3.0.0

Additionally to running clippy, also compile the exercise file so that
`rustling run clippy1` works after a successful completion of the
exercise.

closes #291

Signed-off-by: Rohan Jain <crodjer@gmail.com>

.clog.toml

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+[clog]
+
+repository = "https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings"
+changelog = "CHANGELOG.md"

.editorconfig

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+root = true
+
+[*.rs]
+end_of_line = lf
+insert_final_newfile = true
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 4

.gitignore

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 *.swp
 target/
 **/*.rs.bk
-Cargo.lock
 .DS_Store
+*.pdb
+exercises/clippy/Cargo.toml
+exercises/clippy/Cargo.lock

.travis.yml

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-language: rust
-rust:
-  - stable
-  - beta
-  - nightly
-script: cargo test --verbose
-matrix:
-  allow_failures:
-    - rust: nightly
-  fast_finish: true
-cache: cargo

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+<a name="3.0.0"></a>
+## 3.0.0 (2020-04-11)
+
+#### Breaking Changes
+
+* make "compile" exercises print output (#278) ([3b6d5c](https://github.com/fmoko/rustlings/commit/3b6d5c3aaa27a242a832799eb66e96897d26fde3))
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* **primitive_types:** revert primitive_types4 (#296) ([b3a3351e](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/b3a3351e8e6a0bdee07077d7b0382953821649ae))
+* **run:**  compile clippy exercise files (#295) ([3ab084a4](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/3ab084a421c0f140ae83bf1fc3f47b39342e7373))
+* **conversions:**
+  * add additional test to meet exercise rules (#284) ([bc22ec3](https://github.com/fmoko/rustlings/commit/bc22ec382f843347333ef1301fc1bad773657f38))
+  * remove duplicate not done comment (#292) ([dab90f](https://github.com/fmoko/rustlings/commit/dab90f7b91a6000fe874e3d664f244048e5fa342))
+* don't hardcode documentation version for traits (#288) ([30e6af](https://github.com/fmoko/rustlings/commit/30e6af60690c326fb5d3a9b7335f35c69c09137d))
+
+#### Features
+
+*   add Option2 exercise (#290) ([86b5c08b](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/86b5c08b9bea1576127a7c5f599f5752072c087d))
+*   add excercise for option (#282) ([135e5d47](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/135e5d47a7c395aece6f6022117fb20c82f2d3d4))
+*   add new exercises for generics (#280) ([76be5e4e](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/76be5e4e991160f5fd9093f03ee2ba260e8f7229))
+* **ci:**  add buildkite config ([b049fa2c](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/b049fa2c84dba0f0c8906ac44e28fd45fba51a71))
+
+<a name="2.2.1"></a>
+### 2.2.1 (2020-02-27)
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+*   Re-add cloning the repo to install scripts ([3d9b03c5](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/3d9b03c52b8dc51b140757f6fd25ad87b5782ef5))
+
+#### Features
+
+*   Add clippy lints (#269) ([1e2fd9c9](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/1e2fd9c92f8cd6e389525ca1a999fca4c90b5921))
+
+<a name="2.2.0"></a>
+## 2.2.0 (2020-02-25)
+
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+*   Update deps to version compatable with aarch64-pc-windows (#263) ([19a93428](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/19a93428b3c73d994292671f829bdc8e5b7b3401))
+* **docs:**
+  * Added a necessary step to Windows installation process (#242) ([3906efcd](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/3906efcd52a004047b460ed548037093de3f523f))
+  * Fixed mangled sentence from book; edited for clarity (#266) ([ade52ff](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/ade52ffb739987287ddd5705944c8777705faed9)) 
+  * Updated iterators readme to account for iterators4 exercise (#273) ([bec8e3a](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/bec8e3a644cbd88db1c73ea5f1d8a364f4a34016))
+* **installation:**  make fatal errors more obvious (#272) ([17d0951e](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/17d0951e66fda8e11b204d5c4c41a0d5e22e78f7))
+* **iterators2:**
+  *  Remove reference to missing iterators2.rs (#245) ([419f7797](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/419f7797f294e4ce6a2b883199731b5bde77d262))
+* **as_ref_mut:** Enable a test and improve per clippy's suggestion (#256) ([dfdf809](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/dfdf8093ebbd4145864995627b812780de52f902))
+* **tests1:**
+  * Change test command ([fe10e06c](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/fe10e06c3733ddb4a21e90d09bf79bfe618e97ce) 
+  * Correct test command in tests1.rs comment (#263) ([39fa7ae](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/39fa7ae8b70ad468da49b06f11b2383135a63bcf))
+
+#### Features
+
+*   Add variables5.rs exercise (#264) ([0c73609e](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/0c73609e6f2311295e95d6f96f8c747cfc4cba03))
+*   Show a completion message when watching (#253) ([d25ee55a](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/d25ee55a3205882d35782e370af855051b39c58c))
+*   Add type conversion and parsing exercises (#249) ([0c85dc11](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/0c85dc1193978b5165491b99cc4922caf8d14a65))
+*   Created consistent money unit (#258) ([fd57f8f](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/fd57f8f2c1da2af8ddbebbccec214e6f40f4dbab))
+*   Enable test for exercise test4 (#276) ([8b971ff](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/8b971ffab6079a706ac925f5917f987932b55c07))
+*   Added traits exercises (#274 but specifically #216, which originally added
+    this :heart:) ([b559cdd](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/b559cdd73f32c0d0cfc1feda39f82b3e3583df17))
+
+
+<a name="2.1.0"></a>
+## 2.1.0 (2019-11-27)
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* add line numbers in several exercises and hints ([b565c4d3](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/b565c4d3e74e8e110bef201a082fa1302722a7c3))
+* **arc1:**  Fix some words in the comment ([c42c3b21](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/c42c3b2101df9164c8cd7bb344def921e5ba3e61))
+* **enums:**  Add link to chapter on pattern syntax (#242) ([615ce327](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/615ce3279800c56d89f19d218ccb7ef576624feb))
+* **primitive_types4:**
+  *  update outdated hint ([4c5189df](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/4c5189df2bdd9a231f6b2611919ba5aa14da0d3f))
+  *  update outdated comment ([ded2c034](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/ded2c034ba93fa1e3c2c2ea16b83abc1a57265e8))
+* **strings2:**  update line number in hint ([a09f684f](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/a09f684f05c58d239a6fc59ec5f81c2533e8b820))
+* **variables1:**  Correct wrong word in comment ([fda5a470](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/fda5a47069e0954f16a04e8e50945e03becb71a5))
+
+#### Features
+
+* **watch:**  show hint while watching ([8143d57b](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/8143d57b4e88c51341dd4a18a14c536042cc009c))
+
+<a name="2.0.0"></a>
+## 2.0.0 (2019-11-12)
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* **default:**  Clarify the installation procedure ([c371b853](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/c371b853afa08947ddeebec0edd074b171eeaae0))
+* **info:**  Fix trailing newlines for hints ([795b6e34](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/795b6e348094a898e9227a14f6232f7bb94c8d31))
+* **run:**  make `run` never prompt ([4b265465](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/4b26546589f7d2b50455429482cf1f386ceae8b3))
+
+#### Breaking Changes
+
+*   Refactor hint system ([9bdb0a12](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/9bdb0a12e45a8e9f9f6a4bd4a9c172c5376c7f60))
+*   improve `watch` execution mode ([2cdd6129](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/2cdd61294f0d9a53775ee24ad76435bec8a21e60))
+*   Index exercises by name ([627cdc07](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/627cdc07d07dfe6a740e885e0ddf6900e7ec336b))
+* **run:**  makes `run` never prompt ([4b265465](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/4b26546589f7d2b50455429482cf1f386ceae8b3))
+
+#### Features
+
+* **cli:**  check for rustc before doing anything ([36a033b8](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/36a033b87a6549c1e5639c908bf7381c84f4f425))
+* **hint:**  Add test for hint ([ce9fa6eb](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/ce9fa6ebbfdc3e7585d488d9409797285708316f))
+
+<a name="1.5.1"></a>
+### 1.5.1 (2019-11-11)
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* **errors3:**  Update hint ([dcfb427b](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/dcfb427b09585f0193f0a294443fdf99f11c64cb), closes [#185](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/issues/185))
+* **if1:**  Remove `return` reference ([ad03d180](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/ad03d180c9311c0093e56a3531eec1a9a70cdb45))
+* **strings:**  Move Strings before Structs ([6dcecb38](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/6dcecb38a4435593beb87c8e12d6314143631482), closes [#204](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/issues/204))
+* **structs1:**  Remove misleading comment ([f72e5a8f](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/f72e5a8f05568dde04eaeac10b9a69872f21cb37))
+* **threads:**  Move Threads behind SLT ([fbe91a67](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/fbe91a67a482bfe64cbcdd58d06ba830a0f39da3), closes [#205](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/issues/205))
+* **watch:** clear screen before each `verify()`  ([3aff590](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/3aff59085586c24196a547c2693adbdcf4432648))
+
+<a name="1.5.0"></a>
+## 1.5.0 (2019-11-09)
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* **test1:** Rewrite logic ([79a56942](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/79a569422c8309cfc9e4aed25bf4ab3b3859996b))
+* **installation:**  Fix rustlings installation check ([7a252c47](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/7a252c475551486efb52f949b8af55803b700bc6))
+* **iterators:**  Rename iterator3.rs ([433d2115](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/433d2115bc1c04b6d34a335a18c9a8f3e2672bc6))
+* **iterators2:**  Remove syntax resulting in misleading error message ([4cde8664](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/4cde86643e12db162a66e62f23b78962986046ac))
+* **option1:**
+  *  Fix arguments passed to assert! macro (#222) ([4c2cf6da](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/4c2cf6da755efe02725e05ecc3a303304c10a6da))
+  *  Fix arguments passed to assert! macro ([ead4f7af](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/ead4f7af9e10e53418efdde5c359159347282afd))
+  *  Add test for prematurely passing exercise ([a750e4a1](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/a750e4a1a3006227292bb17d57d78ce84da6bfc6))
+* **primitive_types4:**  Fail on a slice covering the wrong area ([5b1e673c](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/5b1e673cec1658afc4ebbbc800213847804facf5))
+* **readme:**  http to https ([70946b85](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/70946b85e536e80e70ed9505cb650ca0a3a1fbb5))
+* **test1:**
+  *  Swap assertion parameter order ([4086d463](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/4086d463a981e81d97781851d17db2ced290f446))
+  *  renamed function name to snake case closes #180 ([89d5186c](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/89d5186c0dae8135ecabf90ee8bb35949bc2d29b))
+
+#### Features
+
+*   Add enums exercises ([dc150321](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/dc15032112fc485226a573a18139e5ce928b1755))
+*   Added exercise for struct update syntax ([1c4c8764](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/1c4c8764ed118740cd4cee73272ddc6cceb9d959))
+* **iterators2:**  adds iterators2 exercise including config ([9288fccf](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/9288fccf07a2c5043b76d0fd6491e4cf72d76031))
+
+<a name="1.4.1"></a>
+### 1.4.1 (2019-08-13)
+
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* **iterators2:**  Remove syntax resulting in misleading error message ([4cde8664](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/4cde86643e12db162a66e62f23b78962986046ac))
+* **option1:**  Add test for prematurely passing exercise ([a750e4a1](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/a750e4a1a3006227292bb17d57d78ce84da6bfc6))
+* **test1:**  Swap assertion parameter order ([4086d463](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/4086d463a981e81d97781851d17db2ced290f446))
+
+
+
+<a name="1.4.0"></a>
+## 1.4.0 (2019-07-13)
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+* **installation:**  Fix rustlings installation check ([7a252c47](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/7a252c475551486efb52f949b8af55803b700bc6))
+* **iterators:**  Rename iterator3.rs ([433d2115](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/433d2115bc1c04b6d34a335a18c9a8f3e2672bc6))
+* **readme:**  http to https ([70946b85](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/70946b85e536e80e70ed9505cb650ca0a3a1fbb5))
+* **test1:**  renamed function name to snake case ([89d5186c](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/89d5186c0dae8135ecabf90ee8bb35949bc2d29b))
+* **cli:** Check if changed exercise file exists before calling verify ([ba85ca3](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/ba85ca32c4cfc61de46851ab89f9c58a28f33c88))
+* **structs1:** Fix the irrefutable let pattern warning ([cc6a141](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/cc6a14104d7c034eadc98297eaaa972d09c50b1f))
+
+#### Features
+
+* **changelog:**  Use clog for changelogs ([34e31232](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/34e31232dfddde284a341c9609b33cd27d9d5724))
+* **iterators2:**  adds iterators2 exercise including config ([9288fccf](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/commit/9288fccf07a2c5043b76d0fd6491e4cf72d76031))
+
+<a name="1.3.0"></a>
+### 1.3.0 (2019-06-05)
+
+#### Features
+
+- Adds a simple exercise for structures (#163, @briankung)
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+- Add Result type signature as it is difficult for new comers to understand Generics and Error all at once. (#157, @veggiemonk)
+- Rustfmt and whitespace fixes (#161, @eddyp)
+- errorsn.rs: Separate also the hints from each other to avoid accidental viewing (#162, @eddyp)
+- fixed outdated links (#165, @gushroom)
+- Fix broken link (#164, @HanKruiger)
+- Remove highlighting and syntect (#167, @komaeda)
+
+<a name="1.2.2"></a>
+### 1.2.2 (2019-05-07)
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+- Reverted `--nocapture` flag since it was causing tests to pass unconditionally
+
+<a name="1.2.1"></a>
+### 1.2.1 (2019-04-22)
+
+#### Bug Fixes
+
+- Fix the `--nocapture` feature (@komaeda)
+- Provide a nicer error message for when you're in the wrong directory
+
+<a name="1.2.0"></a>
+### 1.2.0 (2019-04-22)
+
+#### Features
+
+- Add errors to exercises that compile without user changes (@yvan-sraka)
+- Use --nocapture when testing, enabling `println!` when running (@komaeda)
+
+<a name="1.1.1"></a>
+### 1.1.1 (2019-04-14)
+
+#### Bug fixes
+
+- Fix permissions on exercise files (@zacanger, #133)
+- Make installation checks more thorough (@komaeda, 1b3469f236bc6979c27f6e1a04e4138a88e55de3)
+- Fix order of true/false in tests for executables (@mgeier, #137)
+- Stop run from panicking when compile fails (@cjpearce, #141)
+- Fix intermittent test failure caused by race condition (@cjpearce, #140)
+- Fix links by deleting book version (@diodfr, #142)
+- Canonicalize paths to fix path matching (@cjpearce, #143)
+
+<a name="1.1.0"></a>
+### 1.1.0 (2019-03-20)
+
+- errors2.rs: update link to Rust book (#124)
+- Start verification at most recently modified file (#120)
+- Watch for file creation events in watch mode (#117)
+- Add standard library types to exercises suite (#119)
+- Give a warning when Rustlings isn't run from the right directory (#123)
+- Verify that rust version is recent enough to install Rustlings (#131)
+
+<a name="1.0.1"></a>
+### 1.0.1 (2019-03-06)
+
+- Adds a way to install Rustlings in one command (`curl -L https://git.io/rustlings | bash`)
+- Makes `rustlings watch` react to create file events (@shaunbennett, #117)
+- Reworks the exercise management to use an external TOML file instead of just listing them in the code
+
+<a name="1.0.0"></a>
+### 1.0.0 (2019-03-06)
+
+Initial release.

