mieux les organiser. En "
|
|
"utilisant des méthodes, nous pouvons conserver tout le code d'implémentation "
|
|
"en un seul endroit prévisible.\n"
|
|
"* Soulignez l'utilisation du mot-clé `self`, un récepteur de méthode.\n"
|
|
" * Montrez qu'il s'agit d'un terme abrégé pour `self:&Self` et montrez peut-"
|
|
"être comment le nom de la structure pourrait également être utilisé.\n"
|
|
" * Expliquez que `Self` est un alias de type pour le type dans lequel se "
|
|
"trouve le bloc `impl` et peut être utilisé ailleurs dans le bloc.\n"
|
|
" * Notez comment `self` est utilisé comme d'autres structures et la "
|
|
"notation par points peut être utilisée pour faire référence à des champs "
|
|
"individuels.\n"
|
|
" * C'est peut-être le bon moment pour démontrer en quoi `&self` diffère de "
|
|
"`self` en modifiant le code et en essayant d'exécuter say_hello deux fois.\n"
|
|
"* Nous décrivons ensuite la distinction entre les récepteurs de méthode.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Method Receiver"
|
|
msgstr "# Méthode Récepteur"
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `&self` above indicates that the method borrows the object immutably. "
|
|
"There\n"
|
|
"are other possible receivers for a method:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le `&self` ci-dessus indique que la méthode emprunte l'objet de manière "
|
|
"immuable. Là\n"
|
|
"sont d'autres récepteurs possibles pour une méthode :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `&self`: borrows the object from the caller using a shared and immutable\n"
|
|
" reference. The object can be used again afterwards.\n"
|
|
"* `&mut self`: borrows the object from the caller using a unique and "
|
|
"mutable\n"
|
|
" reference. The object can be used again afterwards.\n"
|
|
"* `self`: takes ownership of the object and moves it away from the caller. "
|
|
"The\n"
|
|
" method becomes the owner of the object. The object will be dropped "
|
|
"(deallocated)\n"
|
|
" when the method returns, unless its ownership is explicitly\n"
|
|
" transmitted. Complete ownership does not automatically mean mutability.\n"
|
|
"* `mut self`: same as above, but the method can mutate the object. \n"
|
|
"* No receiver: this becomes a static method on the struct. Typically used "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
" create constructors which are called `new` by convention."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `&self` : emprunte l'objet à l'appelant en utilisant un partage et "
|
|
"immuable\n"
|
|
" référence. L'objet peut être réutilisé par la suite.\n"
|
|
"* `&mut self` : emprunte l'objet à l'appelant en utilisant un nom unique et "
|
|
"mutable\n"
|
|
" référence. L'objet peut être réutilisé par la suite.\n"
|
|
"* `self` : prend possession de l'objet et l'éloigne de l'appelant. Le\n"
|
|
" méthode devient le propriétaire de l'objet. L'objet sera supprimé "
|
|
"(désalloué)\n"
|
|
" lorsque la méthode revient, sauf si sa propriété est explicitement\n"
|
|
" transmis.\n"
|
|
"* `mut self` : comme ci-dessus, mais tant que la méthode possède l'objet, "
|
|
"elle peut\n"
|
|
" le faire muter aussi. La propriété complète ne signifie pas "
|
|
"automatiquement la mutabilité.\n"
|
|
"* Pas de récepteur : cela devient une méthode statique sur la structure. "
|
|
"Généralement utilisé pour\n"
|
|
" créer des constructeurs appelés \"nouveaux\" par convention."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Beyond variants on `self`, there are also\n"
|
|
"[special wrapper types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-types-"
|
|
"and-traits.html)\n"
|
|
"allowed to be receiver types, such as `Box<Self>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Au-delà des variantes sur \"self\", il y a aussi\n"
|
|
"[types d'emballage spéciaux] (https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/special-"
|
|
"types-and-traits.html)\n"
|
|
"autorisés à être des types de récepteurs, tels que `Box<Self>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/receiver.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Consider emphasizing \"shared and immutable\" and \"unique and mutable\". "
|
|
"These constraints always come\n"
|
|
"together in Rust due to borrow checker rules, and `self` is no exception. It "
|
|
"isn't possible to\n"
|
|
"reference a struct from multiple locations and call a mutating (`&mut self`) "
|
|
"method on it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pensez à mettre l'accent sur \"partagé et immuable\" et \"unique et "
|
|
"modifiable\". Ces contraintes viennent toujours\n"
|
|
"ensemble dans Rust en raison des règles du vérificateur d'emprunt, et "
|
|
"\"self\" ne fait pas exception. Il n'est pas possible de\n"
|
|
"référencez une structure à partir de plusieurs emplacements et appelez une "
|
|
"méthode de mutation (`&mut self`) sur celle-ci."
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:1 src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Example"
|
|
msgstr "# Exemple"
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Race {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" laps: Vec<i32>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Race {\n"
|
|
" fn new(name: &str) -> Race { // No receiver, a static method\n"
|
|
" Race { name: String::from(name), laps: Vec::new() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add_lap(&mut self, lap: i32) { // Exclusive borrowed read-write "
|
|
"access to self\n"
|
|
" self.laps.push(lap);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn print_laps(&self) { // Shared and read-only borrowed access to self\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Recorded {} laps for {}:\", self.laps.len(), self.name);\n"
|
|
" for (idx, lap) in self.laps.iter().enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Lap {idx}: {lap} sec\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn finish(self) { // Exclusive ownership of self\n"
|
|
" let total = self.laps.iter().sum::<i32>();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Race {} is finished, total lap time: {}\", self.name, "
|
|
"total);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut race = Race::new(\"Monaco Grand Prix\");\n"
|
|
" race.add_lap(70);\n"
|
|
" race.add_lap(68);\n"
|
|
" race.print_laps();\n"
|
|
" race.add_lap(71);\n"
|
|
" race.print_laps();\n"
|
|
" race.finish();\n"
|
|
" // race.add_lap(42);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/methods/example.md:47
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* All four methods here use a different method receiver.\n"
|
|
" * You can point out how that changes what the function can do with the "
|
|
"variable values and if/how it can be used again in `main`.\n"
|
|
" * You can showcase the error that appears when trying to call `finish` "
|
|
"twice.\n"
|
|
"* Note that although the method receivers are different, the non-static "
|
|
"functions are called the same way in the main body. Rust enables automatic "
|
|
"referencing and dereferencing when calling methods. Rust automatically adds "
|
|
"in the `&`, `*`, `muts` so that that object matches the method signature.\n"
|
|
"* You might point out that `print_laps` is using a vector that is iterated "
|
|
"over. We describe vectors in more detail in the afternoon. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les quatre méthodes ici utilisent un récepteur de méthode différent.\n"
|
|
" * Vous pouvez indiquer comment cela change ce que la fonction peut faire "
|
|
"avec les valeurs des variables et si/comment elle peut être réutilisée dans "
|
|
"`main`.\n"
|
|
" * Vous pouvez afficher l'erreur qui apparaît lorsque vous essayez "
|
|
"d'appeler \"finish\" deux fois.\n"
|
|
"* Notez que bien que les récepteurs de méthode soient différents, les "
|
|
"fonctions non statiques sont appelées de la même manière dans le corps "
|
|
"principal. Rust permet le référencement et le déréférencement automatique "
|
|
"lors de l'appel de méthodes. Rust ajoute automatiquement les `&`, `*`, "
|
|
"`muts` afin que cet objet corresponde à la signature de la méthode.\n"
|
|
"* Vous pourriez remarquer que `print_laps` utilise un vecteur qui est itéré. "
|
|
"Nous décrivons les vecteurs plus en détail dans l'après-midi."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Pattern Matching"
|
|
msgstr "# Correspondance de modèle"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `match` keyword let you match a value against one or more _patterns_. "
|
|
"The\n"
|
|
"comparisons are done from top to bottom and the first match wins."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le mot clé `match` vous permet de faire correspondre une valeur à un ou "
|
|
"plusieurs _patterns_. Le\n"
|
|
"les comparaisons se font de haut en bas et le premier match l'emporte."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The patterns can be simple values, similarly to `switch` in C and C++:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les modèles peuvent être des valeurs simples, de la même manière que "
|
|
"`switch` en C et C++ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let input = 'x';\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" match input {\n"
|
|
" 'q' => println!(\"Quitting\"),\n"
|
|
" 'a' | 's' | 'w' | 'd' => println!(\"Moving around\"),\n"
|
|
" '0'..='9' => println!(\"Number input\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"Something else\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The `_` pattern is a wildcard pattern which matches any value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le modèle `_` est un modèle générique qui correspond à n'importe quelle "
|
|
"valeur."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* You might point out how some specific characters are being used when in a "
|
|
"pattern\n"
|
|
" * `|` as an `or`\n"
|
|
" * `..` can expand as much as it needs to be\n"
|
|
" * `1..=5` represents an inclusive range\n"
|
|
" * `_` is a wild card\n"
|
|
"* It can be useful to show how binding works, by for instance replacing a "
|
|
"wildcard character with a variable, or removing the quotes around `q`.\n"
|
|
"* You can demonstrate matching on a reference.\n"
|
|
"* This might be a good time to bring up the concept of irrefutable patterns, "
|
|
"as the term can show up in error messages.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Vous pouvez indiquer comment certains caractères spécifiques sont utilisés "
|
|
"dans un modèle\n"
|
|
" * `|` comme un `ou`\n"
|
|
" * `..` peut s'étendre autant que nécessaire\n"
|
|
" * `1..=5` représente une plage inclusive\n"
|
|
" * `_` est un joker\n"
|
|
"* Il peut être utile de montrer comment fonctionne la liaison, par exemple "
|
|
"en remplaçant un caractère générique par une variable ou en supprimant les "
|
|
"guillemets autour de `q`.\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez démontrer la correspondance sur une référence.\n"
|
|
"* C'est peut-être le bon moment pour évoquer le concept de modèles "
|
|
"irréfutables, car le terme peut apparaître dans les messages d'erreur.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Destructuring Enums"
|
|
msgstr "# déstructuration des énumérations"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Patterns can also be used to bind variables to parts of your values. This is "
|
|
"how\n"
|
|
"you inspect the structure of your types. Let us start with a simple `enum` "
|
|
"type:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les modèles peuvent également être utilisés pour lier des variables à des "
|
|
"parties de vos valeurs. C'est ainsi\n"
|
|
"vous inspectez la structure de vos types. Commençons par un simple type "
|
|
"`enum` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum Result {\n"
|
|
" Ok(i32),\n"
|
|
" Err(String),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn divide_in_two(n: i32) -> Result {\n"
|
|
" if n % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" Result::Ok(n / 2)\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" Result::Err(format!(\"cannot divide {n} into two equal parts\"))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let n = 100;\n"
|
|
" match divide_in_two(n) {\n"
|
|
" Result::Ok(half) => println!(\"{n} divided in two is {half}\"),\n"
|
|
" Result::Err(msg) => println!(\"sorry, an error happened: {msg}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here we have used the arms to _destructure_ the `Result` value. In the "
|
|
"first\n"
|
|
"arm, `half` is bound to the value inside the `Ok` variant. In the second "
|
|
"arm,\n"
|
|
"`msg` is bound to the error message."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ici, nous avons utilisé les bras pour _déstructurer_ la valeur `Result`. En "
|
|
"premier\n"
|
|
"arm, `half` est lié à la valeur à l'intérieur de la variante `Ok`. Dans le "
|
|
"deuxième bras,\n"
|
|
"`msg` est lié au message d'erreur."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-enums.md:36
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `if`/`else` expression is returning an enum that is later unpacked "
|
|
"with a `match`.\n"
|
|
"* You can try adding a third variant to the enum definition and displaying "
|
|
"the errors when running the code. Point out the places where your code is "
|
|
"now inexhaustive and how the compiler tries to give you hints."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* L'expression `if`/`else` renvoie une énumération qui est ensuite "
|
|
"décompressée avec une `match`.\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez essayer d'ajouter une troisième variante à la définition enum "
|
|
"et d'afficher les erreurs lors de l'exécution du code. Indiquez les endroits "
|
|
"où votre code est maintenant inexhaustif et comment le compilateur essaie de "
|
|
"vous donner des indices."
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Destructuring Structs"
|
|
msgstr "# Structures déstructurantes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can also destructure `structs`:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous pouvez également déstructurer les `structs` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Foo {\n"
|
|
" x: (u32, u32),\n"
|
|
" y: u32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let foo = Foo { x: (1, 2), y: 3 };\n"
|
|
" match foo {\n"
|
|
" Foo { x: (1, b), y } => println!(\"x.0 = 1, b = {b}, y = {y}\"),\n"
|
|
" Foo { y: 2, x: i } => println!(\"y = 2, x = {i:?}\"),\n"
|
|
" Foo { y, .. } => println!(\"y = {y}, other fields were "
|
|
"ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-structs.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns.\n"
|
|
"* Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed.\n"
|
|
"* The distinction between a capture and a constant expression can be hard "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
" spot. Try changing the `2` in the second arm to a variable, and see that "
|
|
"it subtly\n"
|
|
" doesn't work. Change it to a `const` and see it working again."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Destructuring Arrays"
|
|
msgstr "# Déstructuration des tableaux"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can destructure arrays, tuples, and slices by matching on their elements:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez déstructurer des tableaux, des tuples et des tranches en faisant "
|
|
"correspondre leurs éléments :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let triple = [0, -2, 3];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {triple:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match triple {\n"
|
|
" [0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
|
|
" [1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/destructuring-arrays.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Destructuring of slices of unknown length also works with patterns of "
|
|
"fixed length.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" inspect(&[0, -2, 3]);\n"
|
|
" inspect(&[0, -2, 3, 4]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
" fn inspect(slice: &[i32]) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {slice:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match slice {\n"
|
|
" &[0, y, z] => println!(\"First is 0, y = {y}, and z = {z}\"),\n"
|
|
" &[1, ..] => println!(\"First is 1 and the rest were "
|
|
"ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"All elements were ignored\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* Create a new pattern using `_` to represent an element. \n"
|
|
"* Add more values to the array.\n"
|
|
"* Point out that how `..` will expand to account for different number of "
|
|
"elements.\n"
|
|
"* Show matching against the tail with patterns `[.., b]` and `[a@..,b]`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Match Guards"
|
|
msgstr "# Match Guards"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When matching, you can add a _guard_ to a pattern. This is an arbitrary "
|
|
"Boolean\n"
|
|
"expression which will be executed if the pattern matches:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lors de la correspondance, vous pouvez ajouter un _guard_ à un motif. Ceci "
|
|
"est un booléen arbitraire\n"
|
|
"expression qui sera exécutée si le motif correspond à :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[rustfmt::skip]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let pair = (2, -2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Tell me about {pair:?}\");\n"
|
|
" match pair {\n"
|
|
" (x, y) if x == y => println!(\"These are twins\"),\n"
|
|
" (x, y) if x + y == 0 => println!(\"Antimatter, kaboom!\"),\n"
|
|
" (x, _) if x % 2 == 1 => println!(\"The first one is odd\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"No correlation...\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/pattern-matching/match-guards.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Match guards as a separate syntax feature are important and necessary when "
|
|
"we wish to concisely express more complex ideas than patterns alone would "
|
|
"allow.\n"
|
|
"* They are not the same as separate `if` expression inside of the match arm. "
|
|
"An `if` expression inside of the branch block (after `=>`) happens after the "
|
|
"match arm is selected. Failing the `if` condition inside of that block won't "
|
|
"result in other arms\n"
|
|
"of the original `match` expression being considered. \n"
|
|
"* You can use the variables defined in the pattern in your if expression.\n"
|
|
"* The condition defined in the guard applies to every expression in a "
|
|
"pattern with an `|`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les gardes de correspondance en tant que fonctionnalité de syntaxe "
|
|
"distincte sont importants et nécessaires lorsque nous souhaitons exprimer de "
|
|
"manière concise des idées plus complexes que ne le permettraient les modèles "
|
|
"seuls.\n"
|
|
"* Ils ne sont pas identiques à une expression \"if\" séparée à l'intérieur "
|
|
"du bras de match. Une expression `if` à l'intérieur du bloc de branche "
|
|
"(après `=>`) se produit après la sélection du bras de correspondance. "
|
|
"L'échec de la condition \"si\" à l'intérieur de ce bloc n'entraînera pas "
|
|
"d'autres bras\n"
|
|
"de l'expression \"match\" d'origine considérée.\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez utiliser les variables définies dans le modèle dans votre "
|
|
"expression if.\n"
|
|
"* La condition définie dans la garde s'applique à chaque expression dans un "
|
|
"modèle avec un `|`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 2: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Jour 2 : Exercices du matin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will look at implementing methods in two contexts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous nous intéresserons à la mise en œuvre des méthodes dans deux contextes :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Simple struct which tracks health statistics.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Multiple structs and enums for a drawing library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Structure simple qui suit les statistiques de santé.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Plusieurs structures et énumérations pour une bibliothèque de dessins."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Health Statistics"
|
|
msgstr "# Statistiques de santé"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You're working on implementing a health-monitoring system. As part of that, "
|
|
"you\n"
|
|
"need to keep track of users' health statistics."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous travaillez à la mise en place d'un système de surveillance de la santé. "
|
|
"Dans le cadre de cela, vous\n"
|
|
"besoin de suivre les statistiques de santé des utilisateurs."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You'll start with some stubbed functions in an `impl` block as well as a "
|
|
"`User`\n"
|
|
"struct definition. Your goal is to implement the stubbed out methods on the\n"
|
|
"`User` `struct` defined in the `impl` block."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous commencerez avec quelques fonctions stub dans un bloc `impl` ainsi "
|
|
"qu'un `User`\n"
|
|
"définition de structure. Votre objectif est d'implémenter les méthodes "
|
|
"tronquées sur le\n"
|
|
"`User` `struct` défini dans le bloc `impl`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the "
|
|
"missing\n"
|
|
"methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copiez le code ci-dessous sur <https://play.rust-lang.org/> et remplissez "
|
|
"les champs manquants\n"
|
|
"méthodes :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/health-statistics.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct User {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" age: u32,\n"
|
|
" weight: f32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl User {\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(name: String, age: u32, weight: f32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn name(&self) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn age(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn weight(&self) -> f32 {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn set_age(&mut self, new_age: u32) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn set_weight(&mut self, new_weight: f32) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"I'm {} and my age is {}\", bob.name(), bob.age());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_weight() {\n"
|
|
" let bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.weight(), 155.2);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_set_age() {\n"
|
|
" let mut bob = User::new(String::from(\"Bob\"), 32, 155.2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 32);\n"
|
|
" bob.set_age(33);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(bob.age(), 33);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Polygon Struct"
|
|
msgstr "# Structure Polygone"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will create a `Polygon` struct which contain some points. Copy the code "
|
|
"below\n"
|
|
"to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the missing methods to make "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"tests pass:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous allons créer une structure `Polygon` contenant des points. Copiez le "
|
|
"code ci-dessous\n"
|
|
"à <https://play.rust-lang.org/> et remplissez les méthodes manquantes pour "
|
|
"faire le\n"
|
|
"les tests passent :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Point {\n"
|
|
" // add fields\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Point {\n"
|
|
" // add methods\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // add fields\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // add methods\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Circle {\n"
|
|
" // add fields\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Circle {\n"
|
|
" // add methods\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub enum Shape {\n"
|
|
" Polygon(Polygon),\n"
|
|
" Circle(Circle),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_dist() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_add() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n"
|
|
" let shapes = vec![\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(poly),\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let perimeters = shapes\n"
|
|
" .iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n"
|
|
" .map(round_two_digits)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[allow(dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:117
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Since the method signatures are missing from the problem statements, the key "
|
|
"part\n"
|
|
"of the exercise is to specify those correctly. You don't have to modify the "
|
|
"tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Étant donné que les signatures de méthode manquent dans les énoncés de "
|
|
"problème, la partie clé\n"
|
|
"de l'exercice consiste à les spécifier correctement. Vous n'avez pas à "
|
|
"modifier les tests."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:120
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Other interesting parts of the exercise:"
|
|
msgstr "Autres parties intéressantes de l'exercice :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/points-polygons.md:122
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Derive a `Copy` trait for some structs, as in tests the methods sometimes "
|
|
"don't borrow their arguments.\n"
|
|
"* Discover that `Add` trait must be implemented for two objects to be "
|
|
"addable via \"+\". Note that we do not discuss generics until Day 3."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Dérivez un trait `Copy` pour certaines structures, car dans les tests, les "
|
|
"méthodes n'empruntent parfois pas leurs arguments.\n"
|
|
"* Découvrez que le trait `Add` doit être implémenté pour que deux objets "
|
|
"puissent être ajoutés via \"+\". Notez que nous ne discutons pas des "
|
|
"génériques avant le Jour 3."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Control Flow"
|
|
msgstr "# Flux de contrôle"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As we have seen, `if` is an expression in Rust. It is used to conditionally\n"
|
|
"evaluate one of two blocks, but the blocks can have a value which then "
|
|
"becomes\n"
|
|
"the value of the `if` expression. Other control flow expressions work "
|
|
"similarly\n"
|
|
"in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Comme nous l'avons vu, `if` est une expression en Rust. Il est utilisé pour "
|
|
"conditionnellement\n"
|
|
"évaluer l'un des deux blocs, mais les blocs peuvent avoir une valeur qui "
|
|
"devient alors\n"
|
|
"la valeur de l'expression \"if\". D'autres expressions de flux de contrôle "
|
|
"fonctionnent de manière similaire\n"
|
|
"à Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Blocks"
|
|
msgstr "# Blocs"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A block in Rust contains a sequence of expressions.\n"
|
|
"Each block has a value and a type,\n"
|
|
"which are those of the last expression of the block:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un bloc en Rust a une valeur et un type : la valeur est la dernière "
|
|
"expression du\n"
|
|
"bloc:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = {\n"
|
|
" let y = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y: {y}\");\n"
|
|
" let z = {\n"
|
|
" let w = {\n"
|
|
" 3 + 4\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"w: {w}\");\n"
|
|
" y * w\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"z: {z}\");\n"
|
|
" z - y\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If the last expression ends with `;`, then the resulting value and type is "
|
|
"`()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The same rule is used for functions: the value of the function body is the\n"
|
|
"return value:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La même règle est utilisée pour les fonctions : la valeur du corps de la "
|
|
"fonction est le\n"
|
|
"valeur de retour :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn double(x: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" x + x\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"doubled: {}\", double(7));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/blocks.md:44
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The point of this slide is to show that blocks have a type and value in "
|
|
"Rust. \n"
|
|
"* You can show how the value of the block changes by changing the last line "
|
|
"in the block. For instance, adding/removing a semicolon or using a "
|
|
"`return`.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le but de cette diapositive est de montrer que les blocs ont un type et "
|
|
"une valeur dans Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez montrer comment la valeur du bloc change en modifiant la "
|
|
"dernière ligne du bloc. Par exemple, ajouter/supprimer un point-virgule ou "
|
|
"utiliser un \"retour\".\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `if` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "# expressions \"si\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You use [`if`\n"
|
|
"expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr.html#if-"
|
|
"expressions)\n"
|
|
"exactly like `if` statements in other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x = x / 2;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" x = 3 * x + 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition, you can use `if` as an expression. The last expression of each\n"
|
|
"block becomes the value of the `if` expression:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De plus, vous pouvez l'utiliser comme expression. Cela fait la même chose "
|
|
"que ci-dessus:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-expressions.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Because `if` is an expression and must have a particular type, both of its "
|
|
"branch blocks must have the same type. Consider showing what happens if you "
|
|
"add `;` after `x / 2` in the second example."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `if let` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "# expressions `si nous allons`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`if let`\n"
|
|
"expression](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/if-expr.html#if-"
|
|
"let-expressions)\n"
|
|
"lets you execute different code depending on whether a value matches a "
|
|
"pattern:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let arg = std::env::args().next();\n"
|
|
" if let Some(value) = arg {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Program name: {value}\");\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Missing name?\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:18
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:21
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) for more details on patterns "
|
|
"in\n"
|
|
"Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Voir [pattern matching](../pattern-matching.md) pour plus de détails sur les "
|
|
"modèles dans\n"
|
|
"Rouiller."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/if-let-expressions.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Unlike `match`, `if let` does not have to cover all branches. This can "
|
|
"make it more concise than `match`.\n"
|
|
"* A common usage is handling `Some` values when working with `Option`.\n"
|
|
"* Unlike `match`, `if let` does not support guard clauses for pattern "
|
|
"matching.\n"
|
|
"* Since 1.65, a similar [let-else](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/"
|
|
"flow_control/let_else.html) construct allows to do a destructuring "
|
|
"assignment, or if it fails, execute a block which is required to abort "
|
|
"normal control flow (with `panic`/`return`/`break`/`continue`):\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable\n"
|
|
" fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", second_word_to_upper(\"foo bar\"));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" fn second_word_to_upper(s: &str) -> Option<String> {\n"
|
|
" let mut it = s.split(' ');\n"
|
|
" let (Some(_), Some(item)) = (it.next(), it.next()) else {\n"
|
|
" return None;\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" Some(item.to_uppercase())\n"
|
|
" }"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `while` loops"
|
|
msgstr "# Expressions `while`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`while` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/loop-"
|
|
"expr.html#predicate-loops)\n"
|
|
"works very similar to other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" while x != 1 {\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `while let` loops"
|
|
msgstr "# expressions `while let`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like with `if let`, there is a [`while let`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#predicate-pattern-loops)\n"
|
|
"variant which repeatedly tests a value against a pattern:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Comme avec `if`, il existe une variante `while let` qui teste à plusieurs "
|
|
"reprises une valeur\n"
|
|
"contre un modèle :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Here the iterator returned by `v.iter()` will return a `Option<i32>` on "
|
|
"every\n"
|
|
"call to `next()`. It returns `Some(x)` until it is done, after which it "
|
|
"will\n"
|
|
"return `None`. The `while let` lets us keep iterating through all items."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ici, l'itérateur renvoyé par `v.iter()` renverra une `Option<i32>` à chaque\n"
|
|
"appel à `next()`. Il renvoie `Some(x)` jusqu'à ce qu'il soit terminé, après "
|
|
"quoi il\n"
|
|
"renvoie \"Aucun\". Le `while let` nous permet de continuer à parcourir tous "
|
|
"les éléments."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/while-let-expressions.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Point out that the `while let` loop will keep going as long as the value "
|
|
"matches the pattern.\n"
|
|
"* You could rewrite the `while let` loop as an infinite loop with an if "
|
|
"statement that breaks when there is no value to unwrap for `iter.next()`. "
|
|
"The `while let` provides syntactic sugar for the above scenario.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Soulignez que la boucle `while let` continuera tant que la valeur "
|
|
"correspond au modèle.\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez réécrire la boucle `while let` comme une boucle infinie avec "
|
|
"une instruction if qui s'interrompt lorsqu'il n'y a pas de valeur à déballer "
|
|
"pour `iter.next()`. Le `while let` fournit du sucre syntaxique pour le "
|
|
"scénario ci-dessus.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `for` loops"
|
|
msgstr "## Boucles `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`for` loop](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/keyword.for.html) is closely\n"
|
|
"related to the [`while let` loop](while-let-expressions.md). It will\n"
|
|
"automatically call `into_iter()` on the expression and then iterate over it:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'expression `for` est étroitement liée à l'expression `while let`. Ce sera\n"
|
|
"appelez automatiquement `into_iter()` sur l'expression, puis parcourez-la :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for x in v {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" for i in (0..10).step_by(2) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"i: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can use `break` and `continue` here as usual."
|
|
msgstr "Vous pouvez utiliser `break` et `continue` ici comme d'habitude."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/for-expressions.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Index iteration is not a special syntax in Rust for just that case.\n"
|
|
"* `(0..10)` is a range that implements an `Iterator` trait. \n"
|
|
"* `step_by` is a method that returns another `Iterator` that skips every "
|
|
"other element. \n"
|
|
"* Modify the elements in the vector and explain the compiler errors. Change "
|
|
"vector `v` to be mutable and the for loop to `for x in v.iter_mut()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* L'itération d'index n'est pas une syntaxe spéciale dans Rust pour ce cas "
|
|
"précis.\n"
|
|
"* `(0..10)` est une plage qui implémente un trait `Iterator`.\n"
|
|
"* `step_by` est une méthode qui renvoie un autre `Iterator` qui saute tous "
|
|
"les autres éléments.\n"
|
|
"* Modifier les éléments du vecteur et expliquer les erreurs du compilateur. "
|
|
"Modifiez le vecteur `v` pour qu'il soit modifiable et la boucle for en `for "
|
|
"x in v.iter_mut()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `loop` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "# expressions de \"boucle\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Finally, there is a [`loop` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/"
|
|
"expressions/loop-expr.html#infinite-loops)\n"
|
|
"which creates an endless loop."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Here you must either `break` or `return` to stop the loop:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Enfin, il existe un mot-clé `loop` qui crée une boucle sans fin. Ici, vous "
|
|
"devez\n"
|
|
"soit `break` ou `return` pour arrêter la boucle :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut x = 10;\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" x = if x % 2 == 0 {\n"
|
|
" x / 2\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" 3 * x + 1\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" if x == 1 {\n"
|
|
" break;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Final x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/loop-expressions.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out.\n"
|
|
"* Note that `loop` is the only looping construct which returns a non-"
|
|
"trivial\n"
|
|
" value. This is because it's guaranteed to be entered at least once "
|
|
"(unlike\n"
|
|
" `while` and `for` loops)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `match` expressions"
|
|
msgstr "# expressions \"correspondantes\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`match` keyword](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/expressions/match-"
|
|
"expr.html)\n"
|
|
"is used to match a value against one or more patterns. In that sense, it "
|
|
"works\n"
|
|
"like a series of `if let` expressions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le mot clé `match` est utilisé pour faire correspondre une valeur à un ou "
|
|
"plusieurs modèles. Dans\n"
|
|
"en ce sens, cela fonctionne comme une série d'expressions \"if let\":"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" match std::env::args().next().as_deref() {\n"
|
|
" Some(\"cat\") => println!(\"Will do cat things\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"ls\") => println!(\"Will ls some files\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"mv\") => println!(\"Let's move some files\"),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"rm\") => println!(\"Uh, dangerous!\"),\n"
|
|
" None => println!(\"Hmm, no program name?\"),\n"
|
|
" _ => println!(\"Unknown program name!\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like `if let`, each match arm must have the same type. The type is the last\n"
|
|
"expression of the block, if any. In the example above, the type is `()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Comme `if let`, chaque bras de correspondance doit avoir le même type. Le "
|
|
"type est le dernier\n"
|
|
"expression du bloc, le cas échéant. Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, le type est "
|
|
"`()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/match-expressions.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Save the match expression to a variable and print it out.\n"
|
|
"* Remove `.as_deref()` and explain the error.\n"
|
|
" * `std::env::args().next()` returns an `Option<String>`, but we cannot "
|
|
"match against `String`.\n"
|
|
" * `as_deref()` transforms an `Option<T>` to `Option<&T::Target>`. In our "
|
|
"case, this turns `Option<String>` into `Option<&str>`.\n"
|
|
" * We can now use pattern matching to match against the `&str` inside "
|
|
"`Option`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Enregistrez l'expression de correspondance dans une variable et imprimez-"
|
|
"la.\n"
|
|
"* Supprimez `.as_deref()` et expliquez l'erreur.\n"
|
|
" * `std::env::args().next()` renvoie une `Option<String>`, mais nous ne "
|
|
"pouvons pas comparer `String`.\n"
|
|
" * `as_deref()` transforme une `Option<T>` en `Option<&T::Target>`. Dans "
|
|
"notre cas, cela transforme `Option<String>` en `Option<&str>`.\n"
|
|
" * Nous pouvons maintenant utiliser le pattern matching pour faire "
|
|
"correspondre le `&str` à l'intérieur de `Option`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `break` and `continue`"
|
|
msgstr "# `pause` et `continue`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- If you want to exit a loop early, use [`break`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/"
|
|
"reference/expressions/loop-expr.html#break-expressions),\n"
|
|
"- If you want to immediately start\n"
|
|
"the next iteration use [`continue`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/"
|
|
"expressions/loop-expr.html#continue-expressions)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Both `continue` and `break` can optionally take a label argument which is "
|
|
"used\n"
|
|
"to break out of nested loops:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si vous voulez quitter une boucle plus tôt, utilisez `break`, si vous voulez "
|
|
"commencer immédiatement\n"
|
|
"la prochaine itération utilise `continue`. `continue` et `break` peuvent "
|
|
"éventuellement\n"
|
|
"prenez un argument d'étiquette qui est utilisé pour sortir des boucles "
|
|
"imbriquées :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let mut iter = v.into_iter();\n"
|
|
" 'outer: while let Some(x) = iter.next() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}\");\n"
|
|
" let mut i = 0;\n"
|
|
" while i < x {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x: {x}, i: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" i += 1;\n"
|
|
" if i == 3 {\n"
|
|
" break 'outer;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/control-flow/break-continue.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this case we break the outer loop after 3 iterations of the inner loop."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dans ce cas, nous cassons la boucle externe après 3 itérations de la boucle "
|
|
"interne."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Standard Library"
|
|
msgstr "# Bibliothèque standard"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust comes with a standard library which helps establish a set of common "
|
|
"types\n"
|
|
"used by Rust library and programs. This way, two libraries can work "
|
|
"together\n"
|
|
"smoothly because they both use the same `String` type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust est livré avec une bibliothèque standard qui permet d'établir un "
|
|
"ensemble de types communs\n"
|
|
"utilisé par la bibliothèque et les programmes Rust. De cette façon, deux "
|
|
"bibliothèques peuvent travailler ensemble\n"
|
|
"en douceur car ils utilisent tous les deux le même type `String`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The common vocabulary types include:"
|
|
msgstr "Les types de vocabulaire courants comprennent :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`Option` and `Result`](std/option-result.md) types: used for optional "
|
|
"values\n"
|
|
" and [error handling](error-handling.md).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`String`](std/string.md): the default string type used for owned data.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`Vec`](std/vec.md): a standard extensible vector.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md): a hash map type with a configurable hashing\n"
|
|
" algorithm.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`Box`](std/box.md): an owned pointer for heap-allocated data.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`Rc`](std/rc.md): a shared reference-counted pointer for heap-allocated "
|
|
"data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Types [`Option` et `Result`](std/option-result.md) : utilisés pour les "
|
|
"valeurs facultatives\n"
|
|
" et [gestion des erreurs] (error-handling.md).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`String`](std/string.md) : le type de chaîne par défaut utilisé pour les "
|
|
"données détenues.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`Vec`](std/vec.md) : un vecteur extensible standard.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`HashMap`](std/hashmap.md) : un type de carte de hachage avec un hachage "
|
|
"configurable\n"
|
|
" algorithme.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`Box`](std/box.md) : un pointeur propriétaire pour les données allouées "
|
|
"par tas.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`Rc`](std/rc.md) : un pointeur partagé compté par référence pour les "
|
|
"données allouées par tas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * In fact, Rust contains several layers of the Standard Library: `core`, "
|
|
"`alloc` and `std`. \n"
|
|
" * `core` includes the most basic types and functions that don't depend on "
|
|
"`libc`, allocator or\n"
|
|
" even the presence of an operating system. \n"
|
|
" * `alloc` includes types which require a global heap allocator, such as "
|
|
"`Vec`, `Box` and `Arc`.\n"
|
|
" * Embedded Rust applications often only use `core`, and sometimes `alloc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * En fait, Rust contient plusieurs couches de la bibliothèque standard : "
|
|
"`core`, `alloc` et `std`.\n"
|
|
" * `core` inclut les types et fonctions les plus basiques qui ne dépendent "
|
|
"pas de `libc`, de l'allocateur ou\n"
|
|
" même la présence d'un système d'exploitation.\n"
|
|
" * `alloc` inclut les types qui nécessitent un allocateur de tas global, "
|
|
"tels que `Vec`, `Box` et `Arc`.\n"
|
|
" * Les applications Embedded Rust n'utilisent souvent que \"core\" et "
|
|
"parfois \"alloc\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Option` and `Result`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Option` et `Résultat`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The types represent optional data:"
|
|
msgstr "Les types représentent des données facultatives :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let first: Option<&i8> = numbers.first();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"first: {first:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let idx: Result<usize, usize> = numbers.binary_search(&10);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"idx: {idx:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/option-result.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Option` and `Result` are widely used not just in the standard library.\n"
|
|
"* `Option<&T>` has zero space overhead compared to `&T`.\n"
|
|
"* `Result` is the standard type to implement error handling as we will see "
|
|
"on Day 3.\n"
|
|
"* `binary_search` returns `Result<usize, usize>`.\n"
|
|
" * If found, `Result::Ok` holds the index where the element is found.\n"
|
|
" * Otherwise, `Result::Err` contains the index where such an element should "
|
|
"be inserted."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Option` et `Result` sont largement utilisés, pas seulement dans la "
|
|
"bibliothèque standard.\n"
|
|
"* `Option<&T>` n'a aucune surcharge d'espace par rapport à `&T`.\n"
|
|
"* `Result` est le type standard pour implémenter la gestion des erreurs, "
|
|
"comme nous le verrons le jour 3.\n"
|
|
"* `binary_search` renvoie `Result<usize, usize>`.\n"
|
|
" * Si trouvé, `Result::Ok` contient l'index où se trouve l'élément.\n"
|
|
" * Sinon, `Result::Err` contient l'index où un tel élément doit être inséré."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# String"
|
|
msgstr "# Chaîne"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`String`][1] is the standard heap-allocated growable UTF-8 string buffer:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`String`][1] est le tampon de chaîne UTF-8 évolutif standard alloué par "
|
|
"tas :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut s1 = String::new();\n"
|
|
" s1.push_str(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s1.len(), s1.capacity());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut s2 = String::with_capacity(s1.len() + 1);\n"
|
|
" s2.push_str(&s1);\n"
|
|
" s2.push('!');\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", s2.len(), s2.capacity());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let s3 = String::from(\"🇨🇭\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"s3: len = {}, number of chars = {}\", s3.len(),\n"
|
|
" s3.chars().count());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`String` implements [`Deref<Target = str>`][2], which means that you can "
|
|
"call all\n"
|
|
"`str` methods on a `String`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`String` implémente [`Deref<Target = str>`][2], ce qui signifie que vous "
|
|
"pouvez appeler tous\n"
|
|
"Méthodes `str` sur une `String`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/string.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `String::new` returns a new empty string, use `String::with_capacity` when "
|
|
"you know how much data you want to push to the string.\n"
|
|
"* `String::len` returns the size of the `String` in bytes (which can be "
|
|
"different from its length in characters).\n"
|
|
"* `String::chars` returns an iterator over the actual characters. Note that "
|
|
"a `char` can be different from what a human will consider a \"character\" "
|
|
"due to [grapheme clusters](https://docs.rs/unicode-segmentation/latest/"
|
|
"unicode_segmentation/struct.Graphemes.html).\n"
|
|
"* When people refer to strings they could either be talking about `&str` or "
|
|
"`String`. \n"
|
|
"* When a type implements `Deref<Target = T>`, the compiler will let you "
|
|
"transparently call methods from `T`.\n"
|
|
" * `String` implements `Deref<Target = str>` which transparently gives it "
|
|
"access to `str`'s methods.\n"
|
|
" * Write and compare `let s3 = s1.deref();` and `let s3 = &*s1`;.\n"
|
|
"* `String` is implemented as a wrapper around a vector of bytes, many of the "
|
|
"operations you see supported on vectors are also supported on `String`, but "
|
|
"with some extra guarantees.\n"
|
|
"* Compare the different ways to index a `String`:\n"
|
|
" * To a character by using `s3.chars().nth(i).unwrap()` where `i` is in-"
|
|
"bound, out-of-bounds.\n"
|
|
" * To a substring by using `s3[0..4]`, where that slice is on character "
|
|
"boundaries or not."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Vec`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Vec`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "[`Vec`][1] is the standard resizable heap-allocated buffer:"
|
|
msgstr "[`Vec`][1] est le tampon standard redimensionnable alloué au tas :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut v1 = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v1.push(42);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v1: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v1.len(), v1.capacity());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut v2 = Vec::with_capacity(v1.len() + 1);\n"
|
|
" v2.extend(v1.iter());\n"
|
|
" v2.push(9999);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v2: len = {}, capacity = {}\", v2.len(), v2.capacity());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Canonical macro to initialize a vector with elements.\n"
|
|
" let mut v3 = vec![0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Retain only the even elements.\n"
|
|
" v3.retain(|x| x % 2 == 0);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Remove consecutive duplicates.\n"
|
|
" v3.dedup();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{v3:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Vec` implements [`Deref<Target = [T]>`][2], which means that you can call "
|
|
"slice\n"
|
|
"methods on a `Vec`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Vec` implémente [`Deref<Target = [T]>`][2], ce qui signifie que vous pouvez "
|
|
"appeler slice\n"
|
|
"méthodes sur un `Vec`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/vec.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Vec` is a type of collection, along with `String` and `HashMap`. The data "
|
|
"it contains is stored\n"
|
|
" on the heap. This means the amount of data doesn't need to be known at "
|
|
"compile time. It can grow\n"
|
|
" or shrink at runtime.\n"
|
|
"* Notice how `Vec<T>` is a generic type too, but you don't have to specify "
|
|
"`T` explicitly. As always\n"
|
|
" with Rust type inference, the `T` was established during the first `push` "
|
|
"call.\n"
|
|
"* `vec![...]` is a canonical macro to use instead of `Vec::new()` and it "
|
|
"supports adding initial\n"
|
|
" elements to the vector.\n"
|
|
"* To index the vector you use `[` `]`, but they will panic if out of bounds. "
|
|
"Alternatively, using\n"
|
|
" `get` will return an `Option`. The `pop` function will remove the last "
|
|
"element.\n"
|
|
"* Show iterating over a vector and mutating the value:\n"
|
|
" `for e in &mut v { *e += 50; }`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `HashMap`"
|
|
msgstr "# `HashMap`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Standard hash map with protection against HashDoS attacks:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Carte de hachage standard avec protection contre les attaques HashDoS :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::collections::HashMap;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut page_counts = HashMap::new();\n"
|
|
" page_counts.insert(\"Adventures of Huckleberry Finn\".to_string(), "
|
|
"207);\n"
|
|
" page_counts.insert(\"Grimms' Fairy Tales\".to_string(), 751);\n"
|
|
" page_counts.insert(\"Pride and Prejudice\".to_string(), 303);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" if !page_counts.contains_key(\"Les Misérables\") {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"We know about {} books, but not Les Misérables.\",\n"
|
|
" page_counts.len());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in "
|
|
"Wonderland\"] {\n"
|
|
" match page_counts.get(book) {\n"
|
|
" Some(count) => println!(\"{book}: {count} pages\"),\n"
|
|
" None => println!(\"{book} is unknown.\")\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Use the .entry() method to insert a value if nothing is found.\n"
|
|
" for book in [\"Pride and Prejudice\", \"Alice's Adventure in "
|
|
"Wonderland\"] {\n"
|
|
" let page_count: &mut i32 = page_counts.entry(book.to_string())."
|
|
"or_insert(0);\n"
|
|
" *page_count += 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{page_counts:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/hashmap.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `HashMap` is not defined in the prelude and needs to be brought into "
|
|
"scope.\n"
|
|
"* Try the following lines of code. The first line will see if a book is in "
|
|
"the hashmap and if not return an alternative value. The second line will "
|
|
"insert the alternative value in the hashmap if the book is not found.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" let pc1 = page_counts\n"
|
|
" .get(\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone \")\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or(&336);\n"
|
|
" let pc2 = page_counts\n"
|
|
" .entry(\"The Hunger Games\".to_string())\n"
|
|
" .or_insert(374);\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"* Unlike `vec!`, there is unfortunately no standard `hashmap!` macro.\n"
|
|
" * Although, since Rust 1.56, HashMap implements [`From<[(K, V); N]>`][1], "
|
|
"which allows us to easily initialize a hash map from a literal array:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" let page_counts = HashMap::from([\n"
|
|
" (\"Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone\".to_string(), 336),\n"
|
|
" (\"The Hunger Games\".to_string(), 374),\n"
|
|
" ]);\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Alternatively HashMap can be built from any `Iterator` which yields key-"
|
|
"value tuples.\n"
|
|
"* We are showing `HashMap<String, i32>`, and avoid using `&str` as key to "
|
|
"make examples easier. Using references in collections can, of course, be "
|
|
"done,\n"
|
|
" but it can lead into complications with the borrow checker.\n"
|
|
" * Try removing `to_string()` from the example above and see if it still "
|
|
"compiles. Where do you think we might run into issues?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Box`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Boîte`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "[`Box`][1] is an owned pointer to data on the heap:"
|
|
msgstr "[`Box`][1] est un pointeur propriétaire vers des données sur le tas :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let five = Box::new(5);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"five: {}\", *five);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - -. .- - - - - - -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": five : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
|
|
": | o---|---+-----+-->| 5 | :\n"
|
|
": +-----+ : : +-----+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - -' `- - - - - - -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Box<T>` implements `Deref<Target = T>`, which means that you can [call "
|
|
"methods\n"
|
|
"from `T` directly on a `Box<T>`][2]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Box<T>` implémente `Deref<Target = T>`, ce qui signifie que vous pouvez "
|
|
"[appeler des méthodes\n"
|
|
"depuis `T` directement sur une `Box<T>`][2]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Box` is like `std::unique_ptr` in C++, except that it's guaranteed to be "
|
|
"not null. \n"
|
|
"* In the above example, you can even leave out the `*` in the `println!` "
|
|
"statement thanks to `Deref`. \n"
|
|
"* A `Box` can be useful when you:\n"
|
|
" * have a type whose size that can't be known at compile time, but the "
|
|
"Rust compiler wants to know an exact size.\n"
|
|
" * want to transfer ownership of a large amount of data. To avoid copying "
|
|
"large amounts of data on the stack, instead store the data on the heap in a "
|
|
"`Box` so only the pointer is moved."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Box` est comme `std::unique_ptr` en C++, sauf qu'il est garanti qu'il "
|
|
"n'est pas nul.\n"
|
|
"* Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, vous pouvez même omettre le `*` dans "
|
|
"l'instruction `println!` grâce à `Deref`.\n"
|
|
"* Une `Box` peut être utile lorsque vous :\n"
|
|
" * avoir un type dont la taille ne peut pas être connue au moment de la "
|
|
"compilation, mais le compilateur Rust veut connaître une taille exacte.\n"
|
|
" * souhaitez transférer la propriété d'une grande quantité de données. "
|
|
"Pour éviter de copier de grandes quantités de données sur la pile, stockez "
|
|
"plutôt les données sur le tas dans une `Box` afin que seul le pointeur soit "
|
|
"déplacé."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Box with Recursive Data Structures"
|
|
msgstr "# Boîte avec des structures de données récursives"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Recursive data types or data types with dynamic sizes need to use a `Box`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les types de données récursifs ou les types de données avec des tailles "
|
|
"dynamiques doivent utiliser une `Box` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:5 src/std/box-niche.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum List<T> {\n"
|
|
" Cons(T, Box<List<T>>),\n"
|
|
" Nil,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let list: List<i32> = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::"
|
|
"new(List::Nil))));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{list:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"list : : :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | Cons | 1 | o--+----+-----+--->| Cons | 2 | o--+--->| Nil | // | // "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": +------+----+----+ : : +------+----+----+ +------+----+----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"'- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-recursive.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* If `Box` was not used and we attempted to embed a `List` directly into the "
|
|
"`List`,\n"
|
|
"the compiler would not compute a fixed size of the struct in memory (`List` "
|
|
"would be of infinite size).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `Box` solves this problem as it has the same size as a regular pointer and "
|
|
"just points at the next\n"
|
|
"element of the `List` in the heap.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Remove the `Box` in the List definition and show the compiler error. "
|
|
"\"Recursive with indirection\" is a hint you might want to use a Box or "
|
|
"reference of some kind, instead of storing a value directly. \n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Si la `Box` n'a pas été utilisée ici et que nous avons essayé d'intégrer "
|
|
"une `List` directement dans la `List`,\n"
|
|
"le compilateur ne calculerait pas une taille fixe de la structure en "
|
|
"mémoire, elle semblerait infinie.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `Box` résout ce problème car il a la même taille qu'un pointeur normal et "
|
|
"pointe simplement vers le prochain\n"
|
|
"élément de la `Liste` dans le tas.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Supprimez la `Box` dans la définition de la liste et affichez l'erreur du "
|
|
"compilateur. \"Récursif avec indirection\" est un indice que vous voudrez "
|
|
"peut-être utiliser une boîte ou une référence quelconque, au lieu de stocker "
|
|
"une valeur directement.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Niche Optimization"
|
|
msgstr "# Optimisation de niche"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A `Box` cannot be empty, so the pointer is always valid and non-`null`. "
|
|
"This\n"
|
|
"allows the compiler to optimize the memory layout:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Une `Box` ne peut pas être vide, donc le pointeur est toujours valide et non "
|
|
"`null`. Ce\n"
|
|
"permet au compilateur d'optimiser la disposition de la mémoire :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/box-niche.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"-.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"list : : :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | 1 | o--+-----------+-----+--->| 2 | o--+--->| // | null "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": +----+----+ : : +----+----+ +----+------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - -' '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"-'\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Rc`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Rc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Rc`][1] is a reference-counted shared pointer. Use this when you need to "
|
|
"refer\n"
|
|
"to the same data from multiple places:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Rc`][1] est un pointeur partagé compté par référence. Utilisez-le lorsque "
|
|
"vous avez besoin de vous référer\n"
|
|
"aux mêmes données depuis plusieurs endroits :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::rc::Rc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a = Rc::new(10);\n"
|
|
" let mut b = Rc::clone(&a);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a: {a}\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"b: {b}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* If you need to mutate the data inside an `Rc`, you will need to wrap the "
|
|
"data in\n"
|
|
" a type such as [`Cell` or `RefCell`][2].\n"
|
|
"* See [`Arc`][3] if you are in a multi-threaded context.\n"
|
|
"* You can *downgrade* a shared pointer into a [`Weak`][4] pointer to create "
|
|
"cycles\n"
|
|
" that will get dropped."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Si vous avez besoin de muter les données à l'intérieur d'un `Rc`, vous "
|
|
"devrez envelopper les données dans\n"
|
|
" un type tel que [`Cell` ou `RefCell`][2].\n"
|
|
"* Voir [`Arc`][3] si vous êtes dans un contexte multi-thread.\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez *rétrograder* un pointeur partagé en un pointeur [`Weak`][4] "
|
|
"pour créer des cycles\n"
|
|
" qui va tomber."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:31
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Rc`'s count ensures that its contained value is valid for as long as "
|
|
"there are references.\n"
|
|
"* `Rc` in Rust is like `std::shared_ptr` in C++.\n"
|
|
"* `Rc::clone` is cheap: it creates a pointer to the same allocation and "
|
|
"increases the reference count. Does not make a deep clone and can generally "
|
|
"be ignored when looking for performance issues in code.\n"
|
|
"* `make_mut` actually clones the inner value if necessary (\"clone-on-"
|
|
"write\") and returns a mutable reference.\n"
|
|
"* Use `Rc::strong_count` to check the reference count.\n"
|
|
"* Compare the different datatypes mentioned. `Box` enables (im)mutable "
|
|
"borrows that are enforced at compile time. `RefCell` enables (im)mutable "
|
|
"borrows that are enforced at run time and will panic if it fails at "
|
|
"runtime.\n"
|
|
"* `Rc::downgrade` gives you a *weakly reference-counted* object to\n"
|
|
" create cycles that will be dropped properly (likely in combination with\n"
|
|
" `RefCell`)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le comptage de `Rc` garantit que sa valeur contenue est valide tant qu'il "
|
|
"y a des références.\n"
|
|
"* Comme `std::shared_ptr` de C++.\n"
|
|
"* `clone` est bon marché : il crée un pointeur vers la même allocation et "
|
|
"augmente le nombre de références. Ne crée pas de clone profond et peut "
|
|
"généralement être ignoré lors de la recherche de problèmes de performances "
|
|
"dans le code.\n"
|
|
"* `make_mut` clone en fait la valeur interne si nécessaire (\"clone-on-"
|
|
"write\") et renvoie une référence mutable.\n"
|
|
"* Utilisez `Rc::strong_count` pour vérifier le nombre de références.\n"
|
|
"* Comparez les différents types de données mentionnés. `Box` active les "
|
|
"emprunts (im)mutables qui sont appliqués au moment de la compilation. "
|
|
"`RefCell` active les emprunts (im)mutables qui sont appliqués au moment de "
|
|
"l'exécution et paniqueront s'ils échouent au moment de l'exécution.\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez `downgrader()` un `Rc` en un objet *faiblement compté en "
|
|
"référence* pour\n"
|
|
" créer des cycles qui seront supprimés correctement (probablement en "
|
|
"combinaison avec\n"
|
|
" `RefCell`)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/std/rc.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::rc::{Rc, Weak};\n"
|
|
"use std::cell::RefCell;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Node {\n"
|
|
" value: i64,\n"
|
|
" parent: Option<Weak<RefCell<Node>>>,\n"
|
|
" children: Vec<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut root = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n"
|
|
" value: 42,\n"
|
|
" parent: None,\n"
|
|
" children: vec![],\n"
|
|
" }));\n"
|
|
" let child = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node {\n"
|
|
" value: 43,\n"
|
|
" children: vec![],\n"
|
|
" parent: Some(Rc::downgrade(&root))\n"
|
|
" }));\n"
|
|
" root.borrow_mut().children.push(child);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"graph: {root:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Modules"
|
|
msgstr "# Modules"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We have seen how `impl` blocks let us namespace functions to a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous avons vu comment les blocs `impl` nous permettent de faire fonctionner "
|
|
"l'espace de noms sur un type."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Similarly, `mod` lets us namespace types and functions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De même, `mod` nous permet d'utiliser des types et des fonctions d'espace de "
|
|
"noms :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"mod foo {\n"
|
|
" pub fn do_something() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"In the foo module\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod bar {\n"
|
|
" pub fn do_something() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"In the bar module\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" foo::do_something();\n"
|
|
" bar::do_something();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Packages provide functionality and include a `Cargo.toml` file that "
|
|
"describes how to build a bundle of 1+ crates.\n"
|
|
"* Crates are a tree of modules, where a binary crate creates an executable "
|
|
"and a library crate compiles to a library.\n"
|
|
"* Modules define organization, scope, and are the focus of this section."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les packages fournissent des fonctionnalités et incluent un fichier `Cargo."
|
|
"toml` qui décrit comment créer un ensemble de 1+ caisses.\n"
|
|
"* Les caisses sont un arbre de modules, où une caisse binaire crée un "
|
|
"exécutable et une caisse de bibliothèque se compile en une bibliothèque.\n"
|
|
"* Les modules définissent l'organisation, la portée et sont au centre de "
|
|
"cette section."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Visibility"
|
|
msgstr "# Visibilité"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Modules are a privacy boundary:"
|
|
msgstr "Les modules sont une limite de confidentialité :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Module items are private by default (hides implementation details).\n"
|
|
"* Parent and sibling items are always visible.\n"
|
|
"* In other words, if an item is visible in module `foo`, it's visible in all "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" descendants of `foo`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les éléments du module sont privés par défaut (cache les détails "
|
|
"d'implémentation).\n"
|
|
"* Les éléments parents et frères sont toujours visibles.\n"
|
|
"* En d'autres termes, si un élément est visible dans le module `foo`, il est "
|
|
"visible dans tous les\n"
|
|
" descendants de `foo`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"mod outer {\n"
|
|
" fn private() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::private\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn public() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::public\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" mod inner {\n"
|
|
" fn private() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::inner::private\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn public() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"outer::inner::public\");\n"
|
|
" super::private();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" outer::public();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:39
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "* Use the `pub` keyword to make modules public."
|
|
msgstr "* Utilisez le mot-clé `pub` pour rendre les modules publics."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:41
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Additionally, there are advanced `pub(...)` specifiers to restrict the scope "
|
|
"of public visibility."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De plus, il existe des spécificateurs avancés `pub(...)` pour restreindre la "
|
|
"portée de la visibilité publique."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/visibility.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* See the [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-"
|
|
"and-privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself).\n"
|
|
"* Configuring `pub(crate)` visibility is a common pattern.\n"
|
|
"* Less commonly, you can give visibility to a specific path.\n"
|
|
"* In any case, visibility must be granted to an ancestor module (and all of "
|
|
"its descendants)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Voir la [Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/visibility-"
|
|
"and-privacy.html#pubin-path-pubcrate-pubsuper-and-pubself).\n"
|
|
"* La configuration de la visibilité de `pub(crate)` est un modèle courant.\n"
|
|
"* Plus rarement, vous pouvez donner de la visibilité à un chemin "
|
|
"spécifique.\n"
|
|
"* Dans tous les cas, la visibilité doit être accordée à un module ancêtre "
|
|
"(et à tous ses descendants)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Paths"
|
|
msgstr "# Chemins"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Paths are resolved as follows:"
|
|
msgstr "Les chemins sont résolus comme suit :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"1. As a relative path:\n"
|
|
" * `foo` or `self::foo` refers to `foo` in the current module,\n"
|
|
" * `super::foo` refers to `foo` in the parent module.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"2. As an absolute path:\n"
|
|
" * `crate::foo` refers to `foo` in the root of the current crate,\n"
|
|
" * `bar::foo` refers to `foo` in the `bar` crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"1. En tant que chemin relatif :\n"
|
|
" * `foo` ou `self::foo` fait référence à `foo` dans le module actuel,\n"
|
|
" * `super::foo` fait référence à `foo` dans le module parent.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"2. En tant que chemin absolu :\n"
|
|
" * `crate::foo` fait référence à `foo` à la racine du crate actuel,\n"
|
|
" * `bar::foo` fait référence à `foo` dans le crate `bar`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A module can bring symbols from another module into scope with `use`.\n"
|
|
"You will typically see something like this at the top of each module:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/paths.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::collections::HashSet;\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::transmute;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Filesystem Hierarchy"
|
|
msgstr "# Hiérarchie du système de fichiers"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The module content can be omitted:"
|
|
msgstr "Le contenu du module peut être omis :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"mod garden;\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The `garden` module content is found at:"
|
|
msgstr "Le contenu du module \"jardin\" se trouve à :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `src/garden.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)\n"
|
|
"* `src/garden/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `src/garden.rs` (style Rust 2018 moderne)\n"
|
|
"* `src/garden/mod.rs` (ancien style Rust 2015)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Similarly, a `garden::vegetables` module can be found at:"
|
|
msgstr "De même, un module `garden::legumes` peut être trouvé à :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `src/garden/vegetables.rs` (modern Rust 2018 style)\n"
|
|
"* `src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (older Rust 2015 style)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `src/garden/vegetables.rs` (style Rust 2018 moderne)\n"
|
|
"* `src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs` (ancien style Rust 2015)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The `crate` root is in:"
|
|
msgstr "La racine `crate` se trouve dans :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `src/lib.rs` (for a library crate)\n"
|
|
"* `src/main.rs` (for a binary crate)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `src/lib.rs` (pour une caisse de bibliothèque)\n"
|
|
"* `src/main.rs` (pour un crate binaire)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Modules defined in files can be documented, too, using \"inner doc "
|
|
"comments\".\n"
|
|
"These document the item that contains them -- in this case, a module."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les modules définis dans les fichiers peuvent également être documentés à "
|
|
"l'aide de \"commentaires de documentation internes\".\n"
|
|
"Ceux-ci documentent l'élément qui les contient -- dans ce cas, un module."
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! This module implements the garden, including a highly performant "
|
|
"germination\n"
|
|
"//! implementation.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Re-export types from this module.\n"
|
|
"pub use seeds::SeedPacket;\n"
|
|
"pub use garden::Garden;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Sow the given seed packets.\n"
|
|
"pub fn sow(seeds: Vec<SeedPacket>) { todo!() }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Harvest the produce in the garden that is ready.\n"
|
|
"pub fn harvest(garden: &mut Garden) { todo!() }\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/modules/filesystem.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The change from `module/mod.rs` to `module.rs` doesn't preclude the use of "
|
|
"submodules in Rust 2018.\n"
|
|
" (It was mandatory in Rust 2015.)\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" The following is valid:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```ignore\n"
|
|
" src/\n"
|
|
" ├── main.rs\n"
|
|
" ├── top_module.rs\n"
|
|
" └── top_module/\n"
|
|
" └── sub_module.rs\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The main reason for the change is to prevent many files named `mod.rs`, "
|
|
"which can be hard\n"
|
|
" to distinguish in IDEs.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Rust will look for modules in `modulename/mod.rs` and `modulename.rs`, but "
|
|
"this can be changed\n"
|
|
" with a compiler directive:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" #[path = \"some/path.rs\"]\n"
|
|
" mod some_module { }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" This is useful, for example, if you would like to place tests for a module "
|
|
"in a file named\n"
|
|
" `some_module_test.rs`, similar to the convention in Go."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 2: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Jour 2 : Exercices de l'après-midi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The exercises for this afternoon will focus on strings and iterators."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les exercices de cet après-midi porteront sur les chaînes et les itérateurs."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Luhn Algorithm"
|
|
msgstr "# Algorithme de Luhn"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Luhn algorithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) is used "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
"validate credit card numbers. The algorithm takes a string as input and does "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"following to validate the credit card number:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'[algorithme de Luhn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luhn_algorithm) est "
|
|
"utilisé pour\n"
|
|
"valider les numéros de carte de crédit. L'algorithme prend une chaîne en "
|
|
"entrée et fait le\n"
|
|
"suivant pour valider le numéro de carte bancaire :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Ignore all spaces. Reject number with less than two digits.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Moving from right to left, double every second digit: for the number "
|
|
"`1234`,\n"
|
|
" we double `3` and `1`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* After doubling a digit, sum the digits. So doubling `7` becomes `14` "
|
|
"which\n"
|
|
" becomes `5`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Sum all the undoubled and doubled digits.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The credit card number is valid if the sum ends with `0`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Ignorer tous les espaces. Numéro de rejet comportant moins de deux "
|
|
"chiffres.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* En se déplaçant de droite à gauche, doubler tous les deux chiffres : pour "
|
|
"le nombre `1234`,\n"
|
|
" on double '3' et '1'.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Après avoir doublé un chiffre, additionnez les chiffres. Donc doubler '7' "
|
|
"devient '14' ce qui\n"
|
|
" devient '5'.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Additionnez tous les chiffres non doublés et doublés.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Le numéro de carte de crédit est valide si la somme se termine par '0'."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the following code to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and implement the\n"
|
|
"function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copiez le code suivant sur <https://play.rust-lang.org/> et implémentez le\n"
|
|
"fonction:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/luhn.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[allow(dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Strings and Iterators"
|
|
msgstr "# Chaînes et itérateurs"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this exercise, you are implementing a routing component of a web server. "
|
|
"The\n"
|
|
"server is configured with a number of _path prefixes_ which are matched "
|
|
"against\n"
|
|
"_request paths_. The path prefixes can contain a wildcard character which\n"
|
|
"matches a full segment. See the unit tests below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dans cet exercice, vous implémentez un composant de routage d'un serveur "
|
|
"Web. Le\n"
|
|
"le serveur est configuré avec un certain nombre de _préfixes de chemin_ qui "
|
|
"sont mis en correspondance\n"
|
|
"_demander des chemins_. Les préfixes de chemin peuvent contenir un caractère "
|
|
"générique qui\n"
|
|
"correspond à un segment complet. Voir les tests unitaires ci-dessous."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the following code to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and make the tests\n"
|
|
"pass. Try avoiding allocating a `Vec` for your intermediate results:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copiez le code suivant sur <https://play.rust-lang.org/> et faites les "
|
|
"tests\n"
|
|
"passer. Essayez d'éviter d'attribuer un \"Vec\" à vos résultats "
|
|
"intermédiaires :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/strings-iterators.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/"
|
|
"abc-123\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/"
|
|
"books\"));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/"
|
|
"publishers\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/"
|
|
"publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Day 3"
|
|
msgstr "# Bienvenue au jour 3"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Today, we will cover some more advanced topics of Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Aujourd'hui, nous aborderons quelques sujets plus avancés de Rust :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/welcome-day-3.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Traits: deriving traits, default methods, and important standard library\n"
|
|
" traits.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Generics: generic data types, generic methods, monomorphization, and "
|
|
"trait\n"
|
|
" objects.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Error handling: panics, `Result`, and the try operator `?`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Testing: unit tests, documentation tests, and integration tests.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Unsafe Rust: raw pointers, static variables, unsafe functions, and extern\n"
|
|
" functions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Traits : traits dérivés, méthodes par défaut et bibliothèque standard "
|
|
"importante\n"
|
|
" caractéristiques.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Génériques : types de données génériques, méthodes génériques, "
|
|
"monomorphisation et trait\n"
|
|
" objets.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Gestion des erreurs : paniques, « Résultat » et l'opérateur d'essai "
|
|
"« ? ».\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Tests : tests unitaires, tests de documentation et tests d'intégration.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Unsafe Rust : pointeurs bruts, variables statiques, fonctions non "
|
|
"sécurisées et extern\n"
|
|
" les fonctions."
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Generics"
|
|
msgstr "# Génériques"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust support generics, which lets you abstract algorithms or data "
|
|
"structures\n"
|
|
"(such as sorting or a binary tree)\n"
|
|
"over the types used or stored."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust prend en charge les génériques, ce qui vous permet d'abstraire un "
|
|
"algorithme (comme le tri)\n"
|
|
"sur les types utilisés dans l'algorithme."
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Generic Data Types"
|
|
msgstr "# Types de données génériques"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can use generics to abstract over the concrete field type:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez utiliser des génériques pour résumer le type de champ concret :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point<T> {\n"
|
|
" x: T,\n"
|
|
" y: T,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let integer = Point { x: 5, y: 10 };\n"
|
|
" let float = Point { x: 1.0, y: 4.0 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{integer:?} and {float:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/data-types.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Try declaring a new variable `let p = Point { x: 5, y: 10.0 };`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Fix the code to allow points that have elements of different types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Generic Methods"
|
|
msgstr "# Méthodes génériques"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can declare a generic type on your `impl` block:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous pouvez déclarer un type générique sur votre bloc `impl` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point<T>(T, T);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl<T> Point<T> {\n"
|
|
" fn x(&self) -> &T {\n"
|
|
" &self.0 // + 10\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // fn set_x(&mut self, x: T)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p = Point(5, 10);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"p.x = {}\", p.x());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/methods.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* *Q:* Why `T` is specified twice in `impl<T> Point<T> {}`? Isn't that "
|
|
"redundant?\n"
|
|
" * This is because it is a generic implementation section for generic "
|
|
"type. They are independently generic.\n"
|
|
" * It means these methods are defined for any `T`.\n"
|
|
" * It is possible to write `impl Point<u32> { .. }`. \n"
|
|
" * `Point` is still generic and you can use `Point<f64>`, but methods "
|
|
"in this block will only be available for `Point<u32>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* *Q :* Pourquoi `T` est spécifié deux fois dans `impl<T> Point<T> {}` ? "
|
|
"N'est-ce pas redondant ?\n"
|
|
" * C'est parce qu'il s'agit d'une section d'implémentation générique pour "
|
|
"le type générique. Ils sont indépendamment génériques.\n"
|
|
" * Cela signifie que ces méthodes sont définies pour n'importe quel `T`.\n"
|
|
" * Il est possible d'écrire `impl Point<u32> { .. }`.\n"
|
|
" * `Point` est toujours générique et vous pouvez utiliser `Point<f64>`, "
|
|
"mais les méthodes de ce bloc ne seront disponibles que pour `Point<u32>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Monomorphization"
|
|
msgstr "# Monomorphisation"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Generic code is turned into non-generic code based on the call sites:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le code générique est transformé en code non générique basé sur les sites "
|
|
"d'appel :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let integer = Some(5);\n"
|
|
" let float = Some(5.0);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "behaves as if you wrote"
|
|
msgstr "se comporte comme si vous écriviez"
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"enum Option_i32 {\n"
|
|
" Some(i32),\n"
|
|
" None,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"enum Option_f64 {\n"
|
|
" Some(f64),\n"
|
|
" None,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);\n"
|
|
" let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/generics/monomorphization.md:31
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a zero-cost abstraction: you get exactly the same result as if you "
|
|
"had\n"
|
|
"hand-coded the data structures without the abstraction."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il s'agit d'une abstraction à coût nul : vous obtenez exactement le même "
|
|
"résultat que si vous aviez\n"
|
|
"codé à la main les structures de données sans l'abstraction."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Traits"
|
|
msgstr "# Caractéristiques"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust lets you abstract over types with traits. They're similar to interfaces:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust vous permet d'abstraire les types avec des traits. Ils sont similaires "
|
|
"aux interfaces :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"trait Pet {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Dog {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Cat;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Pet for Dog {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
|
|
" self.name.clone()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Pet for Cat {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
|
|
" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it "
|
|
"anyway.\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn greet<P: Pet>(pet: &P) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Who's a cutie? {} is!\", pet.name());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let fido = Dog { name: \"Fido\".into() };\n"
|
|
" greet(&fido);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let captain_floof = Cat;\n"
|
|
" greet(&captain_floof);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Trait Objects"
|
|
msgstr "# Objets de trait"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Trait objects allow for values of different types, for instance in a "
|
|
"collection:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les objets de trait autorisent des valeurs de différents types, par exemple "
|
|
"dans une collection :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"trait Pet {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Dog {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Cat;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Pet for Dog {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
|
|
" self.name.clone()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Pet for Cat {\n"
|
|
" fn name(&self) -> String {\n"
|
|
" String::from(\"The cat\") // No name, cats won't respond to it "
|
|
"anyway.\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let pets: Vec<Box<dyn Pet>> = vec![\n"
|
|
" Box::new(Cat),\n"
|
|
" Box::new(Dog { name: String::from(\"Fido\") }),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" for pet in pets {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello {}!\", pet.name());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:40
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Memory layout after allocating `pets`:"
|
|
msgstr "Disposition de la mémoire après l'allocation de `pets` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:42
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bob\n"
|
|
" Stack Heap\n"
|
|
".- - - - - - - - - - - - - -. .- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -.\n"
|
|
": : : :\n"
|
|
": "
|
|
"pets : : :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : +-----+-----"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | ptr | o---+---+-----+-->| o o | o o "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": | len | 2 | : : +-|-|-+-|-|-"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": | capacity | 2 | : : | | | | +---------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
": +-----------+-------+ : : | | | '-->| name: \"Fido\" "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
": : : | | | +---------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
"`- - - - - - - - - - - - - -' : | | "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | | | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : | | '---->| \"<Dog as Pet>::name\" "
|
|
"| :\n"
|
|
" : | | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : | "
|
|
"| : \n"
|
|
" : | | +-"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : | '-->|"
|
|
"\\| : \n"
|
|
" : | +-"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : "
|
|
"| : \n"
|
|
" : | +----------------------"
|
|
"+ : \n"
|
|
" : '---->| \"<Cat as Pet>::name\" "
|
|
"| : \n"
|
|
" : +----------------------"
|
|
"+ :\n"
|
|
" : :\n"
|
|
" '- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
|
|
"- -'\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-objects.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Types that implement a given trait may be of different sizes. This makes "
|
|
"it impossible to have things like `Vec<Pet>` in the example above.\n"
|
|
"* `dyn Pet` is a way to tell the compiler about a dynamically sized type "
|
|
"that implements `Pet`.\n"
|
|
"* In the example, `pets` holds *fat pointers* to objects that implement "
|
|
"`Pet`. The fat pointer consists of two components, a pointer to the actual "
|
|
"object and a pointer to the virtual method table for the `Pet` "
|
|
"implementation of that particular object.\n"
|
|
"* Compare these outputs in the above example:\n"
|
|
" ```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::"
|
|
"<Cat>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} {}\", std::mem::size_of::<&Dog>(), std::mem::size_of::"
|
|
"<&Cat>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<&dyn Pet>());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", std::mem::size_of::<Box<dyn Pet>>());\n"
|
|
" ```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Deriving Traits"
|
|
msgstr "# Traits dérivés"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can let the compiler derive a number of traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez laisser le compilateur dériver un certain nombre de traits :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/deriving-traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct Player {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" strength: u8,\n"
|
|
" hit_points: u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Player::default();\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1.clone();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Is {:?}\\nequal to {:?}?\\nThe answer is {}!\", &p1, &p2,\n"
|
|
" if p1 == p2 { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" });\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Default Methods"
|
|
msgstr "# Méthodes par défaut"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Traits can implement behavior in terms of other trait methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les traits peuvent implémenter un comportement en termes d'autres méthodes "
|
|
"de trait :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"trait Equals {\n"
|
|
" fn equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n"
|
|
" fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" !self.equal(other)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Centimeter(i16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Equals for Centimeter {\n"
|
|
" fn equal(&self, other: &Centimeter) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" self.0 == other.0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = Centimeter(10);\n"
|
|
" let b = Centimeter(20);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{a:?} equals {b:?}: {}\", a.equal(&b));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{a:?} not_equals {b:?}: {}\", a.not_equal(&b));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default-methods.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Traits may specify pre-implemented (default) methods and methods that "
|
|
"users are required to\n"
|
|
" implement themselves. Methods with default implementations can rely on "
|
|
"required methods.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Move method `not_equal` to a new trait `NotEqual`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Make `Equals` a super trait for `NotEqual`.\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
" trait NotEqual: Equals {\n"
|
|
" fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" !self.equal(other)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Provide a blanket implementation of `NotEqual` for `Equal`.\n"
|
|
" ```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
" trait NotEqual {\n"
|
|
" fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" impl<T> NotEqual for T where T: Equals {\n"
|
|
" fn not_equal(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" !self.equal(other)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
" * With the blanket implementation, you no longer need `Equals` as a super "
|
|
"trait for `NotEqual`.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les caractéristiques peuvent spécifier des méthodes pré-implémentées (par "
|
|
"défaut) et des méthodes que les utilisateurs sont tenus de suivre\n"
|
|
" mettre en œuvre eux-mêmes. Les méthodes avec des implémentations par "
|
|
"défaut peuvent s'appuyer sur les méthodes requises.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Déplacez la méthode `not_equal` vers un nouveau trait `NotEqual`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Faites de `NotEqual` un super trait pour `Equal`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Fournir une implémentation globale de `NotEqual` pour `Equal`.\n"
|
|
" * Avec l'implémentation globale, vous n'avez plus besoin de `NotEqual` "
|
|
"comme super trait pour `Equal`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Trait Bounds"
|
|
msgstr "# Limites de trait"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When working with generics, you often want to require the types to "
|
|
"implement\n"
|
|
"some trait, so that you can call this trait's methods."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lorsque vous travaillez avec des génériques, vous souhaitez souvent exiger "
|
|
"que les types implémentent\n"
|
|
"un trait, afin que vous puissiez appeler les méthodes de ce trait."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can do this with `T: Trait` or `impl Trait`:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous pouvez le faire avec `T: Trait` ou `impl Trait` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn duplicate<T: Clone>(a: T) -> (T, T) {\n"
|
|
" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Syntactic sugar for:\n"
|
|
"// fn add_42_millions<T: Into<i32>>(x: T) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
"fn add_42_millions(x: impl Into<i32>) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" x.into() + 42_000_000\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// struct NotClonable;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let foo = String::from(\"foo\");\n"
|
|
" let pair = duplicate(foo);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{pair:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let many = add_42_millions(42_i8);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{many}\");\n"
|
|
" let many_more = add_42_millions(10_000_000);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{many_more}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Show a `where` clause, students will encounter it when reading code."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Montrez une clause \"où\", les étudiants la rencontreront lors de la lecture "
|
|
"du code."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"fn duplicate<T>(a: T) -> (T, T)\n"
|
|
"where\n"
|
|
" T: Clone,\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" (a.clone(), a.clone())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/trait-bounds.md:46
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* It declutters the function signature if you have many parameters.\n"
|
|
"* It has additional features making it more powerful.\n"
|
|
" * If someone asks, the extra feature is that the type on the left of \":"
|
|
"\" can be arbitrary, like `Option<T>`.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Cela désencombre la signature de la fonction si vous avez beaucoup de "
|
|
"paramètres.\n"
|
|
"* Il a des fonctionnalités supplémentaires qui le rendent plus puissant.\n"
|
|
" * Si quelqu'un demande, la fonctionnalité supplémentaire est que le type "
|
|
"à gauche de \":\" peut être arbitraire, comme `Option<T>`.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `impl Trait`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Trait d'implémentation`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similar to trait bounds, an `impl Trait` syntax can be used in function\n"
|
|
"arguments and return values:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Semblable aux limites de trait, une syntaxe `impl Trait` peut être utilisée "
|
|
"dans la fonction\n"
|
|
"arguments et valeurs de retour :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::Display;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn get_x(name: impl Display) -> impl Display {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"Hello {name}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = get_x(\"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "* `impl Trait` allows you to work with types which you cannot name."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `impl Trait` vous permet de travailler avec des types que vous ne pouvez "
|
|
"pas nommer."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The meaning of `impl Trait` is a bit different in the different positions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La signification de `impl Trait` est un peu différente dans les différentes "
|
|
"positions."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* For a parameter, `impl Trait` is like an anonymous generic parameter with "
|
|
"a trait bound.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* For a return type, it means that the return type is some concrete type "
|
|
"that implements the trait,\n"
|
|
" without naming the type. This can be useful when you don't want to expose "
|
|
"the concrete type in a\n"
|
|
" public API.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Inference is hard in return position. A function returning `impl Foo` "
|
|
"picks\n"
|
|
" the concrete type it returns, without writing it out in the source. A "
|
|
"function\n"
|
|
" returning a generic type like `collect<B>() -> B` can return any type\n"
|
|
" satisfying `B`, and the caller may need to choose one, such as with `let "
|
|
"x:\n"
|
|
" Vec<_> = foo.collect()` or with the turbofish, `foo.collect::<Vec<_>>()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Pour un paramètre, `impl Trait` est comme un paramètre générique anonyme "
|
|
"avec un trait lié.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Pour un type de retour, cela signifie que le type de retour est un type "
|
|
"concret qui implémente le trait,\n"
|
|
" sans nommer le type. Cela peut être utile lorsque vous ne souhaitez pas "
|
|
"exposer le type concret dans un\n"
|
|
" API publique.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" L'inférence est difficile en position de retour. Une fonction renvoyant "
|
|
"`impl Foo` sélectionne\n"
|
|
" le type concret qu'il renvoie, sans l'écrire dans la source. Une fonction\n"
|
|
" retourner un type générique comme `collect<B>() -> B` peut retourner "
|
|
"n'importe quel type\n"
|
|
" satisfaisant `B`, et l'appelant peut avoir besoin d'en choisir un, comme "
|
|
"avec `let x :\n"
|
|
" Vec<_> = foo.collect()` ou avec le turbofish, `foo.collect ::<Vec<_>>()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/impl-trait.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This example is great, because it uses `impl Display` twice. It helps to "
|
|
"explain that\n"
|
|
"nothing here enforces that it is _the same_ `impl Display` type. If we used "
|
|
"a single \n"
|
|
"`T: Display`, it would enforce the constraint that input `T` and return `T` "
|
|
"type are the same type.\n"
|
|
"It would not work for this particular function, as the type we expect as "
|
|
"input is likely not\n"
|
|
"what `format!` returns. If we wanted to do the same via `: Display` syntax, "
|
|
"we'd need two\n"
|
|
"independent generic parameters."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cet exemple est génial, car il utilise `impl Display` deux fois. Cela aide à "
|
|
"expliquer que\n"
|
|
"rien ici n'impose qu'il s'agisse du _même_ type `impl Display`. Si nous "
|
|
"utilisions un seul\n"
|
|
"`T: Display`, cela imposerait la contrainte selon laquelle l'entrée `T` et "
|
|
"le type de retour `T` sont du même type.\n"
|
|
"Cela ne fonctionnerait pas pour cette fonction particulière, car le type que "
|
|
"nous attendons en entrée n'est probablement pas\n"
|
|
"quel `format!` renvoie. Si nous voulions faire la même chose via la syntaxe "
|
|
"`: Display`, nous aurions besoin de deux\n"
|
|
"paramètres génériques indépendants."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Important Traits"
|
|
msgstr "# Caractéristiques importantes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will now look at some of the most common traits of the Rust standard "
|
|
"library:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous allons maintenant examiner certaines des caractéristiques les plus "
|
|
"courantes de la bibliothèque standard Rust :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/important-traits.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`Iterator`][1] and [`IntoIterator`][2] used in `for` loops,\n"
|
|
"* [`From`][3] and [`Into`][4] used to convert values,\n"
|
|
"* [`Read`][5] and [`Write`][6] used for IO,\n"
|
|
"* [`Add`][7], [`Mul`][8], ... used for operator overloading, and\n"
|
|
"* [`Drop`][9] used for defining destructors.\n"
|
|
"* [`Default`][10] used to construct a default instance of a type."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [`Iterator`][1] et [`IntoIterator`][2] utilisés dans les boucles `for`,\n"
|
|
"* [`From`][3] et [`Into`][4] utilisés pour convertir les valeurs,\n"
|
|
"* [`Read`][5] et [`Write`][6] utilisés pour IO,\n"
|
|
"* [`Add`][7], [`Mul`][8], ... utilisé pour la surcharge de l'opérateur, et\n"
|
|
"* [`Drop`][9] utilisé pour définir les destructeurs.\n"
|
|
"* [`Default`][10] utilisé pour construire une instance par défaut d'un type."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Iterators"
|
|
msgstr "# Itérateurs"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can implement the [`Iterator`][1] trait on your own types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez implémenter le trait [`Iterator`][1] sur vos propres types :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Fibonacci {\n"
|
|
" curr: u32,\n"
|
|
" next: u32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Iterator for Fibonacci {\n"
|
|
" type Item = u32;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {\n"
|
|
" let new_next = self.curr + self.next;\n"
|
|
" self.curr = self.next;\n"
|
|
" self.next = new_next;\n"
|
|
" Some(self.curr)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };\n"
|
|
" for (i, n) in fib.enumerate().take(5) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"fib({i}): {n}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/iterator.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `Iterator` trait implements many common functional programming "
|
|
"operations over collections \n"
|
|
" (e.g. `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc). This is the trait where you can "
|
|
"find all the documentation\n"
|
|
" about them. In Rust these functions should produce the code as efficient "
|
|
"as equivalent imperative\n"
|
|
" implementations.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* `IntoIterator` is the trait that makes for loops work. It is implemented "
|
|
"by collection types such as\n"
|
|
" `Vec<T>` and references to them such as `&Vec<T>` and `&[T]`. Ranges also "
|
|
"implement it. This is why\n"
|
|
" you can iterate over a vector with `for i in some_vec { .. }` but\n"
|
|
" `some_vec.next()` doesn't exist."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le trait `Iterator` implémente de nombreuses opérations de programmation "
|
|
"fonctionnelles courantes sur les collections\n"
|
|
" (par exemple, `map`, `filter`, `reduce`, etc.). C'est le trait où vous "
|
|
"pouvez trouver toute la documentation\n"
|
|
" à propos d'eux. Dans Rust, ces fonctions devraient produire le code aussi "
|
|
"efficace que l'impératif équivalent\n"
|
|
" implémentations.\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
"* `IntoIterator` est le trait qui fait fonctionner les boucles. Il est "
|
|
"implémenté par des types de collection tels que\n"
|
|
" `Vec<T>` et leurs références telles que `&Vec<T>` et `&[T]`. Les gammes "
|
|
"l'implémentent également. C'est pourquoi\n"
|
|
" vous pouvez itérer sur un vecteur avec `for i in some_vec { .. }` mais\n"
|
|
" `some_vec.next()` n'existe pas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# FromIterator"
|
|
msgstr "# FromIterator"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`FromIterator`][1] lets you build a collection from an [`Iterator`][2]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`FromIterator`][1] vous permet de créer une collection à partir d'un "
|
|
"[`Iterator`][2]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let primes = vec![2, 3, 5, 7];\n"
|
|
" let prime_squares = primes\n"
|
|
" .into_iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(|prime| prime * prime)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Iterator` implements\n"
|
|
"`fn collect<B>(self) -> B\n"
|
|
"where\n"
|
|
" B: FromIterator<Self::Item>,\n"
|
|
" Self: Sized`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Implémente `Iterator`\n"
|
|
"`fn collect<B>(soi) -> B\n"
|
|
"où\n"
|
|
" B : FromIterator<Self::Item>,\n"
|
|
" Auto : dimensionné"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-iterator.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There are also implementations which let you do cool things like convert an\n"
|
|
"`Iterator<Item = Result<V, E>>` into a `Result<Vec<V>, E>`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il existe également des implémentations qui vous permettent de faire des "
|
|
"choses sympas comme convertir un\n"
|
|
"`Iterator<Item = Result<V, E>>` en un `Result<Vec<V>, E>`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `From` and `Into`"
|
|
msgstr "# `De` et `Dans`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Types implement [`From`][1] and [`Into`][2] to facilitate type conversions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les types implémentent [`From`][1] et [`Into`][2] pour faciliter les "
|
|
"conversions de type :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from(\"hello\");\n"
|
|
" let addr = std::net::Ipv4Addr::from([127, 0, 0, 1]);\n"
|
|
" let one = i16::from(true);\n"
|
|
" let bigger = i32::from(123i16);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:15
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Into`][2] is automatically implemented when [`From`][1] is implemented:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Into`][2] est automatiquement implémenté lorsque [`From`][1] est "
|
|
"implémenté :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s: String = \"hello\".into();\n"
|
|
" let addr: std::net::Ipv4Addr = [127, 0, 0, 1].into();\n"
|
|
" let one: i16 = true.into();\n"
|
|
" let bigger: i32 = 123i16.into();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{s}, {addr}, {one}, {bigger}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/from-into.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* That's why it is common to only implement `From`, as your type will get "
|
|
"`Into` implementation too.\n"
|
|
"* When declaring a function argument input type like \"anything that can be "
|
|
"converted into a `String`\", the rule is opposite, you should use `Into`.\n"
|
|
" Your function will accept types that implement `From` and those that "
|
|
"_only_ implement `Into`.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* C'est pourquoi il est courant de n'implémenter que `From`, car votre type "
|
|
"recevra également l'implémentation `Into`.\n"
|
|
"* Lors de la déclaration d'un type d'entrée d'argument de fonction comme "
|
|
"\"tout ce qui peut être converti en `String`\", la règle est opposée, vous "
|
|
"devez utiliser `Into`.\n"
|
|
" Votre fonction acceptera les types qui implémentent `From` et ceux qui "
|
|
"implémentent _uniquement_ `Into`.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Read` and `Write`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Lire` et `Ecrire`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using [`Read`][1] and [`BufRead`][2], you can abstract over `u8` sources:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En utilisant [`Read`][1] et [`BufRead`][2], vous pouvez résumer les sources "
|
|
"`u8` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{BufRead, BufReader, Read, Result};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn count_lines<R: Read>(reader: R) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" let buf_reader = BufReader::new(reader);\n"
|
|
" buf_reader.lines().count()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" let slice: &[u8] = b\"foo\\nbar\\nbaz\\n\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\"lines in slice: {}\", count_lines(slice));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let file = std::fs::File::open(std::env::current_exe()?)?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"lines in file: {}\", count_lines(file));\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Similarly, [`Write`][3] lets you abstract over `u8` sinks:"
|
|
msgstr "De même, [`Write`][3] vous permet d'abstraire les puits `u8` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/read-write.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{Result, Write};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn log<W: Write>(writer: &mut W, msg: &str) -> Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" writer.write_all(msg.as_bytes())?;\n"
|
|
" writer.write_all(\"\\n\".as_bytes())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" let mut buffer = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" log(&mut buffer, \"Hello\")?;\n"
|
|
" log(&mut buffer, \"World\")?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Logged: {:?}\", buffer);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# The `Drop` Trait"
|
|
msgstr "# Le trait `Lâcher`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Values which implement [`Drop`][1] can specify code to run when they go out "
|
|
"of scope:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les valeurs qui implémentent [`Drop`][1] peuvent spécifier le code à "
|
|
"exécuter lorsqu'elles sortent de la portée :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"struct Droppable {\n"
|
|
" name: &'static str,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Drop for Droppable {\n"
|
|
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Dropping {}\", self.name);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let a = Droppable { name: \"a\" };\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let b = Droppable { name: \"b\" };\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let c = Droppable { name: \"c\" };\n"
|
|
" let d = Droppable { name: \"d\" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Exiting block B\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Exiting block A\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" drop(a);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Exiting main\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:34 src/traits/operators.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Discussion points:"
|
|
msgstr "Points de discussion:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/drop.md:36
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Why doesn't `Drop::drop` take `self`?\n"
|
|
" * Short-answer: If it did, `std::mem::drop` would be called at the end "
|
|
"of\n"
|
|
" the block, resulting in another call to `Drop::drop`, and a stack\n"
|
|
" overflow!\n"
|
|
"* Try replacing `drop(a)` with `a.drop()`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Pourquoi `Drop::drop` ne prend-il pas `self` ?\n"
|
|
" * Réponse courte : si c'était le cas, `std::mem::drop` serait appelé à "
|
|
"la fin de\n"
|
|
" le bloc, résultant en un autre appel à `Drop :: drop`, et une pile\n"
|
|
" débordement!\n"
|
|
"* Essayez de remplacer `drop(a)` par `a.drop()`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# The `Default` Trait"
|
|
msgstr "# Le trait \"par défaut\""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "[`Default`][1] trait produces a default value for a type."
|
|
msgstr "[`Default`][1] trait fournit une implémentation par défaut d'un trait."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct Derived {\n"
|
|
" x: u32,\n"
|
|
" y: String,\n"
|
|
" z: Implemented,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Implemented(String);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Default for Implemented {\n"
|
|
" fn default() -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self(\"John Smith\".into())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let default_struct: Derived = Default::default();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{default_struct:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let almost_default_struct = Derived {\n"
|
|
" y: \"Y is set!\".into(),\n"
|
|
" ..Default::default()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{almost_default_struct:#?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let nothing: Option<Derived> = None;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:#?}\", nothing.unwrap_or_default());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/default.md:40
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * It can be implemented directly or it can be derived via "
|
|
"`#[derive(Default)]`.\n"
|
|
" * A derived implementation will produce a value where all fields are set "
|
|
"to their default values.\n"
|
|
" * This means all types in the struct must implement `Default` too.\n"
|
|
" * Standard Rust types often implement `Default` with reasonable values (e."
|
|
"g. `0`, `\"\"`, etc).\n"
|
|
" * The partial struct copy works nicely with default.\n"
|
|
" * Rust standard library is aware that types can implement `Default` and "
|
|
"provides convenience methods that use it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Il peut être implémenté directement ou il peut être dérivé via "
|
|
"`#[derive(Default)]`.\n"
|
|
" * L'implémentation dérivée produira une instance où tous les champs sont "
|
|
"définis sur leurs valeurs par défaut.\n"
|
|
" * Cela signifie que tous les types de la structure doivent également "
|
|
"implémenter `Default`.\n"
|
|
" * Les types Rust standard implémentent souvent `Default` avec des valeurs "
|
|
"raisonnables (par exemple `0`, `\"\"`, etc.).\n"
|
|
" * La copie de structure partielle fonctionne bien avec la valeur par "
|
|
"défaut.\n"
|
|
" * La bibliothèque standard Rust est consciente que les types peuvent "
|
|
"implémenter `Default` et fournit des méthodes pratiques qui l'utilisent."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Add`, `Mul`, ..."
|
|
msgstr "# `Ajouter`, `Mul`, ..."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Operator overloading is implemented via traits in [`std::ops`][1]:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La surcharge d'opérateur est implémentée via des traits dans [`std::ops`]"
|
|
"[1] :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]\n"
|
|
"struct Point { x: i32, y: i32 }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n"
|
|
" type Output = Self;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {x: self.x + other.x, y: self.y + other.y}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point { x: 10, y: 20 };\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point { x: 100, y: 200 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?} + {:?} = {:?}\", p1, p2, p1 + p2);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/operators.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* You could implement `Add` for `&Point`. In which situations is that "
|
|
"useful? \n"
|
|
" * Answer: `Add:add` consumes `self`. If type `T` for which you are\n"
|
|
" overloading the operator is not `Copy`, you should consider "
|
|
"overloading\n"
|
|
" the operator for `&T` as well. This avoids unnecessary cloning on "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" call site.\n"
|
|
"* Why is `Output` an associated type? Could it be made a type parameter of "
|
|
"the method?\n"
|
|
" * Short answer: Function type parameters are controlled by the caller, "
|
|
"but\n"
|
|
" associated types (like `Output`) are controlled by the implementor "
|
|
"of a\n"
|
|
" trait.\n"
|
|
"* You could implement `Add` for two different types, e.g.\n"
|
|
" `impl Add<(i32, i32)> for Point` would add a tuple to a `Point`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Vous pouvez implémenter `Add` pour `&Point`. Dans quelles situations est-"
|
|
"ce utile ?\n"
|
|
" * Réponse : `Add:add` consomme `self`. Si tapez `T` pour lequel vous "
|
|
"êtes\n"
|
|
" la surcharge de l'opérateur n'est pas `Copy`, vous devriez envisager "
|
|
"de surcharger\n"
|
|
" l'opérateur pour `&T` également. Cela évite un clonage inutile sur "
|
|
"le\n"
|
|
" site d'appel.\n"
|
|
"* Pourquoi `Output` est-il un type associé ? Pourrait-il en faire un "
|
|
"paramètre de type?\n"
|
|
" * Réponse courte : les paramètres de type sont contrôlés par l'appelant, "
|
|
"mais\n"
|
|
" les types associés (comme `Output`) sont contrôlés par "
|
|
"l'implémenteur d'un\n"
|
|
" trait."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Closures"
|
|
msgstr "# Fermetures"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Closures or lambda expressions have types which cannot be named. However, "
|
|
"they\n"
|
|
"implement special [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html),\n"
|
|
"[`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), and\n"
|
|
"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les fermetures ou les expressions lambda ont des types qui ne peuvent pas "
|
|
"être nommés. Cependant, ils\n"
|
|
"implémenter [`Fn`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.Fn.html) "
|
|
"spécial,\n"
|
|
"[`FnMut`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnMut.html), et\n"
|
|
"[`FnOnce`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ops/trait.FnOnce.html) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn apply_with_log(func: impl FnOnce(i32) -> i32, input: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Calling function on {input}\");\n"
|
|
" func(input)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let add_3 = |x| x + 3;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 10));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"add_3: {}\", apply_with_log(add_3, 20));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" let mut accumulate = |x: i32| {\n"
|
|
" v.push(x);\n"
|
|
" v.iter().sum::<i32>()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 4));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"accumulate: {}\", apply_with_log(&mut accumulate, 5));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let multiply_sum = |x| x * v.into_iter().sum::<i32>();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"multiply_sum: {}\", apply_with_log(multiply_sum, 3));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An `Fn` (e.g. `add_3`) neither consumes nor mutates captured values, or "
|
|
"perhaps captures\n"
|
|
"nothing at all. It can be called multiple times concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un `Fn` ne consomme ni ne modifie les valeurs capturées, ou peut-être ne "
|
|
"capture rien du tout, il peut donc\n"
|
|
"être appelé plusieurs fois simultanément."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An `FnMut` (e.g. `accumulate`) might mutate captured values. You can call it "
|
|
"multiple times,\n"
|
|
"but not concurrently."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Un `FnMut` peut faire muter les valeurs capturées, vous pouvez donc "
|
|
"l'appeler plusieurs fois mais pas simultanément."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:40
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you have an `FnOnce` (e.g. `multiply_sum`), you may only call it once. It "
|
|
"might consume\n"
|
|
"captured values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si vous avez un \"FnOnce\", vous ne pouvez l'appeler qu'une seule fois. Cela "
|
|
"peut consommer des valeurs capturées."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`FnMut` is a subtype of `FnOnce`. `Fn` is a subtype of `FnMut` and `FnOnce`. "
|
|
"I.e. you can use an\n"
|
|
"`FnMut` wherever an `FnOnce` is called for, and you can use an `Fn` wherever "
|
|
"an `FnMut` or `FnOnce`\n"
|
|
"is called for."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`FnMut` est un sous-type de `FnOnce`. `Fn` est un sous-type de `FnMut` et "
|
|
"`FnOnce`. C'est à dire. vous pouvez utiliser un\n"
|
|
"`FnMut` partout où un `FnOnce` est appelé, et vous pouvez utiliser un `Fn` "
|
|
"partout où un `FnMut` ou `FnOnce`\n"
|
|
"est réclamé."