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+## Contributing to Rustlings
+
+First off, thanks for taking the time to contribute!! ❤️
+
+### Quick Reference
+
+I want to...
+
+_add an exercise! ➡️ [read this](#addex) and then [open a Pull Request](#prs)_
+
+_update an outdated exercise! ➡️ [open a Pull Request](#prs)_
+
+_report a bug! ➡️ [open an Issue](#issues)_
+
+_fix a bug! ➡️ [open a Pull Request](#prs)_
+
+_implement a new feature! ➡️ [open an Issue to discuss it first, then a Pull Request](#issues)_
+
+<a name="#src"></a>
+### Working on the source code
+
+`rustlings` is basically a glorified `rustc` wrapper. Therefore the source code
+isn't really that complicated since the bulk of the work is done by `rustc`.
+`src/main.rs` contains a simple `clap` CLI that loads from `src/verify.rs` and `src/run.rs`.
+
+<a name="addex"></a>
+### Adding an exercise
+
+First step is to add the exercise! Call it `exercises/yourTopic/yourTopicN.rs`, make sure to
+put in some helpful links, and link to sections of the book in `exercises/yourTopic/README.md`.
+
+Next you want to make sure it runs when using `rustlings`. All exercises are stored in `info.toml`, under the `exercises` array. They're ordered by the order they're ran when using `rustlings verify`.
+
+You want to make sure where in the file you add your exercise. If you're not sure, add it at the bottom and ask in your pull request. To add an exercise, edit the file like this:
+```diff
+  ...
++ [[exercises]]
++ name = "yourTopicN"
++ path = "exercises/yourTopic/yourTopicN.rs"
++ mode = "compile"
++ hint = """
++ Some kind of useful hint for your exercise."""
+  ...
+```
+
+The `mode` attribute decides whether Rustlings will only compile your exercise, or compile and test it. If you have tests to verify in your exercise, choose `test`, otherwise `compile`.
+
+That's all! Feel free to put up a pull request.
+
+<a name="issues"></a>
+### Issues
+
+You can open an issue [here](https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/issues/new).
+If you're reporting a bug, please include the output of the following commands:
+
+- `rustc --version`
+- `rustlings --version`
+- `ls -la`
+- Your OS name and version
+
+<a name="prs"></a>
+### Pull Requests
+
+Opening a pull request is as easy as forking the repository and committing your
+changes. There's a couple of things to watch out for:
+
+#### Write correct commit messages
+
+We follow the [Conventional Commits](https://www.conventionalcommits.org/en/v1.0.0-beta.4/)
+specification, because it makes it easier to generate changelogs automatically.
+This means that you have to format your commit messages in a specific way. Say
+you're working on adding a new exercise called `foobar1.rs`. You could write
+the following commit message:
+
+```
+feat: Add foobar1.rs exercise
+```
+
+If you're just fixing a bug, please use the `fix` type:
+
+```
+fix(verify): Make sure verify doesn't self-destruct
+```
+
+The scope within the brackets is optional, but should be any of these:
+
+- `installation` (for the installation script)
+- `cli` (for general CLI changes)
+- `verify` (for the verification source file)
+- `watch` (for the watch functionality source)
+- `run` (for the run functionality source)
+- `EXERCISENAME` (if you're changing a specific exercise, or set of exercises,
+  substitute them here)
+
+When the commit also happens to close an existing issue, link it in the message
+body:
+
+```
+fix: Update foobar
+
+closes #101029908
+```
+
+If you're doing simple changes, like updating a book link, use `chore`:
+
+```
+chore: Update exercise1.rs book link
+```
+
+If you're updating documentation, use `docs`:
+
+```
+docs: Add more information to Readme
+```
+
+If, and only if, you're absolutely sure you want to make a breaking change
+(please discuss this beforehand!), add an exclamation mark to the type and
+explain the breaking change in the message body:
+
+```
+fix!: Completely change verification
+
+BREAKING CHANGE: This has to be done because lorem ipsum dolor
+```
+
+#### Pull Request Workflow
+
+Once you open a Pull Request, it may be reviewed or labeled (or both) until
+the maintainers accept your change. Then, [bors](https://github.com/bors) will
+run the test suite with your changes and if it's successful, automatically
+merge it in!

Cargo.lock

@@ -0,0 +1,920 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+[[package]]
+name = "aho-corasick"
+version = "0.7.3"
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Cargo.toml

@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 [package]
 name = "rustlings"
-version = "1.2.2"
-authors = ["Olivia <819880950@qq.com>", "Carol (Nichols || Goulding) <carol.nichols@gmail.com"]
+version = "3.0.0"
+authors = ["Marisa <mokou@posteo.de>", "Carol (Nichols || Goulding) <carol.nichols@gmail.com>"]
 edition = "2018"
 
 [dependencies]
 clap = "2.32.0"
-indicatif = "0.9.0"
-console = "0.6.2"
-syntect = "3.0.2"
-notify = "4.0.0"
+indicatif = "0.10.3"
+console = "0.7.7"
+notify = "4.0.15"
 toml = "0.4.10"
+regex = "1.1.6"
 serde = {version = "1.0.10", features = ["derive"]}
 
 [[bin]]
@@ -19,3 +19,5 @@ path = "src/main.rs"
 
 [dev-dependencies]
 assert_cmd = "0.11.0"
+predicates = "1.0.1"
+glob = "0.3.0"

README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-![crab pet](http://i.imgur.com/LbZJgmm.gif) 
+![crab pet](https://i.imgur.com/LbZJgmm.gif)
 
-# rustlings 🦀❤️
+# rustlings 🦀❤️ [![Build status](https://badge.buildkite.com/7af93d81dc522c67a1ec8e33ff5705861b1cb36360b774807f.svg)](https://buildkite.com/mokou/rustlings)
 
 Greetings and welcome to `rustlings`. This project contains small exercises to get you used to reading and writing Rust code. This includes reading and responding to compiler messages!
 
@@ -31,44 +31,70 @@ curl -L https://git.io/rustlings | bash -s mypath/
 
 This will install Rustlings and give you access to the `rustlings` command. Run it to get started!
 
-## Windows/Manually
+## Windows
+
+First, set `ExecutionPolicy` to `RemoteSigned`:
+
+```ps
+Set-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned
+```
+
+Then, you can run:
+
+```ps
+Invoke-WebRequest https://git.io/rustlings-win | Select-Object -ExpandProperty Content | Out-File $env:TMP/install_rustlings.ps1; Unblock-File $env:TMP/install_rustlings.ps1; Invoke-Expression $env:TMP/install_rustlings.ps1
+```
+
+To install Rustlings. Same as on MacOS/Linux, you will have access to the `rustlings` command after it.
+
+## Manually
 
 Basically: Clone the repository, checkout to the latest tag, run `cargo install`.
 
 ```bash
 git clone https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings
 cd rustlings
-git checkout tags/1.0.0 # or whatever the latest version is (find out at https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/releases/latest)
+git checkout tags/3.0.0 # or whatever the latest version is (find out at https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/releases/latest)
 cargo install --force --path .
 ```
 
-Same as above, run `rustlings` to get started.
+If there are installation errors, ensure that your toolchain is up to date. For the latest, run:
+```bash
+rustup update
+```
+
+Then, same as above, run `rustlings` to get started.
 
 ## Doing exercises
 
-The exercises are sorted by topic and can be found in the subdirectory `rustlings/exercises/<topic>`. For every topic there is an additional README file with some resources to get you started on the topic. We really recommend that you have a look at them before you start. 
+The exercises are sorted by topic and can be found in the subdirectory `rustlings/exercises/<topic>`. For every topic there is an additional README file with some resources to get you started on the topic. We really recommend that you have a look at them before you start.
 
-The task is simple. Most exercises contain an error that keep it from compiling, and it's up to you to fix it! Some exercises are also ran as tests, but rustlings handles them all the same. To run the exercises in the recommended order, execute:
-
-```bash
-rustlings verify
-```
-
-This will try to verify the completion of every exercise in a predetermined order (what we think is best for newcomers). If you don't want to rerun `verify` every time you change a file, you can run:
+The task is simple. Most exercises contain an error that keep it from compiling, and it's up to you to fix it! Some exercises are also run as tests, but rustlings handles them all the same. To run the exercises in the recommended order, execute:
 
 ```bash
 rustlings watch
 ```
 
-This will do the same as verify, but won't quit after running and instead automatically rerun as soon as you change a file in the `exercises/` directory.
+This will try to verify the completion of every exercise in a predetermined order (what we think is best for newcomers). It will also rerun automatically every time you change a file in the `exercises/` directory. If you want to only run it once, you can use:
+
+```bash
+rustlings verify
+```
+
+This will do the same as watch, but it'll quit after running.
 
 In case you want to go by your own order, or want to only verify a single exercise, you can run:
 
 ```bash
-rustlings run exercises/path/to/exercise.rs
+rustlings run myExercise1
 ```
 
-In case you get stuck, there is usually a hint at the bottom of each exercise.
+In case you get stuck, you can run the following command to get a hint for your
+exercise:
+
+``` bash
+rustlings hint myExercise1
+```
 
 ## Testing yourself
 
@@ -94,31 +120,7 @@ If you are interested in improving or adding new ones, please feel free to contr
 
 ## Contributing
 
-### Adding an exercise
-
-First step is to add the exercise! Call it `exercises/yourTopic/yourTopicN.rs`, make sure to
-put in some helpful links, and link to sections of the book in `exercises/yourTopic/README.md`.
-
-Next you want to make sure it runs when using `rustlings`. All exercises are stored in `info.toml`, under the `exercises` array. They're ordered by the order they're ran when using `rustlings verify`.
-
-You want to make sure where in the file you add your exercise. If you're not sure, add it at the bottom and ask in your pull request. To add an exercise, edit the file like this:
-```diff
-  ...
-+ [[exercises]]
-+ path = "exercises/yourTopic/yourTopicN.rs"
-+ mode = "compile"
-  ...
-```
-
-The `mode` attribute decides whether Rustlings will only compile your exercise, or compile and test it. If you have tests to verify in your exercise, choose `test`, otherwise `compile`.
-
-That's all! Feel free to put up a pull request.
-
-### Working on the source code
-
-`rustlings` is basically a glorified `rustc` wrapper. Therefore the source code
-isn't really that complicated since the bulk of the work is done by `rustc`.
-`src/main.rs` contains a simple `clap` CLI that loads from `src/verify.rs` and `src/run.rs`.
+See [CONTRIBUTING.md](./CONTRIBUTING.md).
 
 ## Credits
 

buildkite.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+steps:
+  - label: "Test with stable"
+    command: rustup run stable cargo test
+  - label: "Test with beta"
+    command: rustup run beta cargo test

default_out.txt

@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
-Thanks for installing `rustlings`!
+Thanks for installing Rustlings!
 
-## Is this your first time?
+Is this your first time?
 
 Let's make sure you're up to speed:
 - You have Rust installed, preferably via `rustup`
 - You have `~/.cargo/bin` added to your PATH variable
 - You have cloned this repository (https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings)
 - You have installed Rust language support for your editor
-- You have locally installed the `rustlings` command by running:
+- You have locally installed the `rustlings` command by running an
+  installation script or manually executing:
 
-```sh
-cargo install --path .
-```
+cargo install --force --path .
 
 If you've done all of this (or even most of it), congrats! You're ready
 to start working with Rust.
 
-To get started, run `rustlings verify` in order to get the first exercise.
+To get started, run `rustlings watch` in order to get the first exercise.
 Make sure to have your editor open!

exercises/clippy/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+### Clippy
+
+The Clippy tool is a collection of lints to analyze your code so you can catch common mistakes and improve your Rust code.
+
+If you used the installation script for Rustlings, Clippy should be already installed.
+If not you can install it manually via `rustup component add clippy`.
+
+For more information about Clippy lints, please see [their documentation page](https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/).

exercises/clippy/clippy1.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+// clippy1.rs
+// The Clippy tool is a collection of lints to analyze your code
+// so you can catch common mistakes and improve your Rust code.
+//
+// Execute `rustlings hint clippy1` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+fn main() {
+    let x = 1.2331f64;
+    let y = 1.2332f64;
+    if y != x {
+        println!("Success!");
+    }
+}

exercises/clippy/clippy2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+// clippy2.rs
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint clippy2` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+fn main() {
+    let mut res = 42;
+    let option = Some(12);
+    for x in option {
+        res += x;
+    }
+    println!("{}", res);
+}

exercises/conversions/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+### Type conversions
+
+
+Rust offers a multitude of ways to convert a value of a given type into another type.
+
+The simplest form of type conversion is a type cast expression. It is denoted with the binary operator `as`. For instance, `println!("{}", 1 + 1.0);` would not compile, since `1` is an integer while `1.0` is a float. However, `println!("{}", 1 as f32 + 1.0)` should compile. The exercise [`using_as`](using_as.rs) tries to cover this.
+
+Rust also offers traits that facilitate type conversions upon implementation. These traits can be found under the [`convert`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/index.html) module.
+The traits are the following:
+- `From` and `Into` covered in [`from_into`](from_into.rs)
+- `TryFrom` and `TryInto` covered in [`try_from_into`](try_from_into.rs)
+- `AsRef` and `AsMut` covered in [`as_ref_mut`](as_ref_mut.rs)
+
+Furthermore, the `std::str` module offers a trait called [`FromStr`](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html) which helps with converting strings into target types via the `parse` method on strings. If properly implemented for a given type `Person`, then `let p: Person = "Mark,20".parse().unwrap()` should both compile and run without panicking.
+
+These should be the main ways ***within the standard library*** to convert data into your desired types.
+
+#### Book Sections
+
+These are not directly covered in the book, but the standard library has great documentation for [conversions here](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/index.html). The `FromStr` trait is also covered [here](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html).

exercises/conversions/as_ref_mut.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+// AsRef and AsMut allow for cheap reference-to-reference conversions.
+// Read more about them at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsRef.html
+// and https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.AsMut.html, respectively.
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+// Obtain the number of bytes (not characters) in the given argument
+// Add the AsRef trait appropriately as a trait bound
+fn byte_counter<T>(arg: T) -> usize {
+    arg.as_ref().as_bytes().len()
+}
+
+// Obtain the number of characters (not bytes) in the given argument
+// Add the AsRef trait appropriately as a trait bound
+fn char_counter<T>(arg: T) -> usize {
+    arg.as_ref().chars().count()
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let s = "Café au lait";
+    println!("{}", char_counter(s));
+    println!("{}", byte_counter(s));
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn different_counts() {
+        let s = "Café au lait";
+        assert_ne!(char_counter(s), byte_counter(s));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn same_counts() {
+        let s = "Cafe au lait";
+        assert_eq!(char_counter(s), byte_counter(s));
+    }
+}

exercises/conversions/from_into.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+// The From trait is used for value-to-value conversions.
+// If From is implemented correctly for a type, the Into trait should work conversely.
+// You can read more about it at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.From.html
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Person {
+    name: String,
+    age: usize,
+}
+
+// We implement the Default trait to use it as a fallback
+// when the provided string is not convertible into a Person object
+impl Default for Person {
+    fn default() -> Person {
+        Person {
+            name: String::from("John"),
+            age: 30,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+// Your task is to complete this implementation
+// in order for the line `let p = Person::from("Mark,20")` to compile
+// Please note that you'll need to parse the age component into a `usize`
+// with something like `"4".parse::<usize>()`. The outcome of this needs to
+// be handled appropriately.
+//
+// Steps:
+// 1. If the length of the provided string is 0, then return the default of Person
+// 2. Split the given string on the commas present in it
+// 3. Extract the first element from the split operation and use it as the name
+// 4. Extract the other element from the split operation and parse it into a `usize` as the age
+// If while parsing the age, something goes wrong, then return the default of Person
+// Otherwise, then return an instantiated Person onject with the results
+impl From<&str> for Person {
+    fn from(s: &str) -> Person {
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // Use the `from` function
+    let p1 = Person::from("Mark,20");
+    // Since From is implemented for Person, we should be able to use Into
+    let p2: Person = "Gerald,70".into();
+    println!("{:?}", p1);
+    println!("{:?}", p2);
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    #[test]
+    fn test_default() {
+        // Test that the default person is 30 year old John
+        let dp = Person::default();
+        assert_eq!(dp.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(dp.age, 30);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bad_convert() {
+        // Test that John is returned when bad string is provided
+        let p = Person::from("");
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_good_convert() {
+        // Test that "Mark,20" works
+        let p = Person::from("Mark,20");
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "Mark");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 20);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bad_age() {
+        // Test that "Mark.twenty" will return the default person due to an error in parsing age
+        let p = Person::from("Mark,twenty");
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "John");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 30);
+    }
+}

exercises/conversions/from_str.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+// This does practically the same thing that TryFrom<&str> does.
+// Additionally, upon implementing FromStr, you can use the `parse` method
+// on strings to generate an object of the implementor type.
+// You can read more about it at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/str/trait.FromStr.html
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Person {
+    name: String,
+    age: usize,
+}
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+// Steps:
+// 1. If the length of the provided string is 0, then return an error
+// 2. Split the given string on the commas present in it
+// 3. Extract the first element from the split operation and use it as the name
+// 4. Extract the other element from the split operation and parse it into a `usize` as the age
+// If while parsing the age, something goes wrong, then return an error
+// Otherwise, then return a Result of a Person object
+impl FromStr for Person {
+    type Err = String;
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Person, Self::Err> {
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let p = "Mark,20".parse::<Person>().unwrap();
+    println!("{:?}", p);
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_input() {
+        assert!("".parse::<Person>().is_err());
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn good_input() {
+        assert!("John,32".parse::<Person>().is_ok());
+    }
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn missing_age() {
+        "John".parse::<Person>().unwrap();
+    }
+}