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The compiler also infers `Copy` (e.g. for `add_3`) and `Clone` (e.g. "
|
|
"`multiply_sum`),\n"
|
|
"depending on what the closure captures."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"By default, closures will capture by reference if they can. The `move` "
|
|
"keyword makes them capture\n"
|
|
"by value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/traits/closures.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn make_greeter(prefix: String) -> impl Fn(&str) {\n"
|
|
" return move |name| println!(\"{} {}\", prefix, name)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let hi = make_greeter(\"Hi\".to_string());\n"
|
|
" hi(\"there\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 3: Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Jour 3 : Exercices du matin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will design a classical GUI library traits and trait objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous allons concevoir une bibliothèque de traits et d'objets de traits "
|
|
"d'interface graphique classique."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# A Simple GUI Library"
|
|
msgstr "# Une bibliothèque d'interface graphique simple"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us design a classical GUI library using our new knowledge of traits and\n"
|
|
"trait objects."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Concevons une bibliothèque d'interface graphique classique en utilisant nos "
|
|
"nouvelles connaissances sur les traits et\n"
|
|
"objets trait."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will have a number of widgets in our library:"
|
|
msgstr "Nous aurons un certain nombre de widgets dans notre bibliothèque :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Window`: has a `title` and contains other widgets.\n"
|
|
"* `Button`: has a `label` and a callback function which is invoked when the\n"
|
|
" button is pressed.\n"
|
|
"* `Label`: has a `label`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Window` : a un `title` et contient d'autres widgets.\n"
|
|
"* `Button` : a un `label` et une fonction de rappel qui est invoquée lorsque "
|
|
"le\n"
|
|
" bouton est enfoncé.\n"
|
|
"* `Label` : a un `label`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The widgets will implement a `Widget` trait, see below."
|
|
msgstr "Les widgets implémenteront un trait `Widget`, voir ci-dessous."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:15
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/>, fill in the missing\n"
|
|
"`draw_into` methods so that you implement the `Widget` trait:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copiez le code ci-dessous sur <https://play.rust-lang.org/>, remplissez les "
|
|
"champs manquants\n"
|
|
"méthodes `draw_into` afin que vous implémentiez le trait `Widget` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub trait Widget {\n"
|
|
" /// Natural width of `self`.\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n"
|
|
" fn draw(&self) {\n"
|
|
" let mut buffer = String::new();\n"
|
|
" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Label {\n"
|
|
" label: String,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Label {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n"
|
|
" Label {\n"
|
|
" label: label.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label,\n"
|
|
" callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Button {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>) -> Button {\n"
|
|
" Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label::new(label),\n"
|
|
" callback,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Window {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec<Box<dyn Widget>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Window {\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n"
|
|
" Window {\n"
|
|
" title: title.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec::new(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn Widget>) {\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.push(widget);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" std::cmp::max(\n"
|
|
" self.title.chars().count(),\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Label {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Button {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Window {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo."
|
|
"\")));\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n"
|
|
" \"Click me!\",\n"
|
|
" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n"
|
|
" )));\n"
|
|
" window.draw();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:130
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The output of the above program can be something simple like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La sortie du programme ci-dessus peut être quelque chose de simple comme "
|
|
"ceci :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:132
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"========\n"
|
|
"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\n"
|
|
"========\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"This is a small text GUI demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"| Click me! |\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:142
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you want to draw aligned text, you can use the\n"
|
|
"[fill/alignment](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index."
|
|
"html#fillalignment)\n"
|
|
"formatting operators. In particular, notice how you can pad with different\n"
|
|
"characters (here a `'/'`) and how you can control alignment:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si vous voulez dessiner du texte aligné, vous pouvez utiliser le\n"
|
|
"[remplissage/alignement](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/fmt/index."
|
|
"html#fillalignment)\n"
|
|
"opérateurs de formatage. En particulier, notez comment vous pouvez compléter "
|
|
"avec différents\n"
|
|
"caractères (ici un `'/'`) et comment vous pouvez contrôler l'alignement :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:147
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let width = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"left aligned: |{:/<width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"centered: |{:/^width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"right aligned: |{:/>width$}|\", \"foo\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:156
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using such alignment tricks, you can for example produce output like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En utilisant de telles astuces d'alignement, vous pouvez par exemple "
|
|
"produire une sortie comme celle-ci :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/simple-gui.md:158
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```text\n"
|
|
"+--------------------------------+\n"
|
|
"| Rust GUI Demo 1.23 |\n"
|
|
"+================================+\n"
|
|
"| This is a small text GUI demo. |\n"
|
|
"| +-----------+ |\n"
|
|
"| | Click me! | |\n"
|
|
"| +-----------+ |\n"
|
|
"+--------------------------------+\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Error Handling"
|
|
msgstr "# La gestion des erreurs"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Error handling in Rust is done using explicit control flow:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La gestion des erreurs dans Rust est effectuée à l'aide d'un flux de "
|
|
"contrôle explicite :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Functions that can have errors list this in their return type,\n"
|
|
"* There are no exceptions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les fonctions qui peuvent avoir des erreurs le listent dans leur type de "
|
|
"retour,\n"
|
|
"* Il n'y a aucune exception."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Panics"
|
|
msgstr "# paniques"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust will trigger a panic if a fatal error happens at runtime:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust déclenchera une panique si une erreur fatale se produit lors de "
|
|
"l'exécution :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,should_panic\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v[100]: {}\", v[100]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panics.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Panics are for unrecoverable and unexpected errors.\n"
|
|
" * Panics are symptoms of bugs in the program.\n"
|
|
"* Use non-panicking APIs (such as `Vec::get`) if crashing is not acceptable."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les paniques concernent les erreurs irrécupérables et inattendues.\n"
|
|
" * Les paniques sont des symptômes de bogues dans le programme.\n"
|
|
"* Utilisez des API qui ne paniquent pas (telles que `Vec::get`) si le "
|
|
"plantage n'est pas acceptable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Catching the Stack Unwinding"
|
|
msgstr "# Attraper la pile qui se déroule"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"By default, a panic will cause the stack to unwind. The unwinding can be "
|
|
"caught:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Par défaut, une panique entraînera le déroulement de la pile. Le déroulement "
|
|
"peut être rattrapé :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::panic;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"hello!\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" assert!(result.is_ok());\n"
|
|
" \n"
|
|
" let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| {\n"
|
|
" panic!(\"oh no!\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" assert!(result.is_err());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/panic-unwind.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* This can be useful in servers which should keep running even if a single\n"
|
|
" request crashes.\n"
|
|
"* This does not work if `panic = 'abort'` is set in your `Cargo.toml`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Cela peut être utile dans les serveurs qui doivent continuer à fonctionner "
|
|
"même si un seul\n"
|
|
" la demande se bloque.\n"
|
|
"* Cela ne fonctionne pas si `panic = 'abort'` est défini dans votre `Cargo."
|
|
"toml`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Structured Error Handling with `Result`"
|
|
msgstr "# Gestion structurée des erreurs avec `Result`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We have already seen the `Result` enum. This is used pervasively when errors "
|
|
"are\n"
|
|
"expected as part of normal operation:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous avons déjà vu l'énumération `Result`. Ceci est utilisé partout lorsque "
|
|
"des erreurs sont\n"
|
|
"prévu dans le cadre d'un fonctionnement normal :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::fs;\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let file = fs::File::open(\"diary.txt\");\n"
|
|
" match file {\n"
|
|
" Ok(mut file) => {\n"
|
|
" let mut contents = String::new();\n"
|
|
" file.read_to_string(&mut contents);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Dear diary: {contents}\");\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"The diary could not be opened: {err}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/result.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * As with `Option`, the successful value sits inside of `Result`, forcing "
|
|
"the developer to\n"
|
|
" explicitly extract it. This encourages error checking. In the case where "
|
|
"an error should never happen,\n"
|
|
" `unwrap()` or `expect()` can be called, and this is a signal of the "
|
|
"developer intent too. \n"
|
|
" * `Result` documentation is a recommended read. Not during the course, but "
|
|
"it is worth mentioning. \n"
|
|
" It contains a lot of convenience methods and functions that help "
|
|
"functional-style programming. \n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Comme pour `Option`, la valeur réussie se trouve à l'intérieur de "
|
|
"`Result`, obligeant le développeur à\n"
|
|
" l'extraire explicitement. Cela encourage la vérification des erreurs. "
|
|
"Dans le cas où une erreur ne devrait jamais se produire,\n"
|
|
" `unwrap()` ou `expect()` peut être appelé, et c'est aussi un signal de "
|
|
"l'intention du développeur.\n"
|
|
" * La documentation `Result` est une lecture recommandée. Pas pendant le "
|
|
"cours, mais cela vaut la peine d'être mentionné.\n"
|
|
" Il contient de nombreuses méthodes et fonctions pratiques qui facilitent "
|
|
"la programmation de style fonctionnel.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Propagating Errors with `?`"
|
|
msgstr "# Propagation des erreurs avec `?`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The try-operator `?` is used to return errors to the caller. It lets you "
|
|
"turn\n"
|
|
"the common"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'opérateur try `?` est utilisé pour renvoyer des erreurs à l'appelant. Il "
|
|
"vous permet de tourner\n"
|
|
"le commun"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"match some_expression {\n"
|
|
" Ok(value) => value,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "into the much simpler"
|
|
msgstr "dans le plus simple"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"some_expression?\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We can use this to simplify our error handling code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous pouvons l'utiliser pour simplifier notre code de gestion des erreurs :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, io::Error> {\n"
|
|
" let username_file_result = fs::File::open(path);\n"
|
|
" let mut username_file = match username_file_result {\n"
|
|
" Ok(file) => file,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(err),\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::new();\n"
|
|
" match username_file.read_to_string(&mut username) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(_) => Ok(username),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => Err(err),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"alice\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/try-operator.md:50
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:52
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `username` variable can be either `Ok(string)` or `Err(error)`.\n"
|
|
"* Use the `fs::write` call to test out the different scenarios: no file, "
|
|
"empty file, file with username."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La variable `username` peut être soit `Ok(string)` soit `Err(error)`.\n"
|
|
"* Utilisez l'appel `fs::write` pour tester les différents scénarios : pas de "
|
|
"fichier, fichier vide, fichier avec nom d'utilisateur."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:1
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Converting Error Types"
|
|
msgstr "# Conversion des types d'erreurs"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The effective expansion of `?` is a little more complicated than previously "
|
|
"indicated:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'expansion effective de `?` est un peu plus compliquée qu'indiqué "
|
|
"précédemment :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"expression?\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "works the same as"
|
|
msgstr "fonctionne de la même manière que"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"match expression {\n"
|
|
" Ok(value) => value,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(From::from(err)),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `From::from` call here means we attempt to convert the error type to "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"type returned by the function:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'appel `From::from` ici signifie que nous essayons de convertir le type "
|
|
"d'erreur en\n"
|
|
"type renvoyé par la fonction :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};\n"
|
|
"use std::fs::{self, File};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{self, Read};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" IoError(io::Error),\n"
|
|
" EmptyUsername(String),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Error for ReadUsernameError {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Display for ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> fmt::Result {\n"
|
|
" match self {\n"
|
|
" Self::IoError(e) => write!(f, \"IO error: {e}\"),\n"
|
|
" Self::EmptyUsername(filename) => write!(f, \"Found no username "
|
|
"in {filename}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl From<io::Error> for ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" fn from(err: io::Error) -> ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" ReadUsernameError::IoError(err)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, ReadUsernameError> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
|
|
" File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let username = read_username(\"config.dat\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"username or error: {username:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/converting-error-types-example.md:55
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is good practice for all error types to implement `std::error::Error`, "
|
|
"which requires `Debug` and\n"
|
|
"`Display`. It's generally helpful for them to implement `Clone` and `Eq` too "
|
|
"where possible, to make\n"
|
|
"life easier for tests and consumers of your library. In this case we can't "
|
|
"easily do so, because\n"
|
|
"`io::Error` doesn't implement them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"C'est une bonne pratique pour tous les types d'erreurs d'implémenter `std::"
|
|
"error::Error`, qui nécessite `Debug` et\n"
|
|
"'Affichage'. Il est généralement utile pour eux d'implémenter `Clone` et "
|
|
"`Eq` aussi lorsque cela est possible, pour faire\n"
|
|
"la vie plus facile pour les testeurs et les consommateurs de votre "
|
|
"bibliothèque. Dans ce cas, nous ne pouvons pas le faire facilement, car\n"
|
|
"`io::Error` ne les implémente pas."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Deriving Error Enums"
|
|
msgstr "# Dérivation des énumérations d'erreur"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) crate is a popular way to create "
|
|
"an\n"
|
|
"error enum like we did on the previous page:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La caisse [thiserror](https://docs.rs/thiserror/) est un moyen populaire de "
|
|
"créer un\n"
|
|
"error enum comme nous l'avons fait sur la page précédente :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Error)]\n"
|
|
"enum ReadUsernameError {\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"Could not read: {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" IoError(#[from] io::Error),\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" EmptyUsername(String),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, ReadUsernameError> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::new();\n"
|
|
" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(ReadUsernameError::EmptyUsername(String::from(path)));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
|
|
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:39
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`thiserror`'s derive macro automatically implements `std::error::Error`, and "
|
|
"optionally `Display`\n"
|
|
"(if the `#[error(...)]` attributes are provided) and `From` (if the "
|
|
"`#[from]` attribute is added).\n"
|
|
"It also works for structs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La macro de dérivation de `thiserror` implémente automatiquement `std::"
|
|
"error::Error` et éventuellement `Display`\n"
|
|
"(si les attributs `#[error(...)]` sont fournis) et `From` (si l'attribut "
|
|
"`#[from]` est ajouté).\n"
|
|
"Cela fonctionne également pour les structures."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/deriving-error-enums.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "It doesn't affect your public API, which makes it good for libraries."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cela n'affecte pas votre API publique, ce qui le rend bon pour les "
|
|
"bibliothèques."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Dynamic Error Types"
|
|
msgstr "# Types d'erreurs dynamiques"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes we want to allow any type of error to be returned without writing "
|
|
"our own enum covering\n"
|
|
"all the different possibilities. `std::error::Error` makes this easy."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Parfois, nous voulons permettre à tout type d'erreur d'être renvoyé sans "
|
|
"écrire notre propre énumération couvrant\n"
|
|
"toutes les différentes possibilités. `std::error::Error` rend cela facile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::fs;\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Clone, Debug, Eq, Error, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
"#[error(\"Found no username in {0}\")]\n"
|
|
"struct EmptyUsernameError(String);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String, Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::new();\n"
|
|
" fs::File::open(path)?.read_to_string(&mut username)?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Err(EmptyUsernameError(String::from(path)).into());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
|
|
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/dynamic-errors.md:36
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This saves on code, but gives up the ability to cleanly handle different "
|
|
"error cases differently in\n"
|
|
"the program. As such it's generally not a good idea to use `Box<dyn Error>` "
|
|
"in the public API of a\n"
|
|
"library, but it can be a good option in a program where you just want to "
|
|
"display the error message\n"
|
|
"somewhere."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cela permet d'économiser du code, mais abandonne la possibilité de gérer "
|
|
"proprement différents cas d'erreur différemment dans\n"
|
|
"le programme. En tant que tel, ce n'est généralement pas une bonne idée "
|
|
"d'utiliser `Box<dyn Error>` dans l'API publique d'un\n"
|
|
"bibliothèque, mais cela peut être une bonne option dans un programme où vous "
|
|
"voulez juste afficher le message d'erreur\n"
|
|
"quelque part."
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Adding Context to Errors"
|
|
msgstr "# Ajouter du contexte aux erreurs"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The widely used [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) crate can help you add\n"
|
|
"contextual information to your errors and allows you to have fewer\n"
|
|
"custom error types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La caisse [anyhow](https://docs.rs/anyhow/) largement utilisée peut vous "
|
|
"aider à ajouter\n"
|
|
"des informations contextuelles à vos erreurs et vous permet d'avoir moins\n"
|
|
"types d'erreur personnalisés :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::{fs, io};\n"
|
|
"use std::io::Read;\n"
|
|
"use anyhow::{Context, Result, bail};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn read_username(path: &str) -> Result<String> {\n"
|
|
" let mut username = String::with_capacity(100);\n"
|
|
" fs::File::open(path)\n"
|
|
" .with_context(|| format!(\"Failed to open {path}\"))?\n"
|
|
" .read_to_string(&mut username)\n"
|
|
" .context(\"Failed to read\")?;\n"
|
|
" if username.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" bail!(\"Found no username in {path}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(username)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" //fs::write(\"config.dat\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match read_username(\"config.dat\") {\n"
|
|
" Ok(username) => println!(\"Username: {username}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Error: {err:?}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/error-handling/error-contexts.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `anyhow::Result<V>` is a type alias for `Result<V, anyhow::Error>`.\n"
|
|
"* `anyhow::Error` is essentially a wrapper around `Box<dyn Error>`. As such "
|
|
"it's again generally not\n"
|
|
" a good choice for the public API of a library, but is widely used in "
|
|
"applications.\n"
|
|
"* Actual error type inside of it can be extracted for examination if "
|
|
"necessary.\n"
|
|
"* Functionality provided by `anyhow::Result<T>` may be familiar to Go "
|
|
"developers, as it provides\n"
|
|
" similar usage patterns and ergonomics to `(T, error)` from Go."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `anyhow::Result<V>` est un alias de type pour `Result<V, anyhow::Error>`.\n"
|
|
"* `anyhow::Error` est essentiellement un wrapper autour de `Box<dyn Error>`. "
|
|
"En tant que tel, ce n'est généralement pas\n"
|
|
" un bon choix pour l'API publique d'une bibliothèque, mais il est largement "
|
|
"utilisé dans les applications.\n"
|
|
"* Le type d'erreur réel à l'intérieur peut être extrait pour examen si "
|
|
"nécessaire.\n"
|
|
"* La fonctionnalité fournie par `anyhow::Result<T>` peut être familière aux "
|
|
"développeurs Go, car elle fournit\n"
|
|
" modèles d'utilisation et ergonomie similaires à `(T, erreur)` de Go."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Testing"
|
|
msgstr "# Test"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust and Cargo come with a simple unit test framework:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust et Cargo sont livrés avec un cadre de test unitaire simple :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Unit tests are supported throughout your code.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Integration tests are supported via the `tests/` directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les tests unitaires sont pris en charge dans tout votre code.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Les tests d'intégration sont pris en charge via le répertoire `tests/`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Unit Tests"
|
|
msgstr "# Tests unitaires"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Mark unit tests with `#[test]`:"
|
|
msgstr "Marquez les tests unitaires avec `#[test]` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,ignore\n"
|
|
"fn first_word(text: &str) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" match text.find(' ') {\n"
|
|
" Some(idx) => &text[..idx],\n"
|
|
" None => &text,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"\"), \"\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_word() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello\"), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_multiple_words() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(first_word(\"Hello World\"), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/unit-tests.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Use `cargo test` to find and run the unit tests."
|
|
msgstr "Utilisez `cargo test` pour rechercher et exécuter les tests unitaires."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Test Modules"
|
|
msgstr "# Modules d'essai"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unit tests are often put in a nested module (run tests on the\n"
|
|
"[Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/)):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les tests unitaires sont souvent placés dans un module imbriqué (exécuter "
|
|
"des tests sur le\n"
|
|
"[Terrain de jeu](https://play.rust-lang.org/)) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn helper(a: &str, b: &str) -> String {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"{a} {b}\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", helper(\"Hello\", \"World\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_helper() {\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(helper(\"foo\", \"bar\"), \"foo bar\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/test-modules.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* This lets you unit test private helpers.\n"
|
|
"* The `#[cfg(test)]` attribute is only active when you run `cargo test`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Cela vous permet de tester unitairement les helpers privés.\n"
|
|
"* L'attribut `#[cfg(test)]` n'est actif que lorsque vous lancez `cargo test`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Documentation Tests"
|
|
msgstr "# Essais documentaires"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust has built-in support for documentation tests:"
|
|
msgstr "Rust a un support intégré pour les tests de documentation :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"/// Shortens a string to the given length.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// ```\n"
|
|
"/// use playground::shorten_string;\n"
|
|
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 5), \"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"/// assert_eq!(shorten_string(\"Hello World\", 20), \"Hello World\");\n"
|
|
"/// ```\n"
|
|
"pub fn shorten_string(s: &str, length: usize) -> &str {\n"
|
|
" &s[..std::cmp::min(length, s.len())]\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/doc-tests.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Code blocks in `///` comments are automatically seen as Rust code.\n"
|
|
"* The code will be compiled and executed as part of `cargo test`.\n"
|
|
"* Test the above code on the [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
|
|
"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les blocs de code dans les commentaires `///` sont automatiquement "
|
|
"considérés comme du code Rust.\n"
|
|
"* Le code sera compilé et exécuté dans le cadre du `cargo test`.\n"
|
|
"* Testez le code ci-dessus sur [Rust Playground](https://play.rust-lang.org/?"
|
|
"version=stable&mode=debug&edition=2021&gist=3ce2ad13ea1302f6572cb15cd96becf0)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Integration Tests"
|
|
msgstr "# Tests d'intégration"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "If you want to test your library as a client, use an integration test."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si vous souhaitez tester votre bibliothèque en tant que client, utilisez un "
|
|
"test d'intégration."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Create a `.rs` file under `tests/`:"
|
|
msgstr "Créez un fichier `.rs` sous `tests/` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"use my_library::init;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_init() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(init().is_ok());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/integration-tests.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "These tests only have access to the public API of your crate."
|
|
msgstr "Ces tests n'ont accès qu'à l'API publique de votre crate."
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Useful crates for writing tests"
|
|
msgstr "# Caisses utiles"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust comes with only basic support for writing tests."
|
|
msgstr "Rust a un support intégré pour les tests de documentation :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:5
|
|
msgid "Here are some additional crates which we recommend for writing tests:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/testing/useful-crates.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [googletest](https://docs.rs/googletest): Comprehensive test assertion "
|
|
"library in the tradition of GoogleTest for C++.\n"
|
|
"* [proptest](https://docs.rs/proptest): Property-based testing for Rust.\n"
|
|
"* [rstest](https://docs.rs/rstest): Support for fixtures and parameterised "
|
|
"tests."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Unsafe Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Rouille dangereuse"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The Rust language has two parts:"
|
|
msgstr "Le langage Rust comporte deux parties :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* **Safe Rust:** memory safe, no undefined behavior possible.\n"
|
|
"* **Unsafe Rust:** can trigger undefined behavior if preconditions are "
|
|
"violated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* **Safe Rust :** mémoire sécurisée, aucun comportement indéfini possible.\n"
|
|
"* **Unsafe Rust :** peut déclencher un comportement indéfini si les "
|
|
"conditions préalables ne sont pas respectées."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will be seeing mostly safe Rust in this course, but it's important to "
|
|
"know\n"
|
|
"what Unsafe Rust is."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous verrons principalement Rust sûr dans ce cours, mais il est important de "
|
|
"savoir\n"
|
|
"ce qu'est la rouille dangereuse."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe code is usually small and isolated, and its correctness should be "
|
|
"carefully\n"
|
|
"documented. It is usually wrapped in a safe abstraction layer."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le code dangereux est généralement petit et isolé, et son exactitude doit "
|
|
"être soigneusement\n"
|
|
"documenté. Il est généralement enveloppé dans une couche d'abstraction sûre."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Unsafe Rust gives you access to five new capabilities:"
|
|
msgstr "Unsafe Rust vous donne accès à cinq nouvelles fonctionnalités :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Dereference raw pointers.\n"
|
|
"* Access or modify mutable static variables.\n"
|
|
"* Access `union` fields.\n"
|
|
"* Call `unsafe` functions, including `extern` functions.\n"
|
|
"* Implement `unsafe` traits."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Déréférencer les pointeurs bruts.\n"
|
|
"* Accéder ou modifier des variables statiques mutables.\n"
|
|
"* Accéder aux champs \"union\".\n"
|
|
"* Appelez les fonctions `unsafe`, y compris les fonctions `extern`.\n"
|
|
"* Mettre en œuvre les traits \" non sécurisés \"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will briefly cover unsafe capabilities next. For full details, please "
|
|
"see\n"
|
|
"[Chapter 19.1 in the Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-"
|
|
"unsafe-rust.html)\n"
|
|
"and the [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous aborderons ensuite brièvement les capacités dangereuses. Pour plus de "
|
|
"détails, veuillez consulter\n"
|
|
"[Chapitre 19.1 du Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-01-unsafe-"
|
|
"rust.html)\n"
|
|
"et le [Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unsafe Rust does not mean the code is incorrect. It means that developers "
|
|
"have\n"
|
|
"turned off the compiler safety features and have to write correct code by\n"
|
|
"themselves. It means the compiler no longer enforces Rust's memory-safety "
|
|
"rules."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Unsafe Rust ne signifie pas que le code est incorrect. Cela signifie que les "
|
|
"développeurs ont\n"
|
|
"désactivé les fonctionnalités de sécurité du compilateur et doit écrire le "
|
|
"code correct en\n"
|
|
"eux-mêmes. Cela signifie que le compilateur n'applique plus les règles de "
|
|
"sécurité de la mémoire de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Dereferencing Raw Pointers"
|
|
msgstr "# Déréférencement des pointeurs bruts"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Creating pointers is safe, but dereferencing them requires `unsafe`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La création de pointeurs est sûre, mais leur déréférencement nécessite "
|
|
"`unsafe` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut num = 5;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let r1 = &mut num as *mut i32;\n"
|
|
" let r2 = r1 as *const i32;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because r1 and r2 were obtained from references and so are\n"
|
|
" // guaranteed to be non-null and properly aligned, the objects "
|
|
"underlying\n"
|
|
" // the references from which they were obtained are live throughout the\n"
|
|
" // whole unsafe block, and they are not accessed either through the\n"
|
|
" // references or concurrently through any other pointers.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"r1 is: {}\", *r1);\n"
|
|
" *r1 = 10;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"r2 is: {}\", *r2);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It is good practice (and required by the Android Rust style guide) to write "
|
|
"a comment for each\n"
|
|
"`unsafe` block explaining how the code inside it satisfies the safety "
|
|
"requirements of the unsafe\n"
|
|
"operations it is doing."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il est recommandé (et requis par le guide de style Android Rust) d'écrire un "
|
|
"commentaire pour chaque\n"
|
|
"Bloc `unsafe` expliquant comment le code à l'intérieur satisfait aux "
|
|
"exigences de sécurité de l'unsafe\n"
|
|
"opérations qu'il effectue."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:31
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In the case of pointer dereferences, this means that the pointers must be\n"
|
|
"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), i.e.:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dans le cas des déréférencements de pointeurs, cela signifie que les "
|
|
"pointeurs doivent être\n"
|
|
"[_valid_](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/ptr/index.html#safety), c'est-à-"
|
|
"dire :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * The pointer must be non-null.\n"
|
|
" * The pointer must be _dereferenceable_ (within the bounds of a single "
|
|
"allocated object).\n"
|
|
" * The object must not have been deallocated.\n"
|
|
" * There must not be concurrent accesses to the same location.\n"
|
|
" * If the pointer was obtained by casting a reference, the underlying object "
|
|
"must be live and no\n"
|
|
" reference may be used to access the memory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Le pointeur doit être non nul.\n"
|
|
" * Le pointeur doit être _dereferenceable_ (dans les limites d'un seul objet "
|
|
"alloué).\n"
|
|
" * L'objet ne doit pas avoir été désalloué.\n"
|
|
" * Il ne doit pas y avoir d'accès simultanés au même endroit.\n"
|
|
" * Si le pointeur a été obtenu en transtypant une référence, l'objet sous-"
|
|
"jacent doit être actif et non\n"
|
|
" référence peut être utilisée pour accéder à la mémoire."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/raw-pointers.md:41
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In most cases the pointer must also be properly aligned."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Dans la plupart des cas, le pointeur doit également être correctement aligné."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Mutable Static Variables"
|
|
msgstr "# Variables statiques mutables"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "It is safe to read an immutable static variable:"
|
|
msgstr "Il est sûr de lire une variable statique immuable :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static HELLO_WORLD: &str = \"Hello, world!\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"HELLO_WORLD: {HELLO_WORLD}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"However, since data races can occur, it is unsafe to read and write mutable\n"
|
|
"static variables:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cependant, étant donné que des courses de données peuvent se produire, il "
|
|
"n'est pas sûr de lire et d'écrire mutable\n"
|
|
"variables statiques :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"static mut COUNTER: u32 = 0;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn add_to_counter(inc: u32) {\n"
|
|
" unsafe { COUNTER += inc; } // Potential data race!\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" add_to_counter(42);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" unsafe { println!(\"COUNTER: {COUNTER}\"); } // Potential data race!\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/mutable-static-variables.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Using a mutable static is generally a bad idea, but there are some cases "
|
|
"where it might make sense\n"
|
|
"in low-level `no_std` code, such as implementing a heap allocator or working "
|
|
"with some C APIs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'utilisation d'une statique mutable est généralement une mauvaise idée, "
|
|
"mais il y a des cas où cela peut avoir du sens\n"
|
|
"dans le code `no_std` de bas niveau, comme l'implémentation d'un allocation "
|
|
"de tas ou l'utilisation de certaines API C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Unions"
|
|
msgstr "# syndicats"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Unions are like enums, but you need to track the active field yourself:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les unions sont comme des énumérations, mais vous devez suivre vous-même le "
|
|
"champ actif :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
"union MyUnion {\n"
|
|
" i: u8,\n"
|
|
" b: bool,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let u = MyUnion { i: 42 };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"int: {}\", unsafe { u.i });\n"
|
|
" println!(\"bool: {}\", unsafe { u.b }); // Undefined behavior!\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Unions are very rarely needed in Rust as you can usually use an enum. They "
|
|
"are occasionally needed\n"
|
|
"for interacting with C library APIs."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les unions sont très rarement nécessaires dans Rust car vous pouvez "
|
|
"généralement utiliser une énumération. Ils sont parfois nécessaires\n"
|
|
"pour interagir avec les API de la bibliothèque C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unions.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"If you just want to reinterpret bytes as a different type, you probably "
|
|
"want\n"
|
|
"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn."
|
|
"transmute.html) or a safe\n"
|
|
"wrapper such as the [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy) crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Si vous voulez simplement réinterpréter les octets comme un type différent, "
|
|
"vous voudrez probablement\n"
|
|
"[`std::mem::transmute`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/mem/fn."
|
|
"transmute.html) ou un coffre-fort\n"
|
|
"wrapper tel que la caisse [`zerocopy`](https://crates.io/crates/zerocopy)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Calling Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr "# Appel de fonctions non sûres"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A function or method can be marked `unsafe` if it has extra preconditions "
|
|
"you\n"
|
|
"must uphold to avoid undefined behaviour:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Une fonction ou une méthode peut être marquée \"unsafe\" si elle a des "
|
|
"conditions préalables supplémentaires que vous\n"
|
|
"doit respecter pour éviter un comportement indéfini :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/calling-unsafe-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let emojis = \"🗻∈🌏\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because the indices are in the correct order, within the bounds "
|
|
"of\n"
|
|
" // the string slice, and lie on UTF-8 sequence boundaries.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(0..4));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(4..7));\n"
|
|
" println!(\"emoji: {}\", emojis.get_unchecked(7..11));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis."
|
|
"get_unchecked(0..7) }));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Not upholding the UTF-8 encoding requirement breaks memory safety!\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"emoji: {}\", unsafe { emojis.get_unchecked(0..3) });\n"
|
|
" // println!(\"char count: {}\", count_chars(unsafe { emojis."
|
|
"get_unchecked(0..3) }));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn count_chars(s: &str) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" s.chars().map(|_| 1).sum()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Writing Unsafe Functions"
|
|
msgstr "# Écrire des fonctions non sécurisées"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can mark your own functions as `unsafe` if they require particular "
|
|
"conditions to avoid undefined\n"
|
|
"behaviour."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez marquer vos propres fonctions comme \"non sécurisées\" si elles "
|
|
"nécessitent des conditions particulières pour éviter undefined\n"
|
|
"comportement."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"/// Swaps the values pointed to by the given pointers.\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// # Safety\n"
|
|
"///\n"
|
|
"/// The pointers must be valid and properly aligned.\n"
|
|
"unsafe fn swap(a: *mut u8, b: *mut u8) {\n"
|
|
" let temp = *a;\n"
|
|
" *a = *b;\n"
|
|
" *b = temp;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut a = 42;\n"
|
|
" let mut b = 66;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because ...\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" swap(&mut a, &mut b);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"a = {}, b = {}\", a, b);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We wouldn't actually use pointers for this because it can be done safely "
|
|
"with references."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous n'utiliserions pas de pointeurs pour cela car cela peut être fait en "
|
|
"toute sécurité avec des références."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/writing-unsafe-functions.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Note that unsafe code is allowed within an unsafe function without an "
|
|
"`unsafe` block. We can\n"
|
|
"prohibit this with `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Try adding it and see "
|
|
"what happens."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Notez que le code non sécurisé est autorisé dans une fonction non sécurisée "
|
|
"sans bloc « non sécurisé ». Nous pouvons\n"
|
|
"interdisez cela avec `#[deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]`. Essayez de l'ajouter "
|
|
"et voyez ce qui se passe."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Calling External Code"
|
|
msgstr "# Appeler le code externe"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Functions from other languages might violate the guarantees of Rust. "
|
|
"Calling\n"
|
|
"them is thus unsafe:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les fonctions d'autres langages peuvent violer les garanties de Rust. Appel\n"
|
|
"eux est donc dangereux :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" fn abs(input: i32) -> i32;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Undefined behavior if abs misbehaves.\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Absolute value of -3 according to C: {}\", abs(-3));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is usually only a problem for extern functions which do things with "
|
|
"pointers which might\n"
|
|
"violate Rust's memory model, but in general any C function might have "
|
|
"undefined behaviour under any\n"
|
|
"arbitrary circumstances."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ce n'est généralement un problème que pour les fonctions externes qui font "
|
|
"des choses avec des pointeurs qui pourraient\n"
|
|
"violer le modèle de mémoire de Rust, mais en général, toute fonction C peut "
|
|
"avoir un comportement indéfini sous n'importe quel\n"
|
|
"circonstances arbitraires."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/extern-functions.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `\"C\"` in this example is the ABI;\n"
|
|
"[other ABIs are available too](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/"
|
|
"external-blocks.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Implementing Unsafe Traits"
|
|
msgstr "# Implémenter des traits dangereux"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Like with functions, you can mark a trait as `unsafe` if the implementation "
|
|
"must guarantee\n"
|
|
"particular conditions to avoid undefined behaviour."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Comme avec les fonctions, vous pouvez marquer un trait comme \"non "
|
|
"sécurisé\" si l'implémentation doit garantir\n"
|
|
"conditions particulières pour éviter un comportement indéfini."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For example, the `zerocopy` crate has an unsafe trait that looks\n"
|
|
"[something like this](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait.AsBytes."
|
|
"html):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Par exemple, la caisse \"zérocopie\" a un trait dangereux qui semble\n"
|
|
"[quelque chose comme ça](https://docs.rs/zerocopy/latest/zerocopy/trait."
|
|
"AsBytes.html):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::mem::size_of_val;\n"
|
|
"use std::slice;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// ...\n"
|
|
"/// # Safety\n"
|
|
"/// The type must have a defined representation and no padding.\n"
|
|
"pub unsafe trait AsBytes {\n"
|
|
" fn as_bytes(&self) -> &[u8] {\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" slice::from_raw_parts(self as *const Self as *const u8, "
|
|
"size_of_val(self))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Safe because u32 has a defined representation and no padding.\n"
|
|
"unsafe impl AsBytes for u32 {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:30
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"There should be a `# Safety` section on the Rustdoc for the trait explaining "
|
|
"the requirements for\n"
|
|
"the trait to be safely implemented."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il devrait y avoir une section `# Sécurité` sur le Rustdoc pour le trait "
|
|
"expliquant les exigences pour\n"
|
|
"le trait à mettre en œuvre en toute sécurité."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The actual safety section for `AsBytes` is rather longer and more "
|
|
"complicated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La section de sécurité actuelle pour `AsBytes` est plutôt plus longue et "
|
|
"plus compliquée."
|
|
|
|
#: src/unsafe/unsafe-traits.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The built-in `Send` and `Sync` traits are unsafe."
|
|
msgstr "Les traits intégrés \"Envoyer\" et \"Synchroniser\" ne sont pas sûrs."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 3: Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Jour 3 : Exercices de l'après-midi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Let us build a safe wrapper for reading directory content!"
|
|
msgstr "Construisons un wrapper sûr pour lire le contenu du répertoire !"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this exercise, we suggest using a local dev environment instead\n"
|
|
"of the Playground. This will allow you to run your binary on your own "
|
|
"machine."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:8
|
|
msgid "To get started, follow the [running locally] instructions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/afternoon.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "After looking at the exercise, you can look at the [solution] provided."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Après avoir regardé l'exercice, vous pouvez regarder la [solution] fournie."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Safe FFI Wrapper"
|
|
msgstr "# Enveloppe FFI sécurisée"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has great support for calling functions through a _foreign function\n"
|
|
"interface_ (FFI). We will use this to build a safe wrapper for the `libc`\n"
|
|
"functions you would use from C to read the filenames of a directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust a un excellent support pour appeler des fonctions via une fonction "
|
|
"_foreign\n"
|
|
"interface_ (FFI). Nous allons l'utiliser pour construire un wrapper sûr pour "
|
|
"la `libc`\n"
|
|
"fonctions que vous utiliseriez à partir de C pour lire les noms de fichiers "
|
|
"d'un répertoire."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You will want to consult the manual pages:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous voudrez consulter les pages de manuel :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)\n"
|
|
"* [`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)\n"
|
|
"* [`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [`opendir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/opendir.3.html)\n"
|
|
"* [`readdir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/readdir.3.html)\n"
|
|
"* [`closedir(3)`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/closedir.3.html)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`] module. There you find a "
|
|
"number of\n"
|
|
"string types which you need for the exercise:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:16
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| Types | Encoding | "
|
|
"Use |\n"
|
|
"|----------------------------|----------------|--------------------------------|\n"
|
|
"| [`str`] and [`String`] | UTF-8 | Text processing in "
|
|
"Rust |\n"
|
|
"| [`CStr`] and [`CString`] | NUL-terminated | Communicating with C "
|
|
"functions |\n"
|
|
"| [`OsStr`] and [`OsString`] | OS-specific | Communicating with the "
|
|
"OS |"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:22
|
|
msgid "You will convert between all these types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- `&str` to `CString`: you need to allocate space for a trailing `\\0` "
|
|
"character,\n"
|
|
"- `CString` to `*const i8`: you need a pointer to call C functions,\n"
|
|
"- `*const i8` to `&CStr`: you need something which can find the trailing "
|
|
"`\\0` character,\n"
|
|
"- `&CStr` to `&[u8]`: a slice of bytes is the universal interface for \"some "
|
|
"unknow data\",\n"
|
|
"- `&[u8]` to `&OsStr`: `&OsStr` is a step towards `OsString`, use\n"
|
|
" [`OsStrExt`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/os/unix/ffi/trait.OsStrExt."
|
|
"html)\n"
|
|
" to create it,\n"
|
|
"- `&OsStr` to `OsString`: you need to clone the data in `&OsStr` to be able "
|
|
"to return it and call\n"
|
|
" `readdir` again."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:34
|
|
msgid "The [Nomicon] also has a very useful chapter about FFI."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:45
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the code below to <https://play.rust-lang.org/> and fill in the "
|
|
"missing\n"
|
|
"functions and methods:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Copiez le code ci-dessous sur <https://play.rust-lang.org/> et remplissez "
|
|
"les champs manquants\n"
|
|
"fonctions et méthodes :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,should_panic\n"
|
|
"// TODO: remove this when you're done with your implementation.\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused_imports, unused_variables, dead_code)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod ffi {\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct DIR {\n"
|
|
" _data: [u8; 0],\n"
|
|
" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::"
|
|
"PhantomPinned)>,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n"
|
|
" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n"
|
|
" pub d_off: c_long,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: c_uchar,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_fileno: u64,\n"
|
|
" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: u16,\n"
|
|
" pub d_namlen: u16,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: u8,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n"
|
|
" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section "
|
|
"on\n"
|
|
" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" "
|
|
"refers\n"
|
|
" // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and "
|
|
"PowerPC.\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n"
|
|
" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n"
|
|
"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" path: CString,\n"
|
|
" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn new(path: &str) -> Result<DirectoryIterator, String> {\n"
|
|
" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
|
|
" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item = OsString;\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<OsString> {\n"
|
|
" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" // Call closedir as needed.\n"
|
|
" unimplemented!()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::<Vec<_>>());\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Rust in Android"
|
|
msgstr "# Bienvenue au jour 1"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust is supported for native platform development on Android. This means "
|
|
"that\n"
|
|
"you can write new operating system services in Rust, as well as extending\n"
|
|
"existing services."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust est pris en charge pour le développement de plates-formes natives sur "
|
|
"Android. Cela signifie que\n"
|
|
"vous pouvez écrire de nouveaux services de système d'exploitation dans Rust, "
|
|
"ainsi que l'extension\n"
|
|
"prestations existantes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> We will attempt to call Rust from one of your own projects today. So try "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
"> find a little corner of your code base where we can move some lines of "
|
|
"code to\n"
|
|
"> Rust. The fewer dependencies and \"exotic\" types the better. Something "
|
|
"that\n"
|
|
"> parses some raw bytes would be ideal."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Nous allons essayer d'appeler Rust depuis l'un de vos propres projets "
|
|
"aujourd'hui. Alors essayez de\n"
|
|
"> trouvez un petit coin de votre base de code où nous pouvons déplacer "
|
|
"quelques lignes de code vers\n"
|
|
"> Rouille. Moins il y a de dépendances et de types \"exotiques\", mieux "
|
|
"c'est. Quelque chose que\n"
|
|
"> analyser quelques octets bruts serait idéal."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Setup"
|
|
msgstr "# Installation"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will be using an Android Virtual Device to test our code. Make sure you "
|
|
"have\n"
|
|
"access to one or create a new one with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous utiliserons un appareil virtuel Android pour tester notre code. Assurez-"
|
|
"vous que vous avez\n"
|
|
"accéder à un ou en créer un nouveau avec :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ source build/envsetup.sh\n"
|
|
"$ lunch aosp_cf_x86_64_phone-userdebug\n"
|
|
"$ acloud create\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/setup.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please see the [Android Developer\n"
|
|
"Codelab](https://source.android.com/docs/setup/start) for details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Veuillez consulter le [Développeur Android\n"
|
|
"Codelab] (https://source.android.com/docs/setup/start) pour plus de détails."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Build Rules"
|
|
msgstr "# Règles de construction"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The Android build system (Soong) supports Rust via a number of modules:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le système de construction Android (Soong) prend en charge Rust via un "
|
|
"certain nombre de modules :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| Module Type | "
|
|
"Description "
|
|
"|\n"
|
|
"|-------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|\n"
|
|
"| `rust_binary` | Produces a Rust "
|
|
"binary. "
|
|
"|\n"
|
|
"| `rust_library` | Produces a Rust library, and provides both `rlib` and "
|
|
"`dylib` variants. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_ffi` | Produces a Rust C library usable by `cc` modules, and "
|
|
"provides both static and shared variants. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_proc_macro` | Produces a `proc-macro` Rust library. These are "
|
|
"analogous to compiler plugins. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_test` | Produces a Rust test binary that uses the standard "
|
|
"Rust test harness. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_fuzz` | Produces a Rust fuzz binary leveraging "
|
|
"`libfuzzer`. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_protobuf` | Generates source and produces a Rust library that "
|
|
"provides an interface for a particular protobuf. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_bindgen` | Generates source and produces a Rust library "
|
|
"containing Rust bindings to C libraries. |"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"| Type de module | Descriptif |\n"
|
|
"|------------------|-------------------------------------- "
|
|
"-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------|\n"
|
|
"| `rust_binaire` | Produit un binaire Rust. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_library` | Produit une bibliothèque Rust et fournit les variantes "
|
|
"`rlib` et `dylib`. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_ffi` | Produit une bibliothèque Rust C utilisable par les modules "
|
|
"`cc` et fournit des variantes statiques et partagées. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_proc_macro` | Produit une bibliothèque Rust `proc-macro`. Ceux-ci "
|
|
"sont analogues aux plugins du compilateur. |\n"
|
|
"| `test_rouille` | Produit un binaire de test Rust qui utilise le harnais de "
|
|
"test Rust standard. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_fuzz` | Produit un exécutable Rust fuzz utilisant `libfuzzer`. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_protobuf` | Génère la source et produit une bibliothèque Rust qui "
|
|
"fournit une interface pour un protobuf particulier. |\n"
|
|
"| `rust_bindgen` | Génère la source et produit une bibliothèque Rust "
|
|
"contenant des liaisons Rust aux bibliothèques C. |"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will look at `rust_binary` and `rust_library` next."
|
|
msgstr "Nous examinerons ensuite `rust_binary` et `rust_library`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Rust Binaries"
|
|
msgstr "# Binaires de rouille"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us start with a simple application. At the root of an AOSP checkout, "
|
|
"create\n"
|
|
"the following files:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Commençons par une application simple. A la racine d'une caisse AOSP, créez\n"
|
|
"les fichiers suivants :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:6 src/android/build-rules/library.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust/Android.bp_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:16 src/android/build-rules/library.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust/src/main.rs_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:18
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"//! Rust demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello from Rust!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can now build, push, and run the binary:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous pouvez maintenant compiler, envoyer et exécuter le binaire :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/binary.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m hello_rust\n"
|
|
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust /data/local/tmp\"\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust\n"
|
|
"Hello from Rust!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Rust Libraries"
|
|
msgstr "# Bibliothèques de rouille"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You use `rust_library` to create a new Rust library for Android."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous utilisez `rust_library` pour créer une nouvelle bibliothèque Rust pour "
|
|
"Android."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Here we declare a dependency on two libraries:"
|
|
msgstr "Ici, nous déclarons une dépendance sur deux bibliothèques :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `libgreeting`, which we define below,\n"
|
|
"* `libtextwrap`, which is a crate already vendored in\n"
|
|
" [`external/rust/crates/`][crates]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `libgreeting`, que nous définissons ci-dessous,\n"
|
|
"* `libtextwrap`, qui est une caisse déjà vendue dans\n"
|
|
" [`externe/rouille/caisses/`][caisses]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_with_dep\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libgreetings\",\n"
|
|
" \"libtextwrap\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"rust_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libgreetings\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"greetings\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Rust demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use greetings::greeting;\n"
|
|
"use textwrap::fill;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Prints a greeting to standard output.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}\", fill(&greeting(\"Bob\"), 24));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:48
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust/src/lib.rs_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:50
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Greeting library.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Greet `name`.\n"
|
|
"pub fn greeting(name: &str) -> String {\n"
|
|
" format!(\"Hello {name}, it is very nice to meet you!\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:59
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You build, push, and run the binary like before:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous construisez, poussez et exécutez le binaire comme avant :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/build-rules/library.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_with_dep /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_with_dep\n"
|
|
"Hello Bob, it is very\n"
|
|
"nice to meet you!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# AIDL"
|
|
msgstr "#AIDL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Android Interface Definition Language\n"
|
|
"(AIDL)](https://developer.android.com/guide/components/aidl) is supported in "
|
|
"Rust:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le [langage de définition d'interface Android\n"
|
|
"(AIDL)](https://developer.android.com/guide/components/aidl) est pris en "
|
|
"charge dans Rust :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Rust code can call existing AIDL servers,\n"
|
|
"* You can create new AIDL servers in Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le code Rust peut appeler des serveurs AIDL existants,\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez créer de nouveaux serveurs AIDL dans Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# AIDL Interfaces"
|
|
msgstr "# Interfaces AIDL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You declare the API of your service using an AIDL interface:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous déclarez l'API de votre service à l'aide d'une interface AIDL :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"*birthday_service/aidl/com/example/birthdayservice/IBirthdayService.aidl*:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"*service_anniversaire/aidl/com/exemple/serviceanniversaire/IBirthdayService."
|
|
"aidl* :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/** Birthday service interface. */\n"
|
|
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
|
|
" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n"
|
|
" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/aidl/Android.bp*:"
|
|
msgstr "*service_anniversaire/aidl/Android.bp* :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"aidl_interface {\n"
|
|
" name: \"com.example.birthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"com/example/birthdayservice/*.aidl\"],\n"
|
|
" unstable: true,\n"
|
|
" backend: {\n"
|
|
" rust: { // Rust is not enabled by default\n"
|
|
" enabled: true,\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/interface.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Add `vendor_available: true` if your AIDL file is used by a binary in the "
|
|
"vendor\n"
|
|
"partition."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ajoutez `vendor_available : true` si votre fichier AIDL est utilisé par un "
|
|
"binaire dans le fournisseur\n"
|
|
"cloison."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Service Implementation"
|
|
msgstr "# Mise en œuvre des services"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We can now implement the AIDL service:"
|
|
msgstr "Nous pouvons maintenant implémenter le service AIDL :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/src/lib.rs*:"
|
|
msgstr "*service_anniversaire/src/lib.rs* :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Implementation of the `IBirthdayService` AIDL interface.\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::"
|
|
"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// The `IBirthdayService` implementation.\n"
|
|
"pub struct BirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl binder::Interface for BirthdayService {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl IBirthdayService for BirthdayService {\n"
|
|
" fn wishHappyBirthday(&self, name: &str, years: i32) -> binder::"
|
|
"Result<String> {\n"
|
|
" Ok(format!(\n"
|
|
" \"Happy Birthday {name}, congratulations with the {years} years!"
|
|
"\"\n"
|
|
" ))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:26 src/android/aidl/server.md:28
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/Android.bp*:"
|
|
msgstr "*service_anniversaire/Android.bp* :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/implementation.md:28
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# AIDL Server"
|
|
msgstr "# Serveur AIDL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can create a server which exposes the service:"
|
|
msgstr "Enfin, nous pouvons créer un serveur qui expose le service :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/src/server.rs*:"
|
|
msgstr "*service_anniversaire/src/server.rs* :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Birthday service.\n"
|
|
"use birthdayservice::BirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::"
|
|
"IBirthdayService::BnBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Entry point for birthday service.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let birthday_service = BirthdayService;\n"
|
|
" let birthday_service_binder = BnBirthdayService::new_binder(\n"
|
|
" birthday_service,\n"
|
|
" binder::BinderFeatures::default(),\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" binder::add_service(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER, birthday_service_binder."
|
|
"as_binder())\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to register service\");\n"
|
|
" binder::ProcessState::join_thread_pool()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/server.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_server\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/server.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbirthdayservice\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Deploy"
|
|
msgstr "# Déployer"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We can now build, push, and start the service:"
|
|
msgstr "Nous pouvons maintenant créer, pousser et démarrer le service :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m birthday_server\n"
|
|
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_server /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_server\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In another terminal, check that the service runs:"
|
|
msgstr "Dans un autre terminal, vérifiez que le service s'exécute :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell service check birthdayservice\n"
|
|
"Service birthdayservice: found\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can also call the service with `service call`:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous pouvez également appeler le service avec `service call` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/deploy.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ $ adb shell service call birthdayservice 1 s16 Bob i32 24\n"
|
|
"Result: Parcel(\n"
|
|
" 0x00000000: 00000000 00000036 00610048 00700070 '....6...H.a.p.p.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000010: 00200079 00690042 00740072 00640068 'y. .B.i.r.t.h.d.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000020: 00790061 00420020 0062006f 0020002c 'a.y. .B.o.b.,. .'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000030: 006f0063 0067006e 00610072 00750074 'c.o.n.g.r.a.t.u.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000040: 0061006c 00690074 006e006f 00200073 'l.a.t.i.o.n.s. .'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000050: 00690077 00680074 00740020 00650068 'w.i.t.h. .t.h.e.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000060: 00320020 00200034 00650079 00720061 ' .2.4. .y.e.a.r.'\n"
|
|
" 0x00000070: 00210073 00000000 's.!..... ')\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# AIDL Client"
|
|
msgstr "# Client AIDL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can create a Rust client for our new service."
|
|
msgstr "Enfin, nous pouvons créer un client Rust pour notre nouveau service."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "*birthday_service/src/client.rs*:"
|
|
msgstr "*service_anniversaire/src/client.rs* :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Birthday service.\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::aidl::com::example::birthdayservice::"
|
|
"IBirthdayService::IBirthdayService;\n"
|
|
"use com_example_birthdayservice::binder;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const SERVICE_IDENTIFIER: &str = \"birthdayservice\";\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Connect to the BirthdayService.\n"
|
|
"pub fn connect() -> Result<binder::Strong<dyn IBirthdayService>, binder::"
|
|
"StatusCode> {\n"
|
|
" binder::get_interface(SERVICE_IDENTIFIER)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Call the birthday service.\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<(), binder::Status> {\n"
|
|
" let name = std::env::args()\n"
|
|
" .nth(1)\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or_else(|| String::from(\"Bob\"));\n"
|
|
" let years = std::env::args()\n"
|
|
" .nth(2)\n"
|
|
" .and_then(|arg| arg.parse::<i32>().ok())\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or(42);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" binder::ProcessState::start_thread_pool();\n"
|
|
" let service = connect().expect(\"Failed to connect to "
|
|
"BirthdayService\");\n"
|
|
" let msg = service.wishHappyBirthday(&name, years)?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{msg}\");\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_client\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/client.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"com.example.birthdayservice-rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"libbinder_rs\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:52
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Notice that the client does not depend on `libbirthdayservice`."
|
|
msgstr "Notez que le client ne dépend pas de `libbirthdayservice`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:54
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Build, push, and run the client on your device:"
|
|
msgstr "Créez, transférez et exécutez le client sur votre appareil :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/client.md:56
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m birthday_client\n"
|
|
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/birthday_client /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/birthday_client Charlie 60\n"
|
|
"Happy Birthday Charlie, congratulations with the 60 years!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Changing API"
|
|
msgstr "# Modification de l'API"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us extend the API with more functionality: we want to let clients "
|
|
"specify a\n"
|
|
"list of lines for the birthday card:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Étendons l'API avec plus de fonctionnalités : nous voulons laisser les "
|
|
"clients spécifier un\n"
|
|
"liste des lignes pour la carte d'anniversaire :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/aidl/changing.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"package com.example.birthdayservice;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/** Birthday service interface. */\n"
|
|
"interface IBirthdayService {\n"
|
|
" /** Generate a Happy Birthday message. */\n"
|
|
" String wishHappyBirthday(String name, int years, in String[] text);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:1 src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Logging"
|
|
msgstr "# Journalisation"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You should use the `log` crate to automatically log to `logcat` (on-device) "
|
|
"or\n"
|
|
"`stdout` (on-host):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous devez utiliser la caisse `log` pour vous connecter automatiquement à "
|
|
"`logcat` (sur l'appareil) ou\n"
|
|
"`stdout` (sur l'hôte) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/Android.bp_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_rust_logs\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"liblog_rust\",\n"
|
|
" \"liblogger\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" prefer_rlib: true,\n"
|
|
" host_supported: true,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_hello_rust_logs/src/main.rs_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:24
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,ignore\n"
|
|
"//! Rust logging demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use log::{debug, error, info};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Logs a greeting.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" logger::init(\n"
|
|
" logger::Config::default()\n"
|
|
" .with_tag_on_device(\"rust\")\n"
|
|
" .with_min_level(log::Level::Trace),\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" debug!(\"Starting program.\");\n"
|
|
" info!(\"Things are going fine.\");\n"
|
|
" error!(\"Something went wrong!\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:42 src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:98
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:73
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Build, push, and run the binary on your device:"
|
|
msgstr "Compilez, transférez et exécutez le binaire sur votre appareil :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:44
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/hello_rust_logs /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/hello_rust_logs\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:50
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The logs show up in `adb logcat`:"
|
|
msgstr "Les journaux s'affichent dans `adb logcat` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/logging.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ adb logcat -s rust\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 D rust: hello_rust_logs: Starting program.\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 I rust: hello_rust_logs: Things are going "
|
|
"fine.\n"
|
|
"09-08 08:38:32.454 2420 2420 E rust: hello_rust_logs: Something went "
|
|
"wrong!\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Interoperability"
|
|
msgstr "# Interopérabilité"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has excellent support for interoperability with other languages. This "
|
|
"means\n"
|
|
"that you can:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust a un excellent support pour l'interopérabilité avec d'autres langages. "
|
|
"Ça signifie\n"
|
|
"Que tu peux:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Call Rust functions from other languages.\n"
|
|
"* Call functions written in other languages from Rust."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Appelez les fonctions Rust à partir d'autres langues.\n"
|
|
"* Fonctions d'appel écrites dans d'autres langages depuis Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you call functions in a foreign language we say that you're using a\n"
|
|
"_foreign function interface_, also known as FFI."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Lorsque vous appelez des fonctions dans une langue étrangère, nous disons "
|
|
"que vous utilisez un\n"
|
|
"_interface de fonction étrangère_, également connue sous le nom de FFI."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Interoperability with C"
|
|
msgstr "# Interopérabilité avec C"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has full support for linking object files with a C calling convention.\n"
|
|
"Similarly, you can export Rust functions and call them from C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust prend entièrement en charge la liaison de fichiers objets avec une "
|
|
"convention d'appel C.\n"
|
|
"De même, vous pouvez exporter des fonctions Rust et les appeler depuis C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can do it by hand if you want:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous pouvez le faire à la main si vous le souhaitez :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" fn abs(x: i32) -> i32;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let x = -42;\n"
|
|
" let abs_x = unsafe { abs(x) };\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{x}, {abs_x}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We already saw this in the [Safe FFI Wrapper\n"
|
|
"exercise](../../exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous avons déjà vu cela dans le [Safe FFI Wrapper\n"
|
|
"exercice](../../exercises/day-3/safe-ffi-wrapper.md)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> This assumes full knowledge of the target platform. Not recommended for\n"
|
|
"> production."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Cela suppose une parfaite connaissance de la plateforme cible. Non "
|
|
"recommandé pour\n"
|
|
"> fabrication."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will look at better options next."
|
|
msgstr "Nous examinerons ensuite de meilleures options."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Using Bindgen"
|
|
msgstr "# Utiliser Bindgen"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction.html) "
|
|
"tool\n"
|
|
"can auto-generate bindings from a C header file."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'outil [bindgen](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-bindgen/introduction."
|
|
"html)\n"
|
|
"peut générer automatiquement des liaisons à partir d'un fichier d'en-tête C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "First create a small C library:"
|
|
msgstr "Créez d'abord une petite bibliothèque C :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.h_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"typedef struct card {\n"
|
|
" const char* name;\n"
|
|
" int years;\n"
|
|
"} card;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"void print_card(const card* card);\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday.c_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include <stdio.h>\n"
|
|
"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"void print_card(const card* card) {\n"
|
|
" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n"
|
|
" printf(\"| Happy Birthday %s!\\n\", card->name);\n"
|
|
" printf(\"| Congratulations with the %i years!\\n\", card->years);\n"
|
|
" printf(\"+--------------\\n\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Add this to your `Android.bp` file:"
|
|
msgstr "Ajoutez ceci à votre fichier `Android.bp` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:35
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:55
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:69
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:108
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interopérabilité/bindgen/Android.bp_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"cc_library {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"libbirthday.c\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:44
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Create a wrapper header file for the library (not strictly needed in this\n"
|
|
"example):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Créez un fichier d'en-tête wrapper pour la bibliothèque (pas strictement "
|
|
"nécessaire dans ce\n"
|
|
"exemple):"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:47
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/bindgen/libbirthday_wrapper.h_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:49
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include \"libbirthday.h\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:53
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can now auto-generate the bindings:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous pouvez maintenant générer automatiquement les liaisons :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_bindgen {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"birthday_bindgen\",\n"
|
|
" wrapper_src: \"libbirthday_wrapper.h\",\n"
|
|
" source_stem: \"bindings\",\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\"libbirthday\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:67
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can use the bindings in our Rust program:"
|
|
msgstr "Enfin, nous pouvons utiliser les liaisons dans notre programme Rust :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:71
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"print_birthday_card\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\"libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:79
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/bindgen/main.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interopérabilité/bindgen/main.rs_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:81
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! Bindgen demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use birthday_bindgen::{card, print_card};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let name = std::ffi::CString::new(\"Peter\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let card = card {\n"
|
|
" name: name.as_ptr(),\n"
|
|
" years: 42,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" print_card(&card as *const card);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:100
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/print_birthday_card /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/print_birthday_card\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:106
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can run auto-generated tests to ensure the bindings work:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Enfin, nous pouvons exécuter des tests générés automatiquement pour nous "
|
|
"assurer que les liaisons fonctionnent :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:110
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_test {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\":libbirthday_bindgen\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"libbirthday_bindgen_test\",\n"
|
|
" test_suites: [\"general-tests\"],\n"
|
|
" auto_gen_config: true,\n"
|
|
" clippy_lints: \"none\", // Generated file, skip linting\n"
|
|
" lints: \"none\",\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/bindgen.md:122
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ atest libbirthday_bindgen_test\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Calling Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Appeler Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Exporting Rust functions and types to C is easy:"
|
|
msgstr "Exporter des fonctions et des types Rust vers C est simple :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
|
|
msgstr "_interopérabilité/rust/libanalyze/analyze.rs_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"//! Rust FFI demo.\n"
|
|
"#![deny(improper_ctypes_definitions)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use std::os::raw::c_int;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Analyze the numbers.\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"pub extern \"C\" fn analyze_numbers(x: c_int, y: c_int) {\n"
|
|
" if x < y {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"x ({x}) is smallest!\");\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"y ({y}) is probably larger than x ({x})\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
|
|
msgstr "_interopérabilité/rust/libanalyze/analyze.h_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:26
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#ifndef ANALYSE_H\n"
|
|
"#define ANALYSE_H\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
"void analyze_numbers(int x, int y);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#endif\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
msgstr "_interopérabilité/rust/libanalyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libanalyze_ffi\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"analyze_ffi\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"analyze.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" include_dirs: [\".\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:48
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We can now call this from a C binary:"
|
|
msgstr "Nous pouvons maintenant appeler cela à partir d'un binaire C :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:50
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_"
|
|
msgstr "_interoperability/rust/analyze/main.c_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:52
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```c\n"
|
|
"#include \"analyze.h\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"int main() {\n"
|
|
" analyze_numbers(10, 20);\n"
|
|
" analyze_numbers(123, 123);\n"
|
|
" return 0;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:62
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/rust/analyze/Android.bp_"
|
|
msgstr "_interopérabilité/rouille/analyse/Android.bp_"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"cc_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"analyze_numbers\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"main.c\"],\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\"libanalyze_ffi\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"$ adb push \"$ANDROID_PRODUCT_OUT/system/bin/analyze_numbers /data/local/"
|
|
"tmp\"\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /data/local/tmp/analyze_numbers\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/with-c/rust.md:83
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`#[no_mangle]` disables Rust's usual name mangling, so the exported symbol "
|
|
"will just be the name of\n"
|
|
"the function. You can also use `#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` to specify "
|
|
"whatever name you want."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`#[no_mangle]` désactive la modification du nom habituel de Rust, de sorte "
|
|
"que le symbole exporté sera simplement le nom de\n"
|
|
"la fonction. Vous pouvez également utiliser `#[export_name = \"some_name\"]` "
|
|
"pour spécifier le nom que vous voulez."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# With C++"
|
|
msgstr "# Avec C++"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [CXX crate][1] makes it possible to do safe interoperability between "
|
|
"Rust\n"
|
|
"and C++."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La [caisse CXX][1] permet de faire une interopérabilité sûre entre Rust\n"
|
|
"et C++."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The overall approach looks like this:"
|
|
msgstr "L'approche globale ressemble à ceci:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<img src=\"cpp/overview.svg\">"
|
|
msgstr "<img src=\"cpp/overview.svg\">"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/cpp.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "See the [CXX tutorial][2] for an full example of using this."
|
|
msgstr "Voir le [tutoriel CXX] [2] pour un exemple complet d'utilisation."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Interoperability with Java"
|
|
msgstr "# Interopérabilité avec Java"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Java can load shared objects via [Java Native Interface\n"
|
|
"(JNI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). The [`jni`\n"
|
|
"crate](https://docs.rs/jni/) allows you to create a compatible library."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Java peut charger des objets partagés via [Java Native Interface\n"
|
|
"(JNI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Native_Interface). Le [`jni`\n"
|
|
"crate](https://docs.rs/jni/) vous permet de créer une bibliothèque "
|
|
"compatible."
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "First, we create a Rust function to export to Java:"
|
|
msgstr "Tout d'abord, nous créons une fonction Rust à exporter vers Java :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/src/lib.rs_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interopérabilité/java/src/lib.rs_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"//! Rust <-> Java FFI demo.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use jni::objects::{JClass, JString};\n"
|
|
"use jni::sys::jstring;\n"
|
|
"use jni::JNIEnv;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// HelloWorld::hello method implementation.\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"pub extern \"system\" fn Java_HelloWorld_hello(\n"
|
|
" env: JNIEnv,\n"
|
|
" _class: JClass,\n"
|
|
" name: JString,\n"
|
|
") -> jstring {\n"
|
|
" let input: String = env.get_string(name).unwrap().into();\n"
|
|
" let greeting = format!(\"Hello, {input}!\");\n"
|
|
" let output = env.new_string(greeting).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" output.into_inner()\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:32
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:62
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/Android.bp_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interopérabilité/java/Android.bp_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:34
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi_shared {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libhello_jni\",\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"hello_jni\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/lib.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\"libjni\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Finally, we can call this function from Java:"
|
|
msgstr "Enfin, nous pouvons appeler cette fonction depuis Java :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:45
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "_interoperability/java/HelloWorld.java_:"
|
|
msgstr "_interopérabilité/java/HelloWorld.java_ :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:47
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```java\n"
|
|
"class HelloWorld {\n"
|
|
" private static native String hello(String name);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" static {\n"
|
|
" System.loadLibrary(\"hello_jni\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" public static void main(String[] args) {\n"
|
|
" String output = HelloWorld.hello(\"Alice\");\n"
|
|
" System.out.println(output);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```javascript\n"
|
|
"java_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"helloworld_jni\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"HelloWorld.java\"],\n"
|
|
" main_class: \"HelloWorld\",\n"
|
|
" required: [\"libhello_jni\"],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:73
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Finally, you can build, sync, and run the binary:"
|
|
msgstr "Enfin, vous pouvez créer, synchroniser et exécuter le binaire :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/android/interoperability/java.md:75
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ m helloworld_jni\n"
|
|
"$ adb sync # requires adb root && adb remount\n"
|
|
"$ adb shell /system/bin/helloworld_jni\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:1 src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:1
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Des exercices"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a group exercise: We will look at one of the projects you work with "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
"try to integrate some Rust into it. Some suggestions:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pour le dernier exercice, nous examinerons l'un des projets sur lesquels "
|
|
"vous travaillez. Laissez-nous\n"
|
|
"regroupez-vous et faites-le ensemble. Quelques suggestions:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Call your AIDL service with a client written in Rust.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Move a function from your project to Rust and call it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Appelez votre service AIDL avec un client écrit en Rust.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Déplacez une fonction de votre projet vers Rust et appelez-la."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/android/morning.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"No solution is provided here since this is open-ended: it relies on someone "
|
|
"in\n"
|
|
"the class having a piece of code which you can turn in to Rust on the fly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aucune solution n'est proposée ici car celle-ci est ouverte : elle repose "
|
|
"sur quelqu'un en\n"
|
|
"la classe ayant un morceau de code que vous pouvez remettre à Rust à la "
|
|
"volée."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Bare Metal Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Bienvenue dans Bare Metal Rust"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is a standalone one-day course about bare-metal Rust, aimed at people "
|
|
"who are familiar with the\n"
|
|
"basics of Rust (perhaps from completing the Comprehensive Rust course), and "
|
|
"ideally also have some\n"
|
|
"experience with bare-metal programming in some other language such as C."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Il s'agit d'un cours autonome d'une journée sur la bare-metal Rust, destiné "
|
|
"aux personnes familiarisées avec le\n"
|
|
"bases de Rust (peut-être après avoir terminé le cours Comprehensive Rust(le "
|
|
"guide complet de Rust)), et idéalement aussi avoir quelques\n"
|
|
"expérience de la programmation bare-metal dans un autre langage tel que C."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Today we will talk about 'bare-metal' Rust: running Rust code without an OS "
|
|
"underneath us. This will\n"
|
|
"be divided into several parts:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Aujourd'hui, nous allons parler de Rust \"bare-metal\": exécuter du code "
|
|
"Rust sans système d'exploitation sous nous. Cette volonté\n"
|
|
"être divisé en plusieurs parties :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- What is `no_std` Rust?\n"
|
|
"- Writing firmware for microcontrollers.\n"
|
|
"- Writing bootloader / kernel code for application processors.\n"
|
|
"- Some useful crates for bare-metal Rust development."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"- Qu'est-ce que `no_std` Rust ?\n"
|
|
"- Ecriture de firmware pour microcontrôleurs.\n"
|
|
"- Ecriture du bootloader / code noyau pour les processeurs d'application.\n"
|
|
"- Quelques caisses utiles pour le développement de Rust en métal nu."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:15
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For the microcontroller part of the course we will use the [BBC micro:bit]"
|
|
"(https://microbit.org/) v2\n"
|
|
"as an example. It's a [development board](https://tech.microbit.org/"
|
|
"hardware/) based on the Nordic\n"
|
|
"nRF51822 microcontroller with some LEDs and buttons, an I2C-connected "
|
|
"accelerometer and compass, and\n"
|
|
"an on-board SWD debugger."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pour la partie microcontrôleur du cours, nous utiliserons le [BBC micro:bit]"
|
|
"(https://microbit.org/) v2\n"
|
|
"par exemple. C'est une [carte de développement](https://tech.microbit.org/"
|
|
"hardware/) basée sur le Nordic\n"
|
|
"Microcontrôleur nRF51822 avec quelques LED et boutons, un accéléromètre et "
|
|
"une boussole connectés I2C, et\n"
|
|
"un débogueur SWD intégré."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To get started, install some tools we'll need later. On gLinux or Debian:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pour commencer, installez quelques outils dont nous aurons besoin plus tard. "
|
|
"Sous gLinux ou Debian :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bash\n"
|
|
"sudo apt install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu gdb-multiarch libudev-dev picocom pkg-"
|
|
"config qemu-system-arm\n"
|
|
"rustup update\n"
|
|
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
|
|
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
|
|
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:30
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"And give users in the `plugdev` group access to the micro:bit programmer:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Et donnez aux utilisateurs du groupe `plugdev` l'accès au programmeur micro:"
|
|
"bit :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bash\n"
|
|
"echo 'SUBSYSTEM==\"usb\", ATTR{idVendor}==\"0d28\", MODE=\"0664\", "
|
|
"GROUP=\"plugdev\"' |\\\n"
|
|
" sudo tee /etc/udev/rules.d/50-microbit.rules\n"
|
|
"sudo udevadm control --reload-rules\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:38
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "On MacOS:"
|
|
msgstr "Sur MacOS :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal.md:40
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```bash\n"
|
|
"xcode-select --install\n"
|
|
"brew install gdb picocom qemu\n"
|
|
"brew install --cask gcc-aarch64-embedded\n"
|
|
"rustup update\n"
|
|
"rustup target add aarch64-unknown-none thumbv7em-none-eabihf\n"
|
|
"rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n"
|
|
"cargo install cargo-binutils cargo-embed\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `no_std`"
|
|
msgstr "# `no_std`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"<table>\n"
|
|
"<tr>\n"
|
|
"<th>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"<tableau>\n"
|
|
"<tr>\n"
|
|
"<th>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`core`"
|
|
msgstr "`noyau`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:9 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"</th>\n"
|
|
"<th>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"</th>\n"
|
|
"<e>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`alloc`"
|
|
msgstr "`allouer`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`std`"
|
|
msgstr "`std`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"</th>\n"
|
|
"</tr>\n"
|
|
"<tr valign=\"top\">\n"
|
|
"<td>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"</th>\n"
|
|
"</tr>\n"
|
|
"<tr valign=\"top\">\n"
|
|
"<dt>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Slices, `&str`, `CStr`\n"
|
|
"* `NonZeroU8`...\n"
|
|
"* `Option`, `Result`\n"
|
|
"* `Display`, `Debug`, `write!`...\n"
|
|
"* `Iterator`\n"
|
|
"* `panic!`, `assert_eq!`...\n"
|
|
"* `NonNull` and all the usual pointer-related functions\n"
|
|
"* `Future` and `async`/`await`\n"
|
|
"* `fence`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`...\n"
|
|
"* `Duration`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Tranches, `&str`, `CStr`\n"
|
|
"* `NonZeroU8`...\n"
|
|
"* `Option`, `Résultat`\n"
|
|
"* `Afficher`, `Déboguer`, `écrire !`...\n"
|
|
"* `Itérateur`\n"
|
|
"* `panique !`, `assert_eq !`...\n"
|
|
"* `NonNull` et toutes les fonctions habituelles liées au pointeur\n"
|
|
"* `Future` et `async`/`wait`\n"
|
|
"* `clôture`, `AtomicBool`, `AtomicPtr`, `AtomicU32`...\n"
|
|
"* `Durée`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:35 src/bare-metal/no_std.md:42
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"</td>\n"
|
|
"<td>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"</td>\n"
|
|
"<dt>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:38
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Box`, `Cow`, `Arc`, `Rc`\n"
|
|
"* `Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`\n"
|
|
"* `String`, `CString`, `format!`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Boîte`, `Vache`, `Arc`, `Rc`\n"
|
|
"* `Vec`, `BinaryHeap`, `BtreeMap`, `LinkedList`, `VecDeque`\n"
|
|
"* `Chaîne`, `CString`, `format !`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:45
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Error`\n"
|
|
"* `HashMap`\n"
|
|
"* `Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrier`, `Once`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`\n"
|
|
"* `File` and the rest of `fs`\n"
|
|
"* `println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` and the rest of `io`\n"
|
|
"* `Path`, `OsString`\n"
|
|
"* `net`\n"
|
|
"* `Command`, `Child`, `ExitCode`\n"
|
|
"* `spawn`, `sleep` and the rest of `thread`\n"
|
|
"* `SystemTime`, `Instant`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* \"Erreur\"\n"
|
|
"* `HashMap`\n"
|
|
"* `Mutex`, `Condvar`, `Barrière`, `Une fois`, `RwLock`, `mpsc`\n"
|
|
"* `File` et le reste de `fs`\n"
|
|
"* `println!`, `Read`, `Write`, `Stdin`, `Stdout` et le reste de `io`\n"
|
|
"* `Chemin`, `OsString`\n"
|
|
"* \"net\"\n"
|
|
"* `Commande`, `Enfant`, `Code de sortie`\n"
|
|
"* `spawn`, `sleep` et le reste de `thread`\n"
|
|
"* `SystemTime`, `Instantané`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:56
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"</td>\n"
|
|
"</tr>\n"
|
|
"</table>\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"<details>"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"</td>\n"
|
|
"</tr>\n"
|
|
"</table>\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"<détails>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/no_std.md:62
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `HashMap` depends on RNG.\n"
|
|
"* `std` re-exports the contents of both `core` and `alloc`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `HashMap` dépend de RNG.\n"
|
|
"* `std` réexporte le contenu de `core` et `alloc`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# A minimal `no_std` program"
|
|
msgstr "# Un programme minimal `no_std`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[panic_handler]\n"
|
|
"fn panic(_panic: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/minimal.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* This will compile to an empty binary.\n"
|
|
"* `std` provides a panic handler; without it we must provide our own.\n"
|
|
"* It can also be provided by another crate, such as `panic-halt`.\n"
|
|
"* Depending on the target, you may need to compile with `panic = \"abort\"` "
|
|
"to avoid an error about\n"
|
|
" `eh_personality`.\n"
|
|
"* Note that there is no `main` or any other entry point; it's up to you to "
|
|
"define your own entry\n"
|
|
" point. This will typically involve a linker script and some assembly code "
|
|
"to set things up ready\n"
|
|
" for Rust code to run."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `alloc`"
|
|
msgstr "# `allouer`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To use `alloc` you must implement a\n"
|
|
"[global (heap) allocator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/trait."
|
|
"GlobalAlloc.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pour utiliser `alloc` vous devez implémenter un\n"
|
|
"[allocateur global (de tas)](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/alloc/"
|
|
"trait.GlobalAlloc.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate alloc;\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use alloc::string::ToString;\n"
|
|
"use alloc::vec::Vec;\n"
|
|
"use buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[global_allocator]\n"
|
|
"static HEAP_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap<32> = LockedHeap::<32>::new();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static mut HEAP: [u8; 65536] = [0; 65536];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn entry() {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `HEAP` is only used here and `entry` is only called "
|
|
"once.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Give the allocator some memory to allocate.\n"
|
|
" HEAP_ALLOCATOR\n"
|
|
" .lock()\n"
|
|
" .init(HEAP.as_mut_ptr() as usize, HEAP.len());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Now we can do things that require heap allocation.\n"
|
|
" let mut v = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" v.push(\"A string\".to_string());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/alloc.md:39
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `buddy_system_allocator` is a third-party crate implementing a basic buddy "
|
|
"system allocator. Other\n"
|
|
" crates are available, or you can write your own or hook into your existing "
|
|
"allocator.\n"
|
|
"* The const parameter of `LockedHeap` is the max order of the allocator; i."
|
|
"e. in this case it can\n"
|
|
" allocate regions of up to 2**32 bytes.\n"
|
|
"* If any crate in your dependency tree depends on `alloc` then you must have "
|
|
"exactly one global\n"
|
|
" allocator defined in your binary. Usually this is done in the top-level "
|
|
"binary crate.\n"
|
|
"* `extern crate panic_halt as _` is necessary to ensure that the "
|
|
"`panic_halt` crate is linked in so\n"
|
|
" we get its panic handler.\n"
|
|
"* This example will build but not run, as it doesn't have an entry point."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Microcontrollers"
|
|
msgstr "# Microcontrôleurs"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `cortex_m_rt` crate provides (among other things) a reset handler for "
|
|
"Cortex M microcontrollers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La caisse `cortex_m_rt` fournit (entre autres) un gestionnaire de "
|
|
"réinitialisation pour les microcontrôleurs Cortex M."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod interrupts;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Next we'll look at how to access peripherals, with increasing levels of "
|
|
"abstraction."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ensuite, nous verrons comment accéder aux périphériques, avec des niveaux "
|
|
"d'abstraction croissants."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers.md:25
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `cortex_m_rt::entry` macro requires that the function have type `fn() -"
|
|
"> !`, because returning\n"
|
|
" to the reset handler doesn't make sense.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example with `cargo embed --bin minimal`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La macro `cortex_m_rt::entry` nécessite que la fonction ait le type `fn() -"
|
|
"> !`, car le retour\n"
|
|
" au gestionnaire de réinitialisation n'a pas de sens.\n"
|
|
"* Exécutez l'exemple avec `cargo embed --bin minimal`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Raw MMIO"
|
|
msgstr "# MMIO brut"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most microcontrollers access peripherals via memory-mapped IO. Let's try "
|
|
"turning on an LED on our\n"
|
|
"micro:bit:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La plupart des microcontrôleurs accèdent aux périphériques via des E/S "
|
|
"mappées en mémoire. Essayons d'allumer une LED sur notre\n"
|
|
"micro:bit:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod interrupts;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::mem::size_of;\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// GPIO port 0 peripheral address\n"
|
|
"const GPIO_P0: usize = 0x5000_0000;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// GPIO peripheral offsets\n"
|
|
"const PIN_CNF: usize = 0x700;\n"
|
|
"const OUTSET: usize = 0x508;\n"
|
|
"const OUTCLR: usize = 0x50c;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// PIN_CNF fields\n"
|
|
"const DIR_OUTPUT: u32 = 0x1;\n"
|
|
"const INPUT_DISCONNECT: u32 = 0x1 << 1;\n"
|
|
"const PULL_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 2;\n"
|
|
"const DRIVE_S0S1: u32 = 0x0 << 8;\n"
|
|
"const SENSE_DISABLED: u32 = 0x0 << 16;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
|
|
" let pin_cnf_21 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 21 * size_of::<u32>()) as *mut "
|
|
"u32;\n"
|
|
" let pin_cnf_28 = (GPIO_P0 + PIN_CNF + 28 * size_of::<u32>()) as *mut "
|
|
"u32;\n"
|
|
" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" // no aliases exist.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" pin_cnf_21.write_volatile(\n"
|
|
" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | "
|
|
"SENSE_DISABLED,\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" pin_cnf_28.write_volatile(\n"
|
|
" DIR_OUTPUT | INPUT_DISCONNECT | PULL_DISABLED | DRIVE_S0S1 | "
|
|
"SENSE_DISABLED,\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
|
|
" let gpio0_outset = (GPIO_P0 + OUTSET) as *mut u32;\n"
|
|
" let gpio0_outclr = (GPIO_P0 + OUTCLR) as *mut u32;\n"
|
|
" // Safe because the pointers are to valid peripheral control registers, "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" // no aliases exist.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" gpio0_outclr.write_volatile(1 << 28);\n"
|
|
" gpio0_outset.write_volatile(1 << 21);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:64
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* GPIO 0 pin 21 is connected to the first column of the LED matrix, and pin "
|
|
"28 to the first row."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La broche 21 du GPIO 0 est connectée à la première colonne de la matrice "
|
|
"LED et la broche 28 à la première rangée."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:66
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:59
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:43
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Run the example with:"
|
|
msgstr "Exécutez l'exemple avec :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/mmio.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin mmio\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Peripheral Access Crates"
|
|
msgstr "# Caisses d'accès périphérique"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) generates mostly-safe Rust "
|
|
"wrappers for\n"
|
|
"memory-mapped peripherals from [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/pack/doc/"
|
|
"CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html)\n"
|
|
"files."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`svd2rust`](https://crates.io/crates/svd2rust) génère des wrappers Rust "
|
|
"principalement sûrs pour\n"
|
|
"périphériques mappés en mémoire de [CMSIS-SVD](https://www.keil.com/pack/doc/"
|
|
"CMSIS/SVD/html/index.html)\n"
|
|
"des dossiers."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"use nrf52833_pac::Peripherals;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let gpio0 = p.P0;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
|
|
" gpio0.pin_cnf[21].write(|w| {\n"
|
|
" w.dir().output();\n"
|
|
" w.input().disconnect();\n"
|
|
" w.pull().disabled();\n"
|
|
" w.drive().s0s1();\n"
|
|
" w.sense().disabled();\n"
|
|
" w\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" gpio0.pin_cnf[28].write(|w| {\n"
|
|
" w.dir().output();\n"
|
|
" w.input().disconnect();\n"
|
|
" w.pull().disabled();\n"
|
|
" w.drive().s0s1();\n"
|
|
" w.sense().disabled();\n"
|
|
" w\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
|
|
" gpio0.outclr.write(|w| w.pin28().clear());\n"
|
|
" gpio0.outset.write(|w| w.pin21().set());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:49
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* SVD (System View Description) files are XML files typically provided by "
|
|
"silicon vendors which\n"
|
|
" describe the memory map of the device.\n"
|
|
" * They are organised by peripheral, register, field and value, with names, "
|
|
"descriptions, addresses\n"
|
|
" and so on.\n"
|
|
" * SVD files are often buggy and incomplete, so there are various projects "
|
|
"which patch the\n"
|
|
" mistakes, add missing details, and publish the generated crates.\n"
|
|
"* `cortex-m-rt` provides the vector table, among other things.\n"
|
|
"* If you `cargo install cargo-binutils` then you can run\n"
|
|
" `cargo objdump --bin pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` to see the resulting "
|
|
"binary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les fichiers SVD (System View Description) sont des fichiers XML "
|
|
"généralement fournis par les fournisseurs de silicium qui\n"
|
|
" décrire la carte mémoire de l'appareil.\n"
|
|
" * Ils sont organisés par périphérique, registre, champ et valeur, avec "
|
|
"noms, descriptions, adresses\n"
|
|
" et ainsi de suite.\n"
|
|
" * Les fichiers SVD sont souvent bogués et incomplets, il existe donc "
|
|
"divers projets qui corrigent le\n"
|
|
" erreurs, ajoutez les détails manquants et publiez les caisses générées.\n"
|
|
"* `cortex-m-rt` fournit la table des vecteurs, entre autres choses.\n"
|
|
"* Si vous \"installez cargo cargo-binutils\", vous pouvez exécuter\n"
|
|
" `cargo objdump --bin pac -- -d --no-show-raw-insn` pour voir le binaire "
|
|
"résultant."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/pacs.md:61
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin pac\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# HAL crates"
|
|
msgstr "# caisses HAL"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[HAL crates](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-"
|
|
"implementation-crates) for\n"
|
|
"many microcontrollers provide wrappers around various peripherals. These "
|
|
"generally implement traits\n"
|
|
"from [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[Caisses HAL](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#hal-"
|
|
"implementation-crates) pour\n"
|
|
"de nombreux microcontrôleurs fournissent des wrappers autour de divers "
|
|
"périphériques. Ceux-ci implémentent généralement des traits\n"
|
|
"de [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"use nrf52833_hal::gpio::{p0, Level};\n"
|
|
"use nrf52833_hal::pac::Peripherals;\n"
|
|
"use nrf52833_hal::prelude::*;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Create HAL wrapper for GPIO port 0.\n"
|
|
" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Configure GPIO 0 pins 21 and 28 as push-pull outputs.\n"
|
|
" let mut col1 = gpio0.p0_28.into_push_pull_output(Level::High);\n"
|
|
" let mut row1 = gpio0.p0_21.into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set pin 28 low and pin 21 high to turn the LED on.\n"
|
|
" col1.set_low().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" row1.set_high().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:39
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * `set_low` and `set_high` are methods on the `embedded_hal` `OutputPin` "
|
|
"trait.\n"
|
|
" * HAL crates exist for many Cortex-M and RISC-V devices, including various "
|
|
"STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP,\n"
|
|
" MSP430, AVR and PIC microcontrollers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * `set_low` et `set_high` sont des méthodes sur le trait `embedded_hal` "
|
|
"`OutputPin`.\n"
|
|
" * Les caisses HAL existent pour de nombreux appareils Cortex-M et RISC-V, y "
|
|
"compris divers STM32, GD32, nRF, NXP,\n"
|
|
" Microcontrôleurs MSP430, AVR et PIC."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/hals.md:45
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin hal\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Board support crates"
|
|
msgstr "# Caisses support planche"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Board support crates provide a further level of wrapping for a specific "
|
|
"board for convenience."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les caisses de support de planche offrent un niveau supplémentaire "
|
|
"d'emballage pour une planche spécifique pour plus de commodité."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::Board;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let mut board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" board.display_pins.col1.set_low().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" board.display_pins.row1.set_high().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * In this case the board support crate is just providing more useful names, "
|
|
"and a bit of\n"
|
|
" initialisation.\n"
|
|
" * The crate may also include drivers for some on-board devices outside of "
|
|
"the microcontroller\n"
|
|
" itself.\n"
|
|
" * `microbit-v2` includes a simple driver for the LED matrix."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Dans ce cas, la caisse de support de carte fournit simplement des noms "
|
|
"plus utiles, et un peu de\n"
|
|
" initialisation.\n"
|
|
" * La caisse peut également inclure des pilotes pour certains périphériques "
|
|
"embarqués en dehors du microcontrôleur\n"
|
|
" lui-même.\n"
|
|
" * `microbit-v2` inclut un pilote simple pour la matrice LED."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/board-support.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin board_support\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# The type state pattern"
|
|
msgstr "# Le modèle d'état de type"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let p = Peripherals::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let gpio0 = p0::Parts::new(p.P0);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let pin: P0_01<Disconnected> = gpio0.p0_01;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // let gpio0_01_again = gpio0.p0_01; // Error, moved.\n"
|
|
" let pin_input: P0_01<Input<Floating>> = pin.into_floating_input();\n"
|
|
" if pin_input.is_high().unwrap() {\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" let mut pin_output: P0_01<Output<OpenDrain>> = pin_input\n"
|
|
" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, "
|
|
"Level::Low);\n"
|
|
" pin_output.set_high().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" // pin_input.is_high(); // Error, moved.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let _pin2: P0_02<Output<OpenDrain>> = gpio0\n"
|
|
" .p0_02\n"
|
|
" .into_open_drain_output(OpenDrainConfig::Disconnect0Standard1, "
|
|
"Level::Low);\n"
|
|
" let _pin3: P0_03<Output<PushPull>> = gpio0.p0_03."
|
|
"into_push_pull_output(Level::Low);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/type-state.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * Pins don't implement `Copy` or `Clone`, so only one instance of each can "
|
|
"exist. Once a pin is\n"
|
|
" moved out of the port struct nobody else can take it.\n"
|
|
" * Changing the configuration of a pin consumes the old pin instance, so you "
|
|
"can’t keep use the old\n"
|
|
" instance afterwards.\n"
|
|
" * The type of a value indicates the state that it is in: e.g. in this case, "
|
|
"the configuration state\n"
|
|
" of a GPIO pin. This encodes the state machine into the type system, and "
|
|
"ensures that you don't\n"
|
|
" try to use a pin in a certain way without properly configuring it first. "
|
|
"Illegal state\n"
|
|
" transitions are caught at compile time.\n"
|
|
" * You can call `is_high` on an input pin and `set_high` on an output pin, "
|
|
"but not vice-versa.\n"
|
|
" * Many HAL crates follow this pattern."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Les broches n'implémentent pas `Copy` ou `Clone`, donc une seule instance "
|
|
"de chacun peut exister. Une fois qu'une broche est\n"
|
|
" déplacé hors de la structure du port, personne d'autre ne peut le "
|
|
"prendre.\n"
|
|
" * La modification de la configuration d'une broche consomme l'ancienne "
|
|
"instance de broche, vous ne pouvez donc pas continuer à utiliser l'ancienne\n"
|
|
" exemple par la suite.\n"
|
|
" * Le type d'une valeur indique l'état dans lequel elle se trouve : par ex. "
|
|
"dans ce cas, l'état de la configuration\n"
|
|
" d'une broche GPIO. Cela encode la machine d'état dans le système de type "
|
|
"et garantit que vous ne\n"
|
|
" essayez d'utiliser une broche d'une certaine manière sans la configurer "
|
|
"correctement au préalable. État illégal\n"
|
|
" les transitions sont interceptées au moment de la compilation.\n"
|
|
" * Vous pouvez appeler `is_high` sur une broche d'entrée et `set_high` sur "
|
|
"une broche de sortie, mais pas l'inverse.\n"
|
|
" * De nombreuses caisses HAL suivent ce modèle."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `embedded-hal`"
|
|
msgstr "# `embedded-hal`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) crate provides a "
|
|
"number of traits\n"
|
|
"covering common microcontroller peripherals."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La caisse [`embedded-hal`](https://crates.io/crates/embedded-hal) fournit un "
|
|
"certain nombre de caractéristiques\n"
|
|
"couvrant les périphériques de microcontrôleur courants."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * GPIO\n"
|
|
" * ADC\n"
|
|
" * I2C, SPI, UART, CAN\n"
|
|
" * RNG\n"
|
|
" * Timers\n"
|
|
" * Watchdogs"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * GPIO\n"
|
|
" * ADC\n"
|
|
" * I2C, SPI, UART, PEUT\n"
|
|
" * GNA\n"
|
|
" * Minuteries\n"
|
|
" * Chiens de garde"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Other crates then implement\n"
|
|
"[drivers](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#driver-"
|
|
"crates) in terms of these\n"
|
|
"traits, e.g. an accelerometer driver might need an I2C or SPI bus "
|
|
"implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"D'autres caisses mettent alors en œuvre\n"
|
|
"[pilotes](https://github.com/rust-embedded/awesome-embedded-rust#driver-"
|
|
"crates) en ce qui concerne ces\n"
|
|
"traits, par ex. un pilote d'accéléromètre peut nécessiter une implémentation "
|
|
"de bus I2C ou SPI."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/embedded-hal.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * There are implementations for many microcontrollers, as well as other "
|
|
"platforms such as Linux on\n"
|
|
"Raspberry Pi.\n"
|
|
" * There is work in progress on an `async` version of `embedded-hal`, but it "
|
|
"isn't stable yet."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Il existe des implémentations pour de nombreux microcontrôleurs, ainsi "
|
|
"que pour d'autres plates-formes telles que Linux sur\n"
|
|
"Tarte aux framboises.\n"
|
|
" * Il y a des travaux en cours sur une version `async` de `embedded-hal`, "
|
|
"mais ce n'est pas encore stable."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`"
|
|
msgstr "# `probe-rs`, `cargo-embed`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) is a handy toolset for embedded debugging, "
|
|
"like OpenOCD but better\n"
|
|
"integrated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[probe-rs](https://probe.rs/) est un ensemble d'outils pratique pour le "
|
|
"débogage intégré, comme OpenOCD mais en mieux\n"
|
|
"intégré."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* <abbr title=\"Serial Wire Debug\">SWD</abbr> and JTAG via CMSIS-DAP, ST-"
|
|
"Link and J-Link probes\n"
|
|
"* GDB stub and Microsoft <abbr title=\"Debug Adapter Protocol\">DAP</abbr> "
|
|
"server\n"
|
|
"* Cargo integration"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* <abbr title=\"Serial Wire Debug\">SWD</abbr> et JTAG via les sondes CMSIS-"
|
|
"DAP, ST-Link et J-Link\n"
|
|
"* Stub GDB et serveur Microsoft <abbr title=\"Debug Adapter Protocol\">DAP</"
|
|
"abbr>\n"
|
|
"* Intégration du fret"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`cargo-embed` is a cargo subcommand to build and flash binaries, log\n"
|
|
"<abbr title=\"Real Time Transfers\">RTT</abbr> output and connect GDB. It's "
|
|
"configured by an\n"
|
|
"`Embed.toml` file in your project directory."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`cargo-embed` est une sous-commande cargo pour construire et flasher des "
|
|
"binaires, enregistrer\n"
|
|
"Sortie <abbr title=\"Real Time Transfers\">RTT</abbr> et connectez GDB. Il "
|
|
"est configuré par un\n"
|
|
"Fichier `Embed.toml` dans votre répertoire de projet."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/probe-rs.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) is "
|
|
"an Arm standard\n"
|
|
" protocol over USB for an in-circuit debugger to access the CoreSight Debug "
|
|
"Access Port of various\n"
|
|
" Arm Cortex processors. It's what the on-board debugger on the BBC micro:"
|
|
"bit uses.\n"
|
|
"* ST-Link is a range of in-circuit debuggers from ST Microelectronics, J-"
|
|
"Link is a range from\n"
|
|
" SEGGER.\n"
|
|
"* The Debug Access Port is usually either a 5-pin JTAG interface or 2-pin "
|
|
"Serial Wire Debug.\n"
|
|
"* probe-rs is a library which you can integrate into your own tools if you "
|
|
"want to.\n"
|
|
"* The [Microsoft Debug Adapter Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/debug-"
|
|
"adapter-protocol/) lets\n"
|
|
" VSCode and other IDEs debug code running on any supported "
|
|
"microcontroller.\n"
|
|
"* cargo-embed is a binary built using the probe-rs library.\n"
|
|
"* RTT (Real Time Transfers) is a mechanism to transfer data between the "
|
|
"debug host and the target\n"
|
|
" through a number of ringbuffers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [CMSIS-DAP](https://arm-software.github.io/CMSIS_5/DAP/html/index.html) "
|
|
"est une norme Arm\n"
|
|
" protocole sur USB pour un débogueur en circuit pour accéder au port "
|
|
"d'accès de débogage CoreSight de divers\n"
|
|
" Processeurs Arm Cortex. C'est ce que le débogueur embarqué sur le BBC "
|
|
"micro:bit utilise.\n"
|
|
"* ST-Link est une gamme de débogueurs en circuit de ST Microelectronics, J-"
|
|
"Link est une gamme de\n"
|
|
" SEGER.\n"
|
|
"* Le port d'accès au débogage est généralement une interface JTAG à 5 "
|
|
"broches ou un débogage de fil série à 2 broches.\n"
|
|
"* probe-rs est une bibliothèque que vous pouvez intégrer dans vos propres "
|
|
"outils si vous le souhaitez.\n"
|
|
"* Le [protocole de l'adaptateur de débogage Microsoft] (https://microsoft."
|
|
"github.io/debug-adapter-protocol/) permet\n"
|
|
" VSCode et d'autres IDE déboguent le code s'exécutant sur n'importe quel "
|
|
"microcontrôleur pris en charge.\n"
|
|
"* cargo-embed est un binaire construit à l'aide de la bibliothèque probe-"
|
|
"rs.\n"
|
|
"* RTT (Real Time Transfers) est un mécanisme de transfert de données entre "
|
|
"l'hôte de débogage et la cible\n"
|
|
" à travers un certain nombre de tampons circulaires."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Debugging"
|
|
msgstr "# Débogage"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Embed.toml:"
|
|
msgstr "Intégrer.toml :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[default.general]\n"
|
|
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.gdb]\n"
|
|
"enabled = true\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In one terminal under `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/`:"
|
|
msgstr "Dans un terminal sous `src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/examples/` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:15
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"cargo embed --bin board_support debug\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In another terminal in the same directory:"
|
|
msgstr "Dans un autre terminal du même répertoire :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:21
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"gdb-multiarch target/thumbv7em-none-eabihf/debug/board_support --eval-"
|
|
"command=\"target remote :1337\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "In GDB, try running:"
|
|
msgstr "Dans GDB, essayez d'exécuter :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/debugging.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```gdb\n"
|
|
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:29\n"
|
|
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:30\n"
|
|
"b src/bin/board_support.rs:32\n"
|
|
"c\n"
|
|
"c\n"
|
|
"c\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:1
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Other projects"
|
|
msgstr "# Autres projets"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * [RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)\n"
|
|
" * \"Real-Time Interrupt-driven Concurrency\"\n"
|
|
" * Shared resource management, message passing, task scheduling, timer "
|
|
"queue\n"
|
|
" * [Embassy](https://embassy.dev/)\n"
|
|
" * `async` executors with priorities, timers, networking, USB\n"
|
|
" * [TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)\n"
|
|
" * Security-focused RTOS with preemptive scheduling and Memory Protection "
|
|
"Unit support\n"
|
|
" * [Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)\n"
|
|
" * Microkernel RTOS from Oxide Computer Company with memory protection, "
|
|
"unprivileged drivers, IPC\n"
|
|
" * [Bindings for FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)\n"
|
|
" * Some platforms have `std` implementations, e.g.\n"
|
|
" [esp-idf](https://esp-rs.github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-"
|
|
"library.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * [RTIC](https://rtic.rs/)\n"
|
|
" * \"Concurrence pilotée par interruption en temps réel\"\n"
|
|
" * Gestion des ressources partagées, transmission de messages, "
|
|
"planification des tâches, file d'attente du minuteur\n"
|
|
" * [Ambassade](https://embassy.dev/)\n"
|
|
" * Exécuteurs \"asynchrones\" avec priorités, minuteries, mise en réseau, "
|
|
"USB\n"
|
|
" * [TockOS](https://www.tockos.org/documentation/getting-started)\n"
|
|
" * RTOS axé sur la sécurité avec planification préemptive et prise en "
|
|
"charge de l'unité de protection de la mémoire\n"
|
|
" * [Hubris](https://hubris.oxide.computer/)\n"
|
|
" * Microkernel RTOS d'Oxide Computer Company avec protection de la "
|
|
"mémoire, pilotes non privilégiés, IPC\n"
|
|
" * [Liaisons pour FreeRTOS](https://github.com/lobaro/FreeRTOS-rust)\n"
|
|
" * Certaines plates-formes ont des implémentations \"std\", par ex.\n"
|
|
" [esp-idf](https://esp-rs.github.io/book/overview/using-the-standard-"
|
|
"library.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/microcontrollers/other-projects.md:18
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * RTIC can be considered either an RTOS or a concurrency framework.\n"
|
|
" * It doesn't include any HALs.\n"
|
|
" * It uses the Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) for "
|
|
"scheduling rather than a\n"
|
|
" proper kernel.\n"
|
|
" * Cortex-M only.\n"
|
|
" * Google uses TockOS on the Haven microcontroller for Titan security keys.\n"
|
|
" * FreeRTOS is mostly written in C, but there are Rust bindings for writing "
|
|
"applications."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * RTIC peut être considéré comme un RTOS ou un cadre de concurrence.\n"
|
|
" * Il n'inclut aucun HAL.\n"
|
|
" * Il utilise le Cortex-M NVIC (Nested Virtual Interrupt Controller) pour "
|
|
"la planification plutôt qu'un\n"
|
|
" noyau approprié.\n"
|
|
" * Cortex-M uniquement.\n"
|
|
" * Google utilise TockOS sur le microcontrôleur Haven pour les clés de "
|
|
"sécurité Titan.\n"
|
|
" * FreeRTOS est principalement écrit en C, mais il existe des liaisons Rust "
|
|
"pour écrire des applications."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a "
|
|
"serial port."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous lirons la direction à partir d'une boussole I2C et enregistrerons les "
|
|
"lectures sur un port série."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Compass"
|
|
msgstr "# Boussole"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We will read the direction from an I2C compass, and log the readings to a "
|
|
"serial port. If you have\n"
|
|
"time, try displaying it on the LEDs somehow too, or use the buttons somehow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous lirons la direction à partir d'une boussole I2C et enregistrerons les "
|
|
"lectures sur un port série. Si tu as\n"
|
|
"temps, essayez de l'afficher sur les LED d'une manière ou d'une autre, ou "
|
|
"utilisez les boutons d'une manière ou d'une autre."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Hints:"
|
|
msgstr "Astuces:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- Check the documentation for the [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/"
|
|
"latest/lsm303agr/) and\n"
|
|
" [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/) crates, as "
|
|
"well as the\n"
|
|
" [micro:bit hardware](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/).\n"
|
|
"- The LSM303AGR Inertial Measurement Unit is connected to the internal I2C "
|
|
"bus.\n"
|
|
"- TWI is another name for I2C, so the I2C master peripheral is called TWIM.\n"
|
|
"- The LSM303AGR driver needs something implementing the `embedded_hal::"
|
|
"blocking::i2c::WriteRead`\n"
|
|
" trait. The\n"
|
|
" [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/"
|
|
"struct.Twim.html) struct\n"
|
|
" implements this.\n"
|
|
"- You have a [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/"
|
|
"struct.Board.html)\n"
|
|
" struct with fields for the various pins and peripherals.\n"
|
|
"- You can also look at the\n"
|
|
" [nRF52833 datasheet](https://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/"
|
|
"nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) if you want, but\n"
|
|
" it shouldn't be necessary for this exercise."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"- Consultez la documentation du [`lsm303agr`](https://docs.rs/lsm303agr/"
|
|
"latest/lsm303agr/) et\n"
|
|
" [`microbit-v2`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/) caisses, "
|
|
"ainsi que les\n"
|
|
" [matériel micro:bit](https://tech.microbit.org/hardware/).\n"
|
|
"- La centrale de mesure inertielle LSM303AGR est connectée au bus interne "
|
|
"I2C.\n"
|
|
"- TWI est un autre nom pour I2C, donc le périphérique maître I2C s'appelle "
|
|
"TWIM.\n"
|
|
"- Le pilote LSM303AGR a besoin de quelque chose implémentant `embedded_hal::"
|
|
"blocking::i2c::WriteRead`\n"
|
|
" trait. Le\n"
|
|
" [`microbit::hal::Twim`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/microbit/hal/"
|
|
"struct.Twim.html) structure\n"
|
|
" implémente cela.\n"
|
|
"- Vous avez un [`microbit::Board`](https://docs.rs/microbit-v2/latest/"
|
|
"microbit/struct.Board.html)\n"
|
|
" structure avec des champs pour les différentes broches et périphériques.\n"
|
|
"- Vous pouvez également consulter le\n"
|
|
" [fiche technique nRF52833](https://infocenter.nordicsemi.com/pdf/"
|
|
"nRF52833_PS_v1.5.pdf) si vous le souhaitez, mais\n"
|
|
" cela ne devrait pas être nécessaire pour cet exercice."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and "
|
|
"look in the `compass`\n"
|
|
"directory for the following files."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Téléchargez le [modèle d'exercice] (../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) "
|
|
"et regardez dans la `boussole`\n"
|
|
"répertoire pour les fichiers suivants."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:26 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`src/main.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`src/main.rs` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:28 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:21
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:17
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:55
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:11
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File src/main.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier src/main.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:30
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::{hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte}, Board};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Configure serial port.\n"
|
|
" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n"
|
|
" board.UARTE0,\n"
|
|
" board.uart.into(),\n"
|
|
" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n"
|
|
" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n"
|
|
" // TODO\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n"
|
|
" // TODO\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:64 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:385
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`Cargo.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`Cargo.toml` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:66 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:387
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:63
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:35
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:60
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File Cargo.toml -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier Cargo.toml -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[workspace]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"compass\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"cortex-m-rt = \"0.7.3\"\n"
|
|
"embedded-hal = \"0.2.6\"\n"
|
|
"lsm303agr = \"0.2.2\"\n"
|
|
"microbit-v2 = \"0.13.0\"\n"
|
|
"panic-halt = \"0.2.0\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:85
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`Embed.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`Embed.toml` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:87
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File Embed.toml -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier Embed.toml -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:89
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[default.general]\n"
|
|
"chip = \"nrf52833_xxAA\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.gdb]\n"
|
|
"enabled = true\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[debug.reset]\n"
|
|
"halt_afterwards = true\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:100 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:985
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`.cargo/config.toml` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`.cargo/config.toml` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:102 src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:987
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File .cargo/config.toml -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier .cargo/config.toml -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:104
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[build]\n"
|
|
"target = \"thumbv7em-none-eabihf\" # Cortex-M4F\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))']\n"
|
|
"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tlink.x\"]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:112
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "See the serial output on Linux with:"
|
|
msgstr "Voir la sortie série sur Linux avec :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:114
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/ttyACM0\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:118
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Or on Mac OS something like (the device name may be slightly different):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ou sur Mac OS quelque chose comme (le nom de l'appareil peut être légèrement "
|
|
"différent) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:120
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```sh\n"
|
|
"picocom --baud 115200 --imap lfcrlf /dev/tty.usbmodem14502\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/compass.md:124
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Use Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q to quit picocom."