exercises/conversions/try_from_into.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+// TryFrom is a simple and safe type conversion that may fail in a controlled way under some circumstances.
+// Basically, this is the same as From. The main difference is that this should return a Result type
+// instead of the target type itself.
+// You can read more about it at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html
+use std::convert::{TryInto, TryFrom};
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Person {
+    name: String,
+    age: usize,
+}
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+// Your task is to complete this implementation
+// in order for the line `let p = Person::try_from("Mark,20")` to compile
+// and return an Ok result of inner type Person.
+// Please note that you'll need to parse the age component into a `usize`
+// with something like `"4".parse::<usize>()`. The outcome of this needs to
+// be handled appropriately.
+//
+// Steps:
+// 1. If the length of the provided string is 0, then return an error
+// 2. Split the given string on the commas present in it
+// 3. Extract the first element from the split operation and use it as the name
+// 4. Extract the other element from the split operation and parse it into a `usize` as the age
+// If while parsing the age, something goes wrong, then return an error
+// Otherwise, then return a Result of a Person object
+impl TryFrom<&str> for Person {
+    type Error = String;
+    fn try_from(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // Use the `from` function
+    let p1 = Person::try_from("Mark,20");
+    // Since From is implemented for Person, we should be able to use Into
+    let p2: Result<Person, _> = "Gerald,70".try_into();
+    println!("{:?}", p1);
+    println!("{:?}", p2);
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    #[test]
+    fn test_bad_convert() {
+        // Test that John is returned when bad string is provided
+        let p = Person::try_from("");
+        assert!(p.is_err());
+    }
+    #[test]
+    fn test_good_convert() {
+        // Test that "Mark,20" works
+        let p = Person::try_from("Mark,20");
+        assert!(p.is_ok());
+        let p = p.unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(p.name, "Mark");
+        assert_eq!(p.age, 20);
+    }
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_panic_empty_input() {
+        let p: Person = "".try_into().unwrap();
+    }
+    #[test]
+    #[should_panic]
+    fn test_panic_bad_age() {
+        let p = Person::try_from("Mark,twenty").unwrap();
+    }
+}

exercises/conversions/using_as.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+// Type casting in Rust is done via the usage of the `as` operator.
+// Please note that the `as` operator is not only used when type casting.
+// It also helps with renaming imports.
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+// The goal is to make sure that the division does not fail to compile
+fn average(values: &[f64]) -> f64 {
+    let total = values
+        .iter()
+        .fold(0.0, |a, b| a + b);
+    total / values.len()
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let values = [3.5, 0.3, 13.0, 11.7];
+    println!("{}", average(&values));
+}

exercises/enums/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+### Enums
+
+Rust allows you to define types called "enums" which enumerate possible values. 
+Enums are a feature in many languages, but their capabilities differ in each language. Rust’s enums are most similar to algebraic data types in functional languages, such as F#, OCaml, and Haskell.
+Useful in combination with enums is Rust's "pattern matching" facility, which makes it easy to run different code for different values of an enumeration.  
+
+#### Book Sections
+
+- [Enums](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch06-00-enums.html)
+- [Pattern syntax](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch18-03-pattern-syntax.html)

exercises/enums/enums1.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+// enums1.rs
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint enums1` for hints!
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum Message {
+    // TODO: define a few types of messages as used below
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    println!("{:?}", Message::Quit);
+    println!("{:?}", Message::Echo);
+    println!("{:?}", Message::Move);
+    println!("{:?}", Message::ChangeColor);
+}

exercises/enums/enums2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+// enums2.rs
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint enums2` for hints!
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum Message {
+    // TODO: define the different variants used below
+}
+
+impl Message {
+    fn call(&self) {
+        println!("{:?}", &self);
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let messages = [
+        Message::Move{ x: 10, y: 30 },
+        Message::Echo(String::from("hello world")),
+        Message::ChangeColor(200, 255, 255),
+        Message::Quit
+    ];
+
+    for message in &messages {
+        message.call();
+    }
+}

exercises/enums/enums3.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+// enums3.rs
+// Address all the TODOs to make the tests pass!
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+enum Message {
+    // TODO: implement the message variant types based on their usage below
+}
+
+struct Point {
+    x: u8,
+    y: u8
+}
+
+struct State {
+    color: (u8, u8, u8),
+    position: Point,
+    quit: bool
+}
+
+impl State {
+    fn change_color(&mut self, color: (u8, u8, u8)) {
+        self.color = color;
+    }
+
+    fn quit(&mut self) {
+        self.quit = true;
+    }
+
+    fn echo(&self, s: String) {
+        println!("{}", s);
+    }
+
+    fn move_position(&mut self, p: Point) {
+        self.position = p;
+    }
+
+    fn process(&mut self, message: Message) {
+        // TODO: create a match expression to process the different message variants
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_match_message_call() {
+        let mut state = State{
+            quit: false,
+            position: Point{ x: 0, y: 0 },
+            color: (0, 0, 0)
+        };
+        state.process(Message::ChangeColor(255, 0, 255));
+        state.process(Message::Echo(String::from("hello world")));
+        state.process(Message::Move{ x: 10, y: 15 });
+        state.process(Message::Quit);
+
+        assert_eq!(state.color, (255, 0, 255));
+        assert_eq!(state.position.x, 10);
+        assert_eq!(state.position.y, 15);
+        assert_eq!(state.quit, true);
+    }
+
+}

exercises/error_handling/errors1.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,9 @@
 // was, instead of just sometimes returning `None`. The 2nd test currently
 // does not compile or pass, but it illustrates the behavior we would like
 // this function to have.
-// Scroll down for hints!!!
+// Execute `rustlings hint errors1` for hints!
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 pub fn generate_nametag_text(name: String) -> Option<String> {
     if name.len() > 0 {
@@ -38,36 +40,3 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// `Err` is one of the variants of `Result`, so what the 2nd test is saying
-// is that `generate_nametag_text` should return a `Result` instead of an
-// `Option`.
-
-// To make this change, you'll need to:
-// - update the return type in the function signature to be a Result that
-//   could be the variants `Ok(String)` and `Err(String)`
-// - change the body of the function to return `Ok(stuff)` where it currently
-//   returns `Some(stuff)`
-// - change the body of the function to return `Err(error message)` where it
-//   currently returns `None`
-// - change the first test to expect `Ok(stuff)` where it currently expects
-//   `Some(stuff)`.

exercises/error_handling/errors2.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,9 @@
 // and add.
 
 // There are at least two ways to implement this that are both correct-- but
-// one is a lot shorter! Scroll down for hints to both ways.
+// one is a lot shorter! Execute `rustlings hint errors2` for hints to both ways.
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 
@@ -32,10 +34,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn item_quantity_is_a_valid_number() {
-        assert_eq!(
-            total_cost("34"),
-            Ok(171)
-        );
+        assert_eq!(total_cost("34"), Ok(171));
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -46,27 +45,3 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// One way to handle this is using a `match` statement on
-// `item_quantity.parse::<i32>()` where the cases are `Ok(something)` and
-// `Err(something)`. This pattern is very common in Rust, though, so there's
-// a `?` operator that does pretty much what you would make that match statement
-// do for you! Take a look at this section of the Error Handling chapter:
-// https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html#a-shortcut-for-propagating-errors-the--operator
-// and give it a try!

exercises/error_handling/errors3.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 // errors3.rs
 // This is a program that is trying to use a completed version of the
-// `total_cost` function from the previous exercise. It's not working though--
-// we can't use the `?` operator in the `main()` function! Why not?
-// What should we do instead? Scroll for hints!
+// `total_cost` function from the previous exercise. It's not working though!
+// Why not? What should we do to fix it?
+// Execute `rustlings hint errors3` for hints!
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 use std::num::ParseIntError;
 
@@ -27,36 +29,3 @@ pub fn total_cost(item_quantity: &str) -> Result<i32, ParseIntError> {
 
     Ok(qty * cost_per_item + processing_fee)
 }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// Since the `?` operator returns an `Err` early if the thing it's trying to
-// do fails, you can only use the `?` operator in functions that have a
-// `Result` as their return type.
-
-// Hence the error that you get if you run this code is:
-
-// ```
-// error[E0277]: the `?` operator can only be used in a function that returns `Result` (or another type that implements `std::ops::Try`)
-// ```
-
-// So we have to use another way of handling a `Result` within `main`.
-
-// Decide what we should do if `pretend_user_input` has a string value that does
-// not parse to an integer, and implement that instead of using the `?`
-// operator.

exercises/error_handling/errorsn.rs

@@ -13,14 +13,16 @@
 // type goes where the question marks are, and how do we return
 // that type from the body of read_and_validate?
 //
-// Scroll down for hints :)
+// Execute `rustlings hint errorsn` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 use std::error;
 use std::fmt;
 use std::io;
 
 // PositiveNonzeroInteger is a struct defined below the tests.
-fn read_and_validate(b: &mut io::BufRead) -> Result<PositiveNonzeroInteger, ???> {
+fn read_and_validate(b: &mut dyn io::BufRead) -> Result<PositiveNonzeroInteger, ???> {
     let mut line = String::new();
     b.read_line(&mut line);
     let num: i64 = line.trim().parse();
@@ -29,7 +31,7 @@ fn read_and_validate(b: &mut io::BufRead) -> Result<PositiveNonzeroInteger, ???>
 }
 
 // This is a test helper function that turns a &str into a BufReader.
-fn test_with_str(s: &str) -> Result<PositiveNonzeroInteger, Box<error::Error>> {
+fn test_with_str(s: &str) -> Result<PositiveNonzeroInteger, Box<dyn error::Error>> {
     let mut b = io::BufReader::new(s.as_bytes());
     read_and_validate(&mut b)
 }
@@ -65,7 +67,7 @@ fn test_ioerror() {
     assert_eq!("uh-oh!", read_and_validate(&mut b).unwrap_err().to_string());
 }
 
-#[derive(PartialEq,Debug)]
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct PositiveNonzeroInteger(u64);
 
 impl PositiveNonzeroInteger {
@@ -83,11 +85,14 @@ impl PositiveNonzeroInteger {
 #[test]
 fn test_positive_nonzero_integer_creation() {
     assert!(PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(10).is_ok());
-    assert_eq!(Err(CreationError::Negative), PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(-10));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Err(CreationError::Negative),
+        PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(-10)
+    );
     assert_eq!(Err(CreationError::Zero), PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(0));
 }
 
-#[derive(PartialEq,Debug)]
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum CreationError {
     Negative,
     Zero,
@@ -95,7 +100,7 @@ enum CreationError {
 
 impl fmt::Display for CreationError {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.write_str((self as &error::Error).description())
+        f.write_str((self as &dyn error::Error).description())
     }
 }
 
@@ -107,32 +112,3 @@ impl error::Error for CreationError {
         }
     }
 }
-
-// First hint: To figure out what type should go where the ??? is, take a look
-// at the test helper function `test_with_str`, since it returns whatever
-// `read_and_validate` returns and`test_with_str` has its signature fully
-// specified.
-
-// Next hint: There are three places in `read_and_validate` that we call a
-// function that returns a `Result` (that is, the functions might fail).
-// Apply the `?` operator on those calls so that we return immediately from
-// `read_and_validate` if those function calls fail.
-
-// Another hint: under the hood, the `?` operator calls `From::from`
-// on the error value to convert it to a boxed trait object, a Box<error::Error>,
-// which is polymorphic-- that means that lots of different kinds of errors
-// can be returned from the same function because all errors act the same
-// since they all implement the `error::Error` trait.
-// Check out this section of the book:
-// https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/second-edition/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html#a-shortcut-for-propagating-errors-the--operator
-
-// Another another hint: Note that because the `?` operator returns
-// the *unwrapped* value in the `Ok` case, if we want to return a `Result` from
-// `read_and_validate` for *its* success case, we'll have to rewrap a value
-// that we got from the return value of a `?`ed call in an `Ok`-- this will
-// look like `Ok(something)`.
-
-// Another another another hint: `Result`s must be "used", that is, you'll
-// get a warning if you don't handle a `Result` that you get in your
-// function. Read more about that in the `std::result` module docs:
-// https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/#results-must-be-used

exercises/error_handling/option1.rs

@@ -2,44 +2,30 @@
 // This example panics because the second time it calls `pop`, the `vec`
 // is empty, so `pop` returns `None`, and `unwrap` panics if it's called
 // on `None`. Handle this in a more graceful way than calling `unwrap`!
-// Scroll down for hints :)
+// Execute `rustlings hint option1` for hints :)
 
-fn main() {
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+pub fn pop_too_much() -> bool {
     let mut list = vec![3];
 
     let last = list.pop().unwrap();
     println!("The last item in the list is {:?}", last);
 
     let second_to_last = list.pop().unwrap();
-    println!("The second-to-last item in the list is {:?}", second_to_last);
+    println!(
+        "The second-to-last item in the list is {:?}",
+        second_to_last
+    );
+    true
 }
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
 
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// Try using a `match` statement where the arms are `Some(thing)` and `None`.
-// Or set a default value to print out if you get `None` by using the
-// function `unwrap_or`.
-// Or use an `if let` statement on the result of `pop()` to both destructure
-// a `Some` value and only print out something if we have a value!
+    #[test]
+    fn should_not_panic() {
+        assert!(pop_too_much());
+    }
+}

exercises/error_handling/result1.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 // result1.rs
-// Make this test pass! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make this test pass! Execute `rustlings hint result1` for hints :)
 
-#[derive(PartialEq,Debug)]
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 struct PositiveNonzeroInteger(u64);
 
-#[derive(PartialEq,Debug)]
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
 enum CreationError {
     Negative,
     Zero,
@@ -19,25 +21,9 @@ impl PositiveNonzeroInteger {
 #[test]
 fn test_creation() {
     assert!(PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(10).is_ok());
-    assert_eq!(Err(CreationError::Negative), PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(-10));
+    assert_eq!(
+        Err(CreationError::Negative),
+        PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(-10)
+    );
     assert_eq!(Err(CreationError::Zero), PositiveNonzeroInteger::new(0));
 }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// `PositiveNonzeroInteger::new` is always creating a new instance and returning an `Ok` result.
-// It should be doing some checking, returning an `Err` result if those checks fail, and only
-// returning an `Ok` result if those checks determine that everything is... okay :)

exercises/functions/README.md

@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ Here, you'll learn how to write functions and how Rust's compiler can trace thin
 
 #### Book Sections
 
-- [How Functions Work](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch03-03-how-functions-work.html)
+- [How Functions Work](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-03-how-functions-work.html)

exercises/functions/functions1.rs

@@ -1,44 +1,8 @@
 // functions1.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint functions1` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     call_me();
 }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// This main function is calling a function that it expects to exist, but the
-// function doesn't exist. It expects this function to have the name `call_me`.
-// It expects this function to not take any arguments and not return a value.
-// Sounds a lot like `main`, doesn't it?

exercises/functions/functions2.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // functions2.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint functions2` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     call_me(3);
@@ -10,33 +12,3 @@ fn call_me(num) {
         println!("Ring! Call number {}", i + 1);
     }
 }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// Rust requires that all parts of a function's signature have type annotations,
-// but `call_me` is missing the type annotation of `num`.

exercises/functions/functions3.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // functions3.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint functions3` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     call_me();
@@ -10,33 +12,3 @@ fn call_me(num: i32) {
         println!("Ring! Call number {}", i + 1);
     }
 }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// This time, the function *declaration* is okay, but there's something wrong
-// with the place where we're calling the function.

exercises/functions/functions4.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 // functions4.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint functions4` for hints :)
 
 // This store is having a sale where if the price is an even number, you get
-// 10 (money unit) off, but if it's an odd number, it's 3 (money unit) less.
+// 10 Rustbucks off, but if it's an odd number, it's 3 Rustbucks off.
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let original_price = 51;
@@ -20,25 +22,3 @@ fn sale_price(price: i32) -> {
 fn is_even(num: i32) -> bool {
     num % 2 == 0
 }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// The error message points to line 12 and says it expects a type after the
-// `->`. This is where the function's return type should be-- take a look at
-// the `is_even` function for an example!

exercises/functions/functions5.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // functions5.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint functions5` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let answer = square(3);
@@ -9,39 +11,3 @@ fn main() {
 fn square(num: i32) -> i32 {
     num * num;
 }
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-// This is a really common error that can be fixed by removing one character.
-// It happens because Rust distinguishes between expressions and statements: expressions return
-// a value based on its operand, and statements simply return a () type which behaves just like `void` in C/C++ language. 
-// We want to return a value of `i32` type from the `square` function, but it is returning a `()` type...
-// They are not the same. There are two solutions:
-// 1. Add a `return` ahead of `num * num;`
-// 2. remove `;`, make it to be `num * num`

exercises/generics/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+### Generics
+
+In this section you'll learn about saving yourself many lines of code with generics!
+
+### Book Sections
+
+- [Generic Data Types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch10-01-syntax.html)

exercises/generics/generics1.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// This shopping list program isn't compiling! 
+// Use your knowledge of generics to fix it.
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+fn main() {
+    let mut shopping_list: Vec<?> = Vec::new();
+    shopping_list.push("milk");
+}
+

exercises/generics/generics2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+// This powerful wrapper provides the ability to store a positive integer value.
+// Rewrite it using generics so that it supports wrapping ANY type.
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+struct Wrapper<u32> {
+    value: u32
+}
+
+impl<u32> Wrapper<u32> {
+    pub fn new(value: u32) -> Self {
+        Wrapper { value }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn store_u32_in_wrapper() {
+        assert_eq!(Wrapper::new(42).value,  42);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn store_str_in_wrapper() {
+        // TODO: Delete this assert and uncomment the one  below once you have  finished the exercise.
+        assert!(false);
+        // assert_eq!(Wrapper::new("Foo").value, "Foo");
+    }
+}

exercises/generics/generics3.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+// An imaginary magical school has a new report card generation system written in rust!
+// Currently the system only supports creating report cards where the student's grade 
+// is represented numerically (e.g. 1.0 -> 5.5). However, the school also issues alphabetical grades
+// (A+ -> F-) and needs to be able to print both types of report card!
+
+// Make the necessary code changes to support alphabetical report cards, thereby making the second
+// test pass.
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+pub struct ReportCard {
+    pub grade: f32,
+    pub student_name: String,
+    pub student_age: u8,
+}
+
+impl ReportCard {
+    pub fn print(&self) -> String {
+        format!("{} ({}) - achieved a grade of {}", &self.student_name, &self.student_age, &self.grade)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generate_numeric_report_card() {
+        let report_card = ReportCard {
+            grade: 2.1, 
+            student_name: "Tom Wriggle".to_string(), 
+            student_age: 12,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(report_card.print(), "Tom Wriggle (12) - achieved a grade of 2.1");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn generate_alphabetic_report_card() {
+        // TODO: Make sure to change the grade here after you finish the exercise.
+        let report_card = ReportCard {
+            grade: 2.1, 
+            student_name: "Gary Plotter".to_string(), 
+            student_age: 11,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(report_card.print(), "Gary Plotter (11) - achieved a grade of A+");
+    }
+}

exercises/if/README.md

@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@
 
 #### Book Sections
 
-- [Control Flow - if expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch03-05-control-flow.html#if-expressions)
+- [Control Flow - if expressions](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-05-control-flow.html#if-expressions)

exercises/if/if1.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 // if1.rs
 
-pub fn bigger(a: i32, b:i32) -> i32 {
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+pub fn bigger(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
     // Complete this function to return the bigger number!
     // Do not use:
-    // - return
     // - another function call
     // - additional variables
-    // Scroll down for hints.
+    // Execute `rustlings hint if1` for hints
 }
 
 // Don't mind this for now :)
@@ -24,36 +25,3 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(42, bigger(32, 42));
     }
 }
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-// It's possible to do this in one line if you would like!
-// Some similar examples from other languages:
-// - In C(++) this would be: `a > b ? a : b`
-// - In Python this would be:  `a if a > b else b`
-// Remember in Rust that:
-// - the `if` condition does not need to be surrounded by parentheses
-// - `if`/`else` conditionals are expressions
-// - Each condition is followed by a `{}` block.

exercises/macros/README.md

@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ modules, instead we'll show you how to use and create them.
 