|
|
msgstr "Utilisez Ctrl+A Ctrl+Q pour quitter picocom."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Application processors"
|
|
msgstr "# Processeurs d'application"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"So far we've talked about microcontrollers, such as the Arm Cortex-M series. "
|
|
"Now let's try writing\n"
|
|
"something for Cortex-A. For simplicity we'll just work with QEMU's aarch64\n"
|
|
"['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/virt.html) board."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Jusqu'à présent, nous avons parlé de microcontrôleurs, tels que la série Arm "
|
|
"Cortex-M. Essayons maintenant d'écrire\n"
|
|
"quelque chose pour Cortex-A. Pour plus de simplicité, nous allons simplement "
|
|
"travailler avec aarch64 de QEMU\n"
|
|
"['virt'](https://qemu-project.gitlab.io/qemu/system/arm/virt.html)."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Broadly speaking, microcontrollers don't have an MMU or multiple levels of "
|
|
"privilege (exception\n"
|
|
" levels on Arm CPUs, rings on x86), while application processors do.\n"
|
|
"* QEMU supports emulating various different machines or board models for "
|
|
"each architecture. The\n"
|
|
" 'virt' board doesn't correspond to any particular real hardware, but is "
|
|
"designed purely for\n"
|
|
" virtual machines."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* D'une manière générale, les microcontrôleurs n'ont pas de MMU ou plusieurs "
|
|
"niveaux de privilège (exception\n"
|
|
" niveaux sur les processeurs Arm, sonne sur x86), contrairement aux "
|
|
"processeurs d'application.\n"
|
|
"* QEMU prend en charge l'émulation de différentes machines ou modèles de "
|
|
"cartes pour chaque architecture. Le\n"
|
|
" La carte 'virt' ne correspond à aucun matériel réel particulier, mais est "
|
|
"conçue uniquement pour\n"
|
|
" machines virtuelles."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Getting Ready to Rust"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Before we can start running Rust code, we need to do some initialisation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n"
|
|
".global entry\n"
|
|
"entry:\n"
|
|
" /*\n"
|
|
" * Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable "
|
|
"MMU and\n"
|
|
" * caches.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
" adrp x30, idmap\n"
|
|
" msr ttbr0_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" mov_i x30, .Lmairval\n"
|
|
" msr mair_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" mov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n"
|
|
" /* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n"
|
|
" mrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n"
|
|
" bfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" msr tcr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" mov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /*\n"
|
|
" * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate "
|
|
"any\n"
|
|
" * potentially stale local TLB entries before they start being used.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
" isb\n"
|
|
" tlbi vmalle1\n"
|
|
" ic iallu\n"
|
|
" dsb nsh\n"
|
|
" isb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /*\n"
|
|
" * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until "
|
|
"this\n"
|
|
" * has completed.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
" msr sctlr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
" isb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n"
|
|
" mrs x30, cpacr_el1\n"
|
|
" orr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n"
|
|
" msr cpacr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
" isb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Zero out the bss section. */\n"
|
|
" adr_l x29, bss_begin\n"
|
|
" adr_l x30, bss_end\n"
|
|
"0: cmp x29, x30\n"
|
|
" b.hs 1f\n"
|
|
" stp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n"
|
|
" b 0b\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1: /* Prepare the stack. */\n"
|
|
" adr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n"
|
|
" mov sp, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Set up exception vector. */\n"
|
|
" adr x30, vector_table_el1\n"
|
|
" msr vbar_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Call into Rust code. */\n"
|
|
" bl main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n"
|
|
"2: wfi\n"
|
|
" b 2b\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/entry-point.md:77
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* This is the same as it would be for C: initialising the processor state, "
|
|
"zeroing the BSS, and\n"
|
|
" setting up the stack pointer.\n"
|
|
" * The BSS (block starting symbol, for historical reasons) is the part of "
|
|
"the object file which\n"
|
|
" containing statically allocated variables which are initialised to zero. "
|
|
"They are omitted from\n"
|
|
" the image, to avoid wasting space on zeroes. The compiler assumes that "
|
|
"the loader will take care\n"
|
|
" of zeroing them.\n"
|
|
"* The BSS may already be zeroed, depending on how memory is initialised and "
|
|
"the image is loaded, but\n"
|
|
" we zero it to be sure.\n"
|
|
"* We need to enable the MMU and cache before reading or writing any memory. "
|
|
"If we don't:\n"
|
|
" * Unaligned accesses will fault. We build the Rust code for the `aarch64-"
|
|
"unknown-none` target\n"
|
|
" which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler generating unaligned "
|
|
"accesses, so it should\n"
|
|
" be fine in this case, but this is not necessarily the case in general.\n"
|
|
" * If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The "
|
|
"problem is that the VM\n"
|
|
" is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, while the host has "
|
|
"cachable aliases to the\n"
|
|
" same memory. Even if the host doesn't explicitly access the memory, "
|
|
"speculative accesses can\n"
|
|
" lead to cache fills, and then changes from one or the other will get "
|
|
"lost when the cache is\n"
|
|
" cleaned or the VM enables the cache. (Cache is keyed by physical "
|
|
"address, not VA or IPA.)\n"
|
|
"* For simplicity, we just use a hardcoded pagetable (see `idmap.S`) which "
|
|
"identity maps the first 1\n"
|
|
" GiB of address space for devices, the next 1 GiB for DRAM, and another 1 "
|
|
"GiB higher up for more\n"
|
|
" devices. This matches the memory layout that QEMU uses.\n"
|
|
"* We also set up the exception vector (`vbar_el1`), which we'll see more "
|
|
"about later.\n"
|
|
"* All examples this afternoon assume we will be running at exception level 1 "
|
|
"(EL1). If you need to\n"
|
|
" run at a different exception level you'll need to modify `entry.S` "
|
|
"accordingly."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Inline assembly"
|
|
msgstr "# Assemblage en ligne"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes we need to use assembly to do things that aren't possible with "
|
|
"Rust code. For example,\n"
|
|
"to make an <abbr title=\"hypervisor call\">HVC</abbr> to tell the firmware "
|
|
"to power off the system:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Parfois, nous devons utiliser l'assemblage pour faire des choses qui ne sont "
|
|
"pas possibles avec le code Rust. Par exemple,\n"
|
|
"pour effectuer un <abbr title=\"appel hyperviseur\">HVC</abbr> pour indiquer "
|
|
"au micrologiciel d'éteindre le système :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::arch::asm;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF: u32 = 0x84000008;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(_x0: u64, _x1: u64, _x2: u64, _x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because this only uses the declared registers and doesn't do\n"
|
|
" // anything with memory.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" asm!(\"hvc #0\",\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w0\") PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w1\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w2\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w3\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w4\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w5\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w6\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" inout(\"w7\") 0 => _,\n"
|
|
" options(nomem, nostack)\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:39
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"(If you actually want to do this, use the [`smccc`][1] crate which has "
|
|
"wrappers for all these functions.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"(Si vous voulez vraiment faire cela, utilisez le crate [`psci`][1] qui "
|
|
"contient des wrappers pour toutes ces fonctions.)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/inline-assembly.md:43
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* PSCI is the Arm Power State Coordination Interface, a standard set of "
|
|
"functions to manage system\n"
|
|
" and CPU power states, among other things. It is implemented by EL3 "
|
|
"firmware and hypervisors on\n"
|
|
" many systems.\n"
|
|
"* The `0 => _` syntax means initialise the register to 0 before running the "
|
|
"inline assembly code,\n"
|
|
" and ignore its contents afterwards. We need to use `inout` rather than "
|
|
"`in` because the call could\n"
|
|
" potentially clobber the contents of the registers.\n"
|
|
"* This `main` function needs to be `#[no_mangle]` and `extern \"C\"` because "
|
|
"it is called from our\n"
|
|
" entry point in `entry.S`.\n"
|
|
"* `_x0`–`_x3` are the values of registers `x0`–`x3`, which are "
|
|
"conventionally used by the bootloader\n"
|
|
" to pass things like a pointer to the device tree. According to the "
|
|
"standard aarch64 calling\n"
|
|
" convention (which is what `extern \"C\"` specifies to use), registers `x0`–"
|
|
"`x7` are used for the\n"
|
|
" first 8 arguments passed to a function, so `entry.S` doesn't need to do "
|
|
"anything special except\n"
|
|
" make sure it doesn't change these registers.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_psci` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* PSCI est l'interface de coordination de l'état de l'alimentation du bras, "
|
|
"un ensemble standard de fonctions pour gérer le système\n"
|
|
" et les états d'alimentation du processeur, entre autres. Il est implémenté "
|
|
"par le firmware EL3 et les hyperviseurs sur\n"
|
|
" de nombreux systèmes.\n"
|
|
"* La syntaxe `0 => _` signifie initialiser le registre à 0 avant d'exécuter "
|
|
"le code assembleur en ligne,\n"
|
|
" et ignorer son contenu par la suite. Nous devons utiliser `inout` plutôt "
|
|
"que `in` car l'appel pourrait\n"
|
|
" potentiellement encombrer le contenu des registres.\n"
|
|
"* Cette fonction `main` doit être `#[no_mangle]` et `extern \"C\"` car elle "
|
|
"est appelée depuis notre\n"
|
|
" point d'entrée dans `entry.S`.\n"
|
|
"* `_x0`–`_x3` sont les valeurs des registres `x0`–`x3`, qui sont "
|
|
"classiquement utilisés par le bootloader\n"
|
|
" pour passer des choses comme un pointeur vers l'arborescence des "
|
|
"périphériques. Selon l'appel standard aarch64\n"
|
|
" convention (qui est ce que `extern \"C\"` spécifie d'utiliser), les "
|
|
"registres `x0`–`x7` sont utilisés pour la\n"
|
|
" 8 premiers arguments passés à une fonction, donc `entry.S` n'a rien de "
|
|
"spécial à faire sauf\n"
|
|
" assurez-vous qu'il ne modifie pas ces registres.\n"
|
|
"* Exécutez l'exemple dans QEMU avec `make qemu_psci` sous `src/bare-metal/"
|
|
"aps/examples`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Volatile memory access for MMIO"
|
|
msgstr "# Accès mémoire volatile pour MMIO"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * Use `pointer::read_volatile` and `pointer::write_volatile`.\n"
|
|
" * Never hold a reference.\n"
|
|
" * `addr_of!` lets you get fields of structs without creating an "
|
|
"intermediate reference."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Utilisez `pointer::read_volatile` et `pointer::write_volatile`.\n"
|
|
" * Ne détenez jamais une référence.\n"
|
|
" * `addr_of!` vous permet d'obtenir des champs de structures sans créer de "
|
|
"référence intermédiaire."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/mmio.md:9
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * Volatile access: read or write operations may have side-effects, so "
|
|
"prevent the compiler or\n"
|
|
" hardware from reordering, duplicating or eliding them.\n"
|
|
" * Usually if you write and then read, e.g. via a mutable reference, the "
|
|
"compiler may assume that\n"
|
|
" the value read is the same as the value just written, and not bother "
|
|
"actually reading memory.\n"
|
|
" * Some existing crates for volatile access to hardware do hold references, "
|
|
"but this is unsound.\n"
|
|
" Whenever a reference exist, the compiler may choose to dereference it.\n"
|
|
" * Use the `addr_of!` macro to get struct field pointers from a pointer to "
|
|
"the struct."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * Accès volatile : les opérations de lecture ou d'écriture peuvent avoir "
|
|
"des effets secondaires, évitez donc que le compilateur ou\n"
|
|
" matériel de les réorganiser, de les dupliquer ou de les supprimer.\n"
|
|
" * Habituellement, si vous écrivez puis lisez, par ex. via une référence "
|
|
"mutable, le compilateur peut supposer que\n"
|
|
" la valeur lue est la même que la valeur que vous venez d'écrire et ne "
|
|
"vous souciez pas de lire la mémoire.\n"
|
|
" * Certaines caisses existantes pour l'accès volatile au matériel "
|
|
"contiennent des références, mais ce n'est pas valable.\n"
|
|
" Chaque fois qu'une référence existe, le compilateur peut choisir de la "
|
|
"déréférencer.\n"
|
|
" * Utilisez la macro `addr_of!` pour obtenir des pointeurs de champ struct à "
|
|
"partir d'un pointeur vers la struct."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Let's write a UART driver"
|
|
msgstr "# Écrivons un pilote UART"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The QEMU 'virt' machine has a [PL011][1] UART, so let's write a driver for "
|
|
"that."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La machine QEMU 'virt' a un [PL011][1] UART, écrivons donc un pilote pour "
|
|
"cela."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"const FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET: usize = 0x18;\n"
|
|
"const FR_BUSY: u8 = 1 << 3;\n"
|
|
"const FR_TXFF: u8 = 1 << 5;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Minimal driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct Uart {\n"
|
|
" base_address: *mut u8,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Uart {\n"
|
|
" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
|
|
"process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u8) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self { base_address }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
|
|
" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
|
|
" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_TXFF != 0 {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" self.base_address.write_volatile(byte);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register() & FR_BUSY != 0 {}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> u8 {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that the base address points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { self.base_address.add(FLAG_REGISTER_OFFSET)."
|
|
"read_volatile() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:55
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Note that `Uart::new` is unsafe while the other methods are safe. This is "
|
|
"because as long as the\n"
|
|
" caller of `Uart::new` guarantees that its safety requirements are met (i."
|
|
"e. that there is only\n"
|
|
" ever one instance of the driver for a given UART, and nothing else "
|
|
"aliasing its address space),\n"
|
|
" then it is always safe to call `write_byte` later because we can assume "
|
|
"the necessary\n"
|
|
" preconditions.\n"
|
|
"* We could have done it the other way around (making `new` safe but "
|
|
"`write_byte` unsafe), but that\n"
|
|
" would be much less convenient to use as every place that calls "
|
|
"`write_byte` would need to reason\n"
|
|
" about the safety\n"
|
|
"* This is a common pattern for writing safe wrappers of unsafe code: moving "
|
|
"the burden of proof for\n"
|
|
" soundness from a large number of places to a smaller number of places."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Notez que `Uart::new` n'est pas sûr alors que les autres méthodes sont "
|
|
"sûres. C'est parce que tant que le\n"
|
|
" l'appelant de `Uart::new` garantit que ses exigences de sécurité sont "
|
|
"respectées (c'est-à-dire qu'il n'y a\n"
|
|
" jamais une instance du pilote pour un UART donné, et rien d'autre aliasant "
|
|
"son espace d'adressage),\n"
|
|
" alors il est toujours sûr d'appeler `write_byte` plus tard car nous "
|
|
"pouvons supposer que le nécessaire\n"
|
|
" conditions préalables.\n"
|
|
"* Nous aurions pu faire l'inverse (rendre `new` sûr mais `write_byte` non "
|
|
"sûr), mais cela\n"
|
|
" serait beaucoup moins pratique à utiliser car chaque endroit qui appelle "
|
|
"`write_byte` aurait besoin de raisonner\n"
|
|
" sur la sécurité\n"
|
|
"* Il s'agit d'un modèle courant pour écrire des wrappers sûrs de code non "
|
|
"sécurisé : déplacer la charge de la preuve pour\n"
|
|
" solidité d'un grand nombre d'endroits à un plus petit nombre d'endroits."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart.md:66
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "</detais>"
|
|
msgstr "</détails>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# More traits"
|
|
msgstr "# Plus de traits"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We derived the `Debug` trait. It would be useful to implement a few more "
|
|
"traits too."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous avons dérivé le trait `Debug`. Il serait également utile de mettre en "
|
|
"œuvre quelques traits supplémentaires."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Write for Uart {\n"
|
|
" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n"
|
|
" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n"
|
|
" self.write_byte(*c);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
|
|
"// accessed from any context.\n"
|
|
"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/uart/traits.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Implementing `Write` lets us use the `write!` and `writeln!` macros with "
|
|
"our `Uart` type.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_minimal` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* L'implémentation de `Write` nous permet d'utiliser les macros `write!` et "
|
|
"`writeln!` avec notre type `Uart`.\n"
|
|
"* Exécutez l'exemple dans QEMU avec `make qemu_minimal` sous `src/bare-metal/"
|
|
"aps/examples`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# A better UART driver"
|
|
msgstr "# Un meilleur pilote UART"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The PL011 actually has [a bunch more registers][1], and adding offsets to "
|
|
"construct pointers to access\n"
|
|
"them is error-prone and hard to read. Plus, some of them are bit fields "
|
|
"which would be nice to\n"
|
|
"access in a structured way."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le PL011 a en fait [un tas de registres supplémentaires] [1], et ajoute des "
|
|
"décalages pour construire des pointeurs pour accéder\n"
|
|
"est sujette aux erreurs et difficile à lire. De plus, certains d'entre eux "
|
|
"sont des champs de bits, ce qui serait bien de\n"
|
|
"accéder de manière structurée."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"| Offset | Register name | Width |\n"
|
|
"| ------ | ------------- | ----- |\n"
|
|
"| 0x00 | DR | 12 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x04 | RSR | 4 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x18 | FR | 9 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x20 | ILPR | 8 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x24 | IBRD | 16 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x28 | FBRD | 6 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x2c | LCR_H | 8 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x30 | CR | 16 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x34 | IFLS | 6 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x38 | IMSC | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x3c | RIS | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x40 | MIS | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x44 | ICR | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x48 | DMACR | 3 |"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"| Décalage | Nom du registre | Largeur |\n"
|
|
"| ------ | -------------- | ----- |\n"
|
|
"| 0x00 | DR | 12 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x04 | RSR | 4 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x18 | EN | 9 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x20 | ILPR | 8 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x24 | BIRD | 16 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x28 | FBRD | 6 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x2c | LCR_H | 8 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x30 | CR | 16 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x34 | IFLS | 6 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x38 | IMSC | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x3c | SIR | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x40 | SIG | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x44 | RIC | 11 |\n"
|
|
"| 0x48 | DMACR | 3 |"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "- There are also some ID registers which have been omitted for brevity."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"- Il existe également des registres d'identification qui ont été omis par "
|
|
"souci de brièveté."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Bitflags"
|
|
msgstr "# Bitflags"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) crate is useful for "
|
|
"working with bitflags."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le crate [`bitflags`](https://crates.io/crates/bitflags) est utile pour "
|
|
"travailler avec les bitflags."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use bitflags::bitflags;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"bitflags! {\n"
|
|
" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(transparent)]\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
" struct Flags: u16 {\n"
|
|
" /// Clear to send.\n"
|
|
" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n"
|
|
" /// Data set ready.\n"
|
|
" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n"
|
|
" /// Data carrier detect.\n"
|
|
" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n"
|
|
" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n"
|
|
" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n"
|
|
" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n"
|
|
" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n"
|
|
" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n"
|
|
" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n"
|
|
" /// Ring indicator.\n"
|
|
" const RI = 1 << 8;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/bitflags.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `bitflags!` macro creates a newtype something like `Flags(u16)`, along "
|
|
"with a bunch of method\n"
|
|
" implementations to get and set flags."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La macro `bitflags!` crée un nouveau type quelque chose comme "
|
|
"`Flags(u16)`, avec un tas de méthodes\n"
|
|
" implémentations pour obtenir et définir des drapeaux."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Multiple registers"
|
|
msgstr "# Plusieurs registres"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We can use a struct to represent the memory layout of the UART's registers."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous pouvons utiliser une structure pour représenter la disposition de la "
|
|
"mémoire des registres de l'UART."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
|
|
"struct Registers {\n"
|
|
" dr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n"
|
|
" _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n"
|
|
" fr: Flags,\n"
|
|
" _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n"
|
|
" ilpr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" ibrd: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" fbrd: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" lcr_h: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" cr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" ifls: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" imsc: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" ris: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" mis: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" icr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" dmacr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/registers.md:41
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-"
|
|
"representation) tells\n"
|
|
" the compiler to lay the struct fields out in order, following the same "
|
|
"rules as C. This is\n"
|
|
" necessary for our struct to have a predictable layout, as default Rust "
|
|
"representation allows the\n"
|
|
" compiler to (among other things) reorder fields however it sees fit."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [`#[repr(C)]`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/type-layout.html#the-c-"
|
|
"representation) indique\n"
|
|
" le compilateur pour disposer les champs struct dans l'ordre, en suivant "
|
|
"les mêmes règles que C. Ceci est\n"
|
|
" nécessaire pour que notre structure ait une mise en page prévisible, car "
|
|
"la représentation Rust par défaut permet\n"
|
|
" compilateur pour (entre autres) réorganiser les champs comme bon lui "
|
|
"semble."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Driver"
|
|
msgstr "# Conducteur"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Now let's use the new `Registers` struct in our driver."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Utilisons maintenant la nouvelle structure `Registers` dans notre pilote."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct Uart {\n"
|
|
" registers: *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Uart {\n"
|
|
" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the 8 MMIO control registers of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
|
|
"process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
|
|
" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
|
|
" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been "
|
|
"received.\n"
|
|
" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option<u8> {\n"
|
|
" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n"
|
|
" None\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)."
|
|
"read_volatile() };\n"
|
|
" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n"
|
|
" Some(data as u8)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/driver.md:64
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Note the use of `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` to get pointers to individual "
|
|
"fields without creating\n"
|
|
" an intermediate reference, which would be unsound."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Notez l'utilisation de `addr_of!` / `addr_of_mut!` pour obtenir des "
|
|
"pointeurs vers des champs individuels sans créer\n"
|
|
" une référence intermédiaire, qui serait malsaine."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:1
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Using it"
|
|
msgstr "# En l'utilisant"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let's write a small program using our driver to write to the serial console, "
|
|
"and echo incoming\n"
|
|
"bytes."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Écrivons un petit programme en utilisant notre pilote pour écrire sur la "
|
|
"console série et écho entrant\n"
|
|
"octets."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"mod pl011;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"use log::error;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 "
|
|
"device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let mut uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" writeln!(uart, \"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" if let Some(b) = uart.read_byte() {\n"
|
|
" uart.write_byte(b);\n"
|
|
" match b {\n"
|
|
" b'\\r' => {\n"
|
|
" uart.write_byte(b'\\n');\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" b'q' => break,\n"
|
|
" _ => {}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" writeln!(uart, \"Bye!\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/better-uart/using.md:51
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* As in the [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md) example, this `main` "
|
|
"function is called from our\n"
|
|
" entry point code in `entry.S`. See the speaker notes there for details.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Comme dans l'exemple [inline assembly](../inline-assembly.md), cette "
|
|
"fonction `main` est appelée depuis notre\n"
|
|
" code du point d'entrée dans `entry.S`. Voir les notes du conférencier pour "
|
|
"plus de détails.\n"
|
|
"* Exécutez l'exemple dans QEMU avec `make qemu` sous `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It would be nice to be able to use the logging macros from the [`log`][1] "
|
|
"crate. We can do this by\n"
|
|
"implementing the `Log` trait."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ce serait bien de pouvoir utiliser les macros de journalisation du crate "
|
|
"[`log`][1]. Nous pouvons le faire en\n"
|
|
"implémentant le trait `Log`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n"
|
|
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n"
|
|
" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n"
|
|
"};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Logger {\n"
|
|
" uart: SpinMutex<Option<Uart>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Log for Logger {\n"
|
|
" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" true\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(\n"
|
|
" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n"
|
|
" \"[{}] {}\",\n"
|
|
" record.level(),\n"
|
|
" record.args()\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn flush(&self) {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Initialises UART logger.\n"
|
|
"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), "
|
|
"SetLoggerError> {\n"
|
|
" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n"
|
|
" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging.md:50
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The unwrap in `log` is safe because we initialise `LOGGER` before calling "
|
|
"`set_logger`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Le déballage dans `log` est sûr car nous initialisons `LOGGER` avant "
|
|
"d'appeler `set_logger`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We need to initialise the logger before we use it."
|
|
msgstr "Nous devons initialiser l'enregistreur avant de l'utiliser."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"mod logger;\n"
|
|
"mod pl011;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"use log::{error, info, LevelFilter};\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 "
|
|
"device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" info!(\"main({x0:#x}, {x1:#x}, {x2:#x}, {x3:#x})\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(x1, 42);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[panic_handler]\n"
|
|
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"{info}\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/logging/using.md:46
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Note that our panic handler can now log details of panics.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example in QEMU with `make qemu_logger` under `src/bare-metal/aps/"
|
|
"examples`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Notez que notre gestionnaire de panique peut désormais enregistrer les "
|
|
"détails des paniques.\n"
|
|
"* Exécutez l'exemple dans QEMU avec `make qemu_logger` sous `src/bare-metal/"
|
|
"aps/examples`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Exceptions"
|
|
msgstr "# Les fonctions"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"AArch64 defines an exception vector table with 16 entries, for 4 types of "
|
|
"exceptions (synchronous,\n"
|
|
"IRQ, FIQ, SError) from 4 states (current EL with SP0, current EL with SPx, "
|
|
"lower EL using AArch64,\n"
|
|
"lower EL using AArch32). We implement this in assembly to save volatile "
|
|
"registers to the stack\n"
|
|
"before calling into Rust code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use log::error;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"irq_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"fiq_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"serr_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"sync_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"irq_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"serr_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/exceptions.md:64
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* EL is exception level; all our examples this afternoon run in EL1.\n"
|
|
"* For simplicity we aren't distinguishing between SP0 and SPx for the "
|
|
"current EL exceptions, or\n"
|
|
" between AArch32 and AArch64 for the lower EL exceptions.\n"
|
|
"* For this example we just log the exception and power down, as we don't "
|
|
"expect any of them to\n"
|
|
" actually happen.\n"
|
|
"* We can think of exception handlers and our main execution context more or "
|
|
"less like different\n"
|
|
" threads. [`Send` and `Sync`][1] will control what we can share between "
|
|
"them, just like with threads.\n"
|
|
" For example, if we want to share some value between exception handlers and "
|
|
"the rest of the\n"
|
|
" program, and it's `Send` but not `Sync`, then we'll need to wrap it in "
|
|
"something like a `Mutex`\n"
|
|
" and put it in a static."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * [oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)\n"
|
|
" * \"coreboot without the C\"\n"
|
|
" * Supports x86, aarch64 and RISC-V.\n"
|
|
" * Relies on LinuxBoot rather than having many drivers itself.\n"
|
|
" * [Rust RaspberryPi OS tutorial](https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-"
|
|
"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)\n"
|
|
" * Initialisation, UART driver, simple bootloader, JTAG, exception levels, "
|
|
"exception handling,\n"
|
|
" page tables\n"
|
|
" * Some dodginess around cache maintenance and initialisation in Rust, not "
|
|
"necessarily a good\n"
|
|
" example to copy for production code.\n"
|
|
" * [`cargo-call-stack`](https://crates.io/crates/cargo-call-stack)\n"
|
|
" * Static analysis to determine maximum stack usage."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
" * [oreboot](https://github.com/oreboot/oreboot)\n"
|
|
" * \"coreboot sans le C\"\n"
|
|
" * Prend en charge x86, aarch64 et RISC-V.\n"
|
|
" * S'appuie sur LinuxBoot plutôt que d'avoir lui-même de nombreux "
|
|
"pilotes.\n"
|
|
" * [Tutoriel Rust RaspberryPi OS] (https://github.com/rust-embedded/rust-"
|
|
"raspberrypi-OS-tutorials)\n"
|
|
" * Initialisation, pilote UART, chargeur de démarrage simple, JTAG, "
|
|
"niveaux d'exception, gestion des exceptions, tables de pages\n"
|
|
" * Pas tous très bien écrits, alors méfiez-vous.\n"
|
|
" * [`pile-appel-cargo`](https://crates.io/crates/pile-appel-cargo)\n"
|
|
" * Analyse statique pour déterminer l'utilisation maximale de la pile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/aps/other-projects.md:17
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The RaspberryPi OS tutorial runs Rust code before the MMU and caches are "
|
|
"enabled. This will read\n"
|
|
" and write memory (e.g. the stack). However:\n"
|
|
" * Without the MMU and cache, unaligned accesses will fault. It builds with "
|
|
"`aarch64-unknown-none`\n"
|
|
" which sets `+strict-align` to prevent the compiler generating unaligned "
|
|
"accesses so it should be\n"
|
|
" alright, but this is not necessarily the case in general.\n"
|
|
" * If it were running in a VM, this can lead to cache coherency issues. The "
|
|
"problem is that the VM\n"
|
|
" is accessing memory directly with the cache disabled, while the host has "
|
|
"cachable aliases to the\n"
|
|
" same memory. Even if the host doesn't explicitly access the memory, "
|
|
"speculative accesses can\n"
|
|
" lead to cache fills, and then changes from one or the other will get "
|
|
"lost. Again this is alright\n"
|
|
" in this particular case (running directly on the hardware with no "
|
|
"hypervisor), but isn't a good\n"
|
|
" pattern in general."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Useful crates"
|
|
msgstr "# Caisses utiles"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We'll go over a few crates which solve some common problems in bare-metal "
|
|
"programming."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous allons passer en revue quelques caisses qui résolvent certains "
|
|
"problèmes courants de la programmation bare-metal."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `zerocopy`"
|
|
msgstr "# `zérocopie`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`zerocopy`][1] crate (from Fuchsia) provides traits and macros for "
|
|
"safely converting between\n"
|
|
"byte sequences and other types."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La caisse [`zerocopy`][1] (de Fuchsia) fournit des traits et des macros pour "
|
|
"convertir en toute sécurité entre\n"
|
|
"séquences d'octets et autres types."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use zerocopy::AsBytes;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[repr(u32)]\n"
|
|
"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n"
|
|
"enum RequestType {\n"
|
|
" #[default]\n"
|
|
" In = 0,\n"
|
|
" Out = 1,\n"
|
|
" Flush = 4,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
"#[derive(AsBytes, Debug, Default)]\n"
|
|
"struct VirtioBlockRequest {\n"
|
|
" request_type: RequestType,\n"
|
|
" reserved: u32,\n"
|
|
" sector: u64,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let request = VirtioBlockRequest {\n"
|
|
" request_type: RequestType::Flush,\n"
|
|
" sector: 42,\n"
|
|
" ..Default::default()\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" request.as_bytes(),\n"
|
|
" &[4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 42, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:40
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is not suitable for MMIO (as it doesn't use volatile reads and writes), "
|
|
"but can be useful for\n"
|
|
"working with structures shared with hardware e.g. by DMA, or sent over some "
|
|
"external interface."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ce n'est pas adapté pour MMIO (car il n'utilise pas de lectures et "
|
|
"d'écritures volatiles), mais peut être utile pour\n"
|
|
"travailler avec des structures partagées avec du matériel, par ex. par DMA, "
|
|
"ou envoyé sur une interface externe."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/zerocopy.md:45
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `FromBytes` can be implemented for types for which any byte pattern is "
|
|
"valid, and so can safely be\n"
|
|
" converted from an untrusted sequence of bytes.\n"
|
|
"* Attempting to derive `FromBytes` for these types would fail, because "
|
|
"`RequestType` doesn't use all\n"
|
|
" possible u32 values as discriminants, so not all byte patterns are valid.\n"
|
|
"* `zerocopy::byteorder` has types for byte-order aware numeric primitives.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/"
|
|
"zerocopy-example/`. (It won't\n"
|
|
" run in the Playground because of the crate dependency.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `FromBytes` peut être implémenté pour les types pour lesquels n'importe "
|
|
"quel modèle d'octet est valide, et peut donc être en toute sécurité\n"
|
|
" converti à partir d'une séquence d'octets non fiable.\n"
|
|
"* Tenter de dériver `FromBytes` pour ces types échouerait, car `RequestType` "
|
|
"n'utilise pas tous\n"
|
|
" les valeurs u32 possibles comme discriminants, donc tous les modèles "
|
|
"d'octets ne sont pas valides.\n"
|
|
"* `zerocopy::byteorder` a des types pour les primitives numériques sensibles "
|
|
"à l'ordre des octets.\n"
|
|
"* Exécutez l'exemple avec `cargo run` sous `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/"
|
|
"zerocopy-example/`. (Ce ne sera pas\n"
|
|
" exécuter dans le Playground en raison de la dépendance de la caisse.)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `aarch64-paging`"
|
|
msgstr "# `aarch64-pagination`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`aarch64-paging`][1] crate lets you create page tables according to the "
|
|
"AArch64 Virtual Memory\n"
|
|
"System Architecture."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La caisse [`aarch64-paging`][1] vous permet de créer des tables de pages en "
|
|
"fonction de la mémoire virtuelle AArch64\n"
|
|
"Architecture du système."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use aarch64_paging::{\n"
|
|
" idmap::IdMap,\n"
|
|
" paging::{Attributes, MemoryRegion},\n"
|
|
"};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const ASID: usize = 1;\n"
|
|
"const ROOT_LEVEL: usize = 1;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Create a new page table with identity mapping.\n"
|
|
"let mut idmap = IdMap::new(ASID, ROOT_LEVEL);\n"
|
|
"// Map a 2 MiB region of memory as read-only.\n"
|
|
"idmap.map_range(\n"
|
|
" &MemoryRegion::new(0x80200000, 0x80400000),\n"
|
|
" Attributes::NORMAL | Attributes::NON_GLOBAL | Attributes::READ_ONLY,\n"
|
|
").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"// Set `TTBR0_EL1` to activate the page table.\n"
|
|
"idmap.activate();\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/aarch64-paging.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* For now it only supports EL1, but support for other exception levels "
|
|
"should be straightforward to\n"
|
|
" add.\n"
|
|
"* This is used in Android for the [Protected VM Firmware][2].\n"
|
|
"* There's no easy way to run this example, as it needs to run on real "
|
|
"hardware or under QEMU."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Pour l'instant, il ne prend en charge que EL1, mais la prise en charge "
|
|
"d'autres niveaux d'exception devrait être simple à\n"
|
|
" ajouter.\n"
|
|
"* Ceci est utilisé dans Android pour le [micrologiciel de la machine "
|
|
"virtuelle protégée] [2].\n"
|
|
"* Il n'y a pas de moyen simple d'exécuter cet exemple, car il doit être "
|
|
"exécuté sur du matériel réel ou sous QEMU."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `buddy_system_allocator`"
|
|
msgstr "# `buddy_system_allocator`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`buddy_system_allocator`][1] is a third-party crate implementing a basic "
|
|
"buddy system allocator.\n"
|
|
"It can be used both for [`LockedHeap`][2] implementing [`GlobalAlloc`][3] so "
|
|
"you can use the\n"
|
|
"standard `alloc` crate (as we saw [before][4]), or for allocating other "
|
|
"address space. For example,\n"
|
|
"we might want to allocate MMIO space for PCI BARs:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`buddy_system_allocator`][1] est une caisse tierce implémentant un système "
|
|
"d'allocation de copains de base.\n"
|
|
"Il peut être utilisé à la fois pour [`LockedHeap`][2] implémentant "
|
|
"[`GlobalAlloc`][3] afin que vous puissiez utiliser le\n"
|
|
"caisse `alloc` standard (comme nous l'avons vu [avant] [4]), ou pour allouer "
|
|
"un autre espace d'adressage. Par exemple,\n"
|
|
"nous pourrions vouloir allouer de l'espace MMIO pour les PCI BAR :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use buddy_system_allocator::FrameAllocator;\n"
|
|
"use core::alloc::Layout;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut allocator = FrameAllocator::<32>::new();\n"
|
|
" allocator.add_frame(0x200_0000, 0x400_0000);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let layout = Layout::from_size_align(0x100, 0x100).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let bar = allocator\n"
|
|
" .alloc_aligned(layout)\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to allocate 0x100 byte MMIO region\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Allocated 0x100 byte MMIO region at {:#x}\", bar);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/buddy_system_allocator.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* PCI BARs always have alignment equal to their size.\n"
|
|
"* Run the example with `cargo run` under `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/"
|
|
"allocator-example/`. (It won't\n"
|
|
" run in the Playground because of the crate dependency.)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les PCI BAR ont toujours un alignement égal à leur taille.\n"
|
|
"* Exécutez l'exemple avec `cargo run` sous `src/bare-metal/useful-crates/"
|
|
"allocator-example/`. (Ce ne sera pas\n"
|
|
" exécuter dans le Playground en raison de la dépendance de la caisse.)"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `tinyvec`"
|
|
msgstr "# `tinyvec`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Sometimes you want something which can be resized like a `Vec`, but without "
|
|
"heap allocation.\n"
|
|
"[`tinyvec`][1] provides this: a vector backed by an array or slice, which "
|
|
"could be statically\n"
|
|
"allocated or on the stack, which keeps track of how many elements are used "
|
|
"and panics if you try to\n"
|
|
"use more than are allocated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Parfois, vous voulez quelque chose qui peut être redimensionné comme un "
|
|
"`Vec`, mais sans allocation de tas.\n"
|
|
"[`tinyvec`][1] fournit ceci : un vecteur soutenu par un tableau ou une "
|
|
"tranche, qui pourrait être statiquement\n"
|
|
"alloué ou sur la pile, qui garde une trace du nombre d'éléments utilisés et "
|
|
"panique si vous essayez de\n"
|
|
"utiliser plus que ce qui est alloué."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tinyvec::{array_vec, ArrayVec};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut numbers: ArrayVec<[u32; 5]> = array_vec!(42, 66);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
|
|
" numbers.push(7);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
|
|
" numbers.remove(1);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{numbers:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/tinyvec.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `tinyvec` requires that the element type implement `Default` for "
|
|
"initialisation.\n"
|
|
"* The Rust Playground includes `tinyvec`, so this example will run fine "
|
|
"inline."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `tinyvec` nécessite que le type d'élément implémente `Default` pour "
|
|
"l'initialisation.\n"
|
|
"* Le Rust Playground inclut `tinyvec`, donc cet exemple fonctionnera bien en "
|
|
"ligne."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `spin`"
|
|
msgstr "# `tourner`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`std::sync::Mutex` and the other synchronisation primitives from `std::sync` "
|
|
"are not available in\n"
|
|
"`core` or `alloc`. How can we manage synchronisation or interior mutability, "
|
|
"such as for sharing\n"
|
|
"state between different CPUs?"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`std::sync::Mutex` et les autres primitives de synchronisation de `std::"
|
|
"sync` ne sont pas disponibles dans\n"
|
|
"`core` ou `alloc`. Comment gérer la synchronisation ou la mutabilité "
|
|
"intérieure, comme pour le partage\n"
|
|
"état entre différents processeurs ?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [`spin`][1] crate provides spinlock-based equivalents of many of these "
|
|
"primitives."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le crate [`spin`][1] fournit des équivalents basés sur des verrous d'attente "
|
|
"de plusieurs de ces primitives."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static counter: SpinMutex<u32> = SpinMutex::new(0);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n"
|
|
" *counter.lock() += 2;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"count: {}\", counter.lock());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/useful-crates/spin.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Be careful to avoid deadlock if you take locks in interrupt handlers.\n"
|
|
"* `spin` also has a ticket lock mutex implementation; equivalents of "
|
|
"`RwLock`, `Barrier` and `Once`\n"
|
|
" from `std::sync`; and `Lazy` for lazy initialisation.\n"
|
|
"* The [`once_cell`][2] crate also has some useful types for late "
|
|
"initialisation with a slightly\n"
|
|
" different approach to `spin::once::Once`.\n"
|
|
"* The Rust Playground includes `spin`, so this example will run fine inline."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Android"
|
|
msgstr "# Android"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To build a bare-metal Rust binary in AOSP, you need to use a "
|
|
"`rust_ffi_static` Soong rule to build\n"
|
|
"your Rust code, then a `cc_binary` with a linker script to produce the "
|
|
"binary itself, and then a\n"
|
|
"`raw_binary` to convert the ELF to a raw binary ready to be run."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pour construire un binaire Rust bare-metal dans AOSP, vous devez utiliser "
|
|
"une règle Soong `rust_ffi_static` pour construire\n"
|
|
"votre code Rust, puis un `cc_binary` avec un script de liaison pour produire "
|
|
"le binaire lui-même, puis un\n"
|
|
"`raw_binary` pour convertir l'ELF en un binaire brut prêt à être exécuté."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```soong\n"
|
|
"rust_ffi_static {\n"
|
|
" name: \"libvmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" defaults: [\"vmbase_ffi_defaults\"],\n"
|
|
" crate_name: \"vmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\"src/main.rs\"],\n"
|
|
" rustlibs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libvmbase\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"cc_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"vmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" defaults: [\"vmbase_elf_defaults\"],\n"
|
|
" srcs: [\n"
|
|
" \"idmap.S\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" static_libs: [\n"
|
|
" \"libvmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
" linker_scripts: [\n"
|
|
" \"image.ld\",\n"
|
|
" \":vmbase_sections\",\n"
|
|
" ],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"raw_binary {\n"
|
|
" name: \"vmbase_example_bin\",\n"
|
|
" stem: \"vmbase_example.bin\",\n"
|
|
" src: \":vmbase_example\",\n"
|
|
" enabled: false,\n"
|
|
" target: {\n"
|
|
" android_arm64: {\n"
|
|
" enabled: true,\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# vmbase"
|
|
msgstr "# vmbase"
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For VMs running under crosvm on aarch64, the [vmbase][1] library provides a "
|
|
"linker script and useful\n"
|
|
"defaults for the build rules, along with an entry point, UART console "
|
|
"logging and more."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pour les machines virtuelles exécutées sous crosvm sur aarch64, la "
|
|
"bibliothèque [vmbase][1] fournit un script de liaison et des informations "
|
|
"utiles.\n"
|
|
"valeurs par défaut pour les règles de construction, ainsi qu'un point "
|
|
"d'entrée, la journalisation de la console UART et plus encore."
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use vmbase::{main, println};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"main!(main);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub fn main(arg0: u64, arg1: u64, arg2: u64, arg3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Hello world\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/bare-metal/android/vmbase.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `main!` macro marks your main function, to be called from the `vmbase` "
|
|
"entry point.\n"
|
|
"* The `vmbase` entry point handles console initialisation, and issues a "
|
|
"PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF to shutdown\n"
|
|
" the VM if your main function returns."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La macro `main!` marque votre fonction principale, à appeler depuis le "
|
|
"point d'entrée `vmbase`.\n"
|
|
"* Le point d'entrée `vmbase` gère l'initialisation de la console et émet un "
|
|
"PSCI_SYSTEM_OFF pour l'arrêt\n"
|
|
" la VM si votre fonction principale revient."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "We will write a driver for the PL031 real-time clock device."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous allons écrire un pilote pour le dispositif d'horloge en temps réel "
|
|
"PL031."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# RTC driver"
|
|
msgstr "# Pilote RTC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The QEMU aarch64 virt machine has a [PL031][1] real-time clock at 0x9010000. "
|
|
"For this exercise, you\n"
|
|
"should write a driver for it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La machine QEMU aarch64 virt a une horloge en temps réel [PL031] [1] à "
|
|
"0x9010000. Pour cet exercice, vous\n"
|
|
"devrait écrire un pilote pour cela et l'utiliser pour imprimer l'heure "
|
|
"actuelle sur la console série. Vous pouvez utiliser\n"
|
|
"la caisse [`chrono`][2] pour le formatage de la date/heure."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"1. Use it to print the current time to the serial console. You can use the "
|
|
"[`chrono`][2] crate for\n"
|
|
" date/time formatting.\n"
|
|
"2. Use the match register and raw interrupt status to busy-wait until a "
|
|
"given time, e.g. 3 seconds\n"
|
|
" in the future. (Call [`core::hint::spin_loop`][3] inside the loop.)\n"
|
|
"3. _Extension if you have time:_ Enable and handle the interrupt generated "
|
|
"by the RTC match. You can\n"
|
|
" use the driver provided in the [`arm-gic`][4] crate to configure the Arm "
|
|
"Generic Interrupt Controller.\n"
|
|
" - Use the RTC interrupt, which is wired to the GIC as `IntId::spi(2)`.\n"
|
|
" - Once the interrupt is enabled, you can put the core to sleep via "
|
|
"`arm_gic::wfi()`, which will cause the core to sleep until it receives an "
|
|
"interrupt.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Download the [exercise template](../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) and "
|
|
"look in the `rtc`\n"
|
|
"directory for the following files."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Téléchargez le [modèle d'exercice] (../../comprehensive-rust-exercises.zip) "
|
|
"et regardez dans le `rtc`\n"
|
|
"répertoire pour les fichiers suivants."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"mod logger;\n"
|
|
"mod pl011;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n"
|
|
"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 "
|
|
"device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the "
|
|
"base\n"
|
|
" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n"
|
|
" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n"
|
|
" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, "
|
|
"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" gic.setup();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // TODO: Create instance of RTC driver and print current time.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // TODO: Wait for 3 seconds.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[panic_handler]\n"
|
|
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"{info}\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:75
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`src/exceptions.rs` (you should only need to change this for the 3rd part of "
|
|
"the exercise):"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`src/exceptions.rs` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:77
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File src/exceptions.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier src/exceptions.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:79
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
|
|
"use log::{error, info, trace};\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn sync_exception_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"sync_exception_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn irq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" trace!(\"irq_current\");\n"
|
|
" let intid = GicV3::get_and_acknowledge_interrupt().expect(\"No pending "
|
|
"interrupt\");\n"
|
|
" info!(\"IRQ {intid:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"fiq_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn serr_current(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"serr_current\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn sync_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"sync_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn irq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"irq_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn fiq_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"fiq_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn serr_lower(_elr: u64, _spsr: u64) {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"serr_lower\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:149
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`src/logger.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`src/logger.rs` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:151
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File src/logger.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier src/logger.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:153
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use log::{LevelFilter, Log, Metadata, Record, SetLoggerError};\n"
|
|
"use spin::mutex::SpinMutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static LOGGER: Logger = Logger {\n"
|
|
" uart: SpinMutex::new(None),\n"
|
|
"};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Logger {\n"
|
|
" uart: SpinMutex<Option<Uart>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Log for Logger {\n"
|
|
" fn enabled(&self, _metadata: &Metadata) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" true\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn log(&self, record: &Record) {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(\n"
|
|
" self.uart.lock().as_mut().unwrap(),\n"
|
|
" \"[{}] {}\",\n"
|
|
" record.level(),\n"
|
|
" record.args()\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn flush(&self) {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Initialises UART logger.\n"
|
|
"pub fn init(uart: Uart, max_level: LevelFilter) -> Result<(), "
|
|
"SetLoggerError> {\n"
|
|
" LOGGER.uart.lock().replace(uart);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" log::set_logger(&LOGGER)?;\n"
|
|
" log::set_max_level(max_level);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:210
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`src/pl011.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`src/pl011.rs` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:212
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File src/pl011.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier src/pl011.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:214
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#![allow(unused)]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::{self, Write};\n"
|
|
"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Flags\n"
|
|
"use bitflags::bitflags;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"bitflags! {\n"
|
|
" /// Flags from the UART flag register.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(transparent)]\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
" struct Flags: u16 {\n"
|
|
" /// Clear to send.\n"
|
|
" const CTS = 1 << 0;\n"
|
|
" /// Data set ready.\n"
|
|
" const DSR = 1 << 1;\n"
|
|
" /// Data carrier detect.\n"
|
|
" const DCD = 1 << 2;\n"
|
|
" /// UART busy transmitting data.\n"
|
|
" const BUSY = 1 << 3;\n"
|
|
" /// Receive FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
" const RXFE = 1 << 4;\n"
|
|
" /// Transmit FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
" const TXFF = 1 << 5;\n"
|
|
" /// Receive FIFO is full.\n"
|
|
" const RXFF = 1 << 6;\n"
|
|
" /// Transmit FIFO is empty.\n"
|
|
" const TXFE = 1 << 7;\n"
|
|
" /// Ring indicator.\n"
|
|
" const RI = 1 << 8;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Flags\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"bitflags! {\n"
|
|
" /// Flags from the UART Receive Status Register / Error Clear Register.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(transparent)]\n"
|
|
" #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
" struct ReceiveStatus: u16 {\n"
|
|
" /// Framing error.\n"
|
|
" const FE = 1 << 0;\n"
|
|
" /// Parity error.\n"
|
|
" const PE = 1 << 1;\n"
|
|
" /// Break error.\n"
|
|
" const BE = 1 << 2;\n"
|
|
" /// Overrun error.\n"
|
|
" const OE = 1 << 3;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Registers\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
|
|
"struct Registers {\n"
|
|
" dr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved0: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" rsr: ReceiveStatus,\n"
|
|
" _reserved1: [u8; 19],\n"
|
|
" fr: Flags,\n"
|
|
" _reserved2: [u8; 6],\n"
|
|
" ilpr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" ibrd: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved4: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" fbrd: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved5: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" lcr_h: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved6: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" cr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved7: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" ifls: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved8: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" imsc: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved9: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" ris: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved10: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" mis: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved11: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" icr: u16,\n"
|
|
" _reserved12: [u8; 2],\n"
|
|
" dmacr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved13: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Registers\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Uart\n"
|
|
"/// Driver for a PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct Uart {\n"
|
|
" registers: *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Uart {\n"
|
|
" /// Constructs a new instance of the UART driver for a PL011 device at "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" /// PL011 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
|
|
"process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Writes a single byte to the UART.\n"
|
|
" pub fn write_byte(&self, byte: u8) {\n"
|
|
" // Wait until there is room in the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::TXFF) {}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe {\n"
|
|
" // Write to the TX buffer.\n"
|
|
" addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).dr).write_volatile(byte.into());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait until the UART is no longer busy.\n"
|
|
" while self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::BUSY) {}\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Reads and returns a pending byte, or `None` if nothing has been "
|
|
"received.\n"
|
|
" pub fn read_byte(&self) -> Option<u8> {\n"
|
|
" if self.read_flag_register().contains(Flags::RXFE) {\n"
|
|
" None\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" let data = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr)."
|
|
"read_volatile() };\n"
|
|
" // TODO: Check for error conditions in bits 8-11.\n"
|
|
" Some(data as u8)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn read_flag_register(&self) -> Flags {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL011 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).fr).read_volatile() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Uart\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Write for Uart {\n"
|
|
" fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n"
|
|
" for c in s.as_bytes() {\n"
|
|
" self.write_byte(*c);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
|
|
"// accessed from any context.\n"
|
|
"unsafe impl Send for Uart {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:389
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[workspace]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"rtc\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"arm-gic = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"bitflags = \"2.0.0\"\n"
|
|
"chrono = { version = \"0.4.24\", default-features = false }\n"
|
|
"log = \"0.4.17\"\n"
|
|
"smccc = \"0.1.1\"\n"
|
|
"spin = \"0.9.8\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[build-dependencies]\n"
|
|
"cc = \"1.0.73\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:410
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`build.rs` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`build.rs` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:412
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File build.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier build.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:414
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use cc::Build;\n"
|
|
"use std::env;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(target_os = \"linux\")]\n"
|
|
" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-linux-gnu\");\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"linux\"))]\n"
|
|
" env::set_var(\"CROSS_COMPILE\", \"aarch64-none-elf\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Build::new()\n"
|
|
" .file(\"entry.S\")\n"
|
|
" .file(\"exceptions.S\")\n"
|
|
" .file(\"idmap.S\")\n"
|
|
" .compile(\"empty\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:446
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`entry.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`entry.S` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:448
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File entry.S -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Entrée de fichier.S -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:450
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".macro adr_l, reg:req, sym:req\n"
|
|
"\tadrp \\reg, \\sym\n"
|
|
"\tadd \\reg, \\reg, :lo12:\\sym\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".macro mov_i, reg:req, imm:req\n"
|
|
"\tmovz \\reg, :abs_g3:\\imm\n"
|
|
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g2_nc:\\imm\n"
|
|
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g1_nc:\\imm\n"
|
|
"\tmovk \\reg, :abs_g0_nc:\\imm\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE,\t0x04\n"
|
|
".set .L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA,\t0xff\n"
|
|
".set .Lmairval, .L_MAIR_DEV_nGnRE | (.L_MAIR_MEM_WBWA << 8)\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR0_EL1. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_TG0_4KB, 0x0 << 14\n"
|
|
"/* 4 KiB granule size for TTBR1_EL1. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_TG1_4KB, 0x2 << 30\n"
|
|
"/* Disable translation table walk for TTBR1_EL1, generating a translation "
|
|
"fault instead. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_EPD1, 0x1 << 23\n"
|
|
"/* Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner sharable. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_SH_INNER, 0x3 << 12\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are outer write-back read-allocate "
|
|
"write-allocate\n"
|
|
" * cacheable.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_RGN_OWB, 0x1 << 10\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Translation table walks for TTBR0_EL1 are inner write-back read-allocate "
|
|
"write-allocate\n"
|
|
" * cacheable.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_RGN_IWB, 0x1 << 8\n"
|
|
"/* Size offset for TTBR0_EL1 is 2**39 bytes (512 GiB). */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TCR_T0SZ_512, 64 - 39\n"
|
|
".set .Ltcrval, .L_TCR_TG0_4KB | .L_TCR_TG1_4KB | .L_TCR_EPD1 | ."
|
|
"L_TCR_RGN_OWB\n"
|
|
".set .Ltcrval, .Ltcrval | .L_TCR_RGN_IWB | .L_TCR_SH_INNER | ."
|
|
"L_TCR_T0SZ_512\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/* Stage 1 instruction access cacheability is unaffected. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_I, 0x1 << 12\n"
|
|
"/* SP alignment fault if SP is not aligned to a 16 byte boundary. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA, 0x1 << 3\n"
|
|
"/* Stage 1 data access cacheability is unaffected. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_C, 0x1 << 2\n"
|
|
"/* EL0 and EL1 stage 1 MMU enabled. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_ELx_M, 0x1 << 0\n"
|
|
"/* Privileged Access Never is unchanged on taking an exception to EL1. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN, 0x1 << 23\n"
|
|
"/* SETEND instruction disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED, 0x1 << 8\n"
|
|
"/* Various IT instructions are disabled at EL0 in aarch32 mode. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD, 0x1 << 7\n"
|
|
".set .L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1, (0x1 << 11) | (0x1 << 20) | (0x1 << 22) | (0x1 << "
|
|
"28) | (0x1 << 29)\n"
|
|
".set .Lsctlrval, .L_SCTLR_ELx_M | .L_SCTLR_ELx_C | .L_SCTLR_ELx_SA | ."
|
|
"L_SCTLR_EL1_ITD | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SED\n"
|
|
".set .Lsctlrval, .Lsctlrval | .L_SCTLR_ELx_I | .L_SCTLR_EL1_SPAN | ."
|
|
"L_SCTLR_EL1_RES1\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * This is a generic entry point for an image. It carries out the operations "
|
|
"required to prepare the\n"
|
|
" * loaded image to be run. Specifically, it zeroes the bss section using "
|
|
"registers x25 and above,\n"
|
|
" * prepares the stack, enables floating point, and sets up the exception "
|
|
"vector. It preserves x0-x3\n"
|
|
" * for the Rust entry point, as these may contain boot parameters.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".section .init.entry, \"ax\"\n"
|
|
".global entry\n"
|
|
"entry:\n"
|
|
"\t/* Load and apply the memory management configuration, ready to enable MMU "
|
|
"and caches. */\n"
|
|
"\tadrp x30, idmap\n"
|
|
"\tmsr ttbr0_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmov_i x30, .Lmairval\n"
|
|
"\tmsr mair_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmov_i x30, .Ltcrval\n"
|
|
"\t/* Copy the supported PA range into TCR_EL1.IPS. */\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x29, id_aa64mmfr0_el1\n"
|
|
"\tbfi x30, x29, #32, #4\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmsr tcr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\tmov_i x30, .Lsctlrval\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Ensure everything before this point has completed, then invalidate any "
|
|
"potentially stale\n"
|
|
"\t * local TLB entries before they start being used.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\ttlbi vmalle1\n"
|
|
"\tic iallu\n"
|
|
"\tdsb nsh\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Configure sctlr_el1 to enable MMU and cache and don't proceed until "
|
|
"this has completed.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\tmsr sctlr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Disable trapping floating point access in EL1. */\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x30, cpacr_el1\n"
|
|
"\torr x30, x30, #(0x3 << 20)\n"
|
|
"\tmsr cpacr_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\tisb\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Zero out the bss section. */\n"
|
|
"\tadr_l x29, bss_begin\n"
|
|
"\tadr_l x30, bss_end\n"
|
|
"0:\tcmp x29, x30\n"
|
|
"\tb.hs 1f\n"
|
|
"\tstp xzr, xzr, [x29], #16\n"
|
|
"\tb 0b\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"1:\t/* Prepare the stack. */\n"
|
|
"\tadr_l x30, boot_stack_end\n"
|
|
"\tmov sp, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Set up exception vector. */\n"
|
|
"\tadr x30, vector_table_el1\n"
|
|
"\tmsr vbar_el1, x30\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Call into Rust code. */\n"
|
|
"\tbl main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Loop forever waiting for interrupts. */\n"
|
|
"2:\twfi\n"
|
|
"\tb 2b\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:595
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`exceptions.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`exceptions.S` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:597
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File exceptions.S -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier exceptions.S -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:599
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * Saves the volatile registers onto the stack. This currently takes 14\n"
|
|
" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers with 18 "
|
|
"instructions\n"
|
|
" * left.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * On return, x0 and x1 are initialised to elr_el2 and spsr_el2 "
|
|
"respectively,\n"
|
|
" * which can be used as the first and second arguments of a subsequent "
|
|
"call.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro save_volatile_to_stack\n"
|
|
"\t/* Reserve stack space and save registers x0-x18, x29 & x30. */\n"
|
|
"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #-(8 * 24)]!\n"
|
|
"\tstp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n"
|
|
"\tstr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n"
|
|
"\tstp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Save elr_el1 & spsr_el1. This such that we can take nested exception\n"
|
|
"\t * and still be able to unwind.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x0, elr_el1\n"
|
|
"\tmrs x1, spsr_el1\n"
|
|
"\tstp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * Restores the volatile registers from the stack. This currently takes 14\n"
|
|
" * instructions, so it can be used in exception handlers while still leaving "
|
|
"18\n"
|
|
" * instructions left; if paired with save_volatile_to_stack, there are 4\n"
|
|
" * instructions to spare.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro restore_volatile_from_stack\n"
|
|
"\t/* Restore registers x2-x18, x29 & x30. */\n"
|
|
"\tldp x2, x3, [sp, #8 * 2]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x4, x5, [sp, #8 * 4]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x6, x7, [sp, #8 * 6]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x8, x9, [sp, #8 * 8]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x10, x11, [sp, #8 * 10]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x12, x13, [sp, #8 * 12]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x14, x15, [sp, #8 * 14]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x16, x17, [sp, #8 * 16]\n"
|
|
"\tldr x18, [sp, #8 * 18]\n"
|
|
"\tldp x29, x30, [sp, #8 * 20]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Restore registers elr_el1 & spsr_el1, using x0 & x1 as scratch. */\n"
|
|
"\tldp x0, x1, [sp, #8 * 22]\n"
|
|
"\tmsr elr_el1, x0\n"
|
|
"\tmsr spsr_el1, x1\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Restore x0 & x1, and release stack space. */\n"
|
|
"\tldp x0, x1, [sp], #8 * 24\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while "
|
|
"using\n"
|
|
" * SP0. It behaves similarly to the SPx case by first switching to SPx, "
|
|
"doing\n"
|
|
" * the work, then switching back to SP0 before returning.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Switching to SPx and calling the Rust handler takes 16 instructions. To\n"
|
|
" * restore and return we need an additional 16 instructions, so we can "
|
|
"implement\n"
|
|
" * the whole handler within the allotted 32 instructions.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro current_exception_sp0 handler:req\n"
|
|
"\tmsr spsel, #1\n"
|
|
"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n"
|
|
"\tbl \\handler\n"
|
|
"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n"
|
|
"\tmsr spsel, #0\n"
|
|
"\teret\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/**\n"
|
|
" * This is a generic handler for exceptions taken at the current EL while "
|
|
"using\n"
|
|
" * SPx. It saves volatile registers, calls the Rust handler, restores "
|
|
"volatile\n"
|
|
" * registers, then returns.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * This also works for exceptions taken from EL0, if we don't care about\n"
|
|
" * non-volatile registers.\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Saving state and jumping to the Rust handler takes 15 instructions, and\n"
|
|
" * restoring and returning also takes 15 instructions, so we can fit the "
|
|
"whole\n"
|
|
" * handler in 30 instructions, under the limit of 32.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
".macro current_exception_spx handler:req\n"
|
|
"\tsave_volatile_to_stack\n"
|
|
"\tbl \\handler\n"
|
|
"\trestore_volatile_from_stack\n"
|
|
"\teret\n"
|
|
".endm\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".section .text.vector_table_el1, \"ax\"\n"
|
|
".global vector_table_el1\n"
|
|
".balign 0x800\n"
|
|
"vector_table_el1:\n"
|
|
"sync_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 sync_exception_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 irq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 fiq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_cur_sp0:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_sp0 serr_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"sync_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_exception_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_cur_spx:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_current\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"sync_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_lower_64:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"sync_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx sync_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"irq_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx irq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"fiq_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx fiq_lower\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".balign 0x80\n"
|
|
"serr_lower_32:\n"
|
|
"\tcurrent_exception_spx serr_lower\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:780
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`idmap.S` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`idmap.S` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:782
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File idmap.S -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier idmap.S -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:784
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```armasm\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK, 0x1\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_TYPE_PAGE, 0x3\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_TYPE_TABLE, 0x3\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/* Access flag. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_AF, 0x1 << 10\n"
|
|
"/* Not global. */\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_NG, 0x1 << 11\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_XN, 0x3 << 53\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_MT_DEV, 0x0 << 2\t\t\t// MAIR #0 (DEV_nGnRE)\n"
|
|
".set .L_TT_MT_MEM, (0x1 << 2) | (0x3 << 8)\t// MAIR #1 (MEM_WBWA), inner "
|
|
"shareable\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".set .L_BLOCK_DEV, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_DEV | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_XN\n"
|
|
".set .L_BLOCK_MEM, .L_TT_TYPE_BLOCK | .L_TT_MT_MEM | .L_TT_AF | .L_TT_NG\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".section \".rodata.idmap\", \"a\", %progbits\n"
|
|
".global idmap\n"
|
|
".align 12\n"
|
|
"idmap:\n"
|
|
"\t/* level 1 */\n"
|
|
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x0\t\t // 1 GiB of device mappings\n"
|
|
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_MEM | 0x40000000\t// 1 GiB of DRAM\n"
|
|
"\t.fill\t\t254, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 254 GiB of unmapped VA space\n"
|
|
"\t.quad\t\t.L_BLOCK_DEV | 0x4000000000 // 1 GiB of device mappings\n"
|
|
"\t.fill\t\t255, 8, 0x0\t\t\t// 255 GiB of remaining VA space\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:829
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`image.ld` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`image.ld` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:831
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File image.ld -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier image.ld -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:833
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```ld\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
" * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
" * You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
" *\n"
|
|
" * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
" * distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
" * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
" * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
" * limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/*\n"
|
|
" * Code will start running at this symbol which is placed at the start of "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" * image.\n"
|
|
" */\n"
|
|
"ENTRY(entry)\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"MEMORY\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
"\timage : ORIGIN = 0x40080000, LENGTH = 2M\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"SECTIONS\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Collect together the code.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t.init : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\ttext_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.init.entry)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.init.*)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\t.text : {\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.text.*)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\ttext_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Collect together read-only data.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t.rodata : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\trodata_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.rodata.*)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\t.got : {\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.got)\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\trodata_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Collect together the read-write data including .bss at the end which\n"
|
|
"\t * will be zero'd by the entry code.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t.data : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\tdata_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.data.*)\n"
|
|
"\t\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t\t * The entry point code assumes that .data is a multiple of 32\n"
|
|
"\t\t * bytes long.\n"
|
|
"\t\t */\n"
|
|
"\t\t. = ALIGN(32);\n"
|
|
"\t\tdata_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* Everything beyond this point will not be included in the binary. */\n"
|
|
"\tbin_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/* The entry point code assumes that .bss is 16-byte aligned. */\n"
|
|
"\t.bss : ALIGN(16) {\n"
|
|
"\t\tbss_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.bss.*)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(COMMON)\n"
|
|
"\t\t. = ALIGN(16);\n"
|
|
"\t\tbss_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(4096) {\n"
|
|
"\t\tboot_stack_begin = .;\n"
|
|
"\t\t. += 40 * 4096;\n"
|
|
"\t\t. = ALIGN(4096);\n"
|
|
"\t\tboot_stack_end = .;\n"
|
|
"\t} >image\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t. = ALIGN(4K);\n"
|
|
"\tPROVIDE(dma_region = .);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\t/*\n"
|
|
"\t * Remove unused sections from the image.\n"
|
|
"\t */\n"
|
|
"\t/DISCARD/ : {\n"
|
|
"\t\t/* The image loads itself so doesn't need these sections. */\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.gnu.hash)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.hash)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.interp)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.eh_frame_hdr)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.eh_frame)\n"
|
|
"\t\t*(.note.gnu.build-id)\n"
|
|
"\t}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:940
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`Makefile` (you shouldn't need to change this):"
|
|
msgstr "`Makefile` (vous ne devriez pas avoir besoin de le modifier) :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:942
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File Makefile -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier Makefile -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:944
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```makefile\n"
|
|
"# Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"#\n"
|
|
"# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"# You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"#\n"
|
|
"# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"#\n"
|
|
"# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"# distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"# limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"UNAME := $(shell uname -s)\n"
|
|
"ifeq ($(UNAME),Linux)\n"
|
|
"\tTARGET = aarch64-linux-gnu\n"
|
|
"else\n"
|
|
"\tTARGET = aarch64-none-elf\n"
|
|
"endif\n"
|
|
"OBJCOPY = $(TARGET)-objcopy\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
".PHONY: build qemu_minimal qemu qemu_logger\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"all: rtc.bin\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"build:\n"
|
|
"\tcargo build\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"rtc.bin: build\n"
|
|
"\t$(OBJCOPY) -O binary target/aarch64-unknown-none/debug/rtc $@\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"qemu: rtc.bin\n"
|
|
"\tqemu-system-aarch64 -machine virt,gic-version=3 -cpu max -serial mon:stdio "
|
|
"-display none -kernel $< -s\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"clean:\n"
|
|
"\tcargo clean\n"
|
|
"\trm -f *.bin\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:989
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[build]\n"
|
|
"target = \"aarch64-unknown-none\"\n"
|
|
"rustflags = [\"-C\", \"link-arg=-Timage.ld\"]\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/rtc.md:995
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Run the code in QEMU with `make qemu`."
|
|
msgstr "Exécutez le code dans QEMU avec `make qemu`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Welcome to Concurrency in Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Bienvenue à Comprehensive Rust(le guide complet de Rust) 🦀"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust has full support for concurrency using OS threads with mutexes and\n"
|
|
"channels."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust prend entièrement en charge la concurrence en utilisant des threads de "
|
|
"système d'exploitation avec des mutex et\n"
|
|
"canaux."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust type system plays an important role in making many concurrency "
|
|
"bugs\n"
|
|
"compile time bugs. This is often referred to as _fearless concurrency_ since "
|
|
"you\n"
|
|
"can rely on the compiler to ensure correctness at runtime."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le système de type Rust joue un rôle important dans la création de nombreux "
|
|
"bugs de concurrence\n"
|
|
"bogues de temps de compilation. Ceci est souvent appelé _concurrence sans "
|
|
"peur_ puisque vous\n"
|
|
"peut compter sur le compilateur pour assurer l'exactitude au moment de "
|
|
"l'exécution."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Threads"
|
|
msgstr "# fils"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Rust threads work similarly to threads in other languages:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les threads Rust fonctionnent de la même manière que les threads dans "
|
|
"d'autres langages :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Count in thread: {i}!\");\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..5 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main thread: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(5));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Threads are all daemon threads, the main thread does not wait for them.\n"
|
|
"* Thread panics are independent of each other.\n"
|
|
" * Panics can carry a payload, which can be unpacked with `downcast_ref`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Les threads sont tous des threads démons, le thread principal ne les "
|
|
"attend pas.\n"
|
|
"* Les thread panics sont indépendants les uns des autres.\n"
|
|
" * Les paniques peuvent transporter une charge utile, qui peut être "
|
|
"décompressée avec `downcast_ref`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/threads.md:32
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Notice that the thread is stopped before it reaches 10 — the main thread "
|
|
"is\n"
|
|
" not waiting.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Use `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` and later `handle.join()` to wait "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
" the thread to finish.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Trigger a panic in the thread, notice how this doesn't affect `main`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Use the `Result` return value from `handle.join()` to get access to the "
|
|
"panic\n"
|
|
" payload. This is a good time to talk about [`Any`]."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Notez que le thread est arrêté avant d'atteindre 10 — le thread principal "
|
|
"est\n"
|
|
" pas attendre.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Utilisez `let handle = thread::spawn(...)` et plus tard `handle.join()` "
|
|
"pour attendre\n"
|
|
" le fil pour finir.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Déclenchez une panique dans le fil, notez que cela n'affecte pas `main`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Utilisez la valeur de retour `Result` de `handle.join()` pour accéder à la "
|
|
"panique\n"
|
|
" charge utile. C'est le bon moment pour parler de [`Tous`]."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Scoped Threads"
|
|
msgstr "# Threads délimités"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Normal threads cannot borrow from their environment:"
|
|
msgstr "Les threads normaux ne peuvent pas emprunter à leur environnement :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "However, you can use a [scoped thread][1] for this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cependant, vous pouvez utiliser un [fil de discussion de portée][1] pour "
|
|
"cela :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from(\"Hello\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::scope(|scope| {\n"
|
|
" scope.spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Length: {}\", s.len());\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/scoped-threads.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The reason for that is that when the `thread::scope` function completes, "
|
|
"all the threads are guaranteed to be joined, so they can return borrowed "
|
|
"data.\n"
|
|
"* Normal Rust borrowing rules apply: you can either borrow mutably by one "
|
|
"thread, or immutably by any number of threads.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* La raison en est que lorsque la fonction `thread::scope` se termine, tous "
|
|
"les threads sont garantis d'être joints, afin qu'ils puissent renvoyer des "
|
|
"données empruntées.\n"
|
|
"* Les règles d'emprunt normales de Rust s'appliquent : vous pouvez soit "
|
|
"emprunter de manière mutable par un thread, soit de manière immuable par "
|
|
"n'importe quel nombre de threads.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Channels"
|
|
msgstr "# Chaînes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust channels have two parts: a `Sender<T>` and a `Receiver<T>`. The two "
|
|
"parts\n"
|
|
"are connected via the channel, but you only see the end-points."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les canaux Rust ont deux parties : un `Sender<T>` et un `Receiver<T>`. Les "
|
|
"deux parties\n"
|
|
"sont connectés via le canal, mais vous ne voyez que les extrémités."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" tx.send(10).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" tx.send(20).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let tx2 = tx.clone();\n"
|
|
" tx2.send(30).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received: {:?}\", rx.recv());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `mpsc` stands for Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` and "
|
|
"`SyncSender` implement `Clone` (so\n"
|
|
" you can make multiple producers) but `Receiver` does not.\n"
|
|
"* `send()` and `recv()` return `Result`. If they return `Err`, it means the "
|
|
"counterpart `Sender` or\n"
|
|
" `Receiver` is dropped and the channel is closed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `mpsc` signifie Multi-Producer, Single-Consumer. `Sender` et `SyncSender` "
|
|
"implémentent `Clone` (donc\n"
|
|
" vous pouvez créer plusieurs producteurs) mais `Receiver` ne le fait pas.\n"
|
|
"* `send()` et `recv()` renvoient `Result`. S'ils renvoient `Err`, cela "
|
|
"signifie que la contrepartie `Sender` ou\n"
|
|
" `Receiver` est supprimé et le canal est fermé."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Unbounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "# Canaux illimités"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You get an unbounded and asynchronous channel with `mpsc::channel()`:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous obtenez un canal illimité et asynchrone avec `mpsc::channel()` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/unbounded.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
|
|
" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Bounded Channels"
|
|
msgstr "# Canaux limités"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"With bounded (synchronous) channels, `send` can block the current thread:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les canaux bornés et synchrones font que \"send\" bloque le thread actuel :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::mpsc;\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(3);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..10 {\n"
|
|
" tx.send(format!(\"Message {i}\")).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: sent Message {i}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: done\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for msg in rx.iter() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main: got {msg}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/channels/bounded.md:31
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Calling `send` will block the current thread until there is space in the "
|
|
"channel for the new message. The thread can be blocked indefinitely if there "
|
|
"is nobody who reads from the channel.\n"
|
|
"* A call to `send` will abort with an error (that is why it returns "
|
|
"`Result`) if the channel is closed. A channel is closed when the receiver is "
|
|
"dropped.\n"
|
|
"* A bounded channel with a size of zero is called a \"rendezvous channel\". "
|
|
"Every send will block the current thread until another thread calls `read`.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Send` and `Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Envoyer` et `Synchroniser`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"How does Rust know to forbid shared access across thread? The answer is in "
|
|
"two traits:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Comment Rust sait-il interdire l'accès partagé à travers le thread? La "
|
|
"réponse est en deux traits :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`Send`][1]: a type `T` is `Send` if it is safe to move a `T` across a "
|
|
"thread\n"
|
|
" boundary.\n"
|
|
"* [`Sync`][2]: a type `T` is `Sync` if it is safe to move a `&T` across a "
|
|
"thread\n"
|
|
" boundary."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [`Send`][1] : un type `T` est `Send` s'il est sûr de déplacer un `T` à "
|
|
"travers un thread\n"
|
|
" frontière.\n"
|
|
"* [`Sync`][2] : un type `T` est `Sync` s'il est sûr de déplacer un `&T` à "
|
|
"travers un thread\n"
|
|
" frontière."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"`Send` and `Sync` are [unsafe traits][3]. The compiler will automatically "
|
|
"derive them for your types\n"
|
|
"as long as they only contain `Send` and `Sync` types. You can also implement "
|
|
"them manually when you\n"
|
|
"know it is valid."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"`Send` et `Sync` sont des [caractéristiques non sécurisées] [3]. Le "
|
|
"compilateur les dérivera automatiquement pour vos types\n"
|
|
"tant qu'ils ne contiennent que les types `Send` et `Sync`. Vous pouvez "
|
|
"également les implémenter manuellement lorsque vous\n"
|
|
"sachez qu'il est valide."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* One can think of these traits as markers that the type has certain thread-"
|
|
"safety properties.\n"
|
|
"* They can be used in the generic constraints as normal traits.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* On peut considérer ces traits comme des marqueurs indiquant que le type "
|
|
"possède certaines propriétés de sécurité des threads.\n"
|
|
"* Ils peuvent être utilisés dans les contraintes génériques comme des traits "
|
|
"normaux.\n"
|
|
" "
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Send`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Envoyer`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> A type `T` is [`Send`][1] if it is safe to move a `T` value to another "
|
|
"thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Un type `T` est [`Send`][1] s'il est sûr de déplacer une valeur `T` vers "
|
|
"un autre thread."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The effect of moving ownership to another thread is that _destructors_ will "
|
|
"run\n"
|
|
"in that thread. So the question is when you can allocate a value in one "
|
|
"thread\n"
|
|
"and deallocate it in another."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"L'effet du déplacement de la propriété vers un autre thread est que "
|
|
"_destructors_ s'exécutera\n"
|
|
"dans ce fil. La question est donc de savoir quand vous pouvez allouer une "
|
|
"valeur dans un thread\n"
|
|
"et le désallouer dans un autre."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/send.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As an example, a connection to the SQLite library must only be accessed from "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
"single thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Synchroniser`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> A type `T` is [`Sync`][1] if it is safe to access a `T` value from "
|
|
"multiple\n"
|
|
"> threads at the same time."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Un type `T` est [`Sync`][1] s'il est sûr d'accéder à une valeur `T` à "
|
|
"partir de plusieurs\n"
|
|
"> fils en même temps."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "More precisely, the definition is:"
|
|
msgstr "Plus précisément, la définition est :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "> `T` is `Sync` if and only if `&T` is `Send`"
|
|
msgstr "> `T` est `Sync` si et seulement si `&T` est `Envoyer`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This statement is essentially a shorthand way of saying that if a type is "
|
|
"thread-safe for shared use, it is also thread-safe to pass references of it "
|
|
"across threads."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cette déclaration est essentiellement une manière abrégée de dire que si un "
|
|
"type est thread-safe pour une utilisation partagée, il est également thread-"
|
|
"safe pour en passer des références à travers les threads."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/sync.md:16
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"This is because if a type is Sync it means that it can be shared across "
|
|
"multiple threads without the risk of data races or other synchronization "
|
|
"issues, so it is safe to move it to another thread. A reference to the type "
|
|
"is also safe to move to another thread, because the data it references can "
|
|
"be accessed from any thread safely."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"En effet, si un type est Sync, cela signifie qu'il peut être partagé sur "
|
|
"plusieurs threads sans risque de courses de données ou d'autres problèmes de "
|
|
"synchronisation, il est donc sûr de le déplacer vers un autre thread. Une "
|
|
"référence au type peut également être déplacée en toute sécurité vers un "
|
|
"autre thread, car les données auxquelles elle fait référence sont "
|
|
"accessibles à partir de n'importe quel thread en toute sécurité."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Examples"
|
|
msgstr "# Exemples"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `Send + Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "## `Envoyer + Synchroniser`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Most types you come across are `Send + Sync`:"
|
|
msgstr "La plupart des types que vous rencontrez sont `Send + Sync` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `i8`, `f32`, `bool`, `char`, `&str`, ...\n"
|
|
"* `(T1, T2)`, `[T; N]`, `&[T]`, `struct { x: T }`, ...\n"
|
|
"* `String`, `Option<T>`, `Vec<T>`, `Box<T>`, ...\n"
|
|
"* `Arc<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via atomic reference count.\n"
|
|
"* `Mutex<T>`: Explicitly thread-safe via internal locking.\n"
|
|
"* `AtomicBool`, `AtomicU8`, ...: Uses special atomic instructions."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The generic types are typically `Send + Sync` when the type parameters are\n"
|
|
"`Send + Sync`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les types génériques sont généralement \"Send + Sync\" lorsque les "
|
|
"paramètres de type sont\n"
|
|
"`Envoyer + Synchroniser`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `Send + !Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "## `Envoyer + !Sync`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"These types can be moved to other threads, but they're not thread-safe.\n"
|
|
"Typically because of interior mutability:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ces types peuvent être déplacés vers d'autres threads, mais ils ne sont pas "
|
|
"thread-safe.\n"
|
|
"Typiquement à cause de la mutabilité intérieure :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `mpsc::Sender<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `mpsc::Receiver<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `Cell<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `RefCell<T>`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `mpsc::Expéditeur<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `mpsc::Récepteur<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `Cellule<T>`\n"
|
|
"* `RefCell<T>`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:27
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `!Send + Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "## ` !Envoyer + Synchroniser`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"These types are thread-safe, but they cannot be moved to another thread:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ces types sont thread-safe, mais ils ne peuvent pas être déplacés vers un "
|
|
"autre thread :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:31
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `MutexGuard<T>`: Uses OS level primitives which must be deallocated on "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" thread which created them."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `MutexGuard<T>` : utilise des primitives au niveau du système "
|
|
"d'exploitation qui doivent être désallouées sur le\n"
|
|
" fil qui les a créés."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:34
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## `!Send + !Sync`"
|
|
msgstr "## `!Envoyer + !Synchroniser`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:36
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "These types are not thread-safe and cannot be moved to other threads:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Ces types ne sont pas thread-safe et ne peuvent pas être déplacés vers "
|
|
"d'autres threads :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/send-sync/examples.md:38
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Rc<T>`: each `Rc<T>` has a reference to an `RcBox<T>`, which contains a\n"
|
|
" non-atomic reference count.\n"
|
|
"* `*const T`, `*mut T`: Rust assumes raw pointers may have special\n"
|
|
" concurrency considerations."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Rc<T>` : chaque `Rc<T>` a une référence à un `RcBox<T>`, qui contient un\n"
|
|
" comptage de référence non atomique.\n"
|
|
"* `*const T`, `*mut T` : Rust suppose que les pointeurs bruts peuvent avoir "
|
|
"des\n"
|
|
" considérations de concurrence."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Shared State"
|
|
msgstr "# État partagé"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust uses the type system to enforce synchronization of shared data. This "
|
|
"is\n"
|
|
"primarily done via two types:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Rust utilise le système de type pour appliquer la synchronisation des "
|
|
"données partagées. C'est\n"
|
|
"se fait principalement via deux types:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [`Arc<T>`][1], atomic reference counted `T`: handles sharing between "
|
|
"threads and\n"
|
|
" takes care to deallocate `T` when the last reference is dropped,\n"
|
|
"* [`Mutex<T>`][2]: ensures mutually exclusive access to the `T` value."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [`Arc<T>`][1], référence atomique comptée `T` : gère le partage entre les "
|
|
"threads et\n"
|
|
" prend soin de désallouer 'T' lorsque la dernière référence est supprimée,\n"
|
|
"* [`Mutex<T>`][2] : garantit un accès mutuellement exclusif à la valeur `T`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Arc`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Arc`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "[`Arc<T>`][1] allows shared read-only access via `Arc::clone`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Arc<T>`][1] permet un accès partagé en lecture seule via sa méthode "
|
|
"`clone` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = Arc::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
|
|
" let mut handles = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" for _ in 1..5 {\n"
|
|
" let v = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
|
|
" handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let thread_id = thread::current().id();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thread_id:?}: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" handles.into_iter().for_each(|h| h.join().unwrap());\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/arc.md:29
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Arc` stands for \"Atomic Reference Counted\", a thread safe version of "
|
|
"`Rc` that uses atomic\n"
|
|
" operations.\n"
|
|
"* `Arc<T>` implements `Clone` whether or not `T` does. It implements `Send` "
|
|
"and `Sync` iff `T`\n"
|
|
" implements them both.\n"
|
|
"* `Arc::clone()` has the cost of atomic operations that get executed, but "
|
|
"after that the use of the\n"
|
|
" `T` is free.\n"
|
|
"* Beware of reference cycles, `Arc` does not use a garbage collector to "
|
|
"detect them.\n"
|
|
" * `std::sync::Weak` can help."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Arc` signifie \"Atomic Reference Counted\", une version thread-safe de "
|
|
"`Rc` qui utilise\n"
|
|
" opérations.\n"
|
|
"* `Arc<T>` implémente `Clone` que `T` le fasse ou non. Il implémente `Send` "
|
|
"et `Sync` ssi `T`\n"
|
|
" les met en œuvre tous les deux.\n"
|
|
"* `Arc::clone()` a le coût des opérations atomiques qui sont exécutées, mais "
|
|
"après cela, l'utilisation du\n"
|
|
" 'T' est libre.\n"
|
|
"* Méfiez-vous des cycles de référence, `Arc` n'utilise pas de ramasse-"
|
|
"miettes pour les détecter.\n"
|
|
" * `std::sync::Weak` peut aider."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# `Mutex`"
|
|
msgstr "# `Mutex`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Mutex<T>`][1] ensures mutual exclusion _and_ allows mutable access to `T`\n"
|
|
"behind a read-only interface:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"[`Mutex<T>`][1] garantit l'exclusion mutuelle _et_ permet un accès mutable à "
|
|
"`T`\n"
|
|
"derrière une interface en lecture seule :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Mutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let mut guard = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" guard.push(40);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {:?}\", v.lock().unwrap());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Notice how we have a [`impl<T: Send> Sync for Mutex<T>`][2] blanket\n"
|
|
"implementation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Remarquez comment nous avons une couverture [`impl<T : Send> Sync for "
|
|
"Mutex<T>`][2]\n"
|
|
"mise en œuvre."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/mutex.md:31
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `Mutex` in Rust looks like a collection with just one element - the "
|
|
"protected data.\n"
|
|
" * It is not possible to forget to acquire the mutex before accessing the "
|
|
"protected data.\n"
|
|
"* You can get an `&mut T` from an `&Mutex<T>` by taking the lock. The "
|
|
"`MutexGuard` ensures that the\n"
|
|
" `&mut T` doesn't outlive the lock being held.\n"
|
|
"* `Mutex<T>` implements both `Send` and `Sync` iff (if and only if) `T` "
|
|
"implements `Send`.\n"
|
|
"* A read-write lock counterpart - `RwLock`.\n"
|
|
"* Why does `lock()` return a `Result`? \n"
|
|
" * If the thread that held the `Mutex` panicked, the `Mutex` becomes "
|
|
"\"poisoned\" to signal that\n"
|
|
" the data it protected might be in an inconsistent state. Calling "
|
|
"`lock()` on a poisoned mutex\n"
|
|
" fails with a [`PoisonError`]. You can call `into_inner()` on the error "
|
|
"to recover the data\n"
|
|
" regardless."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `Mutex` dans Rust ressemble à une collection avec un seul élément - les "
|
|
"données protégées.\n"
|
|
" * Il n'est pas possible d'oublier d'acquérir le mutex avant d'accéder "
|
|
"aux données protégées.\n"
|
|
"* Vous pouvez obtenir un `&mut T` à partir d'un `&Mutex<T>` en prenant le "
|
|
"verrou. Le `MutexGuard` garantit que le\n"
|
|
" `&mut T` ne survit pas au verrouillage en cours.\n"
|
|
"* `Mutex<T>` implémente à la fois `Send` et `Sync` ssi `T` implémente "
|
|
"`Send`.\n"
|
|
"* Un homologue de verrouillage en lecture-écriture - `RwLock`.\n"
|
|
"* Pourquoi `lock()` renvoie-t-il un `Result` ?\n"
|
|
" * Si le thread qui contenait le `Mutex` a paniqué, le `Mutex` devient "
|
|
"\"empoisonné\" pour signaler que\n"
|
|
" les données qu'il protège peuvent être dans un état incohérent. Appel "
|
|
"de `lock()` sur un mutex empoisonné\n"
|
|
" échoue avec une [`PoisonError`]. Vous pouvez appeler `into_inner()` "
|
|
"sur l'erreur pour récupérer les données\n"
|
|
" indépendamment de."
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Let us see `Arc` and `Mutex` in action:"
|
|
msgstr "Voyons `Arc` et `Mutex` en action :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"// use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = vec![10, 20, 30];\n"
|
|
" let handle = thread::spawn(|| {\n"
|
|
" v.push(10);\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" v.push(1000);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" handle.join().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:23
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Possible solution:"
|
|
msgstr "Solution possible:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:25
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let v = Arc::new(Mutex::new(vec![10, 20, 30]));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let v2 = Arc::clone(&v);\n"
|
|
" let handle = thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" let mut v2 = v2.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" v2.push(10);\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" {\n"
|
|
" let mut v = v.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" v.push(1000);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" handle.join().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"v: {v:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:49
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Notable parts:"
|
|
msgstr "Parties notables :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/concurrency/shared_state/example.md:51
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `v` is wrapped in both `Arc` and `Mutex`, because their concerns are "
|
|
"orthogonal.\n"
|
|
" * Wrapping a `Mutex` in an `Arc` is a common pattern to share mutable "
|
|
"state between threads.\n"
|
|
"* `v: Arc<_>` needs to be cloned as `v2` before it can be moved into another "
|
|
"thread. Note `move` was added to the lambda signature.\n"
|
|
"* Blocks are introduced to narrow the scope of the `LockGuard` as much as "
|
|
"possible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* `v` est enveloppé à la fois dans `Arc` et `Mutex`, car leurs "
|
|
"préoccupations sont orthogonales.\n"
|
|
" * Envelopper un `Mutex` dans un `Arc` est un modèle courant pour partager "
|
|
"un état mutable entre les threads.\n"
|
|
"* `v: Arc<_>` doit être cloné en tant que `v2` avant de pouvoir être déplacé "
|
|
"dans un autre thread. Remarque \"move\" a été ajouté à la signature lambda.\n"
|
|
"* Des blocs sont introduits pour réduire autant que possible la portée du "
|
|
"\"LockGuard\"."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Let us practice our new concurrency skills with"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Mettons en pratique nos nouvelles compétences en matière de concurrence avec"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Dining philosophers: a classic problem in concurrency.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Multi-threaded link checker: a larger project where you'll use Cargo to\n"
|
|
" download dependencies and then check links in parallel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Dîner philosophes : un problème classique de la concurrence.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Vérificateur de liens multithread : un projet plus vaste dans lequel vous "
|
|
"utiliserez Cargo pour\n"
|
|
" télécharger les dépendances puis vérifier les liens en parallèle."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Dining Philosophers"
|
|
msgstr "# Philosophes de la restauration"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The dining philosophers problem is a classic problem in concurrency:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le problème des philosophes de la restauration est un problème classique en "
|
|
"concurrence :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> Five philosophers dine together at the same table. Each philosopher has "
|
|
"their\n"
|
|
"> own place at the table. There is a fork between each plate. The dish "
|
|
"served is\n"
|
|
"> a kind of spaghetti which has to be eaten with two forks. Each philosopher "
|
|
"can\n"
|
|
"> only alternately think and eat. Moreover, a philosopher can only eat "
|
|
"their\n"
|
|
"> spaghetti when they have both a left and right fork. Thus two forks will "
|
|
"only\n"
|
|
"> be available when their two nearest neighbors are thinking, not eating. "
|
|
"After\n"
|
|
"> an individual philosopher finishes eating, they will put down both forks."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Cinq philosophes dînent ensemble à la même table. Chaque philosophe a son\n"
|
|
"> propre place à table. Il y a une fourchette entre chaque assiette. Le plat "
|
|
"servi est\n"
|
|
"> une sorte de spaghetti qui se mange avec deux fourchettes. Chaque "
|
|
"philosophe peut\n"
|
|
"> seulement penser et manger alternativement. De plus, un philosophe ne peut "
|
|
"que manger leur\n"
|
|
"> des spaghettis lorsqu'ils ont à la fois une fourchette gauche et droite. "
|
|
"Ainsi deux fourches ne feront que\n"
|
|
"> être disponible lorsque ses deux voisins les plus proches pensent, ne "
|
|
"mangent pas. Après\n"
|
|
"> un philosophe individuel finit de manger, ils poseront les deux "
|
|
"fourchettes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:13
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will need a local [Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
"this exercise. Copy the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill out "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"blanks, and test that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous aurez besoin d'une [installation Cargo](../../cargo/running-locally.md) "
|
|
"locale pour\n"
|
|
"cet exercice. Copiez le code ci-dessous dans un fichier appelé `src/main."
|
|
"rs`, remplissez le\n"
|
|
"vides, et testez que `cargo run` ne se bloque pas :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Fork;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // left_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // right_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // thoughts: ...\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // Pick up forks...\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
|
|
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // Create forks\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Create philosophers\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Make each of them think and eat 100 times\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Output their thoughts\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:61
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:"
|
|
msgstr "Vous pouvez utiliser le fichier `Cargo.toml` suivant :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers.md:65
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"dining-philosophers\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Multi-threaded Link Checker"
|
|
msgstr "# Vérificateur de lien multithread"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Let us use our new knowledge to create a multi-threaded link checker. It "
|
|
"should\n"
|
|
"start at a webpage and check that links on the page are valid. It should\n"
|
|
"recursively check other pages on the same domain and keep doing this until "
|
|
"all\n"
|
|
"pages have been validated."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Utilisons nos nouvelles connaissances pour créer un vérificateur de liens "
|
|
"multi-thread. Cela devrait\n"
|
|
"commencez par une page Web et vérifiez que les liens sur la page sont "
|
|
"valides. Cela devrait\n"
|
|
"vérifier récursivement d'autres pages sur le même domaine et continuer à le "
|
|
"faire jusqu'à ce que tous\n"
|
|
"les pages ont été validées."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this, you will need an HTTP client such as [`reqwest`][1]. Create a new\n"
|
|
"Cargo project and `reqwest` it as a dependency with:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Pour cela, vous aurez besoin d'un client HTTP tel que [`reqwest`][1]. Créer "
|
|
"un nouveau\n"
|
|
"Projet Cargo et `reqwest` comme dépendance avec :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:11
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo new link-checker\n"
|
|
"$ cd link-checker\n"
|
|
"$ cargo add --features blocking,rustls-tls reqwest\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> If `cargo add` fails with `error: no such subcommand`, then please edit "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"> `Cargo.toml` file by hand. Add the dependencies listed below."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> Si `cargo add` échoue avec `error: no such subcommand`, veuillez modifier "
|
|
"le\n"
|
|
"> Fichier `Cargo.toml` à la main. Ajoutez les dépendances répertoriées ci-"
|
|
"dessous."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:20
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You will also need a way to find links. We can use [`scraper`][2] for that:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous aurez également besoin d'un moyen de trouver des liens. Nous pouvons "
|
|
"utiliser [`scraper`][2] pour cela :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:22
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo add scraper\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Finally, we'll need some way of handling errors. We use [`thiserror`][3] "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
"that:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Enfin, nous aurons besoin d'un moyen de gérer les erreurs. Nous utilisons "
|
|
"[`thiserror`][3] pour\n"
|
|
"ce:"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo add thiserror\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `cargo add` calls will update the `Cargo.toml` file to look like this:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Les appels `cargo add` mettront à jour le fichier `Cargo.toml` pour qu'il "
|
|
"ressemble à ceci :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"link-checker\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"publish = false\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"reqwest = { version = \"0.11.12\", features = [\"blocking\", \"rustls-"
|
|
"tls\"] }\n"
|
|
"scraper = \"0.13.0\"\n"
|
|
"thiserror = \"1.0.37\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:50
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can now download the start page. Try with a small site such as\n"
|
|
"`https://www.google.org/`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez maintenant télécharger la page de démarrage. Essayez avec un "
|
|
"petit site comme\n"
|
|
"`https://www.google.org/`."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:53
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Your `src/main.rs` file should look something like this:"
|
|
msgstr "Votre fichier `src/main.rs` devrait ressembler à ceci :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use reqwest::blocking::{get, Response};\n"
|
|
"use reqwest::Url;\n"
|
|
"use scraper::{Html, Selector};\n"
|
|
"use thiserror::Error;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Error, Debug)]\n"
|
|
"enum Error {\n"
|
|
" #[error(\"request error: {0}\")]\n"
|
|
" ReqwestError(#[from] reqwest::Error),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn extract_links(response: Response) -> Result<Vec<Url>, Error> {\n"
|
|
" let base_url = response.url().to_owned();\n"
|
|
" let document = response.text()?;\n"
|
|
" let html = Html::parse_document(&document);\n"
|
|
" let selector = Selector::parse(\"a\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut valid_urls = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" for element in html.select(&selector) {\n"
|
|
" if let Some(href) = element.value().attr(\"href\") {\n"
|
|
" match base_url.join(href) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(url) => valid_urls.push(url),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"On {base_url}: could not parse {href:?}: "
|
|
"{err} (ignored)\",);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" Ok(valid_urls)\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let start_url = Url::parse(\"https://www.google.org\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let response = get(start_url).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" match extract_links(response) {\n"
|
|
" Ok(links) => println!(\"Links: {links:#?}\"),\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => println!(\"Could not extract links: {err:#}\"),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:100
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Run the code in `src/main.rs` with"
|
|
msgstr "Exécutez le code dans `src/main.rs` avec"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:102
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:106
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:140
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Tasks"
|
|
msgstr "## Tâches"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/link-checker.md:108
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Use threads to check the links in parallel: send the URLs to be checked to "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" channel and let a few threads check the URLs in parallel.\n"
|
|
"* Extend this to recursively extract links from all pages on the\n"
|
|
" `www.google.org` domain. Put an upper limit of 100 pages or so so that "
|
|
"you\n"
|
|
" don't end up being blocked by the site."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* Utilisez des threads pour vérifier les liens en parallèle : envoyez les "
|
|
"URL à vérifier à un\n"
|
|
" channel et laissez quelques threads vérifier les URL en parallèle.\n"
|
|
"* Étendez ceci pour extraire de manière récursive les liens de toutes les "
|
|
"pages du\n"
|
|
" domaine \"www.google.org\". Fixez une limite supérieure de 100 pages "
|
|
"environ afin que vous\n"
|
|
" ne finissez pas par être bloqué par le site."