 #### Book Sections
 
-- [Macros](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch19-06-macros.html)
+- [Macros](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch19-06-macros.html)
 - [The Little Book of Rust Macros](https://danielkeep.github.io/tlborm/book/index.html)

exercises/macros/macros1.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // macros1.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint macros1` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 macro_rules! my_macro {
     () => {
@@ -10,55 +12,3 @@ macro_rules! my_macro {
 fn main() {
     my_macro();
 }
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-// When you call a macro, you need to add something special compared to a
-// regular function call. If you're stuck, take a look at what's inside
-// `my_macro`.

exercises/macros/macros2.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // macros2.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint macros2` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     my_macro!();
@@ -10,64 +12,3 @@ macro_rules! my_macro {
         println!("Check out my macro!");
     };
 }
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-// Macros don't quite play by the same rules as the rest of Rust, in terms of
-// what's available where.
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-// Unlike other things in Rust, the order of "where you define a macro" versus
-// "where you use it" actually matters.

exercises/macros/macros3.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 // macros3.rs
-// Make me compile, without taking the macro out of the module! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile, without taking the macro out of the module!
+// Execute `rustlings hint macros3` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 mod macros {
     macro_rules! my_macro {
@@ -12,64 +15,3 @@ mod macros {
 fn main() {
     my_macro!();
 }
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-// In order to use a macro outside of its module, you need to do something
-// special to the module to lift the macro out into its parent.
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-// The same trick also works on "extern crate" statements for crates that have
-// exported macros, if you've seen any of those around.

exercises/macros/macros4.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // macros4.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint macros4` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 macro_rules! my_macro {
     () => {
@@ -14,64 +16,3 @@ fn main() {
     my_macro!();
     my_macro!(7777);
 }
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-// The way macros are written, it wants to see something between each
-// "macro arm", so it can separate them.

exercises/modules/README.md

@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ In this section we'll give you an introduction to Rust's module system.
 
 #### Book Sections
 
-- [The Module System](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch07-02-modules-and-use-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html)
+- [The Module System](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html)

exercises/modules/modules1.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // modules1.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint modules1` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 mod sausage_factory {
     fn make_sausage() {
@@ -10,34 +12,3 @@ mod sausage_factory {
 fn main() {
     sausage_factory::make_sausage();
 }
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-// Everything is private in Rust by default-- but there's a keyword we can use
-// to make something public! The compiler error should point to the thing that
-// needs to be public.

exercises/modules/modules2.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 // modules2.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint modules2` for hints :)
 
-mod delicious_snacks { 
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+mod delicious_snacks {
     use self::fruits::PEAR as fruit;
     use self::veggies::CUCUMBER as veggie;
 
@@ -17,29 +19,9 @@ mod delicious_snacks {
 }
 
 fn main() {
-    println!("favorite snacks: {} and {}",
-             delicious_snacks::fruit,
-             delicious_snacks::veggie);
+    println!(
+        "favorite snacks: {} and {}",
+        delicious_snacks::fruit,
+        delicious_snacks::veggie
+    );
 }
-
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-// The delicious_snacks module is trying to present an external
-// interface (the `fruit` and `veggie` constants) that is different than
-// its internal structure (the `fruits` and `veggies` modules and
-// associated constants). It's almost there except for one keyword missing for
-// each constant.

exercises/move_semantics/README.md

@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@ These exercises are adapted from [pnkfelix](https://github.com/pnkfelix)'s [Rust
 
 For this section, the book links are especially important.
 
-- [Ownership](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html)
-- [Reference and borrowing](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html)
+- [Ownership](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html)
+- [Reference and borrowing](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html)

exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics1.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // move_semantics1.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint move_semantics1` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let vec0 = Vec::new();
@@ -11,7 +13,6 @@ fn main() {
     vec1.push(88);
 
     println!("{} has length {} content `{:?}`", "vec1", vec1.len(), vec1);
-
 }
 
 fn fill_vec(vec: Vec<i32>) -> Vec<i32> {
@@ -23,21 +24,3 @@ fn fill_vec(vec: Vec<i32>) -> Vec<i32> {
 
     vec
 }
-
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-// So you've got the "cannot borrow immutable local variable `vec1` as mutable" error on line 11,
-// right? The fix for this is going to be adding one keyword, and the addition is NOT on line 11
-// where the error is.

exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics2.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 // move_semantics2.rs
-// Make me compile without changing line 10! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile without changing line 13!
+// Execute `rustlings hint move_semantics2` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let vec0 = Vec::new();
@@ -12,7 +15,6 @@ fn main() {
     vec1.push(88);
 
     println!("{} has length {} content `{:?}`", "vec1", vec1.len(), vec1);
-
 }
 
 fn fill_vec(vec: Vec<i32>) -> Vec<i32> {
@@ -24,31 +26,3 @@ fn fill_vec(vec: Vec<i32>) -> Vec<i32> {
 
     vec
 }
-
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-// So `vec0` is being *moved* into the function `fill_vec` when we call it on
-// line 7, which means it gets dropped at the end of `fill_vec`, which means we
-// can't use `vec0` again on line 10 (or anywhere else in `main` after the
-// `fill_vec` call for that matter). We could fix this in a few ways, try them
-// all!
-// 1. Make another, separate version of the data that's in `vec0` and pass that
-// to `fill_vec` instead.
-// 2. Make `fill_vec` borrow its argument instead of taking ownership of it,
-// and then copy the data within the function in order to return an owned
-// `Vec<i32>`
-// 3. Make `fill_vec` *mutably* borrow its argument (which will need to be
-// mutable), modify it directly, then not return anything. Then you can get rid
-// of `vec1` entirely -- note that this will change what gets printed by the
-// first `println!`

exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics3.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,9 @@
 // move_semantics3.rs
 // Make me compile without adding new lines-- just changing existing lines!
 // (no lines with multiple semicolons necessary!)
-// Scroll down for hints :)
+// Execute `rustlings hint move_semantics3` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let vec0 = Vec::new();
@@ -13,7 +15,6 @@ fn main() {
     vec1.push(88);
 
     println!("{} has length {} content `{:?}`", "vec1", vec1.len(), vec1);
-
 }
 
 fn fill_vec(vec: Vec<i32>) -> Vec<i32> {
@@ -23,24 +24,3 @@ fn fill_vec(vec: Vec<i32>) -> Vec<i32> {
 
     vec
 }
-
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-// The difference between this one and the previous ones is that the first line
-// of `fn fill_vec` that had `let mut vec = vec;` is no longer there. You can,
-// instead of adding that line back, add `mut` in one place that will change
-// an existing binding to be a mutable binding instead of an immutable one :)

exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics4.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 // move_semantics4.rs
 // Refactor this code so that instead of having `vec0` and creating the vector
 // in `fn main`, we instead create it within `fn fill_vec` and transfer the
-// freshly created vector from fill_vec to its caller. Scroll for hints!
+// freshly created vector from fill_vec to its caller.
+// Execute `rustlings hint move_semantics4` for hints!
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let vec0 = Vec::new();
@@ -13,7 +16,6 @@ fn main() {
     vec1.push(88);
 
     println!("{} has length {} content `{:?}`", "vec1", vec1.len(), vec1);
-
 }
 
 // `fill_vec()` no longer take `vec: Vec<i32>` as argument
@@ -26,24 +28,3 @@ fn fill_vec() -> Vec<i32> {
 
     vec
 }
-
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-// Stop reading whenever you feel like you have enough direction :) Or try
-// doing one step and then fixing the compiler errors that result!
-// So the end goal is to:
-// - get rid of the first line in main that creates the new vector
-// - so then `vec0` doesn't exist, so we can't pass it to `fill_vec`
-// - we don't want to pass anything to `fill_vec`, so its signature should
-//   reflect that it does not take any arguments
-// - since we're not creating a new vec in `main` anymore, we need to create
-//   a new vec in `fill_vec`, similarly to the way we did in `main`

exercises/option/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+### Option
+
+#### Book Sections
+
+To learn about Option<T>, check out these links:
+
+- [Option Enum Format](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch10-01-syntax.html#in-enum-definitions)
+- [Option Module Documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/)
+- [Option Enum Documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/option/enum.Option.html)

exercises/option/option1.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+// option1.rs
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint option1` for hints
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+// you can modify anything EXCEPT for this function's sig
+fn print_number(maybe_number: Option<u16>) {
+    println!("printing: {}", maybe_number.unwrap());
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    print_number(13);
+    print_number(99);
+
+    let mut numbers: [Option<u16>; 5];
+    for iter in 0..5 {
+        let number_to_add: u16 = {
+            ((iter * 5) + 2) / (4 * 16)
+        };
+
+        numbers[iter] = number_to_add;
+    }
+}

exercises/option/option2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// option2.rs
+// Make me compile! Execute `rustlings hint option2` for hints
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+fn main() {
+    let optional_value = Some(String::from("rustlings"));
+    // Make this an if let statement whose value is "Some" type
+    value = optional_value {
+        println!("the value of optional value is: {}", value);
+    } else {
+        println!("The optional value doesn't contain anything!");
+    }
+
+    let mut optional_values_vec: Vec<Option<i8>> = Vec::new();
+    for x in 1..10 {
+        optional_values_vec.push(Some(x));
+    }
+
+    // make this a while let statement - remember that vector.pop also adds another layer of Option<T>
+    // You can stack `Option<T>`'s into while let and if let
+    value = optional_values_vec.pop() {
+        println!("current value: {}", value);
+    }
+}

exercises/primitive_types/README.md

@@ -6,3 +6,4 @@ compiler. In this section, we'll go through the most important ones.
 #### Book Sections
 
 - [Data Types](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch03-02-data-types.html)
+- [The Slice Type](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch04-03-slices.html)

exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types1.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 // Fill in the rest of the line that has code missing!
 // No hints, there's no tricks, just get used to typing these :)
 
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
 fn main() {
     // Booleans (`bool`)
 

exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types2.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
 // Fill in the rest of the line that has code missing!
 // No hints, there's no tricks, just get used to typing these :)
 
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
 fn main() {
     // Characters (`char`)
 

exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types3.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // primitive_types3.rs
 // Create an array with at least 100 elements in it where the ??? is. 
-// Scroll down for hints!
+// Execute `rustlings hint primitive_types3` for hints!
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let a = ???
@@ -11,37 +13,3 @@ fn main() {
         println!("Meh, I eat arrays like that for breakfast.");
     }
 }
-
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-// There's a shorthand to initialize Arrays with a certain size that does not 
-// require you to type in 100 items (but you certainly can if you want!).
-// For example, you can do:
-// let array = ["Are we there yet?"; 10];
-
-// Bonus: what are some other things you could have that would return true
-// for `a.len() >= 100`?

exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types4.rs

@@ -1,49 +1,14 @@
 // primitive_types4.rs
-// Get a slice out of Array a where the ??? is so that the `if` statement
-// returns true. Scroll down for hints!!
+// Get a slice out of Array a where the ??? is so that the test passes.
+// Execute `rustlings hint primitive_types4` for hints!!
 
-fn main() {
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+#[test]
+fn slice_out_of_array() {
     let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
 
     let nice_slice = ???
 
-    if nice_slice == [2, 3, 4] {
-        println!("Nice slice!");
-    } else {
-        println!("Not quite what I was expecting... I see: {:?}", nice_slice);
-    }
+    assert_eq!([2, 3, 4], nice_slice)
 }
-
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-// Take a look at the Understanding Ownership -> Slices -> Other Slices section of the book:
-// https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch04-03-slices.html
-// and use the starting and ending indices of the items in the Array
-// that you want to end up in the slice.
-
-// If you're curious why the right hand of the `==` comparison does not
-// have an ampersand for a reference since the left hand side is a
-// reference, take a look at the Deref coercions section of the book:
-// https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch15-02-deref.html

exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types5.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // primitive_types5.rs
 // Destructure the `cat` tuple so that the println will work.
-// Scroll down for hints!
+// Execute `rustlings hint primitive_types5` for hints!
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let cat = ("Furry McFurson", 3.5);
@@ -8,38 +10,3 @@ fn main() {
 
     println!("{} is {} years old.", name, age);
 }
-
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-// Take a look at the Data Types -> The Tuple Type section of the book:
-// https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch03-02-data-types.html#the-tuple-type
-// Particularly the part about destructuring (second to last example in the section). 
-// You'll need to make a pattern to bind `name` and `age` to the appropriate parts
-// of the tuple. You can do it!!

exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types6.rs

@@ -1,45 +1,11 @@
 // primitive_types6.rs
 // Use a tuple index to access the second element of `numbers`.
 // You can put this right into the `println!` where the ??? is.
-// Scroll down for hints!
+// Execute `rustlings hint primitive_types6` for hints!
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let numbers = (1, 2, 3);
     println!("The second number is {}", ???);
 }
-
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-// While you could use a destructuring `let` for the tuple here, try 
-// indexing into it instead, as explained in the last example of the 
-// Data Types -> The Tuple Type section of the book:
-// https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch03-02-data-types.html#the-tuple-type
-// Now you have another tool in your toolbox!

exercises/standard_library_types/README.md

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-For the Arc exercise check out the chapter [Shared-State Concurrency](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/2018-edition/ch16-03-shared-state.html) of the Rust Book.
+For the Arc exercise check out the chapter [Shared-State Concurrency](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch16-03-shared-state.html) of the Rust Book.
 
-For the Iterator exercise check out the chapters [Iterator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/2018-edition/ch13-02-iterators.html) of the Rust Book and the [Iterator documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/trait.Iterator.htmlj).
-Do not adjust your monitors-- iterators 1 and 2 are indeed missing. Iterator 3 is a bit challenging so we're leaving space for some exercises to lead up to it!
+For the Iterator exercise check out the chapters [Iterator](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch13-02-iterators.html) of the Rust Book and the [Iterator documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/std/iter/).
+Do not adjust your monitors-- iterators1.rs is indeed missing. Iterators is a challenging topic, so we're leaving space for a simpler exercise!
 

exercises/standard_library_types/arc1.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
 // arc1.rs
 // Make this code compile by filling in a value for `shared_numbers` where the
-// TODO comment is and creating an initial binding for `child_numbers`
+// TODO comment is and create an initial binding for `child_numbers`
 // somewhere. Try not to create any copies of the `numbers` Vec!
-// Scroll down for hints :)
+// Execute `rustlings hint arc1` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::thread;
@@ -13,8 +15,7 @@ fn main() {
     let mut joinhandles = Vec::new();
 
     for offset in 0..8 {
-        joinhandles.push(
-        thread::spawn(move || {
+        joinhandles.push(thread::spawn(move || {
             let mut i = offset;
             let mut sum = 0;
             while i < child_numbers.len() {
@@ -28,29 +29,3 @@ fn main() {
         handle.join().unwrap();
     }
 }
-
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-// Make `shared_numbers` be an `Arc` from the numbers vector. Then, in order
-// to avoid creating a copy of `numbers`, you'll need to create `child_numbers`
-// inside the loop but still in the main thread.
-
-// `child_numbers` should be a clone of the Arc of the numbers instead of a
-// thread-local copy of the numbers.

exercises/standard_library_types/iterators2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+// iterators2.rs
+// In this module, you'll learn some of unique advantages that iterators can offer
+// Step 1. Complete the `capitalize_first` function to pass the first two cases
+// Step 2. Apply the `capitalize_first` function to a vector of strings, ensuring that it returns a vector of strings as well
+// Step 3. Apply the `capitalize_first` function again to a list, but try and ensure it returns a single string
+// As always, there are hints if you execute `rustlings hint iterators2`!
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+pub fn capitalize_first(input: &str) -> String {
+    let mut c = input.chars();
+    match c.next() {
+        None => String::new(),
+        Some(first) => first.collect::<String>() + c.as_str(),
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    // Step 1.
+    // Tests that verify your `capitalize_first` function implementation
+    #[test]
+    fn test_success() {
+        assert_eq!(capitalize_first("hello"), "Hello");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_empty() {
+        assert_eq!(capitalize_first(""), "");
+    }
+
+    // Step 2.
+    #[test]
+    fn test_iterate_string_vec() {
+        let words = vec!["hello", "world"];
+        let capitalized_words: Vec<String> = // TODO
+        assert_eq!(capitalized_words, ["Hello", "World"]);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_iterate_into_string() {
+        let words = vec!["hello", " ", "world"];
+        let capitalized_words = // TODO
+        assert_eq!(capitalized_words, "Hello World");
+    }
+}

exercises/standard_library_types/iterators3.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
-// iterator3.rs
+// iterators3.rs
 // This is a bigger exercise than most of the others! You can do it!
 // Here is your mission, should you choose to accept it:
 // 1. Complete the divide function to get the first four tests to pass
 // 2. Uncomment the last two tests and get them to pass by filling in
 //    values for `x` using `division_results`.
-// Scroll down for a minor hint for part 2, and scroll down further for
-// a major hint.
+// Execute `rustlings hint iterators3` to get some hints!
 // Have fun :-)
 
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum DivisionError {
     NotDivisible(NotDivisibleError),
@@ -23,8 +24,7 @@ pub struct NotDivisibleError {
 // This function should calculate `a` divided by `b` if `a` is
 // evenly divisible by b.
 // Otherwise, it should return a suitable error.
-pub fn divide(a: i32, b: i32) -> Result<i32, DivisionError> {
-}
+pub fn divide(a: i32, b: i32) -> Result<i32, DivisionError> {}
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ mod tests {
     fn test_not_divisible() {
         assert_eq!(
             divide(81, 6),
-            Err(DivisionError::NotDivisible(NotDivisibleError{
+            Err(DivisionError::NotDivisible(NotDivisibleError {
                 dividend: 81,
                 divisor: 6
             }))
@@ -76,72 +76,3 @@ mod tests {
     }
     */
 }
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-// Minor hint: In each of the two cases in the match in main, you can create x with either 
-// a 'turbofish' or by hinting the type of x to the compiler. You may try both.
-
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-// Major hint: Have a look at the Iter trait and at the explanation of its collect function. 
-// Especially the part about Result is interesting.

exercises/standard_library_types/iterators4.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // iterators4.rs
 
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
 pub fn factorial(num: u64) -> u64 {
     // Complete this function to return factorial of num
     // Do not use:
@@ -9,7 +11,7 @@ pub fn factorial(num: u64) -> u64 {
     // - additional variables
     // For the most fun don't use:
     // - recursion
-    // Scroll down for hints.
+    // Execute `rustlings hint iterators4` for hints.
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -30,32 +32,3 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(24, factorial(4));
     }
 }
-
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-// In an imperative language you might write a for loop to iterate through
-// multiply the values into a mutable variable. Or you might write code more
-// functionally with recursion and a match clause. But you can also use ranges
-// and iterators to solve this in rust.

exercises/strings/README.md

@@ -6,4 +6,4 @@ to identify and create them, as well as use them.
 
 #### Book Sections
 
-- [Strings](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch08-02-strings.html)
+- [Strings](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch08-02-strings.html)

exercises/strings/strings1.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 // strings1.rs
-// Make me compile without changing the function signature! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile without changing the function signature!
+// Execute `rustlings hint strings1` for hints ;)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let answer = current_favorite_color();
@@ -9,38 +12,3 @@ fn main() {
 fn current_favorite_color() -> String {
     "blue"
 }
-
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-// The `current_favorite_color` function is currently returning a string slice with the `'static`
-// lifetime. We know this because the data of the string lives in our code itself -- it doesn't
-// come from a file or user input or another program -- so it will live as long as our program
-// lives. But it is still a string slice. There's one way to create a `String` by converting a
-// string slice covered in the Strings chapter of the book, and another way that uses the `From`
-// trait.

exercises/strings/strings2.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
 // strings2.rs
-// Make me compile without changing the function signature! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile without changing the function signature!
+// Execute `rustlings hint strings2` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let word = String::from("green"); // Try not changing this line :)
@@ -13,32 +16,3 @@ fn main() {
 fn is_a_color_word(attempt: &str) -> bool {
     attempt == "green" || attempt == "blue" || attempt == "red"
 }
-
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-// Yes, it would be really easy to fix this by just changing the value bound to `word` to be a
-// string slice instead of a `String`, wouldn't it?? There is a way to add one character to line
-// 6, though, that will coerce the `String` into a string slice.

exercises/structs/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+### Structs
+
+Rust has three struct types: a classic c struct, a tuple struct, and a unit struct.
+
+#### Book Sections
+
+- [Structures](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/custom_types/structs.html)

exercises/structs/structs1.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+// structs1.rs
+// Address all the TODOs to make the tests pass!
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+struct ColorClassicStruct {
+    // TODO: Something goes here
+}
+
+struct ColorTupleStruct(/* TODO: Something goes here */);
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct UnitStruct;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn classic_c_structs() {
+        // TODO: Instantiate a classic c struct!
+        // let green =
+
+        assert_eq!(green.name, "green");
+        assert_eq!(green.hex, "#00FF00");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn tuple_structs() {
+        // TODO: Instantiate a tuple struct!
+        // let green =
+
+        assert_eq!(green.0, "green");
+        assert_eq!(green.1, "#00FF00");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn unit_structs() {
+        // TODO: Instantiate a unit struct!
+        // let unit_struct =
+        let message = format!("{:?}s are fun!", unit_struct);
+
+        assert_eq!(message, "UnitStructs are fun!");
+    }
+}

exercises/structs/structs2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// structs2.rs
+// Address all the TODOs to make the tests pass!
+// No hints, just do it!
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct Order {
+    name: String,
+    year: u32,
+    made_by_phone: bool,
+    made_by_mobile: bool,
+    made_by_email: bool,
+    item_number: u32,
+    count: u32,
+}
+
+fn create_order_template() -> Order {
+    Order {
+        name: String::from("Bob"),
+        year: 2019,
+        made_by_phone: false,
+        made_by_mobile: false,
+        made_by_email: true,
+        item_number: 123,
+        count: 0,
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn your_order() {
+        let order_template = create_order_template();
+        // TODO: Create your own order using the update syntax and template above!
+        // let your_order =
+        assert_eq!(your_order.name, "Hacker in Rust");
+        assert_eq!(your_order.year, order_template.year);
+        assert_eq!(your_order.made_by_phone, order_template.made_by_phone);
+        assert_eq!(your_order.made_by_mobile, order_template.made_by_mobile);
+        assert_eq!(your_order.made_by_email, order_template.made_by_email);
+        assert_eq!(your_order.item_number, order_template.item_number);
+        assert_eq!(your_order.count, 1);
+    }
+}

exercises/test1.rs

@@ -3,19 +3,21 @@
 // - Variables
 // - Functions
 
-// Mary is buying apples. One apple usually costs 2 dollars, but if you buy
+// Mary is buying apples. One apple usually costs 2 Rustbucks, but if you buy
 // more than 40 at once, each apple only costs 1! Write a function that calculates
 // the price of an order of apples given the order amount. No hints this time!
 
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
 // Put your function here!
 // fn ..... {
 
 // Don't modify this function!
 #[test]
 fn verify_test() {
-    let price1 = calculateprice(55);
-    let price2 = calculateprice(40);
+    let price1 = calculate_apple_price(35);
+    let price2 = calculate_apple_price(65);
 
-    assert_eq!(price1, 55);
-    assert_eq!(price2, 80);
+    assert_eq!(70, price1);
+    assert_eq!(65, price2);
 }

exercises/test2.rs

@@ -1,27 +1,30 @@
 // test2.rs
 // This is a test for the following sections:
-// - Tests
+// - Strings
 
-// This test isn't testing our function -- make it do that in such a way that
-// the test passes. Then write a second test that tests that we get the result
-// we expect to get when we call `times_two` with a negative number.
-// No hints, you can do this :)
+// Ok, here are a bunch of values-- some are `Strings`, some are `&strs`. Your
+// task is to call one of these two functions on each value depending on what
+// you think each value is. That is, add either `string_slice` or `string`
+// before the parentheses on each line. If you're right, it will compile!
 
-pub fn times_two(num: i32) -> i32 {
-    num * 2
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+fn string_slice(arg: &str) {
+    println!("{}", arg);
+}
+fn string(arg: String) {
+    println!("{}", arg);
 }
 
-#[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    #[test]
-    fn returns_twice_of_positive_numbers() {
-        assert_eq!(times_two(4), ???);
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn returns_twice_of_negative_numbers() {
-        // TODO write an assert for `times_two(-4)`
-    }
+fn main() {
+    ("blue");
+    ("red".to_string());
+    (String::from("hi"));
+    ("rust is fun!".to_owned());
+    ("nice weather".into());
+    (format!("Interpolation {}", "Station"));
+    (&String::from("abc")[0..1]);
+    ("  hello there ".trim());
+    ("Happy Monday!".to_string().replace("Mon", "Tues"));
+    ("mY sHiFt KeY iS sTiCkY".to_lowercase());
 }

exercises/test3.rs

@@ -1,24 +1,29 @@
-// strings3.rs
+// test3.rs
 // This is a test for the following sections:
-// - Strings
+// - Tests
 
-// Ok, here are a bunch of values-- some are `Strings`, some are `&strs`. Your
-// task is to call one of these two functions on each value depending on what
-// you think each value is. That is, add either `string_slice` or `string`
-// before the parentheses on each line. If you're right, it will compile!
+// This test isn't testing our function -- make it do that in such a way that
+// the test passes. Then write a second test that tests that we get the result
+// we expect to get when we call `times_two` with a negative number.
+// No hints, you can do this :)
 
-fn string_slice(arg: &str) { println!("{}", arg); }
-fn string(arg: String) { println!("{}", arg); }
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
-fn main() {
-    ("blue");
-    ("red".to_string());
-    (String::from("hi"));
-    ("rust is fun!".to_owned());
-    ("nice weather".into());
-    (format!("Interpolation {}", "Station"));
-    (&String::from("abc")[0..1]);
-    ("  hello there ".trim());
-    ("Happy Monday!".to_string().replace("Mon", "Tues"));
-    ("mY sHiFt KeY iS sTiCkY".to_lowercase());
+pub fn times_two(num: i32) -> i32 {
+    num * 2
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn returns_twice_of_positive_numbers() {
+        assert_eq!(times_two(4), ???);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn returns_twice_of_negative_numbers() {
+        // TODO write an assert for `times_two(-4)`
+    }
 }

exercises/test4.rs

@@ -5,8 +5,19 @@
 
 // Write a macro that passes the test! No hints this time, you can do it!
 
-fn main() {
-    if my_macro!("world!") != "Hello world!" {
-        panic!("Oh no! Wrong output!");
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_my_macro_world() {
+        assert_eq!(my_macro!("world!"), "Hello world!");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_my_macro_goodbye() {
+        assert_eq!(my_macro!("goodbye!"), "Hello goodbye!");
     }
 }

exercises/tests/README.md

@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ Going out of order from the book to cover tests -- many of the following exercis
 
 #### Book Sections
 
-- [Writing Tests](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch11-01-writing-tests.html)
+- [Writing Tests](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch11-01-writing-tests.html)

exercises/tests/tests1.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 // tests1.rs
 // Tests are important to ensure that your code does what you think it should do.
 // Tests can be run on this file with the following command:
-// rustlings run --test exercises/tests/tests1.rs
+// rustlings run tests1
 
 // This test has a problem with it -- make the test compile! Make the test
-// pass! Make the test fail! Scroll down for hints :)
+// pass! Make the test fail! Execute `rustlings hint tests1` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
@@ -13,37 +15,3 @@ mod tests {
         assert!();
     }
 }
-
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-// You don't even need to write any code to test -- you can just test values and run that, even
-// though you wouldn't do that in real life :) `assert!` is a macro that needs an argument.
-// Depending on the value of the argument, `assert!` will do nothing (in which case the test will
-// pass) or `assert!` will panic (in which case the test will fail). So try giving different values
-// to `assert!` and see which ones compile, which ones pass, and which ones fail :)

exercises/tests/tests2.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 // tests2.rs
 // This test has a problem with it -- make the test compile! Make the test
-// pass! Make the test fail! Scroll down for hints :)
+// pass! Make the test fail! Execute `rustlings hint tests2` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
@@ -9,36 +11,3 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!();
     }
 }
-
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-// Like the previous exercise, you don't need to write any code to get this test to compile and
-// run. `assert_eq!` is a macro that takes two arguments and compares them. Try giving it two
-// values that are equal! Try giving it two arguments that are different! Try giving it two values
-// that are of different types! Try switching which argument comes first and which comes second!

exercises/tests/tests3.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 // tests3.rs
 // This test isn't testing our function -- make it do that in such a way that
 // the test passes. Then write a second test that tests whether we get the result
-// we expect to get when we call `is_even(5)`. Scroll down for hints!
+// we expect to get when we call `is_even(5)`.
+// Execute `rustlings hint tests3` for hints :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 pub fn is_even(num: i32) -> bool {
     num % 2 == 0
@@ -16,28 +19,3 @@ mod tests {
         assert!();
     }
 }
-
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-// You can call a function right where you're passing arguments to `assert!` -- so you could do
-// something like `assert!(having_fun())`. If you want to check that you indeed get false, you
-// can negate the result of what you're doing using `!`, like `assert!(!having_fun())`.

exercises/threads/README.md

@@ -1 +1 @@
-For this exercise check out the [Dining Philosophers example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.4.0/book/dining-philosophers.html) and the chapter [Concurrency](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/2018-edition/ch16-01-threads.html) of the Rust Book.
+For this exercise check out the [Dining Philosophers example](https://doc.rust-lang.org/1.4.0/book/dining-philosophers.html) and the chapter [Concurrency](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch16-01-threads.html) of the Rust Book.

exercises/threads/threads1.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,12 @@
 // threads1.rs
-// Make this compile! Scroll down for hints :) The idea is the thread
-// spawned on line 19 is completing jobs while the main thread is
+// Make this compile! Execute `rustlings hint threads1` for hints :)
+// The idea is the thread spawned on line 21 is completing jobs while the main thread is
 // monitoring progress until 10 jobs are completed. If you see 6 lines
-// of "waiting..." and the program ends without timing out the playground,
+// of "waiting..." and the program ends without timing out when running,
 // you've got it :)
 
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
 use std::sync::Arc;
 use std::thread;
 use std::time::Duration;
@@ -27,69 +29,3 @@ fn main() {
         thread::sleep(Duration::from_millis(500));
     }
 }
-
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-
-
-
-
-
-
-// `Arc` is an Atomic Reference Counted pointer that allows safe, shared access
-// to **immutable** data. But we want to *change* the number of `jobs_completed`
-// so we'll need to also use another type that will only allow one thread to
-// mutate the data at a time. Take a look at this section of the book:
-// https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/second-edition/ch16-03-shared-state.html#atomic-reference-counting-with-arct
-// and keep scrolling if you'd like more hints :)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// Do you now have an `Arc` `Mutex` `JobStatus` at the beginning of main? Like:
-// `let status = Arc::new(Mutex::new(JobStatus { jobs_completed: 0 }));`
-// Similar to the code in the example in the book that happens after the text
-// that says "We can use Arc<T> to fix this.". If not, give that a try! If you
-// do and would like more hints, keep scrolling!!
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// Make sure neither of your threads are holding onto the lock of the mutex
-// while they are sleeping, since this will prevent the other thread from
-// being allowed to get the lock. Locks are automatically released when
-// they go out of scope.
-
-// Ok, so, real talk, this was actually tricky for *me* to do too. And
-// I could see a lot of different problems you might run into, so at this
-// point I'm not sure which one you've hit :) Please see a few possible
-// answers on https://github.com/carols10cents/rustlings/issues/3 --
-// mine is a little more complicated because I decided I wanted to see
-// the number of jobs currently done when I was checking the status.
-
-// Please open an issue if you're still running into a problem that
-// these hints are not helping you with, or if you've looked at the sample
-// answers and don't understand why they work and yours doesn't.
-
-// If you've learned from the sample solutions, I encourage you to come
-// back to this exercise and try it again in a few days to reinforce
-// what you've learned :)

exercises/traits/traits1.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+// traits1.rs
+// Time to implement some traits!
+// 
+// Your task is to implement the trait
+// `AppendBar' for the type `String'.
+// 
+// The trait AppendBar has only one function,
+// which appends "Bar" to any object
+// implementing this trait.
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+trait AppendBar {
+    fn append_bar(self) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl AppendBar for String {
+    //Add your code here
+
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let s = String::from("Foo");
+    let s = s.append_bar();
+    println!("s: {}", s);
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn is_FooBar() {
+        assert_eq!(String::from("Foo").append_bar(), String::from("FooBar"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn is_BarBar() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            String::from("").append_bar().append_bar(),
+            String::from("BarBar")
+        );
+    }
+
+}

exercises/traits/traits2.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+// traits2.rs
+// 
+// Your task is to implement the trait
+// `AppendBar' for a vector of strings.
+// 
+// To implement this trait, consider for
+// a moment what it means to 'append "Bar"'
+// to a vector of strings.
+// 
+// No boiler plate code this time,
+// you can do this!
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+trait AppendBar {
+    fn append_bar(self) -> Self;
+}
+
+//TODO: Add your code here
+
+
+
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn is_vec_pop_eq_bar() {
+        let mut foo = vec![String::from("Foo")].append_bar();
+        assert_eq!(foo.pop().unwrap(), String::from("Bar"));
+        assert_eq!(foo.pop().unwrap(), String::from("Foo"));
+    }
+
+}

exercises/variables/README.md

@@ -4,4 +4,4 @@ Here you'll learn about simple variables.
 