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Async Rust"
|
|
msgstr "# Pourquoi Rust ?"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"\"Async\" is a concurrency model where multiple tasks are executed "
|
|
"concurrently by\n"
|
|
"executing each task until it would block, then switching to another task "
|
|
"that is\n"
|
|
"ready to make progress. The model allows running a larger number of tasks on "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
"limited number of threads. This is because the per-task overhead is "
|
|
"typically\n"
|
|
"very low and operating systems provide primitives for efficiently "
|
|
"identifying\n"
|
|
"I/O that is able to proceed."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Rust's asynchronous operation is based on \"futures\", which represent work "
|
|
"that\n"
|
|
"may be completed in the future. Futures are \"polled\" until they signal "
|
|
"that\n"
|
|
"they are complete."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Futures are polled by an async runtime, and several different runtimes are\n"
|
|
"available."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:17
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Comparisons"
|
|
msgstr "# Comparaison"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * Python has a similar model in its `asyncio`. However, its `Future` type "
|
|
"is\n"
|
|
" callback-based, and not polled. Async Python programs require a "
|
|
"\"loop\",\n"
|
|
" similar to a runtime in Rust.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * JavaScript's `Promise` is similar, but again callback-based. The "
|
|
"language\n"
|
|
" runtime implements the event loop, so many of the details of Promise\n"
|
|
" resolution are hidden."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:1
|
|
msgid "# `async`/`await`"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"At a high level, async Rust code looks very much like \"normal\" sequential "
|
|
"code:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use futures::executor::block_on;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..=count {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Count is: {i}!\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn async_main(count: i32) {\n"
|
|
" count_to(count).await;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" block_on(async_main(10));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/async-await.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Note that this is a simplified example to show the syntax. There is no "
|
|
"long\n"
|
|
" running operation or any real concurrency in it!\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* What is the return type of an async call?\n"
|
|
" * Use `let future: () = async_main(10);` in `main` to see the type.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The \"async\" keyword is syntactic sugar. The compiler replaces the return "
|
|
"type\n"
|
|
" with a future. \n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* You cannot make `main` async, without additional instructions to the "
|
|
"compiler\n"
|
|
" on how to use the returned future.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* You need an executor to run async code. `block_on` blocks the current "
|
|
"thread\n"
|
|
" until the provided future has run to completion. \n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `.await` asynchronously waits for the completion of another operation. "
|
|
"Unlike\n"
|
|
" `block_on`, `.await` doesn't block the current thread.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* `.await` can only be used inside an `async` function (or block; these are\n"
|
|
" introduced later). "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Futures"
|
|
msgstr "# Fermetures"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"[`Future`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/future/trait.Future.html)\n"
|
|
"is a trait, implemented by objects that represent an operation that may not "
|
|
"be\n"
|
|
"complete yet. A future can be polled, and `poll` returns a\n"
|
|
"[`Poll`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/task/enum.Poll.html)."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"use std::pin::Pin;\n"
|
|
"use std::task::Context;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub trait Future {\n"
|
|
" type Output;\n"
|
|
" fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::"
|
|
"Output>;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub enum Poll<T> {\n"
|
|
" Ready(T),\n"
|
|
" Pending,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:23
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"An async function returns an `impl Future`. It's also possible (but "
|
|
"uncommon) to\n"
|
|
"implement `Future` for your own types. For example, the `JoinHandle` "
|
|
"returned\n"
|
|
"from `tokio::spawn` implements `Future` to allow joining to it."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:27
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The `.await` keyword, applied to a Future, causes the current async function "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
"pause until that Future is ready, and then evaluates to its output."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/futures.md:32
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The `Future` and `Poll` types are implemented exactly as shown; click the\n"
|
|
" links to show the implementations in the docs.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* We will not get to `Pin` and `Context`, as we will focus on writing async\n"
|
|
" code, rather than building new async primitives. Briefly:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * `Context` allows a Future to schedule itself to be polled again when an\n"
|
|
" event occurs.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * `Pin` ensures that the Future isn't moved in memory, so that pointers "
|
|
"into\n"
|
|
" that future remain valid. This is required to allow references to "
|
|
"remain\n"
|
|
" valid after an `.await`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Runtimes"
|
|
msgstr "# Garanties au temps d'exécution"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A *runtime* provides support for performing operations asynchronously (a\n"
|
|
"*reactor*) and is responsible for executing futures (an *executor*). Rust "
|
|
"does not have a\n"
|
|
"\"built-in\" runtime, but several options are available:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
" * [Tokio](https://tokio.rs/) - performant, with a well-developed ecosystem "
|
|
"of\n"
|
|
" functionality like [Hyper](https://hyper.rs/) for HTTP or\n"
|
|
" [Tonic](https://github.com/hyperium/tonic) for gRPC.\n"
|
|
" * [async-std](https://async.rs/) - aims to be a \"std for async\", and "
|
|
"includes a\n"
|
|
" basic runtime in `async::task`.\n"
|
|
" * [smol](https://docs.rs/smol/latest/smol/) - simple and lightweight"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:14
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Several larger applications have their own runtimes. For example,\n"
|
|
"[Fuchsia](https://fuchsia.googlesource.com/fuchsia/+/refs/heads/main/src/lib/"
|
|
"fuchsia-async/src/lib.rs)\n"
|
|
"already has one."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes.md:20
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Note that of the listed runtimes, only Tokio is supported in the Rust\n"
|
|
" playground. The playground also does not permit any I/O, so most "
|
|
"interesting\n"
|
|
" async things can't run in the playground.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Futures are \"inert\" in that they do not do anything (not even start an I/"
|
|
"O\n"
|
|
" operation) unless there is an executor polling them. This differs from JS\n"
|
|
" Promises, for example, which will run to completion even if they are "
|
|
"never\n"
|
|
" used."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Tokio"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:4
|
|
msgid "Tokio provides: "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* A multi-threaded runtime for executing asynchronous code.\n"
|
|
"* An asynchronous version of the standard library.\n"
|
|
"* A large ecosystem of libraries."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn count_to(count: i32) {\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..=count {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Count in task: {i}!\");\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(count_to(10));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for i in 1..5 {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Main task: {i}\");\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* With the `tokio::main` macro we can now make `main` async.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The `spawn` function creates a new, concurrent \"task\".\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Note: `spawn` takes a `Future`, you don't call `.await` on `count_to`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:39
|
|
msgid "**Further exploration:**"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/runtimes/tokio.md:41
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Why does `count_to` not (usually) get to 10? This is an example of async\n"
|
|
" cancellation. `tokio::spawn` returns a handle which can be awaited to "
|
|
"wait\n"
|
|
" until it finishes.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Try `count_to(10).await` instead of spawning.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Try awaiting the task returned from `tokio::spawn`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Tasks"
|
|
msgstr "## Tâches"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:3
|
|
msgid "Rust has a task system, which is a form of lightweight threading."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A task has a single top-level future which the executor polls to make "
|
|
"progress.\n"
|
|
"That future may have one or more nested futures that its `poll` method "
|
|
"polls,\n"
|
|
"corresponding loosely to a call stack. Concurrency within a task is possible "
|
|
"by\n"
|
|
"polling multiple child futures, such as racing a timer and an I/O operation."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:10
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::io::{self, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::net::TcpListener;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() -> io::Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:6142\").await?;\n"
|
|
"\tprintln!(\"listening on port 6142\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" let (mut socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"connection from {addr:?}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(b\"Who are you?\\n\").await {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
|
|
" return;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut buf = vec![0; 1024];\n"
|
|
" let reply = match socket.read(&mut buf).await {\n"
|
|
" Ok(n) => {\n"
|
|
" let name = std::str::from_utf8(&buf[..n]).unwrap()."
|
|
"trim();\n"
|
|
" format!(\"Thanks for dialing in, {name}!\\n\")\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Err(e) => {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
|
|
" return;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" if let Err(e) = socket.write_all(reply.as_bytes()).await {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"socket error: {e:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:52 src/async/control-flow/join.md:36
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy this example into your prepared `src/main.rs` and run it from there."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/tasks.md:54
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Ask students to visualize what the state of the example server would be "
|
|
"with a\n"
|
|
" few connected clients. What tasks exist? What are their Futures?\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* This is the first time we've seen an `async` block. This is similar to a\n"
|
|
" closure, but does not take any arguments. Its return value is a Future,\n"
|
|
" similar to an `async fn`. \n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Refactor the async block into a function, and improve the error handling "
|
|
"using `?`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Async Channels"
|
|
msgstr "# Chaînes"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Several crates have support for asynchronous channels. For instance `tokio`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn ping_handler(mut input: Receiver<()>) {\n"
|
|
" let mut count: usize = 0;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" while let Some(_) = input.recv().await {\n"
|
|
" count += 1;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Received {count} pings so far.\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"ping_handler complete\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (sender, receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
|
|
" let ping_handler_task = tokio::spawn(ping_handler(receiver));\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..10 {\n"
|
|
" sender.send(()).await.expect(\"Failed to send ping.\");\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Sent {} pings so far.\", i + 1);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" std::mem::drop(sender);\n"
|
|
" ping_handler_task.await.expect(\"Something went wrong in ping handler "
|
|
"task.\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/channels.md:35
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Change the channel size to `3` and see how it affects the execution.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Overall, the interface is similar to the `sync` channels as seen in the\n"
|
|
" [morning class](concurrency/channels.md).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Try removing the `std::mem::drop` call. What happens? Why?\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The [Flume](https://docs.rs/flume/latest/flume/) crate has channels that\n"
|
|
" implement both `sync` and `async` `send` and `recv`. This can be "
|
|
"convenient\n"
|
|
" for complex applications with both IO and heavy CPU processing tasks.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* What makes working with `async` channels preferable is the ability to "
|
|
"combine\n"
|
|
" them with other `future`s to combine them and create complex control flow."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Futures Control Flow"
|
|
msgstr "# Flux de contrôle"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Futures can be combined together to produce concurrent compute flow graphs. "
|
|
"We\n"
|
|
"have already seen tasks, that function as independent threads of execution."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow.md:6
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- [Join](control-flow/join.md)\n"
|
|
"- [Select](control-flow/select.md)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Join"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A join operation waits until all of a set of futures are ready, and\n"
|
|
"returns a collection of their results. This is similar to `Promise.all` in\n"
|
|
"JavaScript or `asyncio.gather` in Python."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use anyhow::Result;\n"
|
|
"use futures::future;\n"
|
|
"use reqwest;\n"
|
|
"use std::collections::HashMap;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn size_of_page(url: &str) -> Result<usize> {\n"
|
|
" let resp = reqwest::get(url).await?;\n"
|
|
" Ok(resp.text().await?.len())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let urls: [&str; 4] = [\n"
|
|
" \"https://google.com\",\n"
|
|
" \"https://httpbin.org/ip\",\n"
|
|
" \"https://play.rust-lang.org/\",\n"
|
|
" \"BAD_URL\",\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let futures_iter = urls.into_iter().map(size_of_page);\n"
|
|
" let results = future::join_all(futures_iter).await;\n"
|
|
" let page_sizes_dict: HashMap<&str, Result<usize>> =\n"
|
|
" urls.into_iter().zip(results.into_iter()).collect();\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", page_sizes_dict);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/join.md:38
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* For multiple futures of disjoint types, you can use `std::future::join!` "
|
|
"but\n"
|
|
" you must know how many futures you will have at compile time. This is\n"
|
|
" currently in the `futures` crate, soon to be stabilised in `std::future`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The risk of `join` is that one of the futures may never resolve, this "
|
|
"would\n"
|
|
" cause your program to stall. \n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* You can also combine `join_all` with `join!` for instance to join all "
|
|
"requests\n"
|
|
" to an http service as well as a database query. Try adding a\n"
|
|
" `tokio::time::sleep` to the future, using `futures::join!`. This is not a\n"
|
|
" timeout (that requires `select!`, explained in the next chapter), but "
|
|
"demonstrates `join!`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Select"
|
|
msgstr "# Installation"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"A select operation waits until any of a set of futures is ready, and "
|
|
"responds to\n"
|
|
"that future's result. In JavaScript, this is similar to `Promise.race`. In\n"
|
|
"Python, it compares to `asyncio.wait(task_set,\n"
|
|
"return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)`."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Similar to a match statement, the body of `select!` has a number of arms, "
|
|
"each\n"
|
|
"of the form `pattern = future => statement`. When the `future` is ready, "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"`statement` is executed with the variables in `pattern` bound to the "
|
|
"`future`'s\n"
|
|
"result."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Receiver};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
"enum Animal {\n"
|
|
" Cat { name: String },\n"
|
|
" Dog { name: String },\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn first_animal_to_finish_race(\n"
|
|
" mut cat_rcv: Receiver<String>,\n"
|
|
" mut dog_rcv: Receiver<String>,\n"
|
|
") -> Option<Animal> {\n"
|
|
" tokio::select! {\n"
|
|
" cat_name = cat_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Cat { name: cat_name? }),\n"
|
|
" dog_name = dog_rcv.recv() => Some(Animal::Dog { name: dog_name? })\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (cat_sender, cat_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
|
|
" let (dog_sender, dog_receiver) = mpsc::channel(32);\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;\n"
|
|
" cat_sender\n"
|
|
" .send(String::from(\"Felix\"))\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to send cat.\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(50)).await;\n"
|
|
" dog_sender\n"
|
|
" .send(String::from(\"Rex\"))\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to send dog.\");\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let winner = first_animal_to_finish_race(cat_receiver, dog_receiver)\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"Failed to receive winner\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Winner is {winner:?}\");\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/control-flow/select.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* In this example, we have a race between a cat and a dog.\n"
|
|
" `first_animal_to_finish_race` listens to both channels and will pick "
|
|
"whichever\n"
|
|
" arrives first. Since the dog takes 50ms, it wins against the cat that\n"
|
|
" take 500ms seconds.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* You can use `oneshot` channels in this example as the channels are "
|
|
"supposed to\n"
|
|
" receive only one `send`.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Try adding a deadline to the race, demonstrating selecting different sorts "
|
|
"of\n"
|
|
" futures.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Note that `select!` drops unmatched branches, which cancels their "
|
|
"futures.\n"
|
|
" It is easiest to use when every execution of `select!` creates new "
|
|
"futures.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * An alternative is to pass `&mut future` instead of the future itself, "
|
|
"but\n"
|
|
" this can lead to issues, further discussed in the pinning slide."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Pitfalls of async/await"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Async / await provides convenient and efficient abstraction for concurrent "
|
|
"asynchronous programming. However, the async/await model in Rust also comes "
|
|
"with its share of pitfalls and footguns. We illustrate some of them in this "
|
|
"chapter:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- [Blocking the Executor](pitfalls/blocking-executor.md)\n"
|
|
"- [Pin](pitfalls/pin.md)\n"
|
|
"- [Async Traits](pitfalls/async-traits.md)\n"
|
|
"- [Cancellation](pitfalls/cancellation.md)"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Blocking the executor"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Most async runtimes only allow IO tasks to run concurrently.\n"
|
|
"This means that CPU blocking tasks will block the executor and prevent other "
|
|
"tasks from being executed.\n"
|
|
"An easy workaround is to use async equivalent methods where possible."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use futures::future::join_all;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Instant;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn sleep_ms(start: &Instant, id: u64, duration_ms: u64) {\n"
|
|
" std::thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(duration_ms));\n"
|
|
" println!(\n"
|
|
" \"future {id} slept for {duration_ms}ms, finished after {}ms\",\n"
|
|
" start.elapsed().as_millis()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main(flavor = \"current_thread\")]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let start = Instant::now();\n"
|
|
" let sleep_futures = (1..=10).map(|t| sleep_ms(&start, t, t * 10));\n"
|
|
" join_all(sleep_futures).await;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/blocking-executor.md:29
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Run the code and see that the sleeps happen consecutively rather than\n"
|
|
" concurrently.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The `\"current_thread\"` flavor puts all tasks on a single thread. This "
|
|
"makes the\n"
|
|
" effect more obvious, but the bug is still present in the multi-threaded\n"
|
|
" flavor.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Switch the `std::thread::sleep` to `tokio::time::sleep` and await its "
|
|
"result.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Another fix would be to `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` which spawns an "
|
|
"actual\n"
|
|
" thread and transforms its handle into a future without blocking the "
|
|
"executor.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* You should not think of tasks as OS threads. They do not map 1 to 1 and "
|
|
"most\n"
|
|
" executors will allow many tasks to run on a single OS thread. This is\n"
|
|
" particularly problematic when interacting with other libraries via FFI, "
|
|
"where\n"
|
|
" that library might depend on thread-local storage or map to specific OS\n"
|
|
" threads (e.g., CUDA). Prefer `tokio::task::spawn_blocking` in such "
|
|
"situations.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Use sync mutexes with care. Holding a mutex over an `.await` may cause "
|
|
"another\n"
|
|
" task to block, and that task may be running on the same thread."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Pin"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"When you await a future, all local variables (that would ordinarily be "
|
|
"stored on\n"
|
|
"a stack frame) are instead stored in the Future for the current async block. "
|
|
"If your\n"
|
|
"future has pointers to data on the stack, those pointers might get "
|
|
"invalidated.\n"
|
|
"This is unsafe."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Therefore, you must guarantee that the addresses your future points to "
|
|
"don't\n"
|
|
"change. That is why we need to `pin` futures. Using the same future "
|
|
"repeatedly\n"
|
|
"in a `select!` often leads to issues with pinned values."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:12
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::{mpsc, oneshot};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::task::spawn;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// A work item. In this case, just sleep for the given time and respond\n"
|
|
"// with a message on the `respond_on` channel.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct Work {\n"
|
|
" input: u32,\n"
|
|
" respond_on: oneshot::Sender<u32>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// A worker which listens for work on a queue and performs it.\n"
|
|
"async fn worker(mut work_queue: mpsc::Receiver<Work>) {\n"
|
|
" let mut iterations = 0;\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" tokio::select! {\n"
|
|
" Some(work) = work_queue.recv() => {\n"
|
|
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await; // Pretend to work.\n"
|
|
" work.respond_on\n"
|
|
" .send(work.input * 1000)\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"failed to send response\");\n"
|
|
" iterations += 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // TODO: report number of iterations every 100ms\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// A requester which requests work and waits for it to complete.\n"
|
|
"async fn do_work(work_queue: &mpsc::Sender<Work>, input: u32) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = oneshot::channel();\n"
|
|
" work_queue\n"
|
|
" .send(Work {\n"
|
|
" input,\n"
|
|
" respond_on: tx,\n"
|
|
" })\n"
|
|
" .await\n"
|
|
" .expect(\"failed to send on work queue\");\n"
|
|
" rx.await.expect(\"failed waiting for response\")\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n"
|
|
" spawn(worker(rx));\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..100 {\n"
|
|
" let resp = do_work(&tx, i).await;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"work result for iteration {i}: {resp}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/pin.md:68
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* You may recognize this as an example of the actor pattern. Actors\n"
|
|
" typically call `select!` in a loop.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* This serves as a summation of a few of the previous lessons, so take your "
|
|
"time\n"
|
|
" with it.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Naively add a `_ = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)) => { println!"
|
|
"(..) }`\n"
|
|
" to the `select!`. This will never execute. Why?\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Instead, add a `timeout_fut` containing that future outside of the "
|
|
"`loop`:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
" let mut timeout_fut = sleep(Duration::from_millis(100));\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" select! {\n"
|
|
" ..,\n"
|
|
" _ = timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
" * This still doesn't work. Follow the compiler errors, adding `&mut` to "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" `timeout_fut` in the `select!` to work around the move, then using\n"
|
|
" `Box::pin`:\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
" let mut timeout_fut = Box::pin(sleep(Duration::from_millis(100)));\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" select! {\n"
|
|
" ..,\n"
|
|
" _ = &mut timeout_fut => { println!(..); },\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * This compiles, but once the timeout expires it is `Poll::Ready` on "
|
|
"every\n"
|
|
" iteration (a fused future would help with this). Update to reset\n"
|
|
" `timeout_fut` every time it expires.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Box allocates on the heap. In some cases, `std::pin::pin!` (only recently\n"
|
|
" stabilized, with older code often using `tokio::pin!`) is also an option, "
|
|
"but\n"
|
|
" that is difficult to use for a future that is reassigned.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Another alternative is to not use `pin` at all but spawn another task that "
|
|
"will send to a `oneshot` channel every 100ms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Async Traits"
|
|
msgstr "# Caractéristiques"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Async methods in traits are not yet supported in the stable channel ([An "
|
|
"experimental feature exists in nightly and should be stabilized in the mid "
|
|
"term.](https://blog.rust-lang.org/inside-rust/2022/11/17/async-fn-in-trait-"
|
|
"nightly.html))"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The crate [async_trait](https://docs.rs/async-trait/latest/async_trait/) "
|
|
"provides a workaround through a macro:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use async_trait::async_trait;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Instant;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time::{sleep, Duration};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[async_trait]\n"
|
|
"trait Sleeper {\n"
|
|
" async fn sleep(&self);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct FixedSleeper {\n"
|
|
" sleep_ms: u64,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[async_trait]\n"
|
|
"impl Sleeper for FixedSleeper {\n"
|
|
" async fn sleep(&self) {\n"
|
|
" sleep(Duration::from_millis(self.sleep_ms)).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers: Vec<Box<dyn Sleeper>>, "
|
|
"n_times: usize) {\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..n_times {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"running all sleepers..\");\n"
|
|
" for sleeper in &sleepers {\n"
|
|
" let start = Instant::now();\n"
|
|
" sleeper.sleep().await;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"slept for {}ms\", start.elapsed().as_millis());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let sleepers: Vec<Box<dyn Sleeper>> = vec![\n"
|
|
" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 50 }),\n"
|
|
" Box::new(FixedSleeper { sleep_ms: 100 }),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" run_all_sleepers_multiple_times(sleepers, 5).await;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:49
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<details> "
|
|
msgstr "<details>"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/async-traits.md:51
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* `async_trait` is easy to use, but note that it's using heap allocations "
|
|
"to\n"
|
|
" achieve this. This heap allocation has performance overhead.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The challenges in language support for `async trait` are deep Rust and\n"
|
|
" probably not worth describing in-depth. Niko Matsakis did a good job of\n"
|
|
" explaining them in [this\n"
|
|
" post](https://smallcultfollowing.com/babysteps/blog/2019/10/26/async-fn-in-"
|
|
"traits-are-hard/)\n"
|
|
" if you are interested in digging deeper.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Try creating a new sleeper struct that will sleep for a random amount of "
|
|
"time\n"
|
|
" and adding it to the Vec."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Cancellation"
|
|
msgstr "# Traductions"
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Dropping a future implies it can never be polled again. This is called "
|
|
"*cancellation*\n"
|
|
"and it can occur at any `await` point. Care is needed to ensure the system "
|
|
"works\n"
|
|
"correctly even when futures are cancelled. For example, it shouldn't "
|
|
"deadlock or\n"
|
|
"lose data."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:8
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,editable,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::io::{self, ErrorKind};\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, DuplexStream};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct LinesReader {\n"
|
|
" stream: DuplexStream,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl LinesReader {\n"
|
|
" fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self { stream }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<String>> {\n"
|
|
" let mut bytes = Vec::new();\n"
|
|
" let mut buf = [0];\n"
|
|
" while self.stream.read(&mut buf[..]).await? != 0 {\n"
|
|
" bytes.push(buf[0]);\n"
|
|
" if buf[0] == b'\\n' {\n"
|
|
" break;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" if bytes.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return Ok(None)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from_utf8(bytes)\n"
|
|
" .map_err(|_| io::Error::new(ErrorKind::InvalidData, \"not "
|
|
"UTF-8\"))?;\n"
|
|
" Ok(Some(s))\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn slow_copy(source: String, mut dest: DuplexStream) -> std::io::"
|
|
"Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" for b in source.bytes() {\n"
|
|
" dest.write_u8(b).await?;\n"
|
|
" tokio::time::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10)).await\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {\n"
|
|
" let (client, server) = tokio::io::duplex(5);\n"
|
|
" let handle = tokio::spawn(slow_copy(\"hi\\nthere\\n\".to_owned(), "
|
|
"client));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut lines = LinesReader::new(server);\n"
|
|
" let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(Duration::from_millis(60));\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" tokio::select! {\n"
|
|
" _ = interval.tick() => println!(\"tick!\"),\n"
|
|
" line = lines.next() => if let Some(l) = line? {\n"
|
|
" print!(\"{}\", l)\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" break\n"
|
|
" },\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" handle.await.unwrap()?;\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/async/pitfalls/cancellation.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* The compiler doesn't help with cancellation-safety. You need to read API\n"
|
|
" documentation and consider what state your `async fn` holds.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* Unlike `panic` and `?`, cancellation is part of normal control flow\n"
|
|
" (vs error-handling).\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* The example loses parts of the string.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * Whenever the `tick()` branch finishes first, `next()` and its `buf` "
|
|
"are dropped.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" * `LinesReader` can be made cancellation-safe by makeing `buf` part of "
|
|
"the struct:\n"
|
|
" ```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
" struct LinesReader {\n"
|
|
" stream: DuplexStream,\n"
|
|
" bytes: Vec<u8>,\n"
|
|
" buf: [u8; 1],\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" impl LinesReader {\n"
|
|
" fn new(stream: DuplexStream) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self { stream, bytes: Vec::new(), buf: [0] }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" async fn next(&mut self) -> io::Result<Option<String>> {\n"
|
|
" // prefix buf and bytes with self.\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
" let raw = std::mem::take(&mut self.bytes);\n"
|
|
" let s = String::from_utf8(raw)\n"
|
|
" // ...\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" ```\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`Interval::tick`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/time/struct.Interval."
|
|
"html#method.tick)\n"
|
|
" is cancellation-safe because it keeps track of whether a tick has been "
|
|
"'delivered'.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`AsyncReadExt::read`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait."
|
|
"AsyncReadExt.html#method.read)\n"
|
|
" is cancellation-safe because it either returns or doesn't read data.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* [`AsyncBufReadExt::read_line`](https://docs.rs/tokio/latest/tokio/io/trait."
|
|
"AsyncBufReadExt.html#method.read_line)\n"
|
|
" is similar to the example and *isn't* cancellation-safe. See its "
|
|
"documentation\n"
|
|
" for details and alternatives."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"To practice your Async Rust skills, we have again two exercises for you:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/afternoon.md:5
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Dining philosophers: we already saw this problem in the morning. This "
|
|
"time\n"
|
|
" you are going to implement it with Async Rust.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"* A Broadcast Chat Application: this is a larger project that allows you\n"
|
|
" experiment with more advanced Async Rust features."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Dining Philosophers - Async"
|
|
msgstr "# Philosophes de la restauration"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"See [dining philosophers](dining-philosophers.md) for a description of the\n"
|
|
"problem."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"As before, you will need a local\n"
|
|
"[Cargo installation](../../cargo/running-locally.md) for this exercise. "
|
|
"Copy\n"
|
|
"the code below to a file called `src/main.rs`, fill out the blanks, and "
|
|
"test\n"
|
|
"that `cargo run` does not deadlock:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous aurez besoin d'une [installation Cargo](../../cargo/running-locally.md) "
|
|
"locale pour\n"
|
|
"cet exercice. Copiez le code ci-dessous dans un fichier appelé `src/main."
|
|
"rs`, remplissez le\n"
|
|
"vides, et testez que `cargo run` ne se bloque pas :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:13
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Fork;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // left_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // right_fork: ...\n"
|
|
" // thoughts: ...\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" async fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))."
|
|
"await\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" async fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // Pick up forks...\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
|
|
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // Create forks\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Create philosophers\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Make them think and eat\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Output their thoughts\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:57
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Since this time you are using Async Rust, you'll need a `tokio` dependency.\n"
|
|
"You can use the following `Cargo.toml`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:62
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"dining-philosophers-async-dine\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"tokio = {version = \"1.26.0\", features = [\"sync\", \"time\", \"macros\", "
|
|
"\"rt-multi-thread\"]}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:72
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Also note that this time you have to use the `Mutex` and the `mpsc` module\n"
|
|
"from the `tokio` crate."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/dining-philosophers-async.md:77
|
|
msgid "* Can you make your implementation single-threaded? "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:1
|
|
msgid "# Broadcast Chat Application"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In this exercise, we want to use our new knowledge to implement a broadcast\n"
|
|
"chat application. We have a chat server that the clients connect to and "
|
|
"publish\n"
|
|
"their messages. The client reads user messages from the standard input, and\n"
|
|
"sends them to the server. The chat server broadcasts each message that it\n"
|
|
"receives to all the clients."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"For this, we use [a broadcast channel][1] on the server, and\n"
|
|
"[`tokio_websockets`][2] for the communication between the client and the\n"
|
|
"server."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:13
|
|
msgid "Create a new Cargo project and add the following dependencies:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:15
|
|
msgid "`Cargo.toml`:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:19
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```toml\n"
|
|
"[package]\n"
|
|
"name = \"chat-async\"\n"
|
|
"version = \"0.1.0\"\n"
|
|
"edition = \"2021\"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"[dependencies]\n"
|
|
"futures-util = \"0.3.28\"\n"
|
|
"http = \"0.2.9\"\n"
|
|
"tokio = { version = \"1.28.1\", features = [\"full\"] }\n"
|
|
"tokio-websockets = \"0.3.2\"\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:32
|
|
msgid "## The required APIs"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:33
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You are going to need the following functions from `tokio` and\n"
|
|
"[`tokio_websockets`][2]. Spend a few minutes to familiarize yourself with "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
"API. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:37
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"- [WebsocketStream::next()][3]: for asynchronously reading messages from a\n"
|
|
" Websocket Stream.\n"
|
|
"- [SinkExt::send()][4] implemented by `WebsocketStream`: for asynchronously\n"
|
|
" sending messages on a Websocket Stream.\n"
|
|
"- [Lines::next_line()][5]: for asynchronously reading user messages\n"
|
|
" from the standard input.\n"
|
|
"- [Sender::subscribe()][6]: for subscribing to a broadcast channel."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:46
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Two binaries"
|
|
msgstr "# Binaires de rouille"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:48
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Normally in a Cargo project, you can have only one binary, and one\n"
|
|
"`src/main.rs` file. In this project, we need two binaries. One for the "
|
|
"client,\n"
|
|
"and one for the server. You could potentially make them two separate Cargo\n"
|
|
"projects, but we are going to put them in a single Cargo project with two\n"
|
|
"binaries. For this to work, the client and the server code should go under\n"
|
|
"`src/bin` (see the [documentation][7]). "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:55
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Copy the following server and client code into `src/bin/server.rs` and\n"
|
|
"`src/bin/client.rs`, respectively. Your task is to complete these files as\n"
|
|
"described below. "
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:59
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:117
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`src/bin/server.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`src/main.rs` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:61
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File src/bin/server.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier src/main.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:63
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n"
|
|
"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"async fn handle_connection(\n"
|
|
" addr: SocketAddr,\n"
|
|
" mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream<TcpStream>,\n"
|
|
" bcast_tx: Sender<String>,\n"
|
|
") -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {\n"
|
|
" let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n"
|
|
" let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n"
|
|
" let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:102
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:202
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`src/bin/client.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`src/main.rs` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:104
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "<!-- File src/bin/client.rs -->"
|
|
msgstr "<!-- Fichier src/main.rs -->"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:106
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n"
|
|
"use http::Uri;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n"
|
|
"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n"
|
|
" let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::"
|
|
"from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n"
|
|
" .connect()\n"
|
|
" .await?;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n"
|
|
" let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // TODO: For a hint, see the description of the task below.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:127
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Running the binaries"
|
|
msgstr "# Exécution du parcours"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:128
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "Run the server with:"
|
|
msgstr "Exécutez l'exemple avec :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:130
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run --bin server\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:134
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "and the client with:"
|
|
msgstr "Exécutez l'exemple avec :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:136
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```shell\n"
|
|
"$ cargo run --bin client\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/chat-app.md:142
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* Implement the `handle_connection` function in `src/bin/server.rs`.\n"
|
|
" * Hint: Use `tokio::select!` for concurrently performing two tasks in a\n"
|
|
" continuous loop. One task receives messages from the client and "
|
|
"broadcasts\n"
|
|
" them. The other sends messages received by the server to the client.\n"
|
|
"* Complete the main function in `src/bin/client.rs`.\n"
|
|
" * Hint: As before, use `tokio::select!` in a continuous loop for "
|
|
"concurrently\n"
|
|
" performing two tasks: (1) reading user messages from standard input and\n"
|
|
" sending them to the server, and (2) receiving messages from the server, "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" displaying them for the user.\n"
|
|
"* Optional: Once you are done, change the code to broadcast messages to all\n"
|
|
" clients, but the sender of the message."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Thanks!"
|
|
msgstr "# Merci!"
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:3
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"_Thank you for taking Comprehensive Rust 🦀!_ We hope you enjoyed it and "
|
|
"that it\n"
|
|
"was useful."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"_Merci d'avoir pris Comprehensive Rust(le guide complet de Rust) 🦀!_ Nous "
|
|
"espérons que vous l'avez apprécié et qu'il\n"
|
|
"était utile."
|
|
|
|
#: src/thanks.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"We've had a lot of fun putting the course together. The course is not "
|
|
"perfect,\n"
|
|
"so if you spotted any mistakes or have ideas for improvements, please get "
|
|
"in\n"
|
|
"[contact with us on\n"
|
|
"GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). We would "
|
|
"love\n"
|
|
"to hear from you."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Nous nous sommes beaucoup amusés à préparer le cours. Le cours n'est pas "
|
|
"parfait,\n"
|
|
"donc si vous avez repéré des erreurs ou avez des idées d'améliorations, "
|
|
"n'hésitez pas à nous contacter\n"
|
|
"[contactez-nous au\n"
|
|
"GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Nous "
|
|
"aimerions\n"
|
|
"d'avoir de tes nouvelles."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Other Rust Resources"
|
|
msgstr "# Autres ressources de rouille"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The Rust community has created a wealth of high-quality and free resources\n"
|
|
"online."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La communauté Rust a créé une multitude de ressources gratuites et de haute "
|
|
"qualité\n"
|
|
"en ligne."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:6
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Official Documentation"
|
|
msgstr "## Documents officiels"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:8
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "The Rust project hosts many resources. These cover Rust in general:"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le projet Rust héberge de nombreuses ressources. Celles-ci couvrent Rust en "
|
|
"général :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [The Rust Programming Language](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/): the\n"
|
|
" canonical free book about Rust. Covers the language in detail and includes "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" few projects for people to build.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/): covers the "
|
|
"Rust\n"
|
|
" syntax via a series of examples which showcase different constructs. "
|
|
"Sometimes\n"
|
|
" includes small exercises where you are asked to expand on the code in the\n"
|
|
" examples.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust Standard Library](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/): full "
|
|
"documentation of\n"
|
|
" the standard library for Rust.\n"
|
|
"* [The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/): an incomplete "
|
|
"book\n"
|
|
" which describes the Rust grammar and memory model."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [Le langage de programmation Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/) : le\n"
|
|
" livre canonique gratuit sur Rust. Couvre la langue en détail et comprend "
|
|
"un\n"
|
|
" peu de projets à construire.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust By Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/) : couvre la "
|
|
"rouille\n"
|
|
" syntaxe via une série d'exemples qui présentent différentes constructions. "
|
|
"Parfois\n"
|
|
" comprend de petits exercices où l'on vous demande de développer le code "
|
|
"dans le\n"
|
|
" exemples.\n"
|
|
"* [Bibliothèque standard Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/) : "
|
|
"documentation complète de\n"
|
|
" la bibliothèque standard de Rust.\n"
|
|
"* [The Rust Reference](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/) : un livre "
|
|
"incomplet\n"
|
|
" qui décrit la grammaire et le modèle de mémoire de Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:22
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "More specialized guides hosted on the official Rust site:"
|
|
msgstr "Des guides plus spécialisés hébergés sur le site officiel de Rust :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:24
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/): covers unsafe "
|
|
"Rust,\n"
|
|
" including working with raw pointers and interfacing with other languages\n"
|
|
" (FFI).\n"
|
|
"* [Asynchronous Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-"
|
|
"book/):\n"
|
|
" covers the new asynchronous programming model which was introduced after "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" Rust Book was written.\n"
|
|
"* [The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-book/): "
|
|
"an\n"
|
|
" introduction to using Rust on embedded devices without an operating system."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [The Rustonomicon](https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/) : couvre la rouille "
|
|
"dangereuse,\n"
|
|
" y compris le travail avec des pointeurs bruts et l'interfaçage avec "
|
|
"d'autres langages\n"
|
|
" (FFI).\n"
|
|
"* [Programmation asynchrone dans Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-"
|
|
"book/) :\n"
|
|
" couvre le nouveau modèle de programmation asynchrone qui a été introduit "
|
|
"après la\n"
|
|
" Rust Book a été écrit.\n"
|
|
"* [The Embedded Rust Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/embedded-"
|
|
"book/) : un\n"
|
|
" introduction à l'utilisation de Rust sur des appareils embarqués sans "
|
|
"système d'exploitation."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:33
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Unofficial Learning Material"
|
|
msgstr "## Matériel d'apprentissage non officiel"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:35
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "A small selection of other guides and tutorial for Rust:"
|
|
msgstr "Une petite sélection d'autres guides et tutoriels pour Rust :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:37
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"* [Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/): covers "
|
|
"Rust\n"
|
|
" from the perspective of low-level C programmers.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust for Embedded C\n"
|
|
" Programmers](https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/rust_for_c/): covers Rust "
|
|
"from\n"
|
|
" the perspective of developers who write firmware in C.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust for professionals](https://overexact.com/rust-for-professionals/):\n"
|
|
" covers the syntax of Rust using side-by-side comparisons with other "
|
|
"languages\n"
|
|
" such as C, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Python.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust): 100+ exercises to "
|
|
"help\n"
|
|
" you learn Rust.\n"
|
|
"* [Ferrous Teaching\n"
|
|
" Material](https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-material/index.html): "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" series of small presentations covering both basic and advanced part of "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" Rust language. Other topics such as WebAssembly, and async/await are also\n"
|
|
" covered.\n"
|
|
"* [Beginner's Series to\n"
|
|
" Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-series-to-rust/) "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" [Take your first steps with\n"
|
|
" Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/): "
|
|
"two\n"
|
|
" Rust guides aimed at new developers. The first is a set of 35 videos and "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" second is a set of 11 modules which covers Rust syntax and basic "
|
|
"constructs.\n"
|
|
"* [Learn Rust With Entirely Too Many Linked\n"
|
|
" Lists](https://rust-unofficial.github.io/too-many-lists/): in-depth\n"
|
|
" exploration of Rust's memory management rules, through implementing a few\n"
|
|
" different types of list structures."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"* [Learn Rust the Dangerous Way](http://cliffle.com/p/dangerust/) : couvre "
|
|
"Rust\n"
|
|
" du point de vue des programmeurs C de bas niveau.\n"
|
|
"* [Rouille pour Embedded C\n"
|
|
" Programmeurs] (https://docs.opentitan.org/doc/ug/rust_for_c/) : couvre "
|
|
"Rust de\n"
|
|
" le point de vue des développeurs qui écrivent des firmwares en C.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust pour les professionnels](https://overexact.com/rust-for-"
|
|
"professionals/):\n"
|
|
" couvre la syntaxe de Rust en utilisant des comparaisons côte à côte avec "
|
|
"d'autres langages\n"
|
|
" tels que C, C++, Java, JavaScript et Python.\n"
|
|
"* [Rust on Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust) : plus de 100 "
|
|
"exercices pour vous aider\n"
|
|
" vous apprenez Rust.\n"
|
|
"* [Enseignement ferreux\n"
|
|
" Matériel] (https://ferrous-systems.github.io/teaching-material/index."
|
|
"html) : un\n"
|
|
" série de petites présentations couvrant à la fois la partie de base et "
|
|
"avancée de la\n"
|
|
" Langue de rouille. D'autres sujets tels que WebAssembly et async/wait sont "
|
|
"également\n"
|
|
" couvert.\n"
|
|
"* [Série débutant à\n"
|
|
" Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/shows/beginners-series-to-rust/) "
|
|
"et\n"
|
|
" [Faites vos premiers pas avec\n"
|
|
" Rust](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/paths/rust-first-steps/) : "
|
|
"deux\n"
|
|
" Guides Rust destinés aux nouveaux développeurs. Le premier est un ensemble "
|
|
"de 35 vidéos et le\n"
|
|
" le second est un ensemble de 11 modules qui couvre la syntaxe Rust et les "
|
|
"constructions de base.\n"
|
|
"* [Apprenez Rust avec trop de liens\n"
|
|
" Listes] (https://rust-unofficial.github.io/too-many-lists/) : en "
|
|
"profondeur\n"
|
|
" exploration des règles de gestion de la mémoire de Rust, en implémentant "
|
|
"quelques\n"
|
|
" différents types de structures de liste."
|
|
|
|
#: src/other-resources.md:63
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Please see the [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/book/) "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
"even more Rust books."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Veuillez consulter le [Little Book of Rust Books](https://lborb.github.io/"
|
|
"book/) pour\n"
|
|
"encore plus de livres Rust."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Credits"
|
|
msgstr "# Crédits"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The material here builds on top of the many great sources of Rust "
|
|
"documentation.\n"
|
|
"See the page on [other resources](other-resources.md) for a full list of "
|
|
"useful\n"
|
|
"resources."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le matériel ici s'appuie sur les nombreuses sources de documentation de "
|
|
"Rust.\n"
|
|
"Voir la page sur [autres ressources] (other-resources.md) pour une liste "
|
|
"complète des ressources utiles\n"
|
|
"ressources."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The material of Comprehensive Rust is licensed under the terms of the Apache "
|
|
"2.0\n"
|
|
"license, please see\n"
|
|
"[`LICENSE`](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/blob/main/LICENSE) "
|
|
"for\n"
|
|
"details."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Le matériel de Comprehensive Rust(le guide complet de Rust) est sous licence "
|
|
"sous les termes de la licence d'Apache 2.0,\n"
|
|
"veuillez consulter [`LICENSE`](../LICENSE) pour plus de détails."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:12
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Rust by Example"
|
|
msgstr "## Rouille par exemple"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:14
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some examples and exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust by\n"
|
|
"Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Please see the\n"
|
|
"`third_party/rust-by-example/` directory for details, including the license\n"
|
|
"terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Quelques exemples et exercices ont été copiés et adaptés de [Rust by\n"
|
|
"Exemple](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/). Veuillez consulter le\n"
|
|
"Répertoire `third_party/rust-by-example/` pour plus de détails, y compris la "
|
|
"licence\n"
|
|
"conditions."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:19
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Rust on Exercism"
|
|
msgstr "## Rouille sur l'exercice"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:21
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Some exercises have been copied and adapted from [Rust on\n"
|
|
"Exercism](https://exercism.org/tracks/rust). Please see the\n"
|
|
"`third_party/rust-on-exercism/` directory for details, including the "
|
|
"license\n"
|
|
"terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Certains exercices ont été copiés et adaptés de [Rust on\n"
|
|
"Exercice] (https://exercism.org/tracks/rust). Veuillez consulter le\n"
|
|
"Répertoire `third_party/rust-on-exercism/` pour plus de détails, y compris "
|
|
"la licence\n"
|
|
"conditions."
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:26
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## CXX"
|
|
msgstr "## CXX"
|
|
|
|
#: src/credits.md:28
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"The [Interoperability with C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) section "
|
|
"uses an\n"
|
|
"image from [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Please see the `third_party/cxx/` "
|
|
"directory\n"
|
|
"for details, including the license terms."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"La section [Interopérabilité avec C++](android/interoperability/cpp.md) "
|
|
"utilise un\n"
|
|
"image de [CXX](https://cxx.rs/). Veuillez consulter le répertoire "
|
|
"`third_party/cxx/`\n"
|
|
"pour plus de détails, y compris les termes de la licence."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Solutions"
|
|
msgstr "# Solutions"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "You will find solutions to the exercises on the following pages."
|
|
msgstr "Vous trouverez les solutions aux exercices dans les pages suivantes."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Feel free to ask questions about the solutions [on\n"
|
|
"GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Let us "
|
|
"know\n"
|
|
"if you have a different or better solution than what is presented here."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"N'hésitez pas à poser des questions sur les solutions [sur\n"
|
|
"GitHub](https://github.com/google/comprehensive-rust/discussions). Faites le "
|
|
"nous savoir\n"
|
|
"si vous avez une solution différente ou meilleure que celle présentée ici."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/solutions.md:10
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"> **Note:** Please ignore the `// ANCHOR: label` and `// ANCHOR_END: label`\n"
|
|
"> comments you see in the solutions. They are there to make it possible to\n"
|
|
"> re-use parts of the solutions as the exercises."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"> **Remarque :** Veuillez ignorer `// ANCHOR : libellé` et `// ANCHOR_END : "
|
|
"libellé`\n"
|
|
"> commentaires que vous voyez dans les solutions. Ils sont là pour permettre "
|
|
"de\n"
|
|
"> réutiliser des parties des solutions comme exercices."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 1 Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Exercices du matin du jour 1"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Arrays and `for` Loops"
|
|
msgstr "## Tableaux et boucles `for`"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](for-loops.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](for-loops.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: transpose\n"
|
|
"fn transpose(matrix: [[i32; 3]; 3]) -> [[i32; 3]; 3] {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: transpose\n"
|
|
" let mut result = [[0; 3]; 3];\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" for j in 0..3 {\n"
|
|
" result[j][i] = matrix[i][j];\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" return result;\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: pretty_print\n"
|
|
"fn pretty_print(matrix: &[[i32; 3]; 3]) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: pretty_print\n"
|
|
" for row in matrix {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{row:?}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_transpose() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], //\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" transposed,\n"
|
|
" [\n"
|
|
" [101, 201, 301], //\n"
|
|
" [102, 202, 302],\n"
|
|
" [103, 203, 303],\n"
|
|
" ]\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let matrix = [\n"
|
|
" [101, 102, 103], // <-- the comment makes rustfmt add a newline\n"
|
|
" [201, 202, 203],\n"
|
|
" [301, 302, 303],\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" println!(\"matrix:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&matrix);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let transposed = transpose(matrix);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"transposed:\");\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&transposed);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:78
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "### Bonus question"
|
|
msgstr "### Question bonus"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:80
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"It requires more advanced concepts. It might seem that we could use a slice-"
|
|
"of-slices (`&[&[i32]]`) as the input type to transpose and thus make our "
|
|
"function handle any size of matrix. However, this quickly breaks down: the "
|
|
"return type cannot be `&[&[i32]]` since it needs to own the data you return."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Cela nécessite des concepts plus avancés. Il pourrait sembler que nous "
|
|
"pourrions utiliser une tranche de tranches (`&[&[i32]]`) comme type d'entrée "
|
|
"à transposer et ainsi faire en sorte que notre fonction gère n'importe "
|
|
"quelle taille de matrice. Cependant, cela tombe rapidement en panne : le "
|
|
"type de retour ne peut pas être `&[&[i32]]` car il doit posséder les données "
|
|
"que vous renvoyez."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:82
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"You can attempt to use something like `Vec<Vec<i32>>`, but this doesn't work "
|
|
"out-of-the-box either: it's hard to convert from `Vec<Vec<i32>>` to "
|
|
"`&[&[i32]]` so now you cannot easily use `pretty_print` either."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Vous pouvez essayer d'utiliser quelque chose comme `Vec<Vec<i32>>`, mais "
|
|
"cela ne fonctionne pas non plus : il est difficile de convertir "
|
|
"`Vec<Vec<i32>>` en `&[ &[i32]]` vous ne pouvez donc plus utiliser facilement "
|
|
"`pretty_print` non plus."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:84
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"Once we get to traits and generics, we'll be able to use the [`std::convert::"
|
|
"AsRef`][1] trait to abstract over anything that can be referenced as a slice."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"Une fois arrivés aux traits et aux génériques, nous pourrons utiliser le "
|
|
"trait [`std::convert::AsRef`][1] pour faire abstraction de tout ce qui peut "
|
|
"être référencé en tant que tranche."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:86
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"use std::convert::AsRef;\n"
|
|
"use std::fmt::Debug;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn pretty_print<T, Line, Matrix>(matrix: Matrix)\n"
|
|
"where\n"
|
|
" T: Debug,\n"
|
|
" // A line references a slice of items\n"
|
|
" Line: AsRef<[T]>,\n"
|
|
" // A matrix references a slice of lines\n"
|
|
" Matrix: AsRef<[Line]>\n"
|
|
"{\n"
|
|
" for row in matrix.as_ref() {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{:?}\", row.as_ref());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // &[&[i32]]\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(&[&[1, 2, 3], &[4, 5, 6], &[7, 8, 9]]);\n"
|
|
" // [[&str; 2]; 2]\n"
|
|
" pretty_print([[\"a\", \"b\"], [\"c\", \"d\"]]);\n"
|
|
" // Vec<Vec<i32>>\n"
|
|
" pretty_print(vec![vec![1, 2], vec![3, 4]]);\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-morning.md:113
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"In addition, the type itself would not enforce that the child slices are of "
|
|
"the same length, so such variable could contain an invalid matrix."