 #### Book Sections
 
-- [Variables and Mutability](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html)
+- [Variables and Mutability](https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html)

exercises/variables/variables1.rs

@@ -1,42 +1,14 @@
 // variables1.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute the command `rustlings hint variables1` if you want a hint :)
+
+// About this `I AM NOT DONE` thing:
+// We sometimes encourage you to keep trying things on a given exercise,
+// even after you already figured it out. If you got everything working and
+// feel ready for the next exercise, remove the `I AM NOT DONE` comment below.
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     x = 5;
     println!("x has the value {}", x);
 }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// Hint: The declaration on line 5 is missing a keyword that is needed in Rust
-// to create a new variable binding.

exercises/variables/variables2.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // variables2.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute the command `rustlings hint variables2` if you want a hint :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let x;
@@ -9,39 +11,3 @@ fn main() {
         println!("Not ten!");
     }
 }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// The compiler message is saying that Rust cannot infer the type that the
-// variable binding `x` has with what is given here.
-// What happens if you annotate line 5 with a type annotation?
-// What if you give x a value?
-// What if you do both?
-// What type should x be, anyway?
-// What if x is the same type as 10? What if it's a different type?

exercises/variables/variables3.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 // variables3.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute the command `rustlings hint variables3` if you want a hint :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let x = 3;
@@ -7,37 +9,3 @@ fn main() {
     x = 5;
     println!("Number {}", x);
 }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// In Rust, variable bindings are immutable by default. But here we're trying
-// to reassign a different value to x! There's a keyword we can use to make
-// a variable binding mutable instead.

exercises/variables/variables4.rs

@@ -1,45 +1,9 @@
 // variables4.rs
-// Make me compile! Scroll down for hints :)
+// Make me compile! Execute the command `rustlings hint variables4` if you want a hint :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
 
 fn main() {
     let x: i32;
     println!("Number {}", x);
 }
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-// Oops! In this exercise, we have a variable binding that we've created on
-// line 5, and we're trying to use it on line 6, but we haven't given it a
-// value. We can't print out something that isn't there; try giving x a value!
-// This is an error that can cause bugs that's very easy to make in any
-// programming language -- thankfully the Rust compiler has caught this for us!

exercises/variables/variables5.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// variables5.rs
+// Make me compile! Execute the command `rustlings hint variables5` if you want a hint :)
+
+// I AM NOT DONE
+
+fn main() {
+    let number = "3";
+    println!("Number {}", number);
+    number = 3;
+    println!("Number {}", number);
+}

info.toml

@@ -1,213 +1,754 @@
 # VARIABLES
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "variables1"
 path = "exercises/variables/variables1.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Hint: The declaration on line 12 is missing a keyword that is needed in Rust
+to create a new variable binding."""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "variables2"
 path = "exercises/variables/variables2.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+The compiler message is saying that Rust cannot infer the type that the
+variable binding `x` has with what is given here.
+What happens if you annotate line 7 with a type annotation?
+What if you give x a value?
+What if you do both?
+What type should x be, anyway?
+What if x is the same type as 10? What if it's a different type?"""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "variables3"
 path = "exercises/variables/variables3.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+In Rust, variable bindings are immutable by default. But here we're trying
+to reassign a different value to x! There's a keyword we can use to make
+a variable binding mutable instead."""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "variables4"
 path = "exercises/variables/variables4.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Oops! In this exercise, we have a variable binding that we've created on
+line 7, and we're trying to use it on line 8, but we haven't given it a
+value. We can't print out something that isn't there; try giving x a value!
+This is an error that can cause bugs that's very easy to make in any
+programming language -- thankfully the Rust compiler has caught this for us!"""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "variables5"
+path = "exercises/variables/variables5.rs"
+mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+In variables3 we already learned how to make an immutable variable mutable
+using a special keyword. Unfortunately this doesn't help us much in this exercise
+because we want to assign a different typed value to an existing variable. Sometimes
+you may also like to reuse existing variable names because you are just converting
+values to different types like in this exercise.
+Fortunately Rust has a powerful solution to this problem: 'Shadowing'!
+You can read more about 'Shadowing' in the book's section 'Variables and Mutability'.
+Try to solve this exercise afterwards using this technique."""
 
 # IF
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "if1"
 path = "exercises/if/if1.rs"
 mode = "test"
+hint = """
+It's possible to do this in one line if you would like!
+Some similar examples from other languages:
+- In C(++) this would be: `a > b ? a : b`
+- In Python this would be:  `a if a > b else b`
+Remember in Rust that:
+- the `if` condition does not need to be surrounded by parentheses
+- `if`/`else` conditionals are expressions
+- Each condition is followed by a `{}` block."""
 
 # FUNCTIONS
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "functions1"
 path = "exercises/functions/functions1.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+This main function is calling a function that it expects to exist, but the
+function doesn't exist. It expects this function to have the name `call_me`.
+It expects this function to not take any arguments and not return a value.
+Sounds a lot like `main`, doesn't it?"""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "functions2"
 path = "exercises/functions/functions2.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Rust requires that all parts of a function's signature have type annotations,
+but `call_me` is missing the type annotation of `num`."""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "functions3"
 path = "exercises/functions/functions3.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+This time, the function *declaration* is okay, but there's something wrong
+with the place where we're calling the function."""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "functions4"
 path = "exercises/functions/functions4.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+The error message points to line 14 and says it expects a type after the
+`->`. This is where the function's return type should be-- take a look at
+the `is_even` function for an example!"""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "functions5"
 path = "exercises/functions/functions5.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+This is a really common error that can be fixed by removing one character.
+It happens because Rust distinguishes between expressions and statements: expressions return
+a value based on its operand, and statements simply return a () type which behaves just like `void` in C/C++ language.
+We want to return a value of `i32` type from the `square` function, but it is returning a `()` type...
+They are not the same. There are two solutions:
+1. Add a `return` ahead of `num * num;`
+2. remove `;`, make it to be `num * num`"""
 
 # TEST 1
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "test1"
 path = "exercises/test1.rs"
 mode = "test"
+hint = "No hints this time ;)"
 
 # PRIMITIVE TYPES
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "primitive_types1"
 path = "exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types1.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = "No hints this time ;)"
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "primitive_types2"
 path = "exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types2.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = "No hints this time ;)"
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "primitive_types3"
 path = "exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types3.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+There's a shorthand to initialize Arrays with a certain size that does not
+require you to type in 100 items (but you certainly can if you want!).
+For example, you can do:
+let array = ["Are we there yet?"; 10];
+
+Bonus: what are some other things you could have that would return true
+for `a.len() >= 100`?"""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "primitive_types4"
 path = "exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types4.rs"
-mode = "compile"
+mode = "test"
+hint = """
+Take a look at the Understanding Ownership -> Slices -> Other Slices section of the book:
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch04-03-slices.html
+and use the starting and ending indices of the items in the Array
+that you want to end up in the slice.
+
+If you're curious why the first argument of `assert_eq!` does not
+have an ampersand for a reference since the second argument is a
+reference, take a look at the Deref coercions section of the book:
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch15-02-deref.html"""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "primitive_types5"
 path = "exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types5.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Take a look at the Data Types -> The Tuple Type section of the book:
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-02-data-types.html#the-tuple-type
+Particularly the part about destructuring (second to last example in the section).
+You'll need to make a pattern to bind `name` and `age` to the appropriate parts
+of the tuple. You can do it!!"""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "primitive_types6"
 path = "exercises/primitive_types/primitive_types6.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+While you could use a destructuring `let` for the tuple here, try
+indexing into it instead, as explained in the last example of the
+Data Types -> The Tuple Type section of the book:
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch03-02-data-types.html#the-tuple-type
+Now you have another tool in your toolbox!"""
 
-# TESTS
+# STRUCTS
 
 [[exercises]]
-path = "exercises/tests/tests1.rs"
+name = "structs1"
+path = "exercises/structs/structs1.rs"
 mode = "test"
+hint = "No hints this time ;)"
 
 [[exercises]]
-path = "exercises/tests/tests2.rs"
-mode = "test"
-
-[[exercises]]
-path = "exercises/tests/tests3.rs"
-mode = "test"
-
-# TEST 2
-
-[[exercises]]
-path = "exercises/test2.rs"
+name = "structs2"
+path = "exercises/structs/structs2.rs"
 mode = "test"
+hint = "No hints this time ;)"
 
 # STRINGS
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "strings1"
 path = "exercises/strings/strings1.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+The `current_favorite_color` function is currently returning a string slice with the `'static`
+lifetime. We know this because the data of the string lives in our code itself -- it doesn't
+come from a file or user input or another program -- so it will live as long as our program
+lives. But it is still a string slice. There's one way to create a `String` by converting a
+string slice covered in the Strings chapter of the book, and another way that uses the `From`
+trait."""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "strings2"
 path = "exercises/strings/strings2.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Yes, it would be really easy to fix this by just changing the value bound to `word` to be a
+string slice instead of a `String`, wouldn't it?? There is a way to add one character to line
+9, though, that will coerce the `String` into a string slice."""
+
+# TEST 2
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "test2"
+path = "exercises/test2.rs"
+mode = "compile"
+hint = "No hints this time ;)"
+
+# ENUMS
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "enums1"
+path = "exercises/enums/enums1.rs"
+mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Hint: The declaration of the enumeration type has not been defined yet."""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "enums2"
+path = "exercises/enums/enums2.rs"
+mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Hint: you can create enumerations that have different variants with different types
+such as no data, anonymous structs, a single string, tuples, ...etc"""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "enums3"
+path = "exercises/enums/enums3.rs"
+mode = "test"
+hint = "No hints this time ;)"
+
+# TESTS
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "tests1"
+path = "exercises/tests/tests1.rs"
+mode = "test"
+hint = """
+You don't even need to write any code to test -- you can just test values and run that, even
+though you wouldn't do that in real life :) `assert!` is a macro that needs an argument.
+Depending on the value of the argument, `assert!` will do nothing (in which case the test will
+pass) or `assert!` will panic (in which case the test will fail). So try giving different values
+to `assert!` and see which ones compile, which ones pass, and which ones fail :)"""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "tests2"
+path = "exercises/tests/tests2.rs"
+mode = "test"
+hint = """
+Like the previous exercise, you don't need to write any code to get this test to compile and
+run. `assert_eq!` is a macro that takes two arguments and compares them. Try giving it two
+values that are equal! Try giving it two arguments that are different! Try giving it two values
+that are of different types! Try switching which argument comes first and which comes second!"""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "tests3"
+path = "exercises/tests/tests3.rs"
+mode = "test"
+hint = """
+You can call a function right where you're passing arguments to `assert!` -- so you could do
+something like `assert!(having_fun())`. If you want to check that you indeed get false, you
+can negate the result of what you're doing using `!`, like `assert!(!having_fun())`."""
 
 # TEST 3
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "test3"
 path = "exercises/test3.rs"
-mode = "compile"
+mode = "test"
+hint = "No hints this time ;)"
 
 # MODULES
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "modules1"
 path = "exercises/modules/modules1.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Everything is private in Rust by default-- but there's a keyword we can use
+to make something public! The compiler error should point to the thing that
+needs to be public."""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "modules2"
 path = "exercises/modules/modules2.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+The delicious_snacks module is trying to present an external
+interface (the `fruit` and `veggie` constants) that is different than
+its internal structure (the `fruits` and `veggies` modules and
+associated constants). It's almost there except for one keyword missing for
+each constant."""
 
 # MACROS
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "macros1"
 path = "exercises/macros/macros1.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+When you call a macro, you need to add something special compared to a
+regular function call. If you're stuck, take a look at what's inside
+`my_macro`."""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "macros2"
 path = "exercises/macros/macros2.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Macros don't quite play by the same rules as the rest of Rust, in terms of
+what's available where.
+
+Unlike other things in Rust, the order of "where you define a macro" versus
+"where you use it" actually matters."""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "macros3"
 path = "exercises/macros/macros3.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+In order to use a macro outside of its module, you need to do something
+special to the module to lift the macro out into its parent.
+
+The same trick also works on "extern crate" statements for crates that have
+exported macros, if you've seen any of those around."""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "macros4"
 path = "exercises/macros/macros4.rs"
 mode = "compile"
-
+hint = """
+You only need to add a single character to make this compile.
+The way macros are written, it wants to see something between each
+"macro arm", so it can separate them."""
 # TEST 4
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "test4"
 path = "exercises/test4.rs"
-mode = "compile"
+mode = "test"
+hint = "No hints this time ;)"
 
 # MOVE SEMANTICS
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "move_semantics1"
 path = "exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics1.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+So you've got the "cannot borrow immutable local variable `vec1` as mutable" error on line 13,
+right? The fix for this is going to be adding one keyword, and the addition is NOT on line 13
+where the error is."""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "move_semantics2"
 path = "exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics2.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+So `vec0` is being *moved* into the function `fill_vec` when we call it on
+line 10, which means it gets dropped at the end of `fill_vec`, which means we
+can't use `vec0` again on line 13 (or anywhere else in `main` after the
+`fill_vec` call for that matter). We could fix this in a few ways, try them
+all!
+1. Make another, separate version of the data that's in `vec0` and pass that
+   to `fill_vec` instead.
+2. Make `fill_vec` borrow its argument instead of taking ownership of it,
+   and then copy the data within the function in order to return an owned
+   `Vec<i32>`
+3. Make `fill_vec` *mutably* borrow its argument (which will need to be
+   mutable), modify it directly, then not return anything. Then you can get rid
+   of `vec1` entirely -- note that this will change what gets printed by the
+   first `println!`"""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "move_semantics3"
 path = "exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics3.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+The difference between this one and the previous ones is that the first line
+of `fn fill_vec` that had `let mut vec = vec;` is no longer there. You can,
+instead of adding that line back, add `mut` in one place that will change
+an existing binding to be a mutable binding instead of an immutable one :)"""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "move_semantics4"
 path = "exercises/move_semantics/move_semantics4.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Stop reading whenever you feel like you have enough direction :) Or try
+doing one step and then fixing the compiler errors that result!
+So the end goal is to:
+   - get rid of the first line in main that creates the new vector
+   - so then `vec0` doesn't exist, so we can't pass it to `fill_vec`
+   - we don't want to pass anything to `fill_vec`, so its signature should
+     reflect that it does not take any arguments
+   - since we're not creating a new vec in `main` anymore, we need to create
+     a new vec in `fill_vec`, similarly to the way we did in `main`"""
 
 # ERROR HANDLING
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "errors1"
 path = "exercises/error_handling/errors1.rs"
 mode = "test"
+hint = """
+`Err` is one of the variants of `Result`, so what the 2nd test is saying
+is that `generate_nametag_text` should return a `Result` instead of an
+`Option`.
+
+To make this change, you'll need to:
+   - update the return type in the function signature to be a Result<String, String> that
+     could be the variants `Ok(String)` and `Err(String)`
+   - change the body of the function to return `Ok(stuff)` where it currently
+     returns `Some(stuff)`
+   - change the body of the function to return `Err(error message)` where it
+     currently returns `None`
+   - change the first test to expect `Ok(stuff)` where it currently expects
+     `Some(stuff)`."""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "errors2"
 path = "exercises/error_handling/errors2.rs"
 mode = "test"
+hint = """
+One way to handle this is using a `match` statement on
+`item_quantity.parse::<i32>()` where the cases are `Ok(something)` and
+`Err(something)`. This pattern is very common in Rust, though, so there's
+a `?` operator that does pretty much what you would make that match statement
+do for you! Take a look at this section of the Error Handling chapter:
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html#a-shortcut-for-propagating-errors-the--operator
+and give it a try!"""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "errors3"
 path = "exercises/error_handling/errors3.rs"
 mode = "test"
+hint = """
+If other functions can return a `Result`, why shouldn't `main`?"""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "errorsn"
 path = "exercises/error_handling/errorsn.rs"
 mode = "test"
+hint = """
+First hint: To figure out what type should go where the ??? is, take a look
+at the test helper function `test_with_str`, since it returns whatever
+`read_and_validate` returns and`test_with_str` has its signature fully
+specified.
+
+
+Next hint: There are three places in `read_and_validate` that we call a
+function that returns a `Result` (that is, the functions might fail).
+Apply the `?` operator on those calls so that we return immediately from
+`read_and_validate` if those function calls fail.
+
+
+Another hint: under the hood, the `?` operator calls `From::from`
+on the error value to convert it to a boxed trait object, a Box<dyn error::Error>,
+which is polymorphic-- that means that lots of different kinds of errors
+can be returned from the same function because all errors act the same
+since they all implement the `error::Error` trait.
+Check out this section of the book:
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html#a-shortcut-for-propagating-errors-the--operator
+
+
+Another another hint: Note that because the `?` operator returns
+the *unwrapped* value in the `Ok` case, if we want to return a `Result` from
+`read_and_validate` for *its* success case, we'll have to rewrap a value
+that we got from the return value of a `?`ed call in an `Ok`-- this will
+look like `Ok(something)`.
+
+
+Another another another hint: `Result`s must be "used", that is, you'll
+get a warning if you don't handle a `Result` that you get in your
+function. Read more about that in the `std::result` module docs:
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/result/#results-must-be-used"""
 
 # OPTIONS / RESULTS
 
 [[exercises]]
-path = "exercises/error_handling/option1.rs"
+name = "option1"
+path = "exercises/option/option1.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Check out some functions of Option:
+is_some
+is_none
+unwrap
+
+and:
+pattern matching
+"""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "option2"
+path = "exercises/option/option2.rs"
+mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+check out:
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/if_let.html
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/rust-by-example/flow_control/while_let.html
+
+Remember that Options can be stacked in if let and while let.
+For example: Some(Some(variable)) = variable2
+
+
+"""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "result1"
 path = "exercises/error_handling/result1.rs"
 mode = "test"
+hint = """
+`PositiveNonzeroInteger::new` is always creating a new instance and returning an `Ok` result.
+It should be doing some checking, returning an `Err` result if those checks fail, and only
+returning an `Ok` result if those checks determine that everything is... okay :)"""
 
-# THREADS
+#  CLIPPY
 
 [[exercises]]
-path = "exercises/threads/threads1.rs"
-mode = "compile"
+name = "clippy1"
+path = "exercises/clippy/clippy1.rs"
+mode = "clippy"
+hint = """
+Floating point calculations are usually imprecise, so asking if two values are exactly equal is asking for trouble"""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "clippy2"
+path = "exercises/clippy/clippy2.rs"
+mode = "clippy"
+hint = """
+`for` loops over Option values are more clearly expressed as an `if let`"""
 
 # STANDARD LIBRARY TYPES
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "arc1"
 path = "exercises/standard_library_types/arc1.rs"
 mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Make `shared_numbers` be an `Arc` from the numbers vector. Then, in order
+to avoid creating a copy of `numbers`, you'll need to create `child_numbers`
+inside the loop but still in the main thread.
+
+`child_numbers` should be a clone of the Arc of the numbers instead of a
+thread-local copy of the numbers."""
 
 [[exercises]]
-path = "exercises/standard_library_types/iterator3.rs"
+name = "iterators2"
+path = "exercises/standard_library_types/iterators2.rs"
 mode = "test"
+hint = """
+Step 1
+You need to call something on `first` before it can be collected
+Currently its type is `char`. Have a look at the methods that are available on that type:
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.char.html
+
+
+Step 2
+First you'll need to turn the Vec into an iterator
+Then you'll need to apply your function unto each item in the vector
+P.s. Don't forget to collect() at the end!
+
+
+Step 3.
+This is very similar to the previous test. The only real change is that you will need to
+alter the type that collect is coerced into. For a bonus you could try doing this with a
+turbofish"""
 
 [[exercises]]
+name = "iterators3"
+path = "exercises/standard_library_types/iterators3.rs"
+mode = "test"
+hint = """
+Minor hint: In each of the two cases in the match in main, you can create x with either
+a 'turbofish' or by hinting the type of x to the compiler. You may try both.
+
+Major hint: Have a look at the Iter trait and at the explanation of its collect function.
+Especially the part about Result is interesting."""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "iterators4"
 path = "exercises/standard_library_types/iterators4.rs"
 mode = "test"
+hint = """
+In an imperative language you might write a for loop to iterate through
+multiply the values into a mutable variable. Or you might write code more
+functionally with recursion and a match clause. But you can also use ranges
+and iterators to solve this in rust."""
+
+# TRAITS
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "traits1"
+path = "exercises/traits/traits1.rs"
+mode = "test"
+hint = """
+A discussion about Traits in Rust can be found at:
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch10-02-traits.html
+"""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "traits2"
+path = "exercises/traits/traits2.rs"
+mode = "test"
+hint = """
+Notice how the trait takes ownership of 'self',and returns `Self'. 
+Try mutating the incoming string vector.
+
+Vectors provide suitable methods for adding an element at the end. See 
+the documentation at: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/vec/struct.Vec.html"""
+
+# Generics
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "generics1"
+path = "exercises/generics/generics1.rs"
+mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Vectors in rust make use of generics to create dynamically sized arrays of any type.
+You need to tell the compiler what type we are pushing onto this vector."""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "generics2"
+path = "exercises/generics/generics2.rs"
+mode = "test"
+hint = """
+Think carefully about what we need to do here. Currently we are wrapping only values of
+type 'u32'. Maybe we need to update the explicit references to this data type somehow?
+"""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "generics3"
+path = "exercises/generics/generics3.rs"
+mode = "test"
+hint = """
+To find the best solution to this challenge you're going to need to think back to your 
+knowledge of traits, specifically Trait Bound Syntax -  you may also need this: "use std::fmt::Display;"
+
+This is definitely harder than the last two exercises! You need to think about not only making the
+ReportCard struct generic, but also the correct property - you will need to change the implementation
+of the struct slightly too...you can do it!
+"""
+
+# THREADS
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "threads1"
+path = "exercises/threads/threads1.rs"
+mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+`Arc` is an Atomic Reference Counted pointer that allows safe, shared access
+to **immutable** data. But we want to *change* the number of `jobs_completed`
+so we'll need to also use another type that will only allow one thread to
+mutate the data at a time. Take a look at this section of the book:
+https://doc.rust-lang.org/book/ch16-03-shared-state.html#atomic-reference-counting-with-arct
+and keep reading if you'd like more hints :)
+
+
+Do you now have an `Arc` `Mutex` `JobStatus` at the beginning of main? Like:
+`let status = Arc::new(Mutex::new(JobStatus { jobs_completed: 0 }));`
+Similar to the code in the example in the book that happens after the text
+that says "We can use Arc<T> to fix this.". If not, give that a try! If you
+do and would like more hints, keep reading!!
+
+
+Make sure neither of your threads are holding onto the lock of the mutex
+while they are sleeping, since this will prevent the other thread from
+being allowed to get the lock. Locks are automatically released when
+they go out of scope.
+
+Ok, so, real talk, this was actually tricky for *me* to do too. And
+I could see a lot of different problems you might run into, so at this
+point I'm not sure which one you've hit :)
+
+Please open an issue if you're still running into a problem that
+these hints are not helping you with, or if you've looked at the sample
+answers and don't understand why they work and yours doesn't.
+
+If you've learned from the sample solutions, I encourage you to come
+back to this exercise and try it again in a few days to reinforce
+what you've learned :)"""
+
+# TYPE CONVERSIONS
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "using_as"
+path = "exercises/conversions/using_as.rs"
+mode = "compile"
+hint = """
+Use the `as` operator to cast one of the operands in the last line of the
+`average` function into the expected return type."""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "from_into"
+path = "exercises/conversions/from_into.rs"
+mode = "test"
+hint = """
+Follow the steps provided right before the `From` implementation"""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "try_from_into"
+path = "exercises/conversions/try_from_into.rs"
+mode = "test"
+hint = """
+Follow the steps provided right before the `From` implementation.
+You can also use the example at https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/convert/trait.TryFrom.html"""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "as_ref_mut"
+path = "exercises/conversions/as_ref_mut.rs"
+mode = "test"
+hint = """
+Add AsRef<str> as a trait bound to the functions."""
+
+[[exercises]]
+name = "from_str"
+path = "exercises/conversions/from_str.rs"
+mode = "test"
+hint = """
+If you've already solved try_from_into.rs, then this is almost a copy-paste.
+Otherwise, go ahead and solve try_from_into.rs first."""

install.ps1

@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env pwsh
+
+#Requires -Version 5
+param($path = "$pwd/rustlings")
+
+Write-Host "Let's get you set up with Rustlings!"
+
+Write-Host "Checking requirements..."
+if (Get-Command git -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue) {
+    Write-Host "SUCCESS: Git is installed"
+} else {
+    Write-Host "WARNING: Git does not seem to be installed."
+    Write-Host "Please download Git using your package manager or over https://git-scm.com/!"
+    exit 1
+}
+
+if (Get-Command rustc -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue) {
+    Write-Host "SUCCESS:  Rust is installed"
+} else {
+    Write-Host "WARNING: Rust does not seem to be installed."
+    Write-Host "Please download Rust using https://rustup.rs!"
+    exit 1
+}
+
+if (Get-Command cargo -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue) {
+    Write-Host "SUCCESS: Cargo is installed"
+} else {
+    Write-Host "WARNING: Cargo does not seem to be installed."
+    Write-Host "Please download Rust and Cargo using https://rustup.rs!"
+    exit 1
+}
+
+# Function that compares two versions strings v1 and v2 given in arguments (e.g 1.31 and 1.33.0).
+# Returns 1 if v1 > v2, 0 if v1 == v2, 2 if v1 < v2.
+function vercomp($v1, $v2) {
+    if ($v1 -eq $v2) {
+       return 0
+    } 
+
+    $v1 = $v1.Replace(".", "0")
+    $v2 = $v2.Replace(".", "0")
+    if ($v1.Length -gt $v2.Length) {
+        $v2 = $v2.PadRight($v1.Length, "0")
+    } else {
+        $v1 = $v1.PadRight($v2.Length, "0")
+    }
+
+    if ($v1 -gt $v2) {
+        return 1
+    } else {
+        return 2
+    }
+}
+
+$rustVersion = $(rustc --version).Split(" ")[1]
+$minRustVersion = "1.31"
+if ((vercomp $rustVersion $minRustVersion) -eq 2) {
+    Write-Host "WARNING: Rust version is too old: $rustVersion - needs at least $minRustVersion"
+    Write-Host "Please update Rust with 'rustup update'"
+    exit 1
+} else {
+    Write-Host "SUCCESS: Rust is up to date"
+}
+
+Write-Host "Cloning Rustlings at $path"
+git clone -q https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings $path
+if (!($LASTEXITCODE -eq 0)) {
+    exit 1
+}
+
+# UseBasicParsing is deprecated, pwsh 6 or above will automatically use it,
+# but anyone running pwsh 5 will have to pass the argument.
+$version = Invoke-WebRequest -UseBasicParsing https://api.github.com/repos/rust-lang/rustlings/releases/latest `
+    | ConvertFrom-Json | Select-Object -ExpandProperty tag_name
+
+Write-Host "Checking out version $version..."
+Set-Location $path
+git checkout -q tags/$version
+
+Write-Host "Installing the 'rustlings' executable..."
+cargo install --force --path .
+if (!(Get-Command rustlings -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue)) {
+    Write-Host "WARNING: Please check that you have '~/.cargo/bin' in your PATH environment variable!"
+}
+
+# Checking whether Clippy is installed.
+# Due to a bug in Cargo, this must be done with Rustup: https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup/issues/1514
+$clippy = (rustup component list | Select-String "clippy" | Select-String "installed") | Out-String
+if (!$clippy) {
+    Write-Host "Installing the 'cargo-clippy' executable..."
+    rustup component add clippy
+}
+
+Write-Host "All done! Run 'rustlings' to get started."

install.sh

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ if [ -x "$(command -v git)" ]
 then
     echo "SUCCESS: Git is installed"
 else
-    echo "WARNING: Git does not seem to be installed."
+    echo "ERROR: Git does not seem to be installed."
     echo "Please download Git using your package manager or over https://git-scm.com/!"
     exit 1
 fi
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ if [ -x "$(command -v rustc)" ]
 then
     echo "SUCCESS: Rust is installed"
 else
-    echo "WARNING: Rust does not seem to be installed."
+    echo "ERROR: Rust does not seem to be installed."
     echo "Please download Rust using https://rustup.rs!"
     exit 1
 fi
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ if [ -x "$(command -v cargo)" ]
 then
     echo "SUCCESS: Cargo is installed"
 else
-    echo "WARNING: Cargo does not seem to be installed."
+    echo "ERROR: Cargo does not seem to be installed."
     echo "Please download Rust and Cargo using https://rustup.rs!"
     exit 1
 fi
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ MinRustVersion=1.31
 vercomp $RustVersion $MinRustVersion
 if [ $? -eq 2 ]
 then
-    echo "WARNING: Rust version is too old: $RustVersion - needs at least $MinRustVersion"
+    echo "ERROR: Rust version is too old: $RustVersion - needs at least $MinRustVersion"
     echo "Please update Rust with 'rustup update'"
     exit 1
 else
@@ -87,6 +87,8 @@ echo "Cloning Rustlings at $Path..."
 git clone -q https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings $Path
 
 Version=$(curl -s https://api.github.com/repos/rust-lang/rustlings/releases/latest | python -c "import json,sys;obj=json.load(sys.stdin);print(obj['tag_name']);")
+CargoBin="${CARGO_HOME:-$HOME/.cargo}/bin"
+
 echo "Checking out version $Version..."
 cd $Path
 git checkout -q tags/$Version
@@ -94,10 +96,18 @@ git checkout -q tags/$Version
 echo "Installing the 'rustlings' executable..."
 cargo install --force --path .
 
-if [ -x "$(rustlings)" ]
+if ! [ -x "$(command -v rustlings)" ]
 then
-    echo "WARNING: Please check that you have '~/.cargo/bin' in your PATH environment variable!"
+    echo "WARNING: Please check that you have '$CargoBin' in your PATH environment variable!"
+fi
+
+# Checking whether Clippy is installed.
+# Due to a bug in Cargo, this must be done with Rustup: https://github.com/rust-lang/rustup/issues/1514
+Clippy=$(rustup component list | grep "clippy" | grep "installed")
+if [ -z "$Clippy" ]
+then
+    echo "Installing the 'cargo-clippy' executable..."
+    rustup component add clippy
 fi
 
 echo "All done! Run 'rustlings' to get started."
-

src/exercise.rs

@@ -1,20 +1,26 @@
+use regex::Regex;
 use serde::Deserialize;
 use std::fmt::{self, Display, Formatter};
-use std::fs::{remove_file};
-use std::path::{PathBuf};
-use std::process::{self, Command, Output};
+use std::fs::{self, remove_file, File};
+use std::io::Read;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::process::{self, Command};
 
 const RUSTC_COLOR_ARGS: &[&str] = &["--color", "always"];
+const I_AM_DONE_REGEX: &str = r"(?m)^\s*///?\s*I\s+AM\s+NOT\s+DONE";
+const CONTEXT: usize = 2;
+const CLIPPY_CARGO_TOML_PATH: &str = "./exercises/clippy/Cargo.toml";
 
 fn temp_file() -> String {
     format!("./temp_{}", process::id())
 }
 
-#[derive(Deserialize)]
+#[derive(Deserialize, Copy, Clone)]
 #[serde(rename_all = "lowercase")]
 pub enum Mode {
     Compile,
     Test,
+    Clippy,
 }
 