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
"De plus, le type lui-même n'imposerait pas que les tranches enfants aient la "
|
|
"même longueur, de sorte qu'une telle variable pourrait contenir une matrice "
|
|
"non valide."
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 1 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 1"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Designing a Library"
|
|
msgstr "## Conception d'une bibliothèque"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](book-library.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](book-library.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-1/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
|
|
"struct Library {\n"
|
|
" books: Vec<Book>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" year: u16,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Book {\n"
|
|
" // This is a constructor, used below.\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str, year: u16) -> Book {\n"
|
|
" Book {\n"
|
|
" title: String::from(title),\n"
|
|
" year,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Implement the methods below. Update the `self` parameter to\n"
|
|
"// indicate the method's required level of ownership over the object:\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// - `&self` for shared read-only access,\n"
|
|
"// - `&mut self` for unique and mutable access,\n"
|
|
"// - `self` for unique access by value.\n"
|
|
"impl Library {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_new\n"
|
|
" fn new() -> Library {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_new\n"
|
|
" Library { books: Vec::new() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_len\n"
|
|
" //fn len(self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return the length of `self.books`\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_len\n"
|
|
" fn len(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" self.books.len()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_is_empty\n"
|
|
" //fn is_empty(self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return `true` if `self.books` is empty\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_is_empty\n"
|
|
" fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" self.books.is_empty()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_add_book\n"
|
|
" //fn add_book(self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Add a new book to `self.books`\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_add_book\n"
|
|
" fn add_book(&mut self, book: Book) {\n"
|
|
" self.books.push(book)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_print_books\n"
|
|
" //fn print_books(self) {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Iterate over `self.books` and each book's title and "
|
|
"year\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_print_books\n"
|
|
" fn print_books(&self) {\n"
|
|
" for book in &self.books {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{}, published in {}\", book.title, book.year);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Library_oldest_book\n"
|
|
" //fn oldest_book(self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
" // todo!(\"Return a reference to the oldest book (if any)\")\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Library_oldest_book\n"
|
|
" fn oldest_book(&self) -> Option<&Book> {\n"
|
|
" // Using a closure and a built-in method:\n"
|
|
" // self.books.iter().min_by_key(|book| book.year)\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Longer hand-written solution:\n"
|
|
" let mut oldest: Option<&Book> = None;\n"
|
|
" for book in self.books.iter() {\n"
|
|
" if oldest.is_none() || book.year < oldest.unwrap().year {\n"
|
|
" oldest = Some(book);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" oldest\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"// This shows the desired behavior. Uncomment the code below and\n"
|
|
"// implement the missing methods. You will need to update the\n"
|
|
"// method signatures, including the \"self\" parameter! You may\n"
|
|
"// also need to update the variable bindings within main.\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library is empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", library."
|
|
"is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" //library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
|
|
"1865));\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library is no longer empty: library.is_empty() -> {}\", "
|
|
"library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //match library.oldest_book() {\n"
|
|
" // Some(book) => println!(\"The oldest book is {}\", book.title),\n"
|
|
" // None => println!(\"The library is empty!\"),\n"
|
|
" //}\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" //println!(\"The library has {} books\", library.len());\n"
|
|
" //library.print_books();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_len() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(library.len(), 0);\n"
|
|
" assert!(library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
|
|
"1865));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(library.len(), 2);\n"
|
|
" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" assert!(library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!library.is_empty());\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_print_books() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
|
|
"1865));\n"
|
|
" // We could try and capture stdout, but let us just call the\n"
|
|
" // method to start with.\n"
|
|
" library.print_books();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_library_oldest_book() {\n"
|
|
" let mut library = Library::new();\n"
|
|
" assert!(library.oldest_book().is_none());\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Lord of the Rings\", 1954));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"Lord of the Rings\")\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" library.add_book(Book::new(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\", "
|
|
"1865));\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(\n"
|
|
" library.oldest_book().map(|b| b.title.as_str()),\n"
|
|
" Some(\"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland\")\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 2 Morning Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Exercices du matin du jour 2"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Points and Polygons"
|
|
msgstr "## Points et polygones"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](points-polygons.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](points-polygones.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Point\n"
|
|
"pub struct Point {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Point\n"
|
|
" x: i32,\n"
|
|
" y: i32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Point-impl\n"
|
|
"impl Point {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Point-impl\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(x: i32, y: i32) -> Point {\n"
|
|
" Point { x, y }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn magnitude(self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" f64::from(self.x.pow(2) + self.y.pow(2)).sqrt()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn dist(self, other: Point) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" (self - other).magnitude()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl std::ops::Add for Point {\n"
|
|
" type Output = Self;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" x: self.x + other.x,\n"
|
|
" y: self.y + other.y,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl std::ops::Sub for Point {\n"
|
|
" type Output = Self;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn sub(self, other: Self) -> Self::Output {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" x: self.x - other.x,\n"
|
|
" y: self.y - other.y,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Polygon\n"
|
|
"pub struct Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon\n"
|
|
" points: Vec<Point>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Polygon-impl\n"
|
|
"impl Polygon {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Polygon-impl\n"
|
|
" pub fn new() -> Polygon {\n"
|
|
" Polygon { points: Vec::new() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn add_point(&mut self, point: Point) {\n"
|
|
" self.points.push(point);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn left_most_point(&self) -> Option<Point> {\n"
|
|
" self.points.iter().min_by_key(|p| p.x).copied()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn iter(&self) -> impl Iterator<Item = &Point> {\n"
|
|
" self.points.iter()\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn length(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" if self.points.is_empty() {\n"
|
|
" return 0.0;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut result = 0.0;\n"
|
|
" let mut last_point = self.points[0];\n"
|
|
" for point in &self.points[1..] {\n"
|
|
" result += last_point.dist(*point);\n"
|
|
" last_point = *point;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" result += last_point.dist(self.points[0]);\n"
|
|
" result\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Circle\n"
|
|
"pub struct Circle {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Circle\n"
|
|
" center: Point,\n"
|
|
" radius: i32,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Circle-impl\n"
|
|
"impl Circle {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Circle-impl\n"
|
|
" pub fn new(center: Point, radius: i32) -> Circle {\n"
|
|
" Circle { center, radius }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn circumference(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" 2.0 * std::f64::consts::PI * f64::from(self.radius)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn dist(&self, other: &Self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" self.center.dist(other.center)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Shape\n"
|
|
"pub enum Shape {\n"
|
|
" Polygon(Polygon),\n"
|
|
" Circle(Circle),\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: Shape\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl From<Polygon> for Shape {\n"
|
|
" fn from(poly: Polygon) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Shape::Polygon(poly)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl From<Circle> for Shape {\n"
|
|
" fn from(circle: Circle) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Shape::Circle(circle)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Shape {\n"
|
|
" pub fn perimeter(&self) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" match self {\n"
|
|
" Shape::Polygon(poly) => poly.length(),\n"
|
|
" Shape::Circle(circle) => circle.circumference(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn round_two_digits(x: f64) -> f64 {\n"
|
|
" (x * 100.0).round() / 100.0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_magnitude() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.magnitude()), 17.69);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_dist() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(10, 10);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(14, 13);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(round_two_digits(p1.dist(p2)), 5.00);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_point_add() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = p1 + Point::new(-4, 3);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(p2, Point::new(12, 19));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_left_most_point() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(poly.left_most_point(), Some(p1));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_polygon_iter() {\n"
|
|
" let p1 = Point::new(12, 13);\n"
|
|
" let p2 = Point::new(16, 16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p1);\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(p2);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let points = poly.iter().cloned().collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(points, vec![Point::new(12, 13), Point::new(16, 16)]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_shape_perimeters() {\n"
|
|
" let mut poly = Polygon::new();\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(12, 13));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(17, 11));\n"
|
|
" poly.add_point(Point::new(16, 16));\n"
|
|
" let shapes = vec![\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(poly),\n"
|
|
" Shape::from(Circle::new(Point::new(10, 20), 5)),\n"
|
|
" ];\n"
|
|
" let perimeters = shapes\n"
|
|
" .iter()\n"
|
|
" .map(Shape::perimeter)\n"
|
|
" .map(round_two_digits)\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(perimeters, vec![15.48, 31.42]);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 2 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 2"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Luhn Algorithm"
|
|
msgstr "## Algorithme de Luhn"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](luhn.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](luhn.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: luhn\n"
|
|
"pub fn luhn(cc_number: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: luhn\n"
|
|
" let mut digits_seen = 0;\n"
|
|
" let mut sum = 0;\n"
|
|
" for (i, ch) in cc_number.chars().rev().filter(|&ch| ch != ' ')."
|
|
"enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" match ch.to_digit(10) {\n"
|
|
" Some(d) => {\n"
|
|
" sum += if i % 2 == 1 {\n"
|
|
" let dd = d * 2;\n"
|
|
" dd / 10 + dd % 10\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" d\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" digits_seen += 1;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" None => return false,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" if digits_seen < 2 {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" sum % 10 == 0\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let cc_number = \"1234 5678 1234 5670\";\n"
|
|
" println!(\n"
|
|
" \"Is {cc_number} a valid credit card number? {}\",\n"
|
|
" if luhn(cc_number) { \"yes\" } else { \"no\" }\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_non_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"foo\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_empty_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\" \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_single_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"0\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_two_digit_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\" 0 0 \"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_valid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4263 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6467\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(luhn(\"7992 7398 713\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_invalid_cc_number() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4223 9826 4026 9299\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"4539 3195 0343 6476\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!luhn(\"8273 1232 7352 0569\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:97
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Strings and Iterators"
|
|
msgstr "## Chaînes et itérateurs"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:99
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](strings-iterators.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](strings-iterators.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-2/solutions-afternoon.md:101
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: prefix_matches\n"
|
|
"pub fn prefix_matches(prefix: &str, request_path: &str) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: prefix_matches\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut request_segments = request_path.split('/');\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for prefix_segment in prefix.split('/') {\n"
|
|
" let Some(request_segment) = request_segments.next() else {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" if request_segment != prefix_segment && prefix_segment != \"*\" {\n"
|
|
" return false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" true\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Alternatively, Iterator::zip() lets us iterate simultaneously over "
|
|
"prefix\n"
|
|
" // and request segments. The zip() iterator is finished as soon as one "
|
|
"of\n"
|
|
" // the source iterators is finished, but we need to iterate over all "
|
|
"request\n"
|
|
" // segments. A neat trick that makes zip() work is to use map() and "
|
|
"chain()\n"
|
|
" // to produce an iterator that returns Some(str) for each pattern "
|
|
"segments,\n"
|
|
" // and then returns None indefinitely.\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_without_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/"
|
|
"abc-123\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishers/abc/"
|
|
"books\"));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/publishersBooks\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers\", \"/v1/parent/"
|
|
"publishers\"));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[test]\n"
|
|
"fn test_matches_with_wildcard() {\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/bar/books\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
" assert!(prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/books/book1\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\"/v1/publishers/*/books\", \"/v1/"
|
|
"publishers\"));\n"
|
|
" assert!(!prefix_matches(\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/*/books\",\n"
|
|
" \"/v1/publishers/foo/booksByAuthor\"\n"
|
|
" ));\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: unit-tests\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 3 Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "# Jour 3 Exercice du matin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## A Simple GUI Library"
|
|
msgstr "## Une bibliothèque d'interface graphique simple"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](simple-gui.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](simple-gui.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
|
|
"pub trait Widget {\n"
|
|
" /// Natural width of `self`.\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Draw the widget into a buffer.\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Draw the widget on standard output.\n"
|
|
" fn draw(&self) {\n"
|
|
" let mut buffer = String::new();\n"
|
|
" self.draw_into(&mut buffer);\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{buffer}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Label {\n"
|
|
" label: String,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Label {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str) -> Label {\n"
|
|
" Label {\n"
|
|
" label: label.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label,\n"
|
|
" callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Button {\n"
|
|
" fn new(label: &str, callback: Box<dyn FnMut()>) -> Button {\n"
|
|
" Button {\n"
|
|
" label: Label::new(label),\n"
|
|
" callback,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"pub struct Window {\n"
|
|
" title: String,\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec<Box<dyn Widget>>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Window {\n"
|
|
" fn new(title: &str) -> Window {\n"
|
|
" Window {\n"
|
|
" title: title.to_owned(),\n"
|
|
" widgets: Vec::new(),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn add_widget(&mut self, widget: Box<dyn Widget>) {\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.push(widget);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" fn inner_width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" std::cmp::max(\n"
|
|
" self.title.chars().count(),\n"
|
|
" self.widgets.iter().map(|w| w.width()).max().unwrap_or(0),\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Window-width\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Window {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Window-width\n"
|
|
" // Add 4 paddings for borders\n"
|
|
" self.inner_width() + 4\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Window-draw_into\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Window-draw_into\n"
|
|
" let mut inner = String::new();\n"
|
|
" for widget in &self.widgets {\n"
|
|
" widget.draw_into(&mut inner);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let inner_width = self.inner_width();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // TODO: after learning about error handling, you can change\n"
|
|
" // draw_into to return Result<(), std::fmt::Error>. Then use\n"
|
|
" // the ?-operator here instead of .unwrap().\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:-<inner_width$}-+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"| {:^inner_width$} |\", &self.title).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+={:=<inner_width$}=+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" for line in inner.lines() {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"| {:inner_width$} |\", line).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+-{:-<inner_width$}-+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Button-width\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Button {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Button-width\n"
|
|
" self.label.width() + 8 // add a bit of padding\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Button-draw_into\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Button-draw_into\n"
|
|
" let width = self.width();\n"
|
|
" let mut label = String::new();\n"
|
|
" self.label.draw_into(&mut label);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:-<width$}+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" for line in label.lines() {\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"|{:^width$}|\", &line).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"+{:-<width$}+\", \"\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Label-width\n"
|
|
"impl Widget for Label {\n"
|
|
" fn width(&self) -> usize {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Label-width\n"
|
|
" self.label\n"
|
|
" .lines()\n"
|
|
" .map(|line| line.chars().count())\n"
|
|
" .max()\n"
|
|
" .unwrap_or(0)\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Label-draw_into\n"
|
|
" fn draw_into(&self, buffer: &mut dyn std::fmt::Write) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Label-draw_into\n"
|
|
" writeln!(buffer, \"{}\", &self.label).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" let mut window = Window::new(\"Rust GUI Demo 1.23\");\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Label::new(\"This is a small text GUI demo."
|
|
"\")));\n"
|
|
" window.add_widget(Box::new(Button::new(\n"
|
|
" \"Click me!\",\n"
|
|
" Box::new(|| println!(\"You clicked the button!\")),\n"
|
|
" )));\n"
|
|
" window.draw();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Day 3 Afternoon Exercises"
|
|
msgstr "# Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 3"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Safe FFI Wrapper"
|
|
msgstr "## Enveloppe FFI sécurisée"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](safe-ffi-wrapper.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/day-3/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: ffi\n"
|
|
"mod ffi {\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_char, c_int};\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" use std::os::raw::{c_long, c_ulong, c_ushort, c_uchar};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Opaque type. See https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/ffi.html.\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct DIR {\n"
|
|
" _data: [u8; 0],\n"
|
|
" _marker: core::marker::PhantomData<(*mut u8, core::marker::"
|
|
"PhantomPinned)>,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Layout according to the Linux man page for readdir(3), where ino_t "
|
|
"and\n"
|
|
" // off_t are resolved according to the definitions in\n"
|
|
" // /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu/{sys/types.h, bits/typesizes.h}.\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_ino: c_ulong,\n"
|
|
" pub d_off: c_long,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: c_ushort,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: c_uchar,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 256],\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Layout according to the macOS man page for dir(5).\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[repr(C)]\n"
|
|
" pub struct dirent {\n"
|
|
" pub d_fileno: u64,\n"
|
|
" pub d_seekoff: u64,\n"
|
|
" pub d_reclen: u16,\n"
|
|
" pub d_namlen: u16,\n"
|
|
" pub d_type: u8,\n"
|
|
" pub d_name: [c_char; 1024],\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" extern \"C\" {\n"
|
|
" pub fn opendir(s: *const c_char) -> *mut DIR;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(not(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\")))]\n"
|
|
" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // See https://github.com/rust-lang/libc/issues/414 and the section "
|
|
"on\n"
|
|
" // _DARWIN_FEATURE_64_BIT_INODE in the macOS man page for stat(2).\n"
|
|
" //\n"
|
|
" // \"Platforms that existed before these updates were available\" "
|
|
"refers\n"
|
|
" // to macOS (as opposed to iOS / wearOS / etc.) on Intel and "
|
|
"PowerPC.\n"
|
|
" #[cfg(all(target_os = \"macos\", target_arch = \"x86_64\"))]\n"
|
|
" #[link_name = \"readdir$INODE64\"]\n"
|
|
" pub fn readdir(s: *mut DIR) -> *const dirent;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" pub fn closedir(s: *mut DIR) -> c_int;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use std::ffi::{CStr, CString, OsStr, OsString};\n"
|
|
"use std::os::unix::ffi::OsStrExt;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"struct DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" path: CString,\n"
|
|
" dir: *mut ffi::DIR,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: ffi\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: DirectoryIterator\n"
|
|
"impl DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn new(path: &str) -> Result<DirectoryIterator, String> {\n"
|
|
" // Call opendir and return a Ok value if that worked,\n"
|
|
" // otherwise return Err with a message.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: DirectoryIterator\n"
|
|
" let path = CString::new(path).map_err(|err| format!(\"Invalid path: "
|
|
"{err}\"))?;\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: path.as_ptr() cannot be NULL.\n"
|
|
" let dir = unsafe { ffi::opendir(path.as_ptr()) };\n"
|
|
" if dir.is_null() {\n"
|
|
" Err(format!(\"Could not open {:?}\", path))\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" Ok(DirectoryIterator { path, dir })\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Iterator\n"
|
|
"impl Iterator for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" type Item = OsString;\n"
|
|
" fn next(&mut self) -> Option<OsString> {\n"
|
|
" // Keep calling readdir until we get a NULL pointer back.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Iterator\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: self.dir is never NULL.\n"
|
|
" let dirent = unsafe { ffi::readdir(self.dir) };\n"
|
|
" if dirent.is_null() {\n"
|
|
" // We have reached the end of the directory.\n"
|
|
" return None;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: dirent is not NULL and dirent.d_name is NUL\n"
|
|
" // terminated.\n"
|
|
" let d_name = unsafe { CStr::from_ptr((*dirent).d_name.as_ptr()) };\n"
|
|
" let os_str = OsStr::from_bytes(d_name.to_bytes());\n"
|
|
" Some(os_str.to_owned())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Drop\n"
|
|
"impl Drop for DirectoryIterator {\n"
|
|
" fn drop(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" // Call closedir as needed.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Drop\n"
|
|
" if !self.dir.is_null() {\n"
|
|
" // SAFETY: self.dir is not NULL.\n"
|
|
" if unsafe { ffi::closedir(self.dir) } != 0 {\n"
|
|
" panic!(\"Could not close {:?}\", self.path);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> Result<(), String> {\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\".\")?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"files: {:#?}\", iter.collect::<Vec<_>>());\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[cfg(test)]\n"
|
|
"mod tests {\n"
|
|
" use super::*;\n"
|
|
" use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_nonexisting_directory() {\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\"no-such-directory\");\n"
|
|
" assert!(iter.is_err());\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_empty_directory() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
|
|
" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n"
|
|
" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n"
|
|
" )?;\n"
|
|
" let mut entries = iter.collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" entries.sort();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\"]);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" #[test]\n"
|
|
" fn test_nonempty_directory() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error>> {\n"
|
|
" let tmp = tempfile::TempDir::new()?;\n"
|
|
" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"foo.txt\"), \"The Foo "
|
|
"Diaries\\n\")?;\n"
|
|
" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"bar.png\"), \"<PNG>\\n\")?;\n"
|
|
" std::fs::write(tmp.path().join(\"crab.rs\"), \"//! Crab\\n\")?;\n"
|
|
" let iter = DirectoryIterator::new(\n"
|
|
" tmp.path().to_str().ok_or(\"Non UTF-8 character in path\")?,\n"
|
|
" )?;\n"
|
|
" let mut entries = iter.collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
" entries.sort();\n"
|
|
" assert_eq!(entries, &[\".\", \"..\", \"bar.png\", \"crab.rs\", \"foo."
|
|
"txt\"]);\n"
|
|
" Ok(())\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Bare Metal Rust Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "# Exercice du matin sur la rouille du métal nu"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Compass"
|
|
msgstr "## Boussole"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](compass.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](compass.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: top\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"extern crate panic_halt as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::fmt::Write;\n"
|
|
"use cortex_m_rt::entry;\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: top\n"
|
|
"use core::cmp::{max, min};\n"
|
|
"use lsm303agr::{AccelOutputDataRate, Lsm303agr, MagOutputDataRate};\n"
|
|
"use microbit::display::blocking::Display;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::prelude::*;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::twim::Twim;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::uarte::{Baudrate, Parity, Uarte};\n"
|
|
"use microbit::hal::Timer;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::pac::twim0::frequency::FREQUENCY_A;\n"
|
|
"use microbit::Board;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"const COMPASS_SCALE: i32 = 30000;\n"
|
|
"const ACCELEROMETER_SCALE: i32 = 700;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"#[entry]\n"
|
|
"fn main() -> ! {\n"
|
|
" let board = Board::take().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Configure serial port.\n"
|
|
" let mut serial = Uarte::new(\n"
|
|
" board.UARTE0,\n"
|
|
" board.uart.into(),\n"
|
|
" Parity::EXCLUDED,\n"
|
|
" Baudrate::BAUD115200,\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set up the I2C controller and Inertial Measurement Unit.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
" writeln!(serial, \"Setting up IMU...\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let i2c = Twim::new(board.TWIM0, board.i2c_internal.into(), FREQUENCY_A::"
|
|
"K100);\n"
|
|
" let mut imu = Lsm303agr::new_with_i2c(i2c);\n"
|
|
" imu.init().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" imu.set_mag_odr(MagOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" imu.set_accel_odr(AccelOutputDataRate::Hz50).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let mut imu = imu.into_mag_continuous().ok().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Set up display and timer.\n"
|
|
" let mut timer = Timer::new(board.TIMER0);\n"
|
|
" let mut display = Display::new(board.display_pins);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut mode = Mode::Compass;\n"
|
|
" let mut button_pressed = false;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: loop\n"
|
|
" writeln!(serial, \"Ready.\").unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" // Read compass data and log it to the serial port.\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: loop\n"
|
|
" while !(imu.mag_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data\n"
|
|
" && imu.accel_status().unwrap().xyz_new_data)\n"
|
|
" {}\n"
|
|
" let compass_reading = imu.mag_data().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let accelerometer_reading = imu.accel_data().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" writeln!(\n"
|
|
" serial,\n"
|
|
" \"{},{},{}\\t{},{},{}\",\n"
|
|
" compass_reading.x,\n"
|
|
" compass_reading.y,\n"
|
|
" compass_reading.z,\n"
|
|
" accelerometer_reading.x,\n"
|
|
" accelerometer_reading.y,\n"
|
|
" accelerometer_reading.z,\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let mut image = [[0; 5]; 5];\n"
|
|
" let (x, y) = match mode {\n"
|
|
" Mode::Compass => (\n"
|
|
" scale(-compass_reading.x, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, "
|
|
"4) as usize,\n"
|
|
" scale(compass_reading.y, -COMPASS_SCALE, COMPASS_SCALE, 0, "
|
|
"4) as usize,\n"
|
|
" ),\n"
|
|
" Mode::Accelerometer => (\n"
|
|
" scale(\n"
|
|
" accelerometer_reading.x,\n"
|
|
" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
|
|
" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
|
|
" 0,\n"
|
|
" 4,\n"
|
|
" ) as usize,\n"
|
|
" scale(\n"
|
|
" -accelerometer_reading.y,\n"
|
|
" -ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
|
|
" ACCELEROMETER_SCALE,\n"
|
|
" 0,\n"
|
|
" 4,\n"
|
|
" ) as usize,\n"
|
|
" ),\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
" image[y][x] = 255;\n"
|
|
" display.show(&mut timer, image, 100);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // If button A is pressed, switch to the next mode and briefly blink "
|
|
"all LEDs on.\n"
|
|
" if board.buttons.button_a.is_low().unwrap() {\n"
|
|
" if !button_pressed {\n"
|
|
" mode = mode.next();\n"
|
|
" display.show(&mut timer, [[255; 5]; 5], 200);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" button_pressed = true;\n"
|
|
" } else {\n"
|
|
" button_pressed = false;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]\n"
|
|
"enum Mode {\n"
|
|
" Compass,\n"
|
|
" Accelerometer,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Mode {\n"
|
|
" fn next(self) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" match self {\n"
|
|
" Self::Compass => Self::Accelerometer,\n"
|
|
" Self::Accelerometer => Self::Compass,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn scale(value: i32, min_in: i32, max_in: i32, min_out: i32, max_out: i32) -"
|
|
"> i32 {\n"
|
|
" let range_in = max_in - min_in;\n"
|
|
" let range_out = max_out - min_out;\n"
|
|
" cap(\n"
|
|
" min_out + range_out * (value - min_in) / range_in,\n"
|
|
" min_out,\n"
|
|
" max_out,\n"
|
|
" )\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn cap(value: i32, min_value: i32, max_value: i32) -> i32 {\n"
|
|
" max(min_value, min(value, max_value))\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Bare Metal Rust Afternoon"
|
|
msgstr "# Bare Metal Rust Après-midi"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## RTC driver"
|
|
msgstr "## Pilote RTC"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](rtc.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](rtc.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`main.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`main.rs` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:9
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: top\n"
|
|
"#![no_main]\n"
|
|
"#![no_std]\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"mod exceptions;\n"
|
|
"mod logger;\n"
|
|
"mod pl011;\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: top\n"
|
|
"mod pl031;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl031::Rtc;\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::gicv3::{IntId, Trigger};\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::{irq_enable, wfi};\n"
|
|
"use chrono::{TimeZone, Utc};\n"
|
|
"use core::hint::spin_loop;\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: imports\n"
|
|
"use crate::pl011::Uart;\n"
|
|
"use arm_gic::gicv3::GicV3;\n"
|
|
"use core::panic::PanicInfo;\n"
|
|
"use log::{error, info, trace, LevelFilter};\n"
|
|
"use smccc::psci::system_off;\n"
|
|
"use smccc::Hvc;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base addresses of the GICv3.\n"
|
|
"const GICD_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x800_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"const GICR_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u64 = 0x80A_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the primary PL011 UART.\n"
|
|
"const PL011_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x900_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: imports\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Base address of the PL031 RTC.\n"
|
|
"const PL031_BASE_ADDRESS: *mut u32 = 0x901_0000 as _;\n"
|
|
"/// The IRQ used by the PL031 RTC.\n"
|
|
"const PL031_IRQ: IntId = IntId::spi(2);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"#[no_mangle]\n"
|
|
"extern \"C\" fn main(x0: u64, x1: u64, x2: u64, x3: u64) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL011_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL011 "
|
|
"device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let uart = unsafe { Uart::new(PL011_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" logger::init(uart, LevelFilter::Trace).unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" info!(\"main({:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x}, {:#x})\", x0, x1, x2, x3);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `GICD_BASE_ADDRESS` and `GICR_BASE_ADDRESS` are the "
|
|
"base\n"
|
|
" // addresses of a GICv3 distributor and redistributor respectively, and\n"
|
|
" // nothing else accesses those address ranges.\n"
|
|
" let mut gic = unsafe { GicV3::new(GICD_BASE_ADDRESS, "
|
|
"GICR_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" gic.setup();\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Safe because `PL031_BASE_ADDRESS` is the base address of a PL031 "
|
|
"device,\n"
|
|
" // and nothing else accesses that address range.\n"
|
|
" let mut rtc = unsafe { Rtc::new(PL031_BASE_ADDRESS) };\n"
|
|
" let timestamp = rtc.read();\n"
|
|
" let time = Utc.timestamp_opt(timestamp.into(), 0).unwrap();\n"
|
|
" info!(\"RTC: {time}\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" GicV3::set_priority_mask(0xff);\n"
|
|
" gic.set_interrupt_priority(PL031_IRQ, 0x80);\n"
|
|
" gic.set_trigger(PL031_IRQ, Trigger::Level);\n"
|
|
" irq_enable();\n"
|
|
" gic.enable_interrupt(PL031_IRQ, true);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait for 3 seconds, without interrupts.\n"
|
|
" let target = timestamp + 3;\n"
|
|
" rtc.set_match(target);\n"
|
|
" info!(\n"
|
|
" \"Waiting for {}\",\n"
|
|
" Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" trace!(\n"
|
|
" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
|
|
" rtc.matched(),\n"
|
|
" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" while !rtc.matched() {\n"
|
|
" spin_loop();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" trace!(\n"
|
|
" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
|
|
" rtc.matched(),\n"
|
|
" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Wait another 3 seconds for an interrupt.\n"
|
|
" let target = timestamp + 6;\n"
|
|
" info!(\n"
|
|
" \"Waiting for {}\",\n"
|
|
" Utc.timestamp_opt(target.into(), 0).unwrap()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" rtc.set_match(target);\n"
|
|
" rtc.clear_interrupt();\n"
|
|
" rtc.enable_interrupt(true);\n"
|
|
" trace!(\n"
|
|
" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
|
|
" rtc.matched(),\n"
|
|
" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" while !rtc.interrupt_pending() {\n"
|
|
" wfi();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" trace!(\n"
|
|
" \"matched={}, interrupt_pending={}\",\n"
|
|
" rtc.matched(),\n"
|
|
" rtc.interrupt_pending()\n"
|
|
" );\n"
|
|
" info!(\"Finished waiting\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: main_end\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[panic_handler]\n"
|
|
"fn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n"
|
|
" error!(\"{info}\");\n"
|
|
" system_off::<Hvc>().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" loop {}\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main_end\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:149
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "`pl031.rs`:"
|
|
msgstr "`pl031.rs` :"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/bare-metal/solutions-afternoon.md:151
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"use core::ptr::{addr_of, addr_of_mut};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[repr(C, align(4))]\n"
|
|
"struct Registers {\n"
|
|
" /// Data register\n"
|
|
" dr: u32,\n"
|
|
" /// Match register\n"
|
|
" mr: u32,\n"
|
|
" /// Load register\n"
|
|
" lr: u32,\n"
|
|
" /// Control register\n"
|
|
" cr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved0: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" /// Interrupt Mask Set or Clear register\n"
|
|
" imsc: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved1: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" /// Raw Interrupt Status\n"
|
|
" ris: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved2: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" /// Masked Interrupt Status\n"
|
|
" mis: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved3: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
" /// Interrupt Clear Register\n"
|
|
" icr: u8,\n"
|
|
" _reserved4: [u8; 3],\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"/// Driver for a PL031 real-time clock.\n"
|
|
"#[derive(Debug)]\n"
|
|
"pub struct Rtc {\n"
|
|
" registers: *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"impl Rtc {\n"
|
|
" /// Constructs a new instance of the RTC driver for a PL031 device at "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" /// given base address.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// # Safety\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// The given base address must point to the MMIO control registers of "
|
|
"a\n"
|
|
" /// PL031 device, which must be mapped into the address space of the "
|
|
"process\n"
|
|
" /// as device memory and not have any other aliases.\n"
|
|
" pub unsafe fn new(base_address: *mut u32) -> Self {\n"
|
|
" Self {\n"
|
|
" registers: base_address as *mut Registers,\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Reads the current RTC value.\n"
|
|
" pub fn read(&self) -> u32 {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).dr).read_volatile() }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Writes a match value. When the RTC value matches this then an "
|
|
"interrupt\n"
|
|
" /// will be generated (if it is enabled).\n"
|
|
" pub fn set_match(&mut self, value: u32) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).mr).write_volatile(value) }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Returns whether the match register matches the RTC value, whether or "
|
|
"not\n"
|
|
" /// the interrupt is enabled.\n"
|
|
" pub fn matched(&self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).ris)."
|
|
"read_volatile() };\n"
|
|
" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Returns whether there is currently an interrupt pending.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// This should be true iff `matched` returns true and the interrupt is\n"
|
|
" /// masked.\n"
|
|
" pub fn interrupt_pending(&self) -> bool {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" let ris = unsafe { addr_of!((*self.registers).mis)."
|
|
"read_volatile() };\n"
|
|
" (ris & 0x01) != 0\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Sets or clears the interrupt mask.\n"
|
|
" ///\n"
|
|
" /// When the mask is true the interrupt is enabled; when it is false "
|
|
"the\n"
|
|
" /// interrupt is disabled.\n"
|
|
" pub fn enable_interrupt(&mut self, mask: bool) {\n"
|
|
" let imsc = if mask { 0x01 } else { 0x00 };\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).imsc)."
|
|
"write_volatile(imsc) }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" /// Clears a pending interrupt, if any.\n"
|
|
" pub fn clear_interrupt(&mut self) {\n"
|
|
" // Safe because we know that self.registers points to the control\n"
|
|
" // registers of a PL031 device which is appropriately mapped.\n"
|
|
" unsafe { addr_of_mut!((*self.registers).icr).write_volatile(0x01) }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// Safe because it just contains a pointer to device memory, which can be\n"
|
|
"// accessed from any context.\n"
|
|
"unsafe impl Send for Rtc {}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Concurrency Morning Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "# Jour 3 Exercice du matin"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Dining Philosophers"
|
|
msgstr "## Philosophes de la restauration"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](dining-philosophers.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-morning.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2022 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::{mpsc, Arc, Mutex};\n"
|
|
"use std::thread;\n"
|
|
"use std::time::Duration;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Fork;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n"
|
|
" left_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" right_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" thoughts: mpsc::SyncSender<String>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n"
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is trying to eat\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" let left = self.left_fork.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
" let right = self.right_fork.lock().unwrap();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(10));\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
|
|
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::sync_channel(10);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let forks = (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len())\n"
|
|
" .map(|_| Arc::new(Mutex::new(Fork)))\n"
|
|
" .collect::<Vec<_>>();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" for i in 0..forks.len() {\n"
|
|
" let tx = tx.clone();\n"
|
|
" let mut left_fork = forks[i].clone();\n"
|
|
" let mut right_fork = forks[(i + 1) % forks.len()].clone();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // To avoid a deadlock, we have to break the symmetry\n"
|
|
" // somewhere. This will swap the forks without deinitializing\n"
|
|
" // either of them.\n"
|
|
" if i == forks.len() - 1 {\n"
|
|
" std::mem::swap(&mut left_fork, &mut right_fork);\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let philosopher = Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: PHILOSOPHERS[i].to_string(),\n"
|
|
" thoughts: tx,\n"
|
|
" left_fork,\n"
|
|
" right_fork,\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" thread::spawn(move || {\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..100 {\n"
|
|
" philosopher.eat();\n"
|
|
" philosopher.think();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" drop(tx);\n"
|
|
" for thought in rx {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{thought}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:1
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "# Concurrency Afternoon Exercise"
|
|
msgstr "# Exercices de l'après-midi du jour 1"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:3
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "## Dining Philosophers - Async"
|
|
msgstr "## Philosophes de la restauration"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:5
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](dining-philosophers-async.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](dining-philosophers.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:7
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher\n"
|
|
"use std::sync::Arc;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::time;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::mpsc::{self, Sender};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::Mutex;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Fork;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"struct Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: String,\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher\n"
|
|
" left_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" right_fork: Arc<Mutex<Fork>>,\n"
|
|
" thoughts: Sender<String>,\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: Philosopher-think\n"
|
|
"impl Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" async fn think(&self) {\n"
|
|
" self.thoughts\n"
|
|
" .send(format!(\"Eureka! {} has a new idea!\", &self.name))."
|
|
"await\n"
|
|
" .unwrap();\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-think\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" async fn eat(&self) {\n"
|
|
" // Pick up forks...\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat\n"
|
|
" let _first_lock = self.left_fork.lock().await;\n"
|
|
" // Add a delay before picking the second fork to allow the "
|
|
"execution\n"
|
|
" // to transfer to another task\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(1)).await;\n"
|
|
" let _second_lock = self.right_fork.lock().await;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-body\n"
|
|
" println!(\"{} is eating...\", &self.name);\n"
|
|
" time::sleep(time::Duration::from_millis(5)).await;\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-body\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // The locks are dropped here\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"static PHILOSOPHERS: &[&str] =\n"
|
|
" &[\"Socrates\", \"Plato\", \"Aristotle\", \"Thales\", \"Pythagoras\"];\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: Philosopher-eat-end\n"
|
|
" // Create forks\n"
|
|
" let mut forks = vec![];\n"
|
|
" (0..PHILOSOPHERS.len()).for_each(|_| forks.push(Arc::new(Mutex::"
|
|
"new(Fork))));\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Create philosophers\n"
|
|
" let (philosophers, mut rx) = {\n"
|
|
" let mut philosophers = vec![];\n"
|
|
" let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel(10);\n"
|
|
" for (i, name) in PHILOSOPHERS.iter().enumerate() {\n"
|
|
" let left_fork = forks[i].clone();\n"
|
|
" let right_fork = forks[(i + 1) % PHILOSOPHERS.len()].clone();\n"
|
|
" philosophers.push(Philosopher {\n"
|
|
" name: name.to_string(),\n"
|
|
" left_fork: if i % 2 == 0 { left_fork.clone() } else "
|
|
"{ right_fork.clone() },\n"
|
|
" right_fork: if i % 2 == 0 { right_fork } else "
|
|
"{ left_fork },\n"
|
|
" thoughts: tx.clone(),\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" (philosophers, rx)\n"
|
|
" // tx is dropped here, so we don't need to explicitly drop it later\n"
|
|
" };\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Make them think and eat\n"
|
|
" for phil in philosophers {\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" for _ in 0..100 {\n"
|
|
" phil.think().await;\n"
|
|
" phil.eat().await;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // Output their thoughts\n"
|
|
" while let Some(thought) = rx.recv().await {\n"
|
|
" println!(\"Here is a thought: {thought}\");\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:113
|
|
msgid "## Broadcast Chat Application"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:115
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
msgid "([back to exercise](chat-app.md))"
|
|
msgstr "([retour à l'exercice](rtc.md))"
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:119
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
|
|
"use futures_util::sink::SinkExt;\n"
|
|
"use std::error::Error;\n"
|
|
"use std::net::SocketAddr;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};\n"
|
|
"use tokio::sync::broadcast::{channel, Sender};\n"
|
|
"use tokio_websockets::{Message, ServerBuilder, WebsocketStream};\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: handle_connection\n"
|
|
"async fn handle_connection(\n"
|
|
" addr: SocketAddr,\n"
|
|
" mut ws_stream: WebsocketStream<TcpStream>,\n"
|
|
" bcast_tx: Sender<String>,\n"
|
|
") -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: handle_connection\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" ws_stream\n"
|
|
" .send(Message::text(\"Welcome to chat! Type a message\".into()))\n"
|
|
" .await?;\n"
|
|
" let mut bcast_rx = bcast_tx.subscribe();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // A continuous loop for concurrently performing two tasks: (1) "
|
|
"receiving\n"
|
|
" // messages from `ws_stream` and broadcasting them, and (2) receiving\n"
|
|
" // messages on `bcast_rx` and sending them to the client.\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" tokio::select! {\n"
|
|
" incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n"
|
|
" match incoming {\n"
|
|
" Some(Ok(msg)) => {\n"
|
|
" let msg = msg.as_text()?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"From client {addr:?} {msg:?}\");\n"
|
|
" bcast_tx.send(msg.into())?;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n"
|
|
" None => return Ok(()),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" msg = bcast_rx.recv() => {\n"
|
|
" ws_stream.send(Message::text(msg?)).await?;\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR: main\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn Error + Send + Sync>> {\n"
|
|
" let (bcast_tx, _) = channel(16);\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let listener = TcpListener::bind(\"127.0.0.1:2000\").await?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"listening on port 2000\");\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" let (socket, addr) = listener.accept().await?;\n"
|
|
" println!(\"New connection from {addr:?}\");\n"
|
|
" let bcast_tx = bcast_tx.clone();\n"
|
|
" tokio::spawn(async move {\n"
|
|
" // Wrap the raw TCP stream into a websocket.\n"
|
|
" let ws_stream = ServerBuilder::new().accept(socket).await?;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" handle_connection(addr, ws_stream, bcast_tx).await\n"
|
|
" });\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR_END: main\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#: src/exercises/concurrency/solutions-afternoon.md:204
|
|
msgid ""
|
|
"```rust,compile_fail\n"
|
|
"// Copyright 2023 Google LLC\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n"
|
|
"// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.\n"
|
|
"// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n"
|
|
"//\n"
|
|
"// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n"
|
|
"// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n"
|
|
"// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.\n"
|
|
"// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n"
|
|
"// limitations under the License.\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"// ANCHOR: setup\n"
|
|
"use futures_util::SinkExt;\n"
|
|
"use http::Uri;\n"
|
|
"use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, BufReader};\n"
|
|
"use tokio_websockets::{ClientBuilder, Message};\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
"#[tokio::main]\n"
|
|
"async fn main() -> Result<(), tokio_websockets::Error> {\n"
|
|
" let mut ws_stream = ClientBuilder::from_uri(Uri::"
|
|
"from_static(\"ws://127.0.0.1:2000\"))\n"
|
|
" .connect()\n"
|
|
" .await?;\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" let stdin = tokio::io::stdin();\n"
|
|
" let mut stdin = BufReader::new(stdin).lines();\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" // ANCHOR_END: setup\n"
|
|
" // Continuous loop for concurrently sending and receiving messages.\n"
|
|
" loop {\n"
|
|
" tokio::select! {\n"
|
|
" incoming = ws_stream.next() => {\n"
|
|
" match incoming {\n"
|
|
" Some(Ok(msg)) => println!(\"From server: {}\", msg."
|
|
"as_text()?),\n"
|
|
" Some(Err(err)) => return Err(err.into()),\n"
|
|
" None => return Ok(()),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" res = stdin.next_line() => {\n"
|
|
" match res {\n"
|
|
" Ok(None) => return Ok(()),\n"
|
|
" Ok(Some(line)) => ws_stream.send(Message::text(line."
|
|
"to_string())).await?,\n"
|
|
" Err(err) => return Err(err.into()),\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
" }\n"
|
|
"}\n"
|
|
"```"
|
|
msgstr ""
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Designing a Library"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Conception d'une bibliothèque"
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid "# Designing a Library"
|
|
#~ msgstr "# Concevoir une bibliothèque"
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid "`move` closures only implement `FnOnce`."
|
|
#~ msgstr "Les fermetures `move` n'implémentent que `FnOnce`."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Day 4"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Jour 4"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Closures"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Fermetures"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Day 4: Morning"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Jour 4 : Matin"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Day 4: Afternoon (Android)"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Jour 4 : Après-midi (Android)"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Day 4 Morning"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Jour 4 Matin"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "On Day 4, we will cover Android-specific things such as:"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Le 4ème jour, nous couvrirons des éléments spécifiques à Android tels "
|
|
#~ "que :"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "* Building Android components in Rust.\n"
|
|
#~ "* AIDL servers and clients.\n"
|
|
#~ "* Interoperability with C, C++, and Java."
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "* Construire des composants Android avec Rust.\n"
|
|
#~ "* Serveurs et clients AIDL.\n"
|
|
#~ "* Interopérabilité avec C, C++ et Java."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "It is important to note that this course does not cover Android "
|
|
#~ "**application** \n"
|
|
#~ "development in Rust, and that the Android-specific parts are specifically "
|
|
#~ "about\n"
|
|
#~ "writing code for Android itself, the operating system. "
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Il est important de noter que ce cours ne couvre pas un développement d' "
|
|
#~ "**application** Android\n"
|
|
#~ "avec Rust, et que les parties spécifiques à Android concernent "
|
|
#~ "spécifiquement\n"
|
|
#~ "l'écriture du code pour le système d'exploitation Android lui même, le "
|
|
#~ "système d'exploitation. "
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "* Learn how to use async Rust --- we'll only mention async Rust when\n"
|
|
#~ " covering traditional concurrency primitives. Please see [Asynchronous\n"
|
|
#~ " Programming in Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/) instead "
|
|
#~ "for\n"
|
|
#~ " details on this topic.\n"
|
|
#~ "* Learn how to develop macros, please see [Chapter 19.5 in the Rust\n"
|
|
#~ " Book](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) and [Rust by\n"
|
|
#~ " Example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) instead."
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "* Apprenez à utiliser Rust asynchrone --- nous ne mentionnerons Rust "
|
|
#~ "asynchrone que lorsque\n"
|
|
#~ " couvrant les primitives de concurrence traditionnelles. Veuillez "
|
|
#~ "consulter [Programmation\n"
|
|
#~ " Asynchrone en Rust](https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/) à la place "
|
|
#~ "de\n"
|
|
#~ " détails sur ce sujet.\n"
|
|
#~ "* Apprenez à développer des macros, veuillez consulter [Chapitre 19.5 "
|
|
#~ "dans le Livre\n"
|
|
#~ " Rust](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html) et [Rust par\n"
|
|
#~ " Exemple](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/macros.html) à la "
|
|
#~ "place."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "# Day 4"
|
|
#~ msgstr "# Jour 4"
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "The afternoon of the fourth day should cover a topic of your choice. "
|
|
#~ "Include\n"
|
|
#~ "the topic in the announcement of the course, so that participants know "
|
|
#~ "what to\n"
|
|
#~ "expect."
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "L'après-midi du quatrième jour devrait couvrir un sujet de votre choix. "
|
|
#~ "Ajoutez\n"
|
|
#~ "le sujet dans l'annonce du cours, afin que les participants sachent à "
|
|
#~ "quoi\n"
|
|
#~ "s'attendre."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "This phase of the course is a chance for participants to see Rust in "
|
|
#~ "action on a\n"
|
|
#~ "codebase they might be familiar with. You can choose from the topics "
|
|
#~ "already\n"
|
|
#~ "defined here, or plan your own."
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Cette phase du cours est une chance pour les participants de voir Rust en "
|
|
#~ "action sur une\n"
|
|
#~ "base de code qu'ils connaissent peut-être. Vous pouvez déjà choisir parmi "
|
|
#~ "les sujets\n"
|
|
#~ "définis ici, ou planifiez le vôtre."
|
|
|
|
#~ msgid "Some topics need additional preparation:"
|
|
#~ msgstr "Certains sujets nécessitent une préparation supplémentaire :"
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "<details>\n"
|
|
#~ "Key points:"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "<détails>\n"
|
|
#~ "Points clés:"
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid "</defails>"
|
|
#~ msgstr "</defaults>"
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "<details>\n"
|
|
#~ "Key Points: "
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "<détails>\n"
|
|
#~ "Points clés:"
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "* Change the literal values in `foo` to match with the other patterns.\n"
|
|
#~ "* Add a new field to `Foo` and make changes to the pattern as needed."
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "* Modifiez les valeurs littérales dans `foo` pour qu'elles correspondent "
|
|
#~ "aux autres modèles.\n"
|
|
#~ "* Ajoutez un nouveau champ à `Foo` et modifiez le modèle si nécessaire."
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid "You use `if` very similarly to how you would in other languages:"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Vous utilisez `if` de manière très similaire à la façon dont vous le "
|
|
#~ "feriez dans d'autres langues :"
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "If you want to match a value against a pattern, you can use `if let`:"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Si vous voulez faire correspondre une valeur à un modèle, vous pouvez "
|
|
#~ "utiliser `if let` :"
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid "The `while` keyword works very similar to other languages:"
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Le mot-clé `while` fonctionne de manière très similaire aux autres "
|
|
#~ "langages :"
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid "# `for` expressions"
|
|
#~ msgstr "# expressions `pour`"
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid "* Break the `loop` with a value (e.g. `break 8`) and print it out."
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "* Cassez la `boucle` avec une valeur (par exemple `break 8`) et imprimez-"
|
|
#~ "la."
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "You will also want to browse the [`std::ffi`] module, particular for "
|
|
#~ "[`CStr`]\n"
|
|
#~ "and [`CString`] types which are used to hold NUL-terminated strings "
|
|
#~ "coming from\n"
|
|
#~ "C. The [Nomicon] also has a very useful chapter about FFI."
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Vous voudrez également parcourir le module [`std :: ffi`], en particulier "
|
|
#~ "pour [`CStr`]\n"
|
|
#~ "et [`CString`] qui sont utilisés pour contenir des chaînes terminées par "
|
|
#~ "NUL provenant de\n"
|
|
#~ "C. Le [Nomicon] a également un chapitre très utile sur FFI."
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid "# Welcome to Day 4"
|
|
#~ msgstr "# Bienvenue au jour 4"
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "This morning, we will focus on Concurrency: threads, channels, shared "
|
|
#~ "state, `Send` and `Sync`.\n"
|
|
#~ "In the afternoon, we will have a chance to see Rust in action."
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "Ce matin, nous nous concentrerons sur la simultanéité : les threads, les "
|
|
#~ "canaux, l'état partagé, `Send` et `Sync`.\n"
|
|
#~ "Dans l'après-midi, nous aurons la chance de voir Rust en action."
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid ""
|
|
#~ "This is a good time to give an outline of what you will cover in the "
|
|
#~ "afternoon\n"
|
|
#~ "section, as announced in the course offering."
|
|
#~ msgstr ""
|
|
#~ "C'est le bon moment pour donner un aperçu de ce que vous couvrirez dans "
|
|
#~ "l'après-midi\n"
|
|
#~ "section, tel qu'annoncé dans l'offre de cours."
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid "# Fearless Concurrency"
|
|
#~ msgstr "# Concurrence intrépide"
|
|
|
|
#, fuzzy
|
|
#~ msgid "# Day 4 Morning Exercise"
|
|
#~ msgstr "# Jour 4 Exercice du matin"
|