 #[derive(Deserialize)]
@@ -24,13 +30,53 @@ pub struct ExerciseList {
 
 #[derive(Deserialize)]
 pub struct Exercise {
+    pub name: String,
     pub path: PathBuf,
     pub mode: Mode,
+    pub hint: String,
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum State {
+    Done,
+    Pending(Vec<ContextLine>),
+}
+
+#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub struct ContextLine {
+    pub line: String,
+    pub number: usize,
+    pub important: bool,
+}
+
+pub struct CompiledExercise<'a> {
+    exercise: &'a Exercise,
+    _handle: FileHandle,
+}
+
+impl<'a> CompiledExercise<'a> {
+    pub fn run(&self) -> Result<ExerciseOutput, ExerciseOutput> {
+        self.exercise.run()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ExerciseOutput {
+    pub stdout: String,
+    pub stderr: String,
+}
+
+struct FileHandle;
+
+impl Drop for FileHandle {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        clean();
+    }
 }
 
 impl Exercise {
-    pub fn compile(&self) -> Output {
-        match self.mode {
+    pub fn compile(&self) -> Result<CompiledExercise, ExerciseOutput> {
+        let cmd = match self.mode {
             Mode::Compile => Command::new("rustc")
                 .args(&[self.path.to_str().unwrap(), "-o", &temp_file()])
                 .args(RUSTC_COLOR_ARGS)
@@ -39,18 +85,117 @@ impl Exercise {
                 .args(&["--test", self.path.to_str().unwrap(), "-o", &temp_file()])
                 .args(RUSTC_COLOR_ARGS)
                 .output(),
+            Mode::Clippy => {
+                let cargo_toml = format!(
+                    r#"[package]
+name = "{}"
+version = "0.0.1"
+edition = "2018"
+[[bin]]
+name = "{}"
+path = "{}.rs""#,
+                    self.name, self.name, self.name
+                );
+                fs::write(CLIPPY_CARGO_TOML_PATH, cargo_toml)
+                    .expect("Failed to write 📎 Clippy 📎 Cargo.toml file.");
+                // To support the ability to run the clipy exercises, build
+                // an executable, in addition to running clippy. With a
+                // compilation failure, this would silently fail. But we expect
+                // clippy to reflect the same failure while compiling later.
+                Command::new("rustc")
+                    .args(&[self.path.to_str().unwrap(), "-o", &temp_file()])
+                    .args(RUSTC_COLOR_ARGS)
+                    .output()
+                    .expect("Failed to compile!");
+                // Due to an issue with Clippy, a cargo clean is required to catch all lints.
+                // See https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/2604
+                // This is already fixed on master branch. See this issue to track merging into Cargo:
+                // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy/issues/3837
+                Command::new("cargo")
+                    .args(&["clean", "--manifest-path", CLIPPY_CARGO_TOML_PATH])
+                    .args(RUSTC_COLOR_ARGS)
+                    .output()
+                    .expect("Failed to run 'cargo clean'");
+                Command::new("cargo")
+                    .args(&["clippy", "--manifest-path", CLIPPY_CARGO_TOML_PATH])
+                    .args(RUSTC_COLOR_ARGS)
+                    .args(&["--", "-D", "warnings"])
+                    .output()
+            }
+        }
+        .expect("Failed to run 'compile' command.");
+
+        if cmd.status.success() {
+            Ok(CompiledExercise {
+                exercise: &self,
+                _handle: FileHandle,
+            })
+        } else {
+            clean();
+            Err(ExerciseOutput {
+                stdout: String::from_utf8_lossy(&cmd.stdout).to_string(),
+                stderr: String::from_utf8_lossy(&cmd.stderr).to_string(),
+            })
         }
-        .expect("Failed to run 'compile' command.")
     }
 
-    pub fn run(&self) -> Output {
-        Command::new(&temp_file())
+    fn run(&self) -> Result<ExerciseOutput, ExerciseOutput> {
+        let cmd = Command::new(&temp_file())
             .output()
-            .expect("Failed to run 'run' command")
+            .expect("Failed to run 'run' command");
+
+        let output = ExerciseOutput {
+            stdout: String::from_utf8_lossy(&cmd.stdout).to_string(),
+            stderr: String::from_utf8_lossy(&cmd.stderr).to_string(),
+        };
+
+        if cmd.status.success() {
+            Ok(output)
+        } else {
+            Err(output)
+        }
     }
 
-    pub fn clean(&self) {
-        let _ignored = remove_file(&temp_file());
+    pub fn state(&self) -> State {
+        let mut source_file =
+            File::open(&self.path).expect("We were unable to open the exercise file!");
+
+        let source = {
+            let mut s = String::new();
+            source_file
+                .read_to_string(&mut s)
+                .expect("We were unable to read the exercise file!");
+            s
+        };
+
+        let re = Regex::new(I_AM_DONE_REGEX).unwrap();
+
+        if !re.is_match(&source) {
+            return State::Done;
+        }
+
+        let matched_line_index = source
+            .lines()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter_map(|(i, line)| if re.is_match(line) { Some(i) } else { None })
+            .next()
+            .expect("This should not happen at all");
+
+        let min_line = ((matched_line_index as i32) - (CONTEXT as i32)).max(0) as usize;
+        let max_line = matched_line_index + CONTEXT;
+
+        let context = source
+            .lines()
+            .enumerate()
+            .filter(|&(i, _)| i >= min_line && i <= max_line)
+            .map(|(i, line)| ContextLine {
+                line: line.to_string(),
+                number: i + 1,
+                important: i == matched_line_index,
+            })
+            .collect();
+
+        State::Pending(context)
     }
 }
 
@@ -60,20 +205,79 @@ impl Display for Exercise {
     }
 }
 
+fn clean() {
+    let _ignored = remove_file(&temp_file());
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod test {
     use super::*;
     use std::path::Path;
-    use std::fs::File;
 
     #[test]
     fn test_clean() {
         File::create(&temp_file()).unwrap();
         let exercise = Exercise {
-            path: PathBuf::from("example.rs"),
-            mode: Mode::Test,
+            name: String::from("example"),
+            path: PathBuf::from("tests/fixture/state/pending_exercise.rs"),
+            mode: Mode::Compile,
+            hint: String::from(""),
         };
-        exercise.clean();
+        let compiled = exercise.compile().unwrap();
+        drop(compiled);
         assert!(!Path::new(&temp_file()).exists());
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_pending_state() {
+        let exercise = Exercise {
+            name: "pending_exercise".into(),
+            path: PathBuf::from("tests/fixture/state/pending_exercise.rs"),
+            mode: Mode::Compile,
+            hint: String::new(),
+        };
+
+        let state = exercise.state();
+        let expected = vec![
+            ContextLine {
+                line: "// fake_exercise".to_string(),
+                number: 1,
+                important: false,
+            },
+            ContextLine {
+                line: "".to_string(),
+                number: 2,
+                important: false,
+            },
+            ContextLine {
+                line: "// I AM NOT DONE".to_string(),
+                number: 3,
+                important: true,
+            },
+            ContextLine {
+                line: "".to_string(),
+                number: 4,
+                important: false,
+            },
+            ContextLine {
+                line: "fn main() {".to_string(),
+                number: 5,
+                important: false,
+            },
+        ];
+
+        assert_eq!(state, State::Pending(expected));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_finished_exercise() {
+        let exercise = Exercise {
+            name: "finished_exercise".into(),
+            path: PathBuf::from("tests/fixture/state/finished_exercise.rs"),
+            mode: Mode::Compile,
+            hint: String::new(),
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(exercise.state(), State::Done);
+    }
 }

src/main.rs

@@ -2,18 +2,21 @@ use crate::exercise::{Exercise, ExerciseList};
 use crate::run::run;
 use crate::verify::verify;
 use clap::{crate_version, App, Arg, SubCommand};
+use console::Emoji;
 use notify::DebouncedEvent;
 use notify::{RecommendedWatcher, RecursiveMode, Watcher};
 use std::ffi::OsStr;
 use std::fs;
-use std::io::BufRead;
+use std::io;
 use std::path::Path;
+use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
 use std::sync::mpsc::channel;
+use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
+use std::thread;
 use std::time::Duration;
-use syntect::easy::HighlightFile;
-use syntect::highlighting::{Style, ThemeSet};
-use syntect::parsing::SyntaxSet;
-use syntect::util::as_24_bit_terminal_escaped;
+
+#[macro_use]
+mod ui;
 
 mod exercise;
 mod run;
@@ -30,14 +33,16 @@ fn main() {
             SubCommand::with_name("run")
                 .alias("r")
                 .about("Runs/Tests a single exercise")
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("file").required(true).index(1))
-                .arg(Arg::with_name("test").short("t").long("test").help("Run the file as a test")),
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("name").required(true).index(1)),
+        )
+        .subcommand(
+            SubCommand::with_name("hint")
+                .alias("h")
+                .about("Returns a hint for the current exercise")
+                .arg(Arg::with_name("name").required(true).index(1)),
         )
         .get_matches();
 
-    let ss = SyntaxSet::load_defaults_newlines();
-    let ts = ThemeSet::load_defaults();
-
     if None == matches.subcommand_name() {
         println!();
         println!(r#"       welcome to...                      "#);
@@ -59,70 +64,128 @@ fn main() {
         std::process::exit(1);
     }
 
+    if !rustc_exists() {
+        println!("We cannot find `rustc`.");
+        println!("Try running `rustc --version` to diagnose your problem.");
+        println!("For instructions on how to install Rust, check the README.");
+        std::process::exit(1);
+    }
+
     let toml_str = &fs::read_to_string("info.toml").unwrap();
     let exercises = toml::from_str::<ExerciseList>(toml_str).unwrap().exercises;
 
     if let Some(ref matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("run") {
-        let filename = matches.value_of("file").unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            println!("Please supply a file name!");
-            std::process::exit(1);
-        });
+        let name = matches.value_of("name").unwrap();
 
-        let matching_exercise = |e: &&Exercise| {
-            Path::new(filename)
-                .canonicalize()
-                .map(|p| p.ends_with(&e.path))
-                .unwrap_or(false)
-        };
+        let matching_exercise = |e: &&Exercise| name == e.name;
 
         let exercise = exercises.iter().find(matching_exercise).unwrap_or_else(|| {
-            println!("No exercise found for your file name!");
+            println!("No exercise found for your given name!");
             std::process::exit(1)
         });
 
         run(&exercise).unwrap_or_else(|_| std::process::exit(1));
     }
 
+    if let Some(ref matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("hint") {
+        let name = matches.value_of("name").unwrap();
+
+        let exercise = exercises
+            .iter()
+            .find(|e| name == e.name)
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                println!("No exercise found for your given name!");
+                std::process::exit(1)
+            });
+
+        println!("{}", exercise.hint);
+    }
+
     if matches.subcommand_matches("verify").is_some() {
         verify(&exercises).unwrap_or_else(|_| std::process::exit(1));
     }
 
     if matches.subcommand_matches("watch").is_some() {
-        watch(&exercises).unwrap();
-    }
-
-    if matches.subcommand_name().is_none() {
-        let mut highlighter =
-            HighlightFile::new("default_out.md", &ss, &ts.themes["base16-eighties.dark"]).unwrap();
-        for maybe_line in highlighter.reader.lines() {
-            let line = maybe_line.unwrap();
-            let regions: Vec<(Style, &str)> = highlighter.highlight_lines.highlight(&line, &ss);
-            println!("{}", as_24_bit_terminal_escaped(&regions[..], true));
+        if watch(&exercises).is_ok() {
+            println!(
+                "{emoji} All exercises completed! {emoji}",
+                emoji = Emoji("🎉", "★")
+            );
+            println!("");
+            println!("We hope you enjoyed learning about the various aspects of Rust!");
+            println!(
+                "If you noticed any issues, please don't hesitate to report them to our repo."
+            );
+            println!("You can also contribute your own exercises to help the greater community!");
+            println!("");
+            println!("Before reporting an issue or contributing, please read our guidelines:");
+            println!("https://github.com/rust-lang/rustlings/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md");
         }
     }
 
-    println!("\x1b[0m");
+    if matches.subcommand_name().is_none() {
+        let text = fs::read_to_string("default_out.txt").unwrap();
+        println!("{}", text);
+    }
+}
+
+fn spawn_watch_shell(failed_exercise_hint: &Arc<Mutex<Option<String>>>) {
+    let failed_exercise_hint = Arc::clone(failed_exercise_hint);
+    println!("Type 'hint' to get help");
+    thread::spawn(move || loop {
+        let mut input = String::new();
+        match io::stdin().read_line(&mut input) {
+            Ok(_) => {
+                if input.trim().eq("hint") {
+                    if let Some(hint) = &*failed_exercise_hint.lock().unwrap() {
+                        println!("{}", hint);
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    println!("unknown command: {}", input);
+                }
+            }
+            Err(error) => println!("error reading command: {}", error),
+        }
+    });
 }
 
 fn watch(exercises: &[Exercise]) -> notify::Result<()> {
+    /* Clears the terminal with an ANSI escape code.
+    Works in UNIX and newer Windows terminals. */
+    fn clear_screen() {
+        println!("\x1Bc");
+    }
+
     let (tx, rx) = channel();
 
     let mut watcher: RecommendedWatcher = Watcher::new(tx, Duration::from_secs(2))?;
     watcher.watch(Path::new("./exercises"), RecursiveMode::Recursive)?;
 
-    let _ignored = verify(exercises.iter());
+    clear_screen();
 
+    let to_owned_hint = |t: &Exercise| t.hint.to_owned();
+    let failed_exercise_hint = match verify(exercises.iter()) {
+        Ok(_) => return Ok(()),
+        Err(exercise) => Arc::new(Mutex::new(Some(to_owned_hint(exercise)))),
+    };
+    spawn_watch_shell(&failed_exercise_hint);
     loop {
         match rx.recv() {
             Ok(event) => match event {
                 DebouncedEvent::Create(b) | DebouncedEvent::Chmod(b) | DebouncedEvent::Write(b) => {
-                    if b.extension() == Some(OsStr::new("rs")) {
-                        println!("----------**********----------\n");
+                    if b.extension() == Some(OsStr::new("rs")) && b.exists() {
                         let filepath = b.as_path().canonicalize().unwrap();
-                        let exercise = exercises
+                        let pending_exercises = exercises
                             .iter()
                             .skip_while(|e| !filepath.ends_with(&e.path));
-                        let _ignored = verify(exercise);
+                        clear_screen();
+                        match verify(pending_exercises) {
+                            Ok(_) => return Ok(()),
+                            Err(exercise) => {
+                                let mut failed_exercise_hint = failed_exercise_hint.lock().unwrap();
+                                *failed_exercise_hint = Some(to_owned_hint(exercise));
+                            }
+                        }
                     }
                 }
                 _ => {}
@@ -131,3 +194,13 @@ fn watch(exercises: &[Exercise]) -> notify::Result<()> {
         }
     }
 }
+
+fn rustc_exists() -> bool {
+    Command::new("rustc")
+        .args(&["--version"])
+        .stdout(Stdio::null())
+        .spawn()
+        .and_then(|mut child| child.wait())
+        .map(|status| status.success())
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}

src/run.rs

@@ -1,52 +1,51 @@
-use crate::exercise::{Mode, Exercise};
+use crate::exercise::{Exercise, Mode};
 use crate::verify::test;
-use console::{style, Emoji};
 use indicatif::ProgressBar;
 
 pub fn run(exercise: &Exercise) -> Result<(), ()> {
     match exercise.mode {
         Mode::Test => test(exercise)?,
         Mode::Compile => compile_and_run(exercise)?,
+        Mode::Clippy => compile_and_run(exercise)?,
     }
     Ok(())
 }
 
-pub fn compile_and_run(exercise: &Exercise) -> Result<(), ()> {
+fn compile_and_run(exercise: &Exercise) -> Result<(), ()> {
     let progress_bar = ProgressBar::new_spinner();
     progress_bar.set_message(format!("Compiling {}...", exercise).as_str());
     progress_bar.enable_steady_tick(100);
 
-    let compilecmd = exercise.compile();
+    let compilation_result = exercise.compile();
+    let compilation = match compilation_result {
+        Ok(compilation) => compilation,
+        Err(output) => {
+            progress_bar.finish_and_clear();
+            warn!(
+                "Compilation of {} failed!, Compiler error message:\n",
+                exercise
+            );
+            println!("{}", output.stderr);
+            return Err(());
+        }
+    };
+
     progress_bar.set_message(format!("Running {}...", exercise).as_str());
-    if compilecmd.status.success() {
-        let runcmd = exercise.run();
-        progress_bar.finish_and_clear();
+    let result = compilation.run();
+    progress_bar.finish_and_clear();
 
-        if runcmd.status.success() {
-            println!("{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&runcmd.stdout));
-            let formatstr = format!("{} Successfully ran {}", Emoji("✅", "✓"), exercise);
-            println!("{}", style(formatstr).green());
-            exercise.clean();
+    match result {
+        Ok(output) => {
+            println!("{}", output.stdout);
+            success!("Successfully ran {}", exercise);
             Ok(())
-        } else {
-            println!("{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&runcmd.stdout));
-            println!("{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&runcmd.stderr));
+        }
+        Err(output) => {
+            println!("{}", output.stdout);
+            println!("{}", output.stderr);
 
-            let formatstr = format!("{} Ran {} with errors", Emoji("⚠️ ", "!"), exercise);
-            println!("{}", style(formatstr).red());
-            exercise.clean();
+            warn!("Ran {} with errors", exercise);
             Err(())
         }
-    } else {
-        progress_bar.finish_and_clear();
-        let formatstr = format!(
-            "{} Compilation of {} failed! Compiler error message:\n",
-            Emoji("⚠️ ", "!"),
-            exercise
-        );
-        println!("{}", style(formatstr).red());
-        println!("{}", String::from_utf8_lossy(&compilecmd.stderr));
-        exercise.clean();
-        Err(())
     }
 